Evaluation of Tensile properties of Textile Materials

Prof. Apurba Das

Department of Textile Technology
Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi

Lecture - 19
Evaluation of Tensile Properties of Textile Materials (contd.,)

(Refer Slide Time: 00:26)

Hello everyone, we are discussing the nature of stress-strain curve for different material. In this
stress-strain curve we can get various, parameters like initial modulus, yield stress, yield strain
these we have discussed.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:46)
And the total nature of curve this stress-strain curve we have discussed. So, this region beyond the
yield point, after that, due to rearrangement of the molecules. So this curve again, it increases and
the nature of curve depends on the molecular structure of fibre and the fibre structure of yarn. So,
if the fibres in the yarn are aligned towards the axis, then stress-strain curve will be entirely
different then the fibres which are twisted. So depending on the twist characteristics stress-strain
characteristics will change.

Now let us see, different fibres, different yarn. How do they change how their stress-strain curve
and characteristics change.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:52)
So, this is wool and wool has got this stress-strain characteristic where with the small increase in
stress it gets strained, very high strain. So it has got a very high extensibility. But on the other end,
flax has got very less extensibility. So, this is mainly due to the difference in their molecular
structure.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:25)

Now for same fibre ok polyester, so polyester, it is low oriented polyester, partially oriented
polyester and fully drawn polyester. So, in case of same fibre, if we can orient the molecule the
stress-strain curve will totally change. So, this is basically low oriented polyester as we have
discussed earlier, this nature mainly due to rearrangement of the molecule. Molecules get
straightened aligned towards the axis.

So, during that time the strain is very high. Okay. But in case of fully drawn, yarn FDY it has been
aligned, oriented. So, that is why it takes higher stress with smaller strain. Okay. So, rigidity of
that FDY is much higher than LOY, which is expressed by initial modulus.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:44)
Now another example where normal cotton is treated chemically treated after chemical treatment,
both stress and strain normally changes. So, here it shows the cotton becomes weaker and it has
got its the lower breaking stress. So, the stress-strain curve also changes with the chemical
treatment. Now, as I have mentioned with the increase in twist multiplier for staple yarn, it gets
changed. The stress – strain curve, stress and characteristics get changed.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:31)

Now here we can see that in green curve it shows itself say normal yarn and with the increased, so
here it; says this is the characteristics and when the twist increases so TM2, this is TM1 which is
lower and increases to TM2 twist multiplier 2 then twists multiplier the highest TM. So, as the
twist multiplier increases the fibre, the yarn become stiffer and stiffer that means initial modules
is increasing because the fibres are they are packed together packed in a better way.

For better packing, due to this, better packing, that initial modules increases. The yarn becomes
stiffer, but that as the twist increases initially, this is the strength increases. This is due to the
increase in the frictional contact, but beyond certain point when we move beyond TM2 to TM3
what happen due to the obliquity effect of the fibre, so actual final breaking stress drops, although
the initial modulus is higher.

So, this total yarn characteristics total stress-strain characteristics. Looking at the stress-strain
behaviour, one can predict what is happening there, so these are the different factors which affect
the stress-strain behaviour of the textile material.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:30)

Now we will discuss another terminology which is called work of rupture or it is called that the
area under the curve. Work of rupture is nothing but the energy required for break. Okay, before
it ruptures. So it is measure of toughness of the material okay. This is work of rupture is very
important for many applications. Like one example in mountaineering rope. So, it is not that the
strain, that stiffness of the material which is important, important is that how much shock, how
much energy it can absorb before it fails.
So, that is important, there are many applications where the energy required to before breaking,
like in weaving, it is not the strength of the warp yarn which is important. It is the work of rupture
of the yarn which is important because during the shedding and beating operation, the yarn has to
actually withstand the energy. Energy required to break that is important and it is not important
that, which is a stiffer one or stronger one, a strong yarn very strong yarn with very high stiffness
that means very low elongation or low work of rupture like consider 2 yarns we can talk.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:10)

This is cotton yarn and another is suppose steel wire, strength is very high. But, stiffness is very,
very stiff. And here it is say high carbon steel wire. Now here, if we see the area under the curve,
what is the area under the curve? For cotton this is the area under the curve that means energy
required to break the cotton yarn will be this one, but on the other hand, if we see the steel wire,
the breaking energy required will be this much that means the cotton requires higher energy than
steel, although steel is extremely very high. So, the question is which one will be suitable for
weaving.

