1. Which statement is correct?

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN

A Diamond conducts electricity while graphite does not.
B Graphite has delocalized ions between its layers.

C In diamond, each carbon atom is joined to three other carbon atoms only.
D The layered structure of graphite makes it slippery.
2. Which material has the highest melting point?
A ammonia B methane C sodium chloride D water
3. Which statement describes ionic bonds?

A a lattice of ions in a ‘sea of electrons’

B electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
C the sharing of electrons between atoms to gain a noble gas configuration
D the transfer of electrons from atoms of a non-metal to the atoms of a metal
4. Which substances contain at least one double bond?

1 C2H4 2 O2 3 C2H6 4 CO2

A 1, 2 and 3 B 2, 3 and 4 C 1, 2 and 4 D 1, 3 and 4
5. Metals have high melting points.
What is the reason for this?
A Their atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds in a giant lattice.

B They have strong forces of attraction between negative ions and delocalized electrons.
C They have strong forces of attraction between negative ions and positive ions.
D They have strong forces of attraction between positive ions and delocalized electrons.
6. Which substance is an ionic compound?
A ammonia B calcium chloride C ethanoic acid D hydrogen chloride

7. Two statements about metals are given.

1 Metals contain a lattice of negative ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.
2 The electrical conductivity of metals is related to the mobility of the electrons in the
structure.
Which is correct?

A Both statements are correct and statement 1 explains statement 2.

B Both statements are correct but statement 1 does not explain statement 2.
C Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
D Statement 2 is correct and statement 1 is incorrect.
8. Which diagram shows the outer electron arrangement in calcium fluoride?

9. The dot-and-cross diagrams for four compounds are shown.

Which diagram is correct? (Note that only the outer shell electrons are shown.)
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
10. Element X has a lattice of positive ions and a ‘sea of electrons’.

Which property will X have?

A It conducts electricity by the movement of ions and electrons. B It has a high melting point.
C It is decomposed by an electric current. D It is not malleable.

11. How many shared electrons are in one carbon dioxide molecule?
A2 B4 C8 D 12

12. Which diagram best represents the structure of a solid metal?

13. The atomic number of element X is 12.

What is the formula of the chloride of X?
A X2Cl B XCl C XCl2 D XCl4
14. Which substance has a giant covalent structure at room temperature?
A methane B sand C sodium chloride D water

15. Magnesium oxide has a high melting point. It is used to line the inside of furnaces that operate at
high temperatures.
Why does magnesium oxide have a high melting point?
A It has metallic bonds. B It has strong forces between its molecules.
C It is a simple molecular substance. D It is an ionic compound.
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
16. What is the dot-and-cross diagram for NCl3?

17. Two properties of a metal are given.

1 It is malleable.
2 It conducts electricity.
Which of these properties are due to the layers of positive ions being able to move?
A 1 only B 2 only
C both 1 and 2 D neither 1 nor 2

18. One atom of element X and two atoms of element Y react to form an ionic compound. Element X forms a
positive ion.

Which elements could X and Y be?

 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
19. The diagrams show the arrangement of particles in three solids: X, Y and Z. The three solids are krypton,
potassium and sodium chloride

Which row correctly identifies X, Y and Z?

20. Ethane, C2H6, and ammonia, NH3, are covalent compounds.

The dot-and-cross diagrams of these compounds are shown.

Which statements are correct?

1 A molecule of ethane contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as a molecule of ammonia.
2 An unreacted nitrogen atom has five outer electrons.
3 In a molecule of ethane, the bond between the carbon atoms is formed by sharing two electrons, one from
each carbon atom.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only
21. Which statement about ionic compounds is correct?

A Ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid because they contain charged particles that can move.
B Ionic compounds consist of a lattice of positive ions and negative ions.
C Most ionic compounds are solids at room temperature because of the strong attraction between electrons and
positive ions.
D When molten or in aqueous solution, ionic compounds conduct electricity because they contain electrons that
can move.
22. Which statement about solid calcium chloride is correct?
A It conducts electricity. B It has a low melting point.

C It has an ionic lattice structure. D It is insoluble in water.

 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
23. Which statement about the structure or bonding of metals is correct?
A A metal lattice consists of atoms in a ‘sea of electrons’.
B Electrons in a metal move randomly through the lattice.

C Metals are malleable because the particles present are mobile.

