Astro MCQ Answers Multiple Choice Questions

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Astro MCQ answers - Multiple Choice Questions
Astronomy (Nottingham Trent University)
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. Skills, Chapter 1
1. Which of the following is NOT a general difference between a planet and a star?
A. Planets are smaller than stars.
B. Planets are dimmer than stars.
C. All planets are made of rock and all stars are made of gas.
D. Planets orbit stars, while stars orbit the center of the galaxy. C
2. Our solar system consists of _________.
A. the Sun and several nearby stars, as well as the planets and other objects that orbit these
stars
B. the Sun and all the objects that orbit it
C. a few hundred billion stars, bound together by gravity
D. the Sun and the nine planets, and nothing else B
3. A typical galaxy is a _________.
A. system consisting of one or a few stars orbited by planets, moons, and smaller objects
B. nearby object orbiting a planet
C. large, glowing ball of gas powered by nuclear energy
D. collection of a few hundred million to a trillion or more stars, bound together by gravity
E. relatively small, icy object orbiting a star D
4. Which of the following best describes what we mean by the universe?
A. A vast collection of stars that number as many as the grains of sand on all the beaches on
Earth
B. All the galaxies in all the superclusters
C. The sum total of all matter and energy
D. The universe is another name for our Milky Way Galaxy. C
5. What do astronomers mean by the Big Bang?
A. The event that marked the beginning of the expansion of the universe
B. The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life
C. A gigantic explosion that blew all the galaxies in the universe to smithereens
D. The event that marked the birth of our solar system A
6. What do we mean when we say that the universe is expanding?
A. Everything in the universe is gradually growing in size.
B. The statement is not meant to be literal; rather, it means that our knowledge of the universe

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is growing.
C. Average distances between galaxies are increasing.
D. Average distances are increasing between star systems within galaxies. C
7 . Based on observations of the universal expansion, the age of the universe is about
_________.
A. 14,000 years
B. 14 trillion years
C. 14 billion years
D. 14 million years C
8. A television advertisement claiming that a product is light-years ahead of its time does not
make sense because _________.
A. a light-year is an astronomically large unit, so a product could not possibly be so advanced
B. light-years can only be used to talk about light
C. it uses "light-years" to talk about time, but a light-year is a unit of distance
D. it doesn't specify the number of light-years C
9. The term observable universe refers to _________.
A. the portion of the universe that is not hidden from view by, for example, being below the
horizon
B. that portion of the universe that we have so far photographed through telescopes
C. the portion of the universe that can be seen by the naked eye
D. that portion of the universe that we can see in principle, given the finite age of the universe D
10 . On a scale in which the distance from the Sun to the Earth is about 15 meters, the distance
from the Earth to the Moon is _________.
A. small enough to fit within your hand
B. about 5 meters
C. about 30 meters
D. about 1 meter A
11 . On a scale where the Sun is about the size of a grapefruit and the Earth is about 15 meters
away, how far away are the nearest stars besides the Sun?
A. About the distance across 50 football fields
B. About the distance across the state of Delaware
C. About the distance across the United States
D. 100 meters C

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12 . The number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy is approximately _________.

A. a few hundred thousand
B. a few hundred million
C. a few hundred billion
D. a few hundred C
13 . An astronomical unit (AU) is _________.
A. the average distance between any two planets
B. the average distance between the Sun and Earth
C. any very large unit, such as a light-year
D. the average distance between the Sun and Pluto B
14 . What is the ecliptic plane?
A. The plane of the Sun's equator
B. The plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
C. The plane of the Milky Way Galaxy
D. The plane of the Earth's equator B
15 . How long does it take the Earth to complete one orbit around the Sun?
A. The time varies significantly depending on the orbit.
B. One week
C. One month
D. One day
E. One year E
Concept, Chapter 1
1. Which of the following has your "cosmic address" in the correct order?
A. You, Earth, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Local Supercluster, universe
B. You, Earth, Local Group, Local Supercluster, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
C. You, Earth, solar system, Local Group, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Supercluster, universe
D. You, Earth, solar system, Local Group, Local Supercluster, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
E. You, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, solar system, Local Group, Local Supercluster, universe A
2. Using the ideas discussed in the text, in what sense are we "star stuff"?
A. Movie stars and other people are all made of the same stuff, so we all have the potential to
be famous.
B. Our overall chemical composition is about the same as that of stars.

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C. Nearly every atom from which we are made was once inside of a star.
D. We could not survive without light from our star, the Sun. C
3. How are galaxies important to our existence?
A. Without galaxies, the universe could not be expanding.
B. Deep in their centers, galaxies created the elements from which we are made.
C. Galaxies recycle material from one generation of stars to the next, and without this recycling
we could not exist.
D. Without galaxies, there could not have been a Big Bang. C
4. When we look at an object that is 1,000 light-years away we see it _________.
A. as it is right now, but it appears 1,000 times dimmer
B. looking just the same as our ancestors would have seen it 1,000 years ago
C. as it was 1,000 years ago
D. as it was 1,000 light-years ago C
5. Suppose we look at two distant galaxies: Galaxy 1 is twice as far away as Galaxy 2. In that
case _________.
A. we are seeing Galaxy 1 as it looked at an earlier time in the history of the universe than
Galaxy 2
B. we are seeing Galaxy 1 as it looked at a later time in the history of the universe than Galaxy
2
C. Galaxy 1 must be twice as big as Galaxy 2
D. Galaxy 2 must be twice as old as Galaxy 1 A
6. Suppose we make a scale model of our solar system, with the Sun the size of a grapefruit.
Which of the following best describes what the planets would look like?
A. They are all much smaller than the Sun. Six planets are located within a few centimeters of
the Sun, and three planets are located at distances ranging up to about a meter.
B. The planets range in size from about the size of a marble to the size of a baseball. They are
spread out over a region about the size of a football field.
C. They are all much smaller than the Sun. Four planets are within about 20 meters of the Sun,
while the remaining planets are spread much farther apart, with Pluto more than a half a
kilometer from the Sun.
D. They are all much smaller than the Sun and are spread out evenly over a distance about the C
length of a large classroom.
7. How long would it take to count all the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy at a rate of one star per

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second?
A. Several weeks
B. Several years
C. Several thousand years
D. Several days C
8. The total number of stars in the observable universe is about _________.
A. 100 billion
B. the same as the number of grains of sand on all the beaches on Earth
C. the same as the number of grains of sand in a large sandbox
D. the same as the number of atoms that make up the Earth B
9. Where is our solar system located within the Milky Way Galaxy?
A. In the halo of the galaxy
B. Roughly halfway between the center and the edge of the visible disk of the galaxy
C. Very near the center of the galaxy
D. At the far edge of the galaxy's visible disk B
10 . If we imagine the history of the universe compressed into one year, the dinosaurs became
extinct _________.
A. yesterday
B. about 3 weeks ago
C. about 6 months ago
D. about an hour ago A
11 . Relative to the age of the universe, how old is our solar system?
A. It is between about one-quarter and one-half the age of the universe
B. It is between about 5% and 10% as old as the universe.
C. It is about the same age as the universe because it formed shortly after the Big Bang.
D. It is about 1% as old as the universe. A
12 . How do the speeds at which we are moving with the Earth's rotation and orbit compare to
the speeds of more familiar objects?
A. The Earth's rotation is carrying most people around the axis at about the speed of a car on
the freeway, and the Earth's orbit is carrying us around the Sun at about the speed of a
commercial jet.
B. The Earth's rotation is carrying most people around the axis at about the speed at which the
Space Shuttle orbits the Earth, and the Earth's orbit is carrying us around the Sun at nearly

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the speed of light.