If we use the steel wire as a warp in weaving, it will immediately break. It will start breaking it
performance very poor. And as compared to cotton, cotton will do much better performance. It
will have much better performance, so not only in weaving; there are many other applications like
a parachute, in parachute, even in the parachute fabric or the rope when the paratrooper jumps. So
the work of rupture that his energy before it breaks, it has to be very high. Otherwise it will fail.
So, in that way the textile material has got its advantage. So, it is the energy or work required to
break a specimen okay. That means the area under the load elongation curve, the area of the shaded
zone. That is the, work of rupture. Now we can see the animation here.
(Video Start: 10:51)

This is the load elongation curve. We should; we must be very careful. This is the area under load
elongation curve not stress-strain curve because it is an energy. Load and that is the force and
multiplied by elongation this is work of rupture. So, area under the load elongation curves.
(Video Start: 11:34)
(Refer Slide Time: 11:42)

Now, what will be the unit of work of rupture? So unit of work of rupture is gf × cm. That is force
× distance. That is the work of rupture. But for practical purpose, for comparison purpose, what
do we do? This is the work because W is proportional to the cross sectional cross section, denier.
W is proportional to denier and also it is a length. That means if the denier is higher, denier is
coarser denier or coarser tex then it will be the work required force required to break will be high.
That is why W work is proportional to the denier and also as the initial length of specimen is high
then the work requirement will be high because that extension will be high, so the work of rupture
will be high. So, the work of rupture is actually it changes with the denier proportionally and with
the initial length. That is why for comparison, if we divide these things with the denier and
centimetre length in that case, like for we have seen earlier the stress is divided by the linear
density.

The gramforce/tex just for comparison purpose that we have seen here, again, if we divide the
work of rupture by denier and the length so that we can compare. Okay, we can compare the; if
we rearrange this equation, then the centimetre will be cancelled out. Ultimately will remain it will
remain gram/den or gram/tex. So, if someone says that. Okay, what is the practical, the unit of
work of rupture? It will be gram/den, so effective unit will be gram/den or gram/tex for
comparison.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:39)

Next is that work factor, now the work factor the concept of work factor is just to understand the
nature of curve.
Work Factor =

Area under the curve 1

=
Br. stress  Br. strain 2
For elastic material
(Refer Slide Time: 14:58)
Curve can be any textile material. The curve can be like this or can be like this. Okay, so for a very
stiff material the curve will be initially it will have higher stress this is the stress, strain initially it
will take higher stress then gradually due to the bond breakage and all this, it will have; another,
like wool the initial extension, then it will increase and there is ideal curve which will increase
with the; there will be a straight line that is ideal material, that is the elastic material which will
straight to increase.

Although the textile material will not follow this one either, this will follow this type of curve or
this type of curve. Now work factor gives an idea by; if we know the factor value it gives an idea
about the nature of the curve whether the curve is following this type of pattern or this type of
pattern. So, always we do not have the curve in front of us, but if we have the work factor value,
then we can tell it is the nature. We can actually guess the nature of curve. Now let us see the
animation here.
(Video Start: 16:33)

This is the ideal curve ok where the work factor is nothing but the area under the curve, this area
under the curve divided by breaking stress and breaking strain. This is the breaking point. So, what
is the area under the curve? Area under the curve is ½ of breaking stress and breaking strain, so
this is the area under curve 1/2 of this base and altitude ok, altitude height is stress and the base is
the strain and divided by the breaking stress and breaking strain. So, in that case, if it cancels out,
so it remains 1/2.

So, work factor will be 1/2 in case the ideal elastic material? Okay, now another material where
this is the; there is an increase in this, here work factor will be; what will be the work factor? Area
under the curve will be more than this straight line, actual area under the curve will be more ok
and divided by the breaking stress and breaking strain so that means work factor will be more than
1/2 ok. On the other hand if we see the other type of curve, it shows the blue line. So this is the
curve where the work factor here is less than 1/2 so then by knowing the value of work factor we
can guess, we can actually predict the; what type of nature of the curve.
(Video End: 18:31)
(Refer Slide Time: 18:32)

So, if the curve follows Hook's law the material follows Hook's law up to the breaking point. There
is no bend then the work factor will be 1/2. So it is area under the curve divided by breaking stress
and breaking strain. And it describes the nature of the curve numerically. It is not; if we do not
have the curve in front of us, but numerically if it is the value, then we can guess we can tell them,
okay, this is the work.