D The ions in a metal move when positive and negative electrodes are attached.
24. When two elements react together, a compound is formed.
Which statement is correct?
A Equal masses of the elements must be used.

B The compound shows similar chemical properties to those of the elements.

C The elements must both be non-metals.
D When the elements react together, ionic or covalent compounds form.
25. Which statement is correct for all ionic compounds?
A They dissolve in water.

B They are formed when metals share electrons with non-metals.

C They conduct electricity in the molten state.
D They conduct electricity in the solid state.
26. When a piece of sodium is heated in air, it reacts with oxygen to form the ionic compound sodium oxide,
Na2O.
In terms of electrons, which statement correctly explains what happens when sodium reacts with oxygen?
A An oxygen atom shares two electrons with two sodium atoms.

B A sodium atom loses two electrons which are transferred to an oxygen atom.
C A sodium atom shares its outer shell electron with two oxygen atoms.
D Two sodium atoms each lose one electron which are both transferred to one oxygen atom.
27. The total number of electrons in one atom of element Q is 17 and in one atom of element R is 19.
Which statement about elements Q and R is correct?

A Q and R react together to form a covalent compound. B Q forms positive ions.

C R has more outer shell electrons than Q. D R is more metallic than Q.
28. Which statement is correct for all metals?
A They are hard and brittle. B They conduct electricity by movement of electrons.
C They are made up of a lattice of positive and negative ions.

D They conduct electricity by movement of ions.

 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
29. X represents the element of atomic number 8 and Y represents the element of atomic number 19.
The two elements react together to form a compound. Which row is correct for the compound formed?

30. Which substance has a giant covalent structure and contains atoms of more than one element?

A diamond B graphite C methane D sand

Metals conduct electricity.
31. The movement of which particles is responsible for this conductivity?
A anions B cations C electrons D protons
32. Which substance, when molten, conducts electricity?

A bitumen B caesium iodide C diamond D sand

33. The table shows some properties of four substances. Which substance is an ionic compound?

34. How many of the molecules shown contain only one covalent bond?

Cl2 H2 HCl N2 O2
A2 B3 C4 D5
35. Some students wrote three statements about the bonding in a molecule of ammonia, NH3.
1 A nitrogen atom has three outer electrons so all outer electrons are involved in bonding.
2 A nitrogen atom has five outer electrons so two outer electrons are not involved in bonding.

3 A nitrogen atom shares electrons with each of three hydrogen atoms.

Which statements about the bonding in ammonia are correct?
A 1 and 3 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 2 only
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
36. Which diagram correctly shows the arrangement of the ions in solid sodium chloride?

37. The table shows some properties of four solid elements. Which element could be graphite?

38. Which diagram best represents the structure of a solid metal?

 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
39. An ionic compound has the formula XY, where Y is a non-metal. Which statement about XY is correct?
A An atom of X has lost at least one electron to form a positive ion.
B Both X and Y share a pair of electrons.

C Element X is also a non-metal.

D XY will not conduct electricity when liquid.
40. Buckminsterfullerene has the chemical formula C60.

How is the structure of buckminsterfullerene best described?

A a covalent compound B an ionic compound

C a polymer D molecular
41. Which is the best conductor of electricity?
A diamond B magnesium C pure ethanoic acid D solid sodium chloride
42. Which dot-and-cross diagram, showing all the outer shell electrons of each atom, is not correct?

43. Which statement shows that graphite and diamond are different forms of the element carbon?

A Both graphite and diamond have giant molecular structures.

B Complete combustion of equal masses of graphite and diamond produces equal masses of carbon dioxide and
no other products.
C Graphite and diamond have different melting points.
D Graphite conducts electricity, whereas diamond does not.
44. In order to form a compound with oxygen, an atom of a Group II element must
A transfer two electrons to an atom of oxygen. B receive two electrons from an atom of oxygen.

C share two electrons with an atom of oxygen. D bond with two atoms of oxygen.
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
45. Group I metals form compounds with Group VII halogens. The compounds formed are ……1…… in water and
contain ……2…… bonds.
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

46. Compound Z is made from element X and element Y. Compound Z is a good conductor of electricity when
molten but not when solid.
Which statement is correct?