C. The Earth's rotation is carrying most people around the axis faster than a commercial jet
travels, and the Earth's orbit is carrying us around the Sun faster than the Space Shuttle
orbits the Earth.
D. The Earth's rotation is carrying most people around the axis at about the speed of a C
commercial jet, and the Earth's orbit is carrying us around the Sun at about the speed of a
military jet.
13 . Why do the patterns of the stars in our sky look the same from year to year?
A. Because these stars are not moving.
B. Because although these stars are moving, they move so slowly --- typically about the speed
of a snail --- that their motion is not noticeable.
C. Because although these stars move quite fast as they orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy,
they all move together so they don't change their relative positions.
D. Although these stars move quite fast by human standards, they are so far away that it would D
take thousands of years for their motion to be noticeable to the eye.
14 . Astronomers infer that the universe is expanding because distant galaxies all appear to
_________.
A. be growing in size
B. be made of dark matter
C. be moving away from us, with more distant ones moving faster
D. rotate rapidly C
15 . Which statement about motion in the universe is NOT true?
A. Some stars are moving closer to us and others are moving farther away from us.
B. Your speed of rotation around Earth's axis is faster if you live near the equator than if you
live near the North Pole.
C. The mysterious dark matter is the fastest-moving material in the universe.
D. Except for a few nearby galaxies, all other galaxies are moving away from us. C
Skills, Chapter 2
1. About how many stars are visible to the naked eye on a clear, dark night away from city
lights?
A. Several million
B. A few dozen

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C. A few hundred billion

D. A couple thousand D
2. What do astronomers mean by a constellation?
A. A constellation is a region in the sky as seen from Earth.
B. A constellation is any random grouping of stars in the sky.
C. A constellation is a group of stars that are all located in about the same place in space.
D. A constellation is a group of stars related through an ancient story. A
3. What is the ecliptic?
A. The path on the Earth traced by the Moon's shadow during a solar eclipse
B. The Sun's daily path from east to west in our sky
C. A half-circle extending from your horizon due north, through your zenith, to your horizon
due south
D. The path the Sun appears to trace around the celestial sphere each year D
4. What is the celestial sphere?
A. It represents a belief in an Earth-centered universe, and hence is no longer considered to
have any use.
B. It is a model of how the stars are arranged in the sky relative to our Sun, which is in the
middle of the sphere.
C. The celestial sphere is a model that shows the true locations of the Sun and a few thousand
of the nearest stars.
D. The celestial sphere is a representation of how the sky looks as seen from Earth. D
5. What do we mean when we talk about the "Milky Way" in our sky?
A. We mean the spiral-shaped galaxy that we can see when we look in the right direction in
our sky.
B. We mean the whitish patch of light we see when we look toward the center of the Milky
Way Galaxy.
C. We mean the bright stars of the constellations that lie along the ecliptic in our sky.
D. We mean the patchy band of light that represents what we see when we look into the plane D
of the Milky Way Galaxy.
6. Which of the following statements does NOT use the term angular size or angular distance
correctly?
A. The angular size of the Sun is about the same as that of the Moon.
B. The angular distance between those two bright stars in the sky is about 2 meters.

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C. The angular distance between those two houses in the distance is 30 degrees.
D. You can use your outstretched hand against the sky to estimate angular sizes and angular B
distances.
7. Which of the following correctly describes the meridian in your sky?
A. A half-circle extending from your horizon due east, through your zenith, to your horizon due
west
B. A half-circle extending from your horizon due north, through your zenith, to your horizon
due south
C. The point directly over your head
D. A half-circle extending from your horizon due east, through the north celestial pole, to your B
horizon due west
8. The point directly over your head is called _________.
A. the North Star
B. the meridian
C. the zenith
D. the celestial pole C
9. Stars that are visible in the sky on any clear night of the year, at any time of the night, are
called _________.
A. seasonal
B. bright
C. celestial
D. circumpolar D
10 . We describe a location on the Earth's surface by stating its _________.
A. meridian and longitude
B. latitude and longitude
C. latitude and direction
D. altitude and direction (or azimuth) B
11 . Which of the following correctly describes a relationship between the sky and your location
on Earth?
A. If you are in the Northern Hemisphere, the altitude of the celestial equator equals your
latitude.
B. If you are in the Northern Hemisphere, the altitude of the north celestial pole equals your
longitude.

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C. If you are in the Northern Hemisphere, the altitude of the north celestial pole equals your
latitude.
D. If you are in the Northern Hemisphere, the longitude of the north celestial pole is C
circumpolar, and therefore crosses your zenith at the meridian.
12 . Which of the following best describes why we have seasons on Earth?
A. The tilt of the Earth's axis causes the northern hemisphere to be closer to the Sun than the
southern hemisphere (giving rise to summers in the northern hemisphere and winters in the
southern hemisphere), and vice versa.
B. The Earth's elliptical orbit means we are closer to the Sun and therefore receive more
intense sunlight at some times of year than at others.
C. The tilt of the Earth's axis causes different portions of the Earth to receive more or less
direct sunlight at different times of year.
D. The varying speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun gives us summer when we are C
moving fastest and winter when we are moving slowest.
13 . Each part below describes how a few astronomical phenomena are related to time periods.
Which list is correct? (Careful: some lists are partially correct.)
A. The Earth's rotation defines a day. The Sun's rotation defines a week. The Moon's rotation
defines a month. The Earth's orbit defines a year.
B. The Earth's rotation defines a day. The saros cycle of eclipses defines a month. The Earth's
orbit defines a year. The Earth's cycle of axis precession takes 26,000 years.
C. The Earth's rotation defines a day. The cycle of the Moon's phases takes about a month. The
Earth's orbit defines a year. The Earth's cycle of axis precession takes 26,000 years.
D. The Earth's rotation defines a day. The cycle of the Moon's phases takes about a week. The C
Earth's orbit defines a year. The Earth's cycle of axis precession defines a month.
14 . If we have a new moon today, when we will have the next full moon?
A. In about 1 week
B. In about 6 months
C. In about 2 weeks
D. In about a month C
15 . We cannot see a new moon in our sky because _________.
A. it is above the horizon during the daytime
B. a new moon is quite near the Sun in the sky
C. no sunlight is illuminating the Moon

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D. it is obscured by the Earth's shadow B