So, work factor of 0.4? It is asked draw stress-strain curve of material with work factor of 0.4, so
in that case, you have to draw a curve like this 0.4. Okay. Work factor of 0.4 straight line, work
factor of 0.5, work factor of this 0.6. So this type of actually problem it is given in the exam. So,
it is given that the nature of curve different nature of curve and tell the work factor, whether it is
at this 0.4 or some values will be given. We have to tell the work, predict the work factor logically.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:01)

Now the term elastic recovery, what is that? It is the property of a material by which it tends to
recover to its original size. So, any material after extension it is normally, it tries to recover to its
original size and shape okay, but it may not be 100%. So, by the term elastic recovery it is actually
one can see one can actually calculate the, how much deformation it will try to gain to its original
size and shape.

Now, this is the yarn. Suppose yarn. Initially the yarn length AB, AB is the initial length. Okay.
Now its load elongation curve now we are extending from B to D we have extended. The Load
has increased. Okay. Up to this point, we are not breaking the material and after that we released
the material after releasing its load is gradually reducing. And then it is reaching up to the point C
it is not coming to the original point.

So, this is the deformation. It is called plastic deformation and this is the deformation it is called
elastic deformation. Okay. Where it is recovered? Now we can see the animation here.
(Video Start: 22:03)
Now it is increasing, see this is the initial length of the materials; suppose it is yarn AB is the initial
length, now it is extending and it is increasing and it is reducing ok. If this is the distance we can
calculate the AB is the original length, CD, okay is the elastic extension where it is come back and
BD is the total extension from B to D is the total extension and BC is that permanent set. That is
plastic deformation and from there one can calculate.

So, elastic recovery is the CD. What is the recovery divided by total deformation. So, CD/BD for
perfectly elastic material that will be total recovery that means BC will be zero. So BD = CD. That
will be C is zero. In that case for perfect elastic material, elastic recovery will be one and for
perfectly plastic material that means CD that they will not come back. It will remain at that point.
That it is called and it is 0 so, elastic recovery is 0.
(Video End: 24:14)

So, most of the textile material, they are neither the plastic material nor elastic material they work
under viscoelastic. So, it will actually come back, but it may not; there will be definitely some
deformation ok. If it is extended beyond the yield point, but if it is extended within broken region,
then it will come back. That is why for most of the low stress mechanical characteristics it works
under within the Hook’s law.

So, this is AB is the original length, BD is that total extension, CD is the elastic extension that
means it is covering and BC is the permanent set and elastic recovery is CD/BD.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:14)

For perfectly elastic material, this BD = CD because it is. It has combined. So, BC will be zero so
perfectly it will recover. So, elastic recovery is one and for perfectly plastic material. If it is a CD
is 0, so elastic recovery will be 0 ok. So, there are different applications, not only in technical
textiles but in the daily apparel also that breaking effect of garments ok dimensional stability, it
changes with the stress characteristics. So this even with the different technical application, so we
must know the elastic recovery characteristics.
✓ Elastic recovery = (CD/BD)
✓ For perfectly elastic material, BD = CD
So, Elastic recovery = 1.0
✓ For perfectly plastic materials, CD = 0
So, Elastic recovery = 0

(Refer Slide Time: 26:00)

Next is that so we can calculate the yarn specimen of 200mm extended by 10 % when loaded with
500 cN force. That means when 500 cN forces is applied. Okay. The 200mm yarn is extended by
10 %. The length of the specimen after removal of load was found to be 202. So after removal
there is a deformation, it is the length was 202, it was initially 200. Now it becomes 202. Calculate
the percentage elastic recovery of yarn. So, 200 was the initial length and extension 10% loaded
500 cN and final length is 202 ok. Here the load value it is not required because extensive value is
known okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:20)
So, extended length will be its 10 % of initial length original length 10 % of original length it has
increased. So, it has become 220 mm and the final length has become. It is a; that is the total
extension is 20 mm and elastic extension is that extended length by final length, final length was
given. So elastic extension was 18 millimetre, so 20 millimetres is that total extension at elastic
extension is 18 millimetre. That means the ratio of this two will give us the value in percent
multiplied by 100. So, it has become 90 %, so 90 % elastic recovery is there. So, one should
practice this type of new numerical, this is the answer. i.e
Given Data,
Original length of specimen= 200mm; Extension% =10%
Loaded force = 500 cN; Final length = 202 mm
Percentage elastic recovery of yam =?
Extended Length = Original Length * [(1 + (10 / 100) ]
= 200 * 110 / 100 = 220mm
Total extension = 220-20 = 20mm
Elastic extension = Extended length – Final length
= 220 – 202 = 18 mm
So, Percentage elastic recovery of yam
= (Elastic extension / Total extension) *100
= (18 / 20) *100 = 90 %

(Refer Slide Time: 28:23)

Next is that time dependent effect ok, so time dependent effect is that; so here it is load is not
increased continuously. In our earlier stress-strain we have seen stress is load is increasing and
strain is taking place, but here the material is loaded once ok and it is a kept at that loading
condition for a long time. So, this type of situation is there are in most many technical applications
like in geo textile for any applicants where the material is under constant load for long time.