A Compound Z has strong forces of attraction between electrons and positive ions.
B Compound Z has strong forces of attraction between negative ions and positive ions.
C Elements X and Y are both metals.
D Elements X and Y are both non-metals.
47. Ethene, C2H4, is a covalent compound with a simple molecular structure.

Which statement about ethene is correct?

A Ethene is a liquid at room temperature and pressure.
B Liquid ethene conducts electricity.
C One ethene molecule contains sixteen protons.
D The total number of shared pairs of electrons in ethene is five.

48. An atom of an element has eight electrons only.

Which statement about this element is correct?
A It forms an ion with two negative charges. B It has a full outer shell of electrons.
C It is a metal. D It is in Group VIII of the Periodic Table.
49. Which row describes the properties of potassium iodide, KI?
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
50. Rubidium is in Group I of the Periodic Table and bromine is in Group VII.
Rubidium reacts with bromine to form an ionic compound.
Which row shows the electron change taking place for rubidium and the correct formula of the rubidium ion?

51. Which statement explains why graphite is used as a lubricant?

A All bonds between the atoms are weak. B It conducts electricity.

C It has a low melting point. D Layers in the structure can slide over each other.
52. The structure of propane, C3H8, is shown.

How many electrons are involved in the bonding of propane?

A8 B 10 C 16 D 20
53. Which diagram shows the arrangement of the outer shell electrons in a molecule of water?
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
54. Which diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of methanol, CH 3OH?

55. Which statement about silicon dioxide, SiO2, is correct?

A It conducts electricity because it contains free electrons.
B It is a macromolecule with four oxygen atoms bonded to each silicon atom.
C It is a simple covalent molecule.
D Its structure is similar to graphite.

56. Which row identifies compounds that contain single covalent bonds only, double covalent bonds only or both
single and double covalent bonds?

57. Molecules containing only non-metal atoms are covalently bonded.

The formulae of four covalently bonded molecules are given below:
1 nitrogen, N2 2 carbon dioxide, CO2

3 ethene, C2H4 4 methanol, CH3OH

Which of the molecules contain double bonds?
A 1 and 4 B 2 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 4 only
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
58. Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.
Which row describes the bonding in the three substances?

59. Sodium is in Group I of the Periodic Table. Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Sodium and chlorine combine to form a compound.

Which statement about the combination of sodium and chlorine atoms is correct?
A Both sodium and chlorine lose electrons.
B Both sodium and chlorine gain electrons.
C Sodium loses electrons and chlorine gains electrons.

D Sodium gains electrons and chlorine loses electrons.

60. The electronic structures of two atoms, P and Q, are shown.

P and Q combine together to form a compound.

What is the type of bonding in the compound and what is the formula of the compound?

61. The structures of diamond and graphite are shown.

 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
Which statement about diamond and graphite is correct?
A Diamond and graphite have low melting points.
B Diamond and graphite have mobile electrons.

C Diamond and graphite have layered structures.

D Diamond and graphite contain strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
62. The Group I element sodium forms an ionic bond with the Group VII element fluorine.
Which two ions are produced?
A Na+ and F+ B Na+ and F– C Na– and F– D Na– and F+

63. Graphite is a macromolecule.

Which statements about graphite are correct?
1 Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds with neighbouring atoms.
2 There are free electrons between layers of carbon atoms.
3 Graphite is a useful lubricant. 4 Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

A 1 and 2 B 1, 3 and 4 C 2, 3 and 4 D 3 and 4 only

64. Which statement about the bonding in sodium chloride is correct?
A Pairs of electrons are shared between the sodium and chlorine atoms.
B Chlorine atoms give electrons to sodium atoms to form positive and negative ions.
C There is covalent bonding between sodium and chlorine.

D The positive and negative ions have noble gas electronic structures.
65. Diamond and graphite are macromolecules.
Which statement is correct for both diamond and graphite?
A They act as lubricants. B They conduct electricity.
C They have high melting points. D They are very hard.

66. Which row contains a description of metallic bonding and a property that is explained by reference to metallic
bonding?
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
67. Which statement explains why methane has a lower boiling point than water?
A Methane has weaker covalent bonds than water.
B Methane has weaker attractive forces than water.

C Methane molecules are heavier than water molecules.

D Methane molecules have more bonds than water molecules.
68. Which statement about the structure of a metal explains why metals are malleable?
A The electrons can move freely throughout the lattice.
B The layers of metal ions can slide over each other.

C The metal ions are positively charged.