16 . Lunar eclipses can occur only during a _________.
A. full moon
B. first quarter moon
C. third quarter moon
D. new moon A
17 . What is the saros cycle?
A. The roughly one-month cycle of lunar phases in the sky
B. The annual cycle of the seasons
C. The roughly 18-year cycle over which the pattern of eclipses repeats
D. The 26,000-year cycle of the Earth's precession C
18 . While a planet is experiencing apparent retrograde motion (as seen from Earth), _________.
A. the planet moves westward relative to the stars, rather than the usual eastward relative to
the stars
B. the planet appears to rise in the west and set in the east, rather than the usual rising in the
east and setting in the west
C. it moves backwards (clockwise as viewed from far above the Earth's north pole) in its orbit
of the Sun
D. the planet is getting closer to the Sun in its orbit A
Concept, Chapter 2
1. Which of the following statements about the celestial sphere is NOT true?
A. The Earth is placed at the center of the celestial sphere.
B. The "celestial sphere" is just another name for our universe.
C. The celestial sphere does not exist physically.
D. When we look in the sky, the stars all appear to be located on the celestial sphere. B
2. An angle of 1 arcsecond is _________.
A. about the width of a finger held at arm's length
B. about the width of your fist held at arm's length
C. less than the thickness of a hair held at arm's length
D. slightly more than the width of a basketball held at arm's length C
3. When traveling north from the United States into Canada, you'll see the North Star (Polaris)
getting _________.

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A. lower in the sky

B. higher in the sky
C. brighter
D. dimmer B
4. Suppose you use the Southern Cross to determine that the south celestial pole appears 40
degrees above your horizon. Then you must be located at _________.
A. latitude 40 degrees south
B. latitude 40 degrees north
C. latitude 50 degrees south
D. longitude 40 degrees A
5 . Suppose you are facing north, and you see the Big Dipper close to your northern horizon, with
Polaris (and the Little Dipper) above it. Where will you see the Big Dipper in six hours?
A. Still in the same place, below Polaris
B. To the left of Polaris; that is, 90 degrees clockwise from its current position
C. To the right of Polaris; that is, 90 degrees counterclockwise from its current position
D. Directly above Polaris C
6. In any particular place on Earth, certain constellations are visible in the evening only at
certain times of the year because _________.
A. some constellations are circumpolar
B. on any particular night, we can only see stars that are directly opposite (180 degrees away
from) the Sun in the sky
C. during some times of year, some constellations drop below the southern horizon
D. our evening view of space depends on where the Earth is located in its orbit around the Sun D
7. The Sun's path, as viewed from the equator, is highest on _________.
A. the summer solstice
B. the day when Earth is closest to the Sun
C. the winter solstice
D. the spring and fall equinoxes D
8. Suppose Earth's axis tilt was significantly greater than its current 23.5 degrees, but Earth's
rotation period and orbital period were unchanged. Which statement below would NOT be true?
A. Polaris would not be our North star.
B. The length of each season (for example, the number of days from the summer solstice to
the fall equinox) would be significantly longer than it is now.

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C. The region of the Earth where the Sun never rises on the summer solstice would be larger
(extending farther south) than it is now.
D. Summers and winters would be more severe (for example, hotter and colder, respectively) B
than they are now.
9. If our year were twice as long (that is, if Earth took twice as many days to complete each
orbit around the Sun), but Earth's rotation period and axis tilt were unchanged, then _________.
A. the cycle of precession would take 13,000 years instead of 26,000 years
B. the four seasons would each be twice as long as they are now
C. the Earth would not have seasons
D. stars would take twice as long to rise and set B
10 . How does the Earth's varying distance from the Sun affect our seasons?
A. It is responsible for the fact that the seasons are opposite in the Northern and Southern
hemispheres.
B. It doesn't --- Earth's orbital distance plays no obvious role in the seasons.
C. It causes the seasons to be more extreme than they would be if the Earth's distance from
the Sun were always the same.
D. It makes summer warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. B
11 . Suppose you live in the United States and you see a crescent moon in your evening sky
tonight. What will a friend in South America see tonight?
A. Your friend will see a first quarter moon.
B. Your friend won't see the Moon tonight, because it is up only in the morning.
C. Your friend will see a gibbous moon.
D. Your friend will also see a crescent moon. D
12 . Suppose it is full moon. What phase of the Earth would someone on the Moon see at this
time?
A. New Earth
B. First quarter Earth
C. The Earth does not go through phases as seen from the Moon.
D. Full Earth A
13 . It's 6 am and the Moon is at its highest point in your sky (crossing the meridian). What is the
Moon's phase?
A. Full
B. Third quarter

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C. First quarter
D. New B
14 . You observe a full moon rising at sunset. What will you see 6 hours later?
A. A full moon on or near your meridian
B. A third quarter moon
C. A first quarter moon
D. A waning gibbous moon A
15 . All of the following statements are true. Which one explains the reason that there is NOT a
solar eclipse at every new moon?
A. The orbital plane of the Moon is tilted slightly (by about 5 degrees) to the ecliptic plane.
B. The Moon is only about 1/4 as large as Earth in diameter.
C. The Moon goes through a complete cycle of phases about every 29 1/2 days.
D. The nodes of the moon's orbit precess with an 18-year period. A
16 . For most of history, the lack of observable stellar parallax was interpreted to mean that
_________.
A. stars were too far away for parallax to be measured with available technology
B. Galileo's theories of the universe were essentially correct
C. the Earth is stationary at the center of the universe
D. stars must all lie at the same distance from Earth, on the celestial sphere C
17 . During the period each year when we see Mars undergoing apparent retrograde motion in
our sky, what is really going on in space?
A. Mars is moving around the Sun in the opposite direction from which Earth is moving around
the Sun.
B. The Earth and Mars are getting closer together.
C. Earth is catching up with and passing by Mars in their respective orbits.
D. Earth and Mars are on opposite sides of the Sun. C
18 . Suppose you see a photo showing Jupiter half in sunlight and half in shadow (that is, a first
quarter Jupiter). This photo might have been taken by _________.
A. the Galileo spacecraft, when it was orbiting Jupiter
B. the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico
C. the Hubble Space Telescope (which orbits Earth)
D. the Keck telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii A

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Skills, Chapter 3
1. What practical value did astronomy offer to ancient civilizations?
A. It allowed them to predict eclipses with great accuracy. A.
B. It helped them keep track of time and seasons, and it was used by some cultures for B.
navigation.
C. It helped them understand our cosmic origins. C.
D. It helped them find uses for ancient structures like Stonehenge. D. B
2. Scientific thinking is _________.
A. based on everyday ideas of observation and trial-and-error experiments
B. completely different from any other type of thinking
C. a difficult process that only a handful of people can do well
D. an ancient mode of thinking first invented in Egypt A
3. The names of the seven days of the week are based on _________.
A. the names of the seven planets closest to the Sun
B. the seven naked-eye objects that appear to move among the constellations
C. the names of prophets in the Bible
D. the seven most prominent constellations in the summer sky B
4. Ptolemy was important in the history of astronomy because he _________.
A. developed the first scientific model of the universe
B. was the first to create a model of the solar system that placed the Sun rather than the Earth
at the center
C. was the first to believe that all orbits are perfect circles
D. developed a model of the solar system that made sufficiently accurate predictions of D
planetary positions to remain in use for many centuries
5 . The ancient Greeks get a lot of attention for their contributions to science because
_________.
A. they were the only ancient culture that kept written records of their astronomical
observations
B. they were the first people known to try to explain nature with models based on reason,
mathematics, and geometry, without resort to the supernatural
C. the books of every other culture were lost in the destruction of the library of Alexandria
D. they were the first people to realize that Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun B

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6. What do we mean by a geocentric model of the universe?