So, for that we must know the stress-strain behaviour ok, the strain time and strain behaviour, what
is that? The load is fixed is fixed that this is for geo textiles under the ground it is continuously
loaded, so we must know the strain characteristics so that we can predict whether it will fail or not
ok. So, that characteristics is the time dependent extension, it is known as the creep ok.

Now, once it is loaded, there will be two types of extension. Suddenly we are hanging a constant
load. It is not the load is increasing continuously, increasing at a certain rate. Suddenly we are
hanging certain load ok. Here as per this curve, it is loaded. So, during that time there will be one
instantaneous extension. This is the zone where, the material will get extended instantaneously.
Then after that it will not stop here. It will keep on extending ok.

So, if we see in normal load elongation curve for that particular load value the extension could be
like this could be up to this point. This is the extension up to this point ok. But if we leave, let, the
load remain for a long time on the material that has been observed, that there will be again,
continuous increase in elongation. It will keep on elongating. This illustration is known as the time
dependent elongation is known as the creep behaviour.

This is due to the molecular rearrangement of them, and after that, after a certain time, if we release
the load ok again it has become 0 and it is not that immediately it will comeback, so it will try; it
will come back slowly. Initially there will be immediate response, immediately there will be
sudden drop in strain. Suddenly there will be contraction, but gradually it will come back, try to
come back, but after certain time there will be no reduction in shape or size.

So this difference is known as the permanent set. Okay, that means there will be permanent
deformation in the molecular structure.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:21)

Now we will discuss one important factor, some important factors which affect the tensile result.
Okay, that tensile result means that for same yarn if we change for the same textile material, if we
changes these parameters.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:26)
The load value will get changed. Suppose there is a yarn, this is the yarn okay. Now the yarn cross
section, unevenness will definitely be there. Now yarn will break in its weakest point. Now if we
can plot the yarn, the strength, theoretically, if we can get the yarn strength at different point okay.
The strength of the yarn will be like this at different point. The actual strength will be like this ok.
So this is say S1, S2, and S3, these are the weakest point.

Now this is the specimen length, we can test that tensile test by this is the yarn sample. This is top
jaw. This is the bottom jaw. And here suppose it is a length L1, length L2 and length L3 like that
ok. If we take this, the strength, if we measure the strength of yarn by taking this total length total
by taking the total length, which is L1+L2+L3. Now if we take suppose this is the top jaw, the
bottom jaw, this length it is called L1+L2+L3.

If, we take this length, so here as per this picture S1 is less than S2 ok, is less than S3. S1 is the
lowest value followed by S2 and S3 is little bit high. Now if we take the gauge length as L1 and
L2 and L3 total length if we take, in that case, what will be the strength of the yarn? The strength
of the yarn will be S1. If we take that means, in this case, if we take the strength of the yarn is S1.
Now if we take the yarn another test, if we do, if we perform, in that case. so here another test, it
is test 1, another test if we take that, we are now trying to break we are now trying to reduce the
size, reduce the specimen size. So this is L1, L2, L3 ok. Now if we test the L1, this L1 what will
be the strength? Again should be S1, lowest.
Now if we test the L2 then the strength will be S2 which is more than S1. Again, if we take L3 it
will be S3, so in this way if we can reduce the size ok. Now here, if we see with the smaller length,
if we test the mean strength will be; so if we take L1 and L2 the mean strength will be S1+S2 / 2
because in this portion the strength will be S1 the next portion the strength will be S2. So, the mean
strength if we take, means strength S1 + S2 / 2 > S1.