D There is a strong force of attraction between the metal ions and the electrons.
69. The bonding, structure and melting point of sodium chloride and sulfur dichloride are shown.

Why does sulfur dichloride have a lower melting point than sodium chloride?

A The covalent bonds in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the attractive forces between molecules in sodium
chloride.
B The covalent bonds in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the ionic bonds in sodium chloride.
C The attractive forces between molecules in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the attractive forces between
molecules in sodium chloride.
D The attractive forces between molecules in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the ionic bonds in sodium
chloride.
70. Caesium is a metal in Group I of the Periodic Table.
Which description of the bonding in caesium is correct?
A electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

B electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and mobile electrons

C neighbouring metal atoms sharing pairs of electrons D strong attractive forces between atoms
71. Why does magnesium oxide, MgO, have a very high melting point?
A There is a very strong double bond between magnesium and oxygen.
B There is a very strong attractive force between the magnesium oxide molecules.

C The oxide ions are strongly attracted to positive ions.

D The magnesium ions are strongly attracted to a sea of electrons.
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
72. Ammonia, NH3, is a covalent molecule.
Which diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia?

73. Which row describes the structure and a use of diamond?

74. Lithium reacts with fluorine to form the compound lithium fluoride.
Which statement about this reaction is correct?

A Each fluorine atom gains one electron. B Each fluorine atom gains two or more electrons.
C Each fluorine atom loses one electron. D Each fluorine atom loses two or more electrons.
75. The molecular structure of hydrazine, N2H4, is shown.
Which description of the bonding in hydrazine is not correct?
A Each nitrogen atom has a non-bonding pair of electrons.

B Each nitrogen atom has four bonding pairs of electrons.

C Each nitrogen atom shares one of its electrons with a nitrogen atom.
D Each nitrogen atom shares two of its electrons with hydrogen atoms.
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
76. Solid X has a high boiling point.
Its structure has positive ions surrounded by a sea of electrons. Which other properties does solid X have?
A brittle and an electrical conductor B brittle and an insulator

C malleable and an electrical conductor D malleable and an insulator

77. A covalent molecule M contains four shared pairs of electrons. What is M?
A ammonia, NH3 B hydrogen chloride, HCl C methane, CH4 D water, H2O
78. Graphite is a form of carbon.
Why can graphite be used as a lubricant?

A Graphite contains unbonded electrons which move through the structure.

B Graphite contains weak covalent bonds so the atoms move easily.
C Graphite has a low melting point so it easily turns into a liquid.
D Graphite has weak attractive forces between layers so they can move.
79. In which molecule are all the outer shell electrons involved in covalent bonding?

A Cl2 B CH4 C HCl D NH3

80. Which statement about an ionic compound is not correct?
A It conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
B It has a high melting point due to strong attractive forces between ions.
C It has a regular lattice of oppositely charged ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

D The ionic bonds are formed between metallic and non-metallic elements.
81. How are the structures of diamond and silicon (IV) oxide similar?
A Molecules of both diamond and silicon (IV) oxide are held together by weak attractive forces.
B They both contain atoms arranged in planes held together by weak bonds.
C They both contain ions that are free to move.

D The carbon in diamond and the silicon in silicon (IV) oxide each have four covalent bonds.
82. Which statement describes the structure of copper?
A It has a lattice of negative ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.
B It has a lattice of negative ions in a ‘sea of protons’.
C It has a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

D It has a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of protons’.

83. Calcium reacts with chlorine to produce calcium chloride.
What happens when a calcium ion forms during this reaction?
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
A The calcium atom gains one electron. B The calcium atom gains two electrons.
C The calcium atom loses one electron. D The calcium atom loses two electrons.
84. Which row describes the formation of single covalent bonds in methane?

85. What happens when sodium atoms combine with chlorine atoms to form sodium chloride?
A Sodium atoms gain one electron and chlorine atoms lose one electron.
B Sodium atoms lose one electron and chlorine atoms gain one electron.
C Sodium atoms and chlorine atoms share one electron with each other.

D Sodium atoms and chlorine atoms share two electrons with each other.
86. Which statement about diamond is correct?
A It is a giant covalent structure consisting of carbon atoms and each atom is bonded to four other atoms.
B It is a giant covalent structure consisting of flat sheets of carbon atoms.
C It is a structure held together by ionic bonds and each ion is bonded to four other ions.