A. It is the name given to sphere-shaped models that show all the constellations as they
appear in our sky on the celestial sphere.
B. A model designed to explain what we see in the sky while having the Earth orbit the Sun.
C. A model designed to explain what we see in the sky while having the Earth located in the
center of the universe.
D. A model of the Milky Way Galaxy that has our solar system located at its center. C
7. What was the Ptolemaic model?
A. The Earth-centered model of the cosmos in which the Earth was surrounded by seven
perfect spheres, one each for the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
B. A Sun-centered model of planetary motion described by Ptolemy
C. The first scientific model to successfully predict solar and lunar eclipses
D. An Earth-centered model of planetary motion described by Ptolemy D
8. The great contribution of Nicholas Copernicus was to _________.
A. create a detailed model of our solar system with the Sun rather than Earth at the center
B. discover the laws of planetary motion
C. prove that the Earth is not the center of the universe
D. discover the law of gravity A
9. The great contribution of Tycho Brahe was to _________.
A. offer the first detailed model of a Sun-centered solar system, thereby beginning the process
of overturning the Earth-centered model of the Greeks
B. observe planetary positions with sufficient accuracy so that Kepler could later use the data
to discover the laws of planetary motion
C. discover four moons orbiting Jupiter, thereby lending strong support to the idea that the
Earth is not the center of the universe
D. discover that planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits with varying speed B
10 . Which of the following was NOT observed by Galileo?
A. Four moons orbiting Jupiter
B. Stellar parallax
C. Phases of Venus.
D. Mountains and valleys on the Moon B
11 . Which of the following statements about an ellipse is NOT true?
A. A circle is considered to be a special type of ellipse.

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B. An ellipse with a large eccentricity looks much more elongated (stretched out) than an
ellipse with a small eccentricity.
C. The focus of an ellipse is always located precisely at the center of the ellipse.
D. The semimajor axis of an ellipse is half the length of the longest line that you can draw C
across an ellipse.
12 . Which of the following is not one of, nor a direct consequence of, Kepler's Laws?
A. As a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
B. A planet or comet in a noncircular orbit travels faster when it is nearer to the Sun and
slower when it is farther from the Sun.
C. More distant planets orbit the Sun at slower speeds.
D. The force of attraction between any two objects decreases with the square of the distance
between their centers.
E. The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. D
13 . Scientific models are used to _________.
A. present the solar system to the general public
B. prove that past paradigms no longer hold true
C. make specific predictions that can be tested through observations or experiments
D. make miniature representations of the universe C
14 . In science, a broad idea that has been repeatedly verified so as to give scientists great
confidence that it represents reality is called _________.
A. a theory
B. a Ptolemaic model
C. a hypothesis
D. a paradigm A
Concept, Chapter 3
1. Suppose that the planet Uranus were much brighter in the sky, so that it was as easily visible
to the naked eye as Jupiter or Saturn. Which one of the following statements would most likely be
true in that case?
A. Its brightness would make it possible to read by starlight at night.
B. Its slow motion through the sky would have led it to be named after the Goddess of
Procrastination.
C. A week would have eight days instead of seven.

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D. Its gravity would cause the tides to be much higher than they actually are.
E. The discovery that the Earth is a planet going around the Sun would have come hundreds of A
years earlier.
2. How does a 12-month lunar calendar differ from our 12-month solar calendar?
A. It does not have seasons. F.
B. It has about 11 fewer days. G.
C. Its new year always occurs in February instead of on January 1. H.
D. It uses a 23-hour rather than a 24-hour day. I. B
3. What do the structures of Stonehenge, the Templo Mayor, the Sun Dagger, and the Big Horn
Medicine Wheel all have in common?
A. They were all built on the orders of ancient kings. A.
B. They all can be used as lunar calendars. B.
C. They were all used by ancient peoples for astronomical observations. C.
D. They were all places used for religious sacrifice. D. C
4. How did the Ptolemaic model explain the apparent retrograde motion of the planets?
A. It held that this motion occurs as Earth passes by another planet in its orbit of the Sun.
B. It held that sometimes the planets moved backwards along their circular orbits.
C. It held that the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around the
Earth, and that the combined motion sometimes resulted in backward motion.
D. It held that the planets resided on giant spheres that sometimes turned clockwise and C
sometimes turned counterclockwise.
5. When Copernicus first created his Sun-centered model of the universe, it did not lead to
substantially better predictions of planetary positions than the Ptolemaic model. Why not?
A. Copernicus used perfect circles for the orbits of the planets.
B. Copernicus placed the Sun at the center, but did not realize that the Moon orbits the Earth.
C. Copernicus placed the planets in the wrong order going outward from the Sun.
D. Copernicus misjudged the distances between the planets. A
6. Earth is farthest from the Sun in July and closest to the Sun in January. During which
Northern Hemisphere season is Earth moving fastest in its orbit?
A. Fall
B. Spring
C. Winter
D. Summer C

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7. According to Kepler's third law (p2 = a3), how does a planet's mass affect its orbit around the
Sun?
A. More massive planets must have more circular orbits.
B. A planet's mass has no effect on its orbit around the Sun.
C. A more massive planet must have a larger semimajor axis.
D. More massive planets orbit the Sun at higher average speed. B
8. All the following statements are true. Which one follows directly from Kepler's third law (p2 =
a3)?
A. Venus orbits the Sun at a slower average speed than Mercury.
B. Venus has a thicker atmosphere than Mercury.
C. Venus takes longer to rotate than it does to orbit the Sun.
D. Venus is more massive than Mercury. A
9. Galileo challenged the idea that objects in the heavens were perfect by _________.
A. inventing the telescope
B. proving Kepler's laws were correct
C. showing that heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter objects
D. observing sunspots on the Sun and mountains on the Moon D
10 . Galileo observed all of the following. Which observation offered direct proof of a planet
orbiting the Sun?
A. The Milky Way is composed of many individual stars.
B. Phases of Venus
C. Four moons of Jupiter.
D. Patterns of shadow and sunlight near the dividing line between the light and dark portions B
of the Moon's face
11 . Which of the following is NOT consistent with the major hallmarks of science?
A. Science consists of proven theories that are understood to be true explanations of reality.
B. A scientific model must make testable predictions.
C. Scientific explanations should be based solely on natural causes.
D. Science progresses through the creation and testing of models that explain observation as A
simply as possible.
12 . Which of the following is NOT part of a good scientific theory?
A. A scientific theory cannot be accepted until it has been proven true beyond all doubt.
B. A scientific theory should be based on natural processes and should not invoke the