So, that means if we reduce the size of the specimen for the same yarn the actual, the strength,
which is actually a reported strength will be more, but the yarn is same. So breaking strength is the
load at the break, at the weakest point of a specimen of a specified length ok. Now for the length
L1, the breaking strength is S1 and so on, S1, S2, S3, S4 like this okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:00)

Now, gauge length of OO’. The breaking strength would be is S1 because it will break at S1 point.
When the test; we test two halves so we can actually divided into two halves. One is OO” another
is O” and O’. So OO’ we are dividing into two parts in that case we are getting S1+S2 / 2 because
we are taking two values and then taking the mean. So, that is how we are getting S1+S2 / 2 > S1.

So, that means it is in any standard test method as we have discussed when we are discussing the
standardization of testing. So the length of the specimen is specified. Otherwise to show the higher
strength one would like to test the material, with that lower gauge length and to show and to prove
that yarn is poor quality, he will start testing with the longer gauge length. So, that is why gauge
length and effect of gauge length specimen length is very important to be fixed okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:39)

So, this specimen length and irregularity, so hence here if the irregularity is more so the yarn is
having higher irregularity in that case S1 and S2 difference of S1 and S2 will be more. So, if
irregularity is less in that case S1 and S2 will be very close that means the effect of fibre, the
specimen length will be less okay. So, hence by testing yarn with shorter length, the apparent yarn
strength has increased. This effect is known as weak link effect.

So, yarn breaks at weakest point and as we go on reducing the gauge length apparent strength of
the material will increase ok. For more irregular yarn as I have explained, this weak link effect will
be more because the S1 - S2 will be more ok. Hence by adjusting the gauge length the test result
may be changed that is why for any standard test that gauge length has been fixed, in any testing
any tensile testing gauge length is most very important okay. It has got a direct impact on their test
result. So standardizing of gauge length is important.
(Refer Slide Time: 42:28)
Now, specimen length and irregularity, so this is the regular yarn blue one is a regular yarn and
this red one is the yarn, which is irregular. But if we see that this yarn with higher mean length
mean strength still regular yarn with little bit lower mean strength is better. For processing point
of view slightly lower average strength with regular yarn is better. So, that is why for, particularly
in weaving for warp yarn irregularity very important. So we normally do not; it is difficult to
measure the length regularity, strength regularity because strength value is there, strength CV is
there so which one is important?

Strength CV or strength value, first for weaving particularly in warp yarn it is the strength CV
which is important. So, two parameters are given 2 yarn one yarn is weaker yarn, little bit weaker
yarn, but better strength CV one should also one should actually go for the better yarn better
irregularity with little bit lower strength ok
(Refer Slide Time: 44:05)
Here this, Peirce’s has given actually empirical equation, has derived empirical equation which
shows the effect of specimen length on strength. Now let us see carefully here, Sl is the length of
yarn. Okay mean strength sorry Sl is the mean strength measured at the gauge length l ok. Higher
Sl is that lower length, Sl is actually mean strength of yarn measured at the length l and Srl is that
means strength of yarn measured at length rl. What is rl? r times of l suppose if l is say l is 10 its
value, so 10 centimetre, so rl if it is rl is 20, so r will be 2, so 2 times of 10.

So, Sl is S10 supposed 10 at 10 centimetre gauge length the strength is Sl at 20 centimetre gauge
length the strength will be is Srl where r value is 2. That means the Srl will definitely will lower
than Sl always because the gauge length, higher gauge length will result lower value. So, Srl is the
value which is lower than Sl ok that means this value will be less than one, Srl/Sl. So, Sl-Srl = 4.1*
1-r to the power -1/5th multiplied by this the standard deviation ok. i.e
Standard deviation of breaking strength, standard deviation of strength sigma l, this formula is
been developed by; this is the empirical formula is been derived by Pierce based on large number
of experiments. Just by rearranging here what we can get is Sl is the length, Sl is the mean length,
mean strength sorry, Sl is the mean strength of yarn at length l ok. Now we divide both the term
both the sides by Sl, so 1 - Srl/Sl and here this right hand side term would be that Sigma l, that is
your; it is standard deviation by the mean strength standard deviation of strength by mean strength
multiplied by 100, it will be the CV%.
So, that means it will; that standard deviation by mean strength it will be CV% by 100. So, this
term; this has been rearranged in this fashion. So this is the equation. So here from there we can
predict the strength at different gauge length.

Sl = Mean strength measured at length ‘l’

(higher Sl is at lower length)
Srl = Mean strength measured at length ‘rl’
V = CV% of strength
l = Standard deviation of strength result at gauge length ‘l’.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:35)

So, this is the term here. Now here, what we can see is, rl as we have discussed, Srl will be less
than Sl the ratio; from this equation, if we just rearrange this equation once again, we will get this
equation that means Srl / Sl = 1- this within bracket and 4.2 and this value ok. Now here, if we see
what will happen, if r is 1, suppose r is in this equation r is 1 means, is that at the same gauge
length we are testing, we are not changing gauge length.