D It is a structure held together by ionic bonds and each ion is bonded to three other ions.
87. Which pair of statements about diamond and graphite is correct?

A Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon. They are both macromolecules.
B Diamond and graphite can both be used as electrodes. Graphite is also used as a lubricant.
C Diamond has covalent bonds. Graphite has ionic bonds.

D Diamond is hard with a high melting point. Graphite is soft with a low melting point
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
88. Substance Q has a high melting point and conducts electricity both when molten and when dissolved in
water.
What is Q?
A calcium chloride B diamond
C iron D silver chloride

89. Elements X and Y form an ionic compound, XY.

In which group of the Periodic Table is X found and how is the bond between X and Y formed?

90. The structure of glycine is shown.

Which row is correct?

91. Strontium nitrate is an ionic compound. Cyclohexane is a covalent compound.

Which row describes a property of each compound?
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
92. Ionic bonds are formed when elements from Group I and Group VII react together.
Which statement about ions or ionic compounds is not correct?
A Electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom to form ions.

B Group VII atoms gain electrons to form ions.

C Negative ions are formed when atoms lose electrons. D Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity.
93. Substance X conducts electricity. What is X?
A a typical covalent compound in the liquid state B a typical covalent compound in the solid state
C a typical ionic compound in the liquid state D a typical ionic compound in the solid state

94. Which two molecules contain the same number of electrons?

A Cl2 and SO2 B CH4 and H2O C CO and NH3 D CO2 and HCl
95. Which statement describes the lattice structure of a metal?
A The lattice consists of alternating positive ions and negative ions.
B The lattice consists of neutral atoms arranged in layers.

C The lattice consists of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

D The lattice consists of neutral atoms in a ‘sea of electrons’.
96. How many electrons are used to form covalent bonds in a molecule of methanol, CH3OH?
A5 B6 C8 D 10
97. The formulae of some ions are shown.

Which formula is not correct?

A Al 3(SO4)2
B K3PO4
C Mg(NO3)2
D TiCl4

98. A covalent molecule Q contains exactly six shared electrons. What is Q?

A ammonia, NH3 B chlorine, Cl2 C methane, CH4 D water, H2O
99. The ‘lead’ in a pencil is made of a mixture of graphite and clay. When the percentage of graphite is increased,
the pencil slides across the paper more easily. Which statement explains this observation?
A Graphite has a high melting point.
B Graphite is a form of carbon.
C Graphite is a lubricant.

D Graphite is a non-metal.
100. The bonding between elements X and Y in compound XY2 is shown.

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN

Which row shows the type of bond in XY2 and the type of element X?

101. Which substance is not a macromolecule?

A diamond B graphite C silicon(IV) oxide D sulfur dioxide

102. Copper is a metallic element.

Which statements about copper are correct?
1 Copper is malleable because layers of ions are in fixed positions and cannot move.
2 The structure of copper consists of negative ions in a lattice.
3 Copper conducts electricity because electrons can move through the metal.

4 Electrons hold copper ions together in a lattice by electrostatic attraction.

A 1 and 2 B 2, 3 and 4 C 2 and 3 only D 3 and 4 only
103. Caesium, Cs, is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.
When caesium reacts it forms a positive ion, Cs+. How is a caesium ion formed?
A A caesium atom gains a proton. B A caesium atom gains an electron.

C A caesium atom loses an electron. D A caesium atom shares an electron.

104. Which statement about graphite and diamond is correct?
A Diamond has a high melting point but graphite does not.
B Graphite and diamond both conduct electricity.
C Graphite and diamond both have giant structures. D Graphite is ionic and diamond is covalent.

105. The structure of copper is described as a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’. Which statements
are correct?
1 Copper has a high melting point because of the strong electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and
the ‘sea of electrons’.
2 Copper is malleable because the layers of atoms in the lattice can slide over each other.
3 Copper atoms can be oxidised to form copper ions by losing electrons.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only
 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS WITH M.RAHEEL KHAN
106. Three statements about diamond, graphite and silicon (IV) oxide are listed.
1 Diamond and graphite both have giant covalent structures.
2 In silicon (IV) oxide, silicon and oxygen atoms are joined together by covalent bonds throughout the whole
structure.
3 Diamond and silicon (IV) oxide have similar structures.

Which statements are correct?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only