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supernatural or divine.
C. A scientific theory must explain a wide variety of phenomena observed in the natural world.
D. A scientific theory must make testable predictions that, if found to be incorrect, could lead A
to its own modification or demise.
13 . Only one of the statements below uses the term theory in its correct, scientific sense.
Which one?
A. Einstein's theory of relativity has been tested and verified thousands of times.
B. I have a new theory about the cause of earthquakes, and I plan to start testing it soon.
C. Evolution is only a theory, so there's no reason to think it really happened.
D. I wrote a theory that is 152 pages long. A
14 . Which of the following best describes how modern astronomers view astrology?
A. Astrology was a great idea until it was disproved by the work of Copernicus, Tycho, Kepler,
and Galileo.
B. Astrology is new age mumbo-jumbo that was a waste of time when it was invented
thousands of years ago and remains a waste of time today.
C. Astrology is a synonym for astronomy.
D. Astrology played an important part in the development of astronomy in ancient times, but it D
is not a science by modern standards.
Skills, Chapter 4
1. The difference between speed and velocity is that _________.
A. they are expressed in different units
B. velocity is calculated using a physics equation
C. velocity also includes a direction
D. velocity is the same as acceleration whereas speed is different C
2. The acceleration of gravity on Earth is approximately 10 m/s2 (more precisely, 9.8 m/s2). If
you drop a rock from a tall building, about how fast will it be falling after 3 seconds?
A. 30 m/s
B. 10 m/s2
C. 20 m/s
D. 10 m/s
E. 30 m/s2 A
3. Momentum is defined as _________.

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A. mass times acceleration

B. mass times velocity
C. mass times speed
D. force times velocity B
4. Suppose you lived on the Moon. Which of the following would be true?
A. Both your weight and your mass would be the same as they are on Earth.
B. Your weight would be less than your weight on Earth, but your mass would be the same as it
is on Earth.
C. Your mass would be less than your mass on Earth, but your weight would be the same as it
is on Earth.
D. Both your weight and your mass would be less than they are on Earth. B
5. In which of the following cases would you feel weightless?
A. While parachuting from an airplane
B. While accelerating downward in an elevator
C. While falling from a roof
D. While walking on the Moon C
6. Which of the following statements is NOT one of Newton's Laws of Motion?
A. In the absence of a net force acting upon it, an object moves with constant velocity.
B. What goes up must come down.
C. The rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the net force applied to the
object.
D. For any force, there always is an equal and opposite reaction force. B
7. Newton's Second Law of Motion tells us that the net force applied to an object equals its
_________.
A. mass times acceleration
B. momentum times velocity
C. mass times velocity
D. mass times energy A
8. Suppose that two objects collide. Which of the following things is NOT the same both before
and after the collision?
A. The total energy of the objects
B. The total angular momentum of the objects
C. The total momentum of the objects

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D. The total temperature of the objects D

9. When a spinning ice skater pulls in his arms, he spins faster because _________.
A. his angular momentum must be conserved, so reducing his radius must increase his speed
of rotation
B. there is less friction with the ice
C. there is less friction with the air
D. there exists an unbalanced reaction force A
10 . The energy attributed to an object by virtue of its motion is known as _________.
A. kinetic energy
B. potential energy
C. mass-energy
D. radiative energy A
11 . Radiative energy is _________.
A. energy from nuclear power plants
B. energy of motion
C. heat energy
D. energy carried by light D
12 . Absolute zero is _________.
A. 0 degrees Celsius
B. 100 degrees Celsius
C. 0 degrees Kelvin
D. 0 degrees Fahrenheit C
13 . What does temperature measure?
A. The average mass of particles in a substance
B. The average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
C. The total potential energy of particles in a substance
D. The total amount of heat in a substance B
14 . In the formula E=mc2, what does E represent?
A. The electric field produced by a charge
B. The gravitational potential energy of an object held above the ground
C. The kinetic energy of a moving object
D. The mass-energy, or potential energy stored in an object's mass
E. The radiative energy carried by light D

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15 . According to the universal law of gravitation, if you triple the distance between two objects,
then the gravitational force between them _________.
A. decreases by a factor of 9
B. increases by a factor of 9
C. increases by a factor of 3
D. decreases by a factor of 3 A
16 . Why is Newton's version of Kepler's third law so useful to astronomers?
A. It can be used to determine the masses of many distant objects.
B. It tells us that more-distant planets orbit the Sun more slowly.
C. It allows us to calculate distances to distant objects.
D. It explains why objects spin faster when they shrink in size. A
17 . What do we mean by the orbital energy of an orbiting object (such as a planet, moon, or
satellite)?
A. Orbital energy is a measure of the object's speed as it moves through its orbit.
B. Orbital energy is the object's kinetic energy as it moves through its orbit.
C. Orbital energy is the amount of energy required for the object to leave orbit and escape into
space.
D. Orbital energy is the sum of the object's kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy D
as it moves through its orbit.
18 . Which statement must be true in order for a rocket to travel from Earth to another planet?
A. It must attain escape velocity from Earth.
B. It must have very large engines.
C. It must carry a lot of extra fuel.
D. It must be launched from space, rather than from the ground. A
19 . Approximately where is it currently high tide on Earth?
A. Anywhere that ocean water laps upon the shore
B. Only on the portion of the Earth facing directly toward the Moon
C. On the portion of the Earth facing directly toward the Moon and on the portion of the Earth
facing directly away from the Moon
D. Wherever it is currently noon C
Concept, Chapter 4
1. Which of the following represents a case in which you are NOT accelerating?

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A. Going from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 10 seconds

B. Slamming on the brakes to come to a stop at a stop sign
C. Driving in a straight line at 60 miles per hour
D. Driving 60 miles per hour around a curve C
2. Suppose you drop a 10-pound weight and a 5-pound weight on the Moon, both from the
same height at the same time. What will happen?
A. The 5-pound weight will hit the ground before the 10-pound weight.
B. The 10-pound weight will hit the ground before the 5-pound weight.
C. Both weights will float freely, since everything is weightless on the Moon.
D. Both will hit the ground at the same time. D
3. Why are astronauts weightless in the Space Station?
A. Because the Space Station is traveling so fast
B. Because there is no gravity in space
C. Because the Space Station is moving at constant velocity
D. Because the Space Station is constantly in free-fall around the Earth D
4. A net force acting on an object will always cause a change in the object's _________.
A. momentum
B. direction
C. speed
D. mass A
5. Suppose you are in an elevator that is traveling upward at constant speed. How does your
weight compare to your normal weight on the ground?
A. It is the same.
B. It is less.
C. You are weightless.
D. It is greater. A
6. The planets never travel in a straight line as they orbit the Sun. According to Newton's second
law of motion, this must mean that _________.
A. The planets have angular momentum.
B. a force is acting on the planets
C. The planets are always accelerating.
D. The planets will eventually fall into the Sun. B
7. Suppose that the Sun were suddenly to shrink in size but that its mass remained the same.

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According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, what would happen?