If r is 1 means we are not changing the gauge length r is 1 here ok. Okay? Now, what will be
happen r is 1 means this value will be 1 ok and this total value will become 0. 1-1 the total value
will become 0, that means Sl = Srl that means for same gauge length it is predicted that gauge
length if we keep gauge length the mean strength will be same ok. We are not taking care of other
factors. Here we are talking only specimen length.

Now, let us see what happened, If we increase the rl the r value, if we increase the r value this r
value, so there will be some positive value here, so, this value will be reduced will be lower value
ok. This if we increase it from 1 to some other value, so this will be earlier it was 0. Now what
will be the value? It will have some value; some parameter this value will be less than 1, so earlier
it was 1, so it is less than 1 so that it will have some positive value. So, that means 1 minus some
positive value.
So, this value will reduce, okay as r value is increasing gradually. So this will also increase with
increase in r this value will also increase. So, this right hand side value will reduce will be lower,
so Sl value will be Srl value, is l is constant is rl value will reduce gradually. So, that means with
the increasing in r, Srl/Sl will reduce. So, this we can get. So if we know V and Sl one should be
able to predict Srl.

If the variability; we have seen the variability increases that the yarn strength is reducing ok. Now
with this equation here, suppose the CV% is increased, if CV% increases so this total will increase
okay, that means this value will decrease, so Srl/Sl will also decrease. So, this ratio will decrease
Srl / Sl this ratio decreases with the increase in r value means; which means it is the specimen length
and the V value.

V value is nothing but the specimen irregularity. So, with the increasing irregularity and the
specimen length, this Srl/Sl actually reduces. Okay, so that means we get the lower strength, lower
actual lower strength with the increase in the gauge length and with the increase in variability.

(Refer Slide Time: 52:15)

Now another important parameter, we will discuss. It is a rate of loading and time to break. The
tensile characteristics, the strength of the material, it changes with a rate of loading. That means at
the rate at which rate we increase extension rate of loading. So that changes the tensile
characteristics. Earlier we have seen the with the changing the gauge length , the tensile strength
changes, so apparent tensile strength changes.

Here also, if we increase the rate of loading and time to break, so then the tensile characteristics
will change, so most textile materials, show increase in breaking strength, with the increasing rate
of extension. So, with the increasing rate of extension, the breaking strength, will is it changes
together with decrease in extension that is the nature of any viscoelastic material. The textile
material is one of the most important viscoelastic material.

So, due to viscoelastic nature of textile material that require certain time to respond to the applied
stress. So, due to this, the rate of loading, it affects the rate of loading ok different type of material
like fibre, yarn or fabrics respond differently depending on the structure. But in general the
structure is like this.
(Refer Slide Time: 54:07)
It is called spring dashpot model. So in the spring, dashpot, if we see carefully here, it has got two
components this is the simplest model where these are in parallel spring and dashpot are in parallel.
The spring equation is that spring when we apply force, F on the textile material; suppose it is a
model for yarn or any textile material. So here it is any textile fibre also. So, here if we apply force,
it has got two components.

F1 component which is actually represented by spring F2 component which is by dashpot for

spring, the equation is that a force increases with the extension. Suppose we are extending by X,
so the force increases with extension and force is proportional to the extension. So, here F = K1X,
K1 is called spring constant. So, as we increase the extension so the force will increase, it is
proportionality.

But in case of dashpot, what happen, the equation is that the force increases but with the rate of
increase in; as the rate of extension increases. But in case of dashpot, if the rate is vary slow very
low then dashpot will actually exactly very low pressure. Okay. So, if it is very low then force will
be very less. But as the rate increases, the dashpot will actually exert very high force. That due to
this the dashpot this K2 is dashpot constant its proportional to the dx/dt, that is the rate of
extension..
So, as the rate of extension increasing so, due to the F2 components the textile material actually
exerts more force that is why due to the increasing rate of loading or rate of extension tensile
characteristic apparent tensile load increases.

(Refer Slide Time: 56:40)

So this picture shows that the lower rate of extension, at lower rate of extension this is the curve
and the same material with the high rate of extension. It has become stiffer and it shows higher
strength. Now we will stop here. We will continue with this discussion in the next class. Thank
you.