A. This could never happen, because it is impossible for an object to shrink in size without an
outside torque.
B. The Sun's rate of rotation would slow.
C. The Sun's angular size in our sky would stay the same.
D. The Sun would rotate faster than it does now. D
8. Suppose you kick a soccer ball straight up to a height of 10 meters. Which of the following is
true about the gravitational potential energy of the ball during its flight?
A. The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant it returns to hit the ground.
B. The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant when the ball is at its
highest point.
C. The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant the ball leaves your foot.
D. The ball's gravitational potential energy is always the same. B
9. Suppose you heat up an oven to 400 degrees F and boil a pot of water. Which of the
following explains why you would be burned by sticking your hand briefly in the pot but not by
sticking your hand briefly in the oven?
A. The oven has a higher temperature than the water.
B. The molecules in the water are moving faster than the molecules in the oven.
C. The water has a higher temperature than the oven.
D. The water can transfer heat to your arm more quickly than the air. D
10 . Which of the following scenarios involves energy that we would typically calculate with
Einstein's formula E=mc2?
A. An object accelerated to a great speed has a lot of kinetic energy.
B. When hydrogen is fused into helium, whether in the Sun or a nuclear bomb, some of the
mass disappears and becomes energy.
C. A mass raised to a great height has a lot of gravitational potential energy.
D. A burning piece of wood produces light and heat, therefore giving off radiative and thermal B
energy.
11 . When a rock is held above the ground, we say it has some potential energy. When we let it
go, it falls and we say the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Finally, the rock hits the
ground (and stays there). What has happened to the energy?
A. The energy goes into the ground, and as a result, the orbit of the Earth about the Sun is
slightly changed.

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B. It is transformed back into gravitational potential energy.

C. The rock keeps the energy inside it in the form of mass-energy.
D. The energy goes to producing sound and to heating the ground, rock, and surrounding air. D
12 . Suppose that the Sun shrank in size but that its mass remained the same. What would
happen to the orbit of the Earth?
A. The size of Earth's orbit would shrink, and it would take less than one year to orbit the Sun.
B. Earth's orbit would expand, and it would take more than one year to orbit the Sun.
C. Earth would change from a bound orbit to an unbound orbit and fly off into interstellar
space.
D. Earth's orbit would be unaffected. D
13 . What is the difference between a bound orbit and an unbound orbit around the Sun?
A. A bound orbit is circular, while an unbound orbit is elliptical.
B. An object on a bound orbit follows the same path around the Sun over and over, while an
object on an unbound orbit approaches the Sun just once and then never returns.
C. An object on a bound orbit has a gravitational attraction to the Sun, while an object on an
unbound orbit does not.
D. A bound orbit is an orbit allowed by the universal law of gravitation, and an unbound orbit is B
not.
14 . Newton showed that Kepler's laws are _________.
A. actually only three of seven distinct laws of planetary motion
B. seriously in error
C. the key to proving that the Earth orbits our Sun
D. natural consequences of the law of universal gravitation D
15 . Each of the following lists two facts. Which pair of facts can be used with Newton's version
of Kepler's third law to determine the mass of the Sun?
A. The Earth is 150 million km from the Sun and orbits the Sun in one year.
B. Mercury is 0.387 AU from the Sun and Earth is 1 AU from the Sun.
C. The mass of the Earth is 6 ( 1024 kg and the Earth orbits the Sun in one year.
D. The Earth rotates in one day and orbits the Sun in one year. A
16 . When space probe Voyager 2 passed by Saturn, its speed increased (but not due to firing its
engines). What must have happened?
A. Saturn must have captured an asteroid at precisely the moment that Voyager 2 passed by.
B. Saturn's rotation must have sped up slightly.

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C. Voyager 2 must have dipped through Saturn's atmosphere.

D. Saturn must have lost a very tiny bit of its orbital energy. D
17 . Suppose that a lone asteroid happens to be passing Jupiter on an unbound orbit that keeps
it well above Jupiter's atmosphere and far from all of Jupiter's moons. Which of the following
statements would be true?
A. The asteroid's orbit around Jupiter would not change, and it would go out on the same
unbound orbit that it came in on.
B. There is no way to predict what would happen.
C. *Jupiter's gravity would capture the asteroid, making it a new moon of Jupiter.
D. Jupiter's gravity would suck in the asteroid, causing it to crash into Jupiter. A
18 . Which of the following best describes the origin of ocean tides on Earth?
A. Tides are caused by the difference in the force of gravity exerted by the Moon across the
sphere of the Earth.
B. Tides are caused on the side of the Earth nearest the Moon because the Moon's gravity
attracts the water.
C. Tides are caused by the 23.5-degree tilt of the Earth's rotational axis to the ecliptic plane.
D. The Moon's gravity pulls harder on water than on land, because water is less dense than A
rock.
19 . At which lunar phase(s) are tides most pronounced (for example, the highest high tides)?
A. Both new and full moons
B. Full moon only
C. New moon only
D. Third quarter moon only
E. Both first and third quarters A
Skills, Chapter 5
1. From shortest to longest wavelength, which of the following correctly orders the different
categories of electromagnetic radiation?
A. Infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays, radio
B. Gamma rays, X rays, visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, radio
C. Radio, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays
D. Gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, radio D
2. Which forms of light are lower in energy and frequency than the light that our eyes can see?

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A. Infrared and radio

B. Infrared and ultraviolet
C. Visible light
D. Ultraviolet and X rays A
3. When considering light as made up of individual pieces, each characterized by a particular
amount of energy, the pieces are called _________.
A. photons
B. gamma rays
C. wavicles
D. frequencies A
4. Which of the following best describes the fundamental difference between two different
chemical elements (such as oxygen and carbon)?
A. They have different numbers of electrons.
B. They have different names.
C. They have different numbers of protons in their nucleus.
D. They have different atomic mass numbers. C
5. Consider an atom of carbon in which the nucleus contains six protons and seven neutrons.
What is its atomic number and atomic mass number?
A. Atomic number = 13; atomic mass number = 6.
B. Atomic number = 6; atomic mass number = 7.
C. Atomic number = 7; atomic mass number = 13.
D. Atomic number = 6; atomic mass number = 13. D
6. If we say that a material is opaque to ultraviolet light, we mean that it _________.
A. Reflects ultraviolet light
B. absorbs ultraviolet light
C. transmits ultraviolet light
D. emits ultraviolet light B
7. Suppose you look at a spectrum of visible light by looking through a prism or diffraction
grating. How can you decide whether it is an emission line spectrum or an absorption line
spectrum?
A. The only way to decide is to make a graph of the intensity of the light at every wavelength,
and then analyze the graph carefully.
B. An emission line spectrum consists of a long bright line, while an absorption line spectrum

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consists of a long dark line.

C. The emission line spectrum is produced by electrons jumping up in energy level, while the
absorption line spectrum is produced by electrons jumping down in energy level.
D. An emission line spectrum consists of bright lines on a dark background, while an D
absorption line spectrum consists of dark lines on a rainbow background.
8. An atom that has fewer electrons than protons is called a/an _________.
A. ion
B. plasma
C. molecule
D. solid A
9. Thermal radiation is defined as _________.
A. radiation with a spectrum whose shape depends only on the temperature of the emitting
object
B. radiation that is felt as heat
C. radiation in the form of emission lines from an object
D. radiation produced by an extremely hot object A
10 . According to the laws of thermal radiation, hotter objects emit photons with _________.
A. a higher average speed
B. a lower average energy
C. a shorter average wavelength
D. a lower average frequency C
11 . Suppose you want to know the chemical composition of a distant star. Which piece of
information is most useful to you?
A. The wavelengths of spectral lines in the star's spectrum
B. Whether the star's spectrum has more emission lines or more absorption lines
C. The peak energy of the star's thermal radiation
D. The Doppler shift of the star's spectrum A
12 . The spectra of most galaxies show redshifts. This means that their spectral lines _________.
A. always are in the red part of the visible spectrum
B. have wavelengths that are shorter than normal
C. have a higher intensity in the red part of the spectrum
D. have wavelengths that are longer than normal D
13 . What is the angular resolution of the human eye?

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A. About 1 degree
B. About 1 arcsecond (1/3600 of a degree)
C. About 1 milliarcsecond
D. About 1 arcminute, or 1/60 of a degree D
14 . Which of the following statements best describes the two principle advantages of
telescopes over eyes?
A. Telescopes can collect far more light with far better angular resolution.
B. Telescopes collect more light and are unaffected by twinkling.
C. Telescopes can collect far more light with far greater magnification.
D. Telescopes have much more magnification and better angular resolution. A
15 . What do astronomers mean by light pollution?
A. Light pollution is a type of air pollution created by lightweight gases such as hydrogen and
helium.
B. Light pollution is a term used to describe the appearance of the sky in regions that are
crowded with stars.
C. Light pollution refers to lights from human sources that make it difficult to see the stars at
night.
D. Light pollution means contamination of light caused by chemicals in the Earth's atmosphere. C
16 . The stars in our sky twinkle in brightness and color because of _________.
A. light pollution
B. rapid changes in the brightnesses and colors of stars caused by changes in their spectra
C. turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere
D. the bubbling and boiling of gases on the surfaces of stars C
17 . What is the purpose of adaptive optics?
A. It reduces blurring caused by atmospheric turbulence for telescopes on the ground.
B. It allows several small telescopes to work together like a single larger telescope.
C. It allows ground-based telescopes to observe ultraviolet light that normally does not
penetrate the atmosphere.
D. It is a special technology that allows the Hubble Space Telescope to adapt to study many A
different types of astronomical objects.
18 . What is the purpose of interferometry?
A. It reduces the twinkling of stars caused by atmospheric turbulence.
B. It is designed to prevent light pollution from interfering with astronomical observations.

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C. It allows two or more small telescopes to achieve a larger light-collecting area than they
would have independently.
D. It allows two or more small telescopes to achieve the angular resolution of a much larger D
telescope.
Concept, Chapter 5
1. Which of the following best describes why we say that light is an electromagnetic wave?
A. Light can be produced only by electric or magnetic appliances.
B. Light is produced only when massive fields of electric and magnetic energy collide with one
another.
C. The term electromagnetic wave arose for historical reasons, but we now know that light has
nothing to do with either electricity or magnetism.
D. The passage of a light wave can cause electrically charged particles to move up and down. D
2. Which of the following statements about X rays and radio waves is NOT true?
A. X rays and radio waves are both forms of light, or electromagnetic radiation.
B. X rays have higher frequency than radio waves.
C. X rays have shorter wavelengths than radio waves.
D. X rays travel through space faster than radio waves. D
3. Suppose you built a scale-model atom in which the nucleus is the size of a tennis ball. About
how far would the cloud of electrons extend?
A. A few meters
B. Several centimeters
C. To the Sun
D. Several kilometers D
4. Each of the following describes an "Atom 1" and an "Atom 2." In which case are the two
atoms different isotopes of the same element?
A. Atom 1: nucleus with 6 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 6 electronsAtom 2: nucleus
with 7 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 7 electrons
B. Atom 1: nucleus with 7 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 7 electronsAtom 2: nucleus
C. Atom 1: nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 8 electronsAtom 2: nucleus
D. Atom 1: nucleus with 4 protons and 5 neutrons, surrounded by 4 electronsAtom 2: nucleus B

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5. Which of the following statements is true of green grass?
A. It transmits all colors of light except green.
B. It absorbs red light and reflects green light.
C. It absorbs red light and emits green light.
D. It means the lawn is healthy. B
6. Which of the following conditions lead you to see an absorption line spectrum from a cloud
of gas in interstellar space?
A. The cloud is extremely hot.
B. The cloud is cool and very dense, so that you cannot see any objects that lie behind it.
C. The cloud is visible primarily because it reflects light from nearby stars.
D. The cloud is cool and lies between you and a hot star. D
7. The following diagram represents energy levels in a hydrogen atom. The labeled transitions
(A through E) represent an electron moving between energy levels.
Which labeled transition represents an electron that absorbs a photon with 10.2 eV of energy?
A. C
B. D
C. B
D. E
E. A B
8. If an electron at level 1 in a hydrogen atom absorbs 10.2 eV of energy, it moves to level 2.

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What typically happens next?

A. The electron remains in level 2 until it absorbs an additional 10.2 eV of energy.
B. The electron returns to level 1 by emitting an ultraviolet photon with 10.2 eV of energy.
C. A different electron drops into level 1, since it is now unoccupied.
D. The electron jumps to level 3 as soon as it absorbs any additional energy. B
9. Which of the following statements about thermal radiation is always true?
A. A cold object produces more total infrared and radio emission per unit surface area than a
hot object.
B. A hot object produces more total infrared emission than a cooler object.
C. All the light emitted by hot object has higher energy than the light emitted by a cooler
object.
D. A hot object emits more radiation per unit surface area than a cool object. D
10 . Betelgeuse is the bright red star representing the left shoulder of the constellation Orion. All
the following statements about Betelgeuse are true. Which one can you infer from its red color?
A. It is much brighter than the Sun.
B. It is moving away from us.
C. It is much more massive than the Sun.
D. Its surface is cooler than the surface of the Sun. D
11 . From laboratory measurements, we know that a particular spectral line formed by hydrogen
appears at a wavelength of 486.1 nanometers (nm). The spectrum of a particular star shows the
same hydrogen line appearing at a wavelength of 486.0 nm. What can we conclude?
A. The star is moving away from us.
B. The star is getting hotter.
C. The star is moving toward us.
D. The star is getting colder. C
12 . Suppose that Star X and Star Y both have redshifts, but Star X has a larger redshift than Star
Y. What can you conclude?
A. Star X is moving away from us and Star Y is moving toward us.
B. Star X is hotter than Star Y.
C. Star X is coming toward us faster than Star Y.
D. Star X is moving away from us faster than Star Y.
E. Star Y is moving away from us faster than Star X. D
13 . Studying a spectrum from a star can tell us a lot. All of the following statements are true

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except one. Which one?

A. Shifts in the wavelengths of spectral lines compared to the wavelengths of those same lines
measured in a laboratory on Earth can tell us the star's speed toward or away from us.
B. The total amount of light in the spectrum tells us the star's radius.
C. We can identify chemical elements present in the star by recognizing patterns of spectral
lines that correspond to particular chemicals.
D. The peak of the star's thermal emission tells us its temperature: hotter stars peak at shorter B
(bluer) wavelengths.
14 . Suppose that the angular separation of two stars is 0.1 arcseconds, and you photograph
them with a telescope that has an angular resolution of 1 arcsecond. How will the stars appear in
the photograph?
A. Since their angular separation is smaller than the telescope's angular resolution, your
photograph will seem to show only one star rather than two.
B. The two stars will appear to be touching, looking rather like a small dumbbell.
C. Since their angular separation is smaller than the telescope's angular resolution, you will not
be able to see these stars at all in your photograph.
D. You will see two distinct stars in your photograph, separated from one another by a distance A
of 1 arcsecond.
15 . How does the light-collecting area of an 8-meter telescope compare to that of a 2-meter
telescope?
A. The answer cannot be determined from the information given in the question.
B. The 8-meter telescope has 8 times the light-collecting area of the 2-meter telescope.
C. The 8-meter telescope has 16 times the light-collecting area of the 2-meter telescope.
D. The 8-meter telescope has 4 times the light-collecting area of the 2-meter telescope. C
16 . Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the Hubble Space Telescope over ground-
based telescopes?
A. It is closer to the stars.
B. It can observe infrared and ultraviolet light, as well as visible light.
C. It never has to close because of cloudy skies.
D. Stars do not twinkle when observed from space. A
17 . The Chandra X-ray Observatory must operate in space because:
A. X-ray telescopes require the use of grazing incidence mirrors.
B. It was built by NASA.

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C. X rays are too dangerous to be allowed on the ground.

D. X rays do not penetrate Earth's atmosphere. D
18 . Which of the following is always true about images captured with X-ray telescopes?
A. They show us light with extremely long wavelengths compared to the wavelengths of visible
light.
B. They always have very high angular resolution.
C. They are always shown with colors that are not the true colors of the objects that were
photographed.
D. They are always very pretty.
E. They always are made with adaptive optics. C
Skills, Chapter 6
1. Which of the following lists the planets of our solar system in the correct order from closest
to farthest from the Sun?
A. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
B. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto
C. Mercury, Earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto
D. Earth, Mars, Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto A
2. Suppose you view the solar system from high above Earth's north pole. Which of the
following statements about planetary orbits will be true?
A. The inner planets orbit the Sun counterclockwise while the outer planets orbit the Sun
clockwise.
B. All the planets orbit counterclockwise around the Sun.
C. All the planets except Uranus orbit the Sun counterclockwise; Uranus orbits in the opposite
direction.
D. The inner planets orbit the Sun clockwise while the outer planets orbit the Sun B
counterclockwise.
3. Which of the following statements about our Sun is NOT true?
A. Its diameter is about 5 times that of Earth.
B. It is a star.
C. It is made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
D. It contains more than 99% of all the mass in our solar system. A
4. Which of the following statements about Mars is NOT true?

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A. It is frozen today, but once had flowing water.

B. We have landed spacecraft on its surface.
C. It is considered part of our inner solar system.
D. We could survive on Mars without spacesuits, as long as we brought oxygen in scuba tanks. D
5. The planet in our solar system with the highest average surface temperature is _________.
A. Neptune
B. Earth
C. Venus
D. Mercury C
6. The terrestrial planets in our solar system are _________.
A. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Pluto
B. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
C. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
D. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto C
7. The jovian planets in our solar system are _________.
A. Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto
B. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
C. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
D. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars C
8. When we say that jovian planets contain significant amounts of hydrogen compounds, we
mean all the following chemicals except _________.
A. carbon dioxide
B. water
C. methane
D. ammonia A
9. In essence, the nebular theory holds that _________.
A. nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in space
B. The nebular theory is a discarded idea that imagined planets forming as a result of a near-
collision between our Sun and another star.
C. our solar system formed from the collapse of an interstellar cloud of gas and dust
D. the planets each formed from the collapse of its own separate nebula C
10 . According to modern science, what was the approximate chemical composition of the solar
nebula?

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A. 50% hydrogen and helium, 50% everything else

B. 98% hydrogen, 2% helium
C. Roughly equal proportions of hydrogen, helium, water, and methane
D. 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else D
11 . According to our theory of solar system formation, what three major changes occurred in
the solar nebula as it shrank in size?
A. Its gas clumped up to form the terrestrial planets, nuclear fusion produced heavy elements
to make the jovian planets, and central temperatures rose to more than a trillion Kelvin.
B. It gained energy, it gained angular momentum, and it flattened into a disk.
C. It got hotter, its rate of rotation increased, and it flattened into a disk.
D. Its mass, temperature, and density all increased. C
12 . Which of the following types of material can condense into what we call ice at low
temperatures?
A. Hydrogen compounds
B. Hydrogen and helium
C. Metal
D. Rock A
13 . What do we mean by the frost line when we discuss the formation of planets in the solar
nebula?
A. It is the altitude in a planet's atmosphere at which snow can form.
B. It is a circle at a particular distance from the Sun, beyond which the temperature was low
enough for ices to condense.
C. It is another way of stating the temperature at which water freezes into ice.
D. It marks the special distance from the Sun at which hydrogen compounds become B
abundant; closer to the Sun, there are no hydrogen compounds.
14 . What do we mean by accretion in the context of planet formation?
A. The formation of moons around planets
B. The growth of planetesimals from smaller solid particles that collided and stuck together
C. The solidification of ices, rocks, and metal from the gas of the solar nebular
D. The growth of the Sun as the density of gas increased in the center of the solar nebula B
15 . According to our theory of solar system formation, what are asteroids and comets?
A. Chunks of rock or ice that condensed after the planets and moons finished forming
B. Leftover planetesimals that never accreted into planets

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C. The shattered remains of collisions between planets

D. Chunks of rock or ice that were expelled from planets by volcanoes B
16 . What do we mean by the period of heavy bombardment in the context of the development
of our solar system?
A. The time before planetesimals finished accreting into planets, during which many growing
planetesimals must have shattered in collisions
B. The period about 65 million years ago when an impact is thought to have led to the
extinction of the dinosaurs
C. The first few hundred million years after the planets formed, which is when most impact
craters were formed
D. The time during which heavy elements condensed into rock and metal in the solar nebula C
17 . What is the giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon?
A. The Moon formed when two gigantic asteroids collided with one another.
B. The Moon formed just like the Earth, from accretion in the solar nebula.
C. The Moon originally was about the same size as Earth, but a giant impact blasted most of it
away so that it ended up much smaller than Earth.
D. The Moon formed from material blasted out of the Earth's mantle and crust by the impact D
of a Mars-size object.
18 . According to modern scientific dating techniques, approximately how old is the solar
system?
A. 4.6 million years
B. 14 billion years
C. 10,000 years
D. 4.6 billion years D
19 . What is an "extrasolar planet"?
A. A planet that is considered an "extra," in that it was not needed for the formation of its solar
system
B. A planet that is extra large compared to what we'd expect
C. A planet that is larger than the Sun
D. A planet that orbits a star that is not our own Sun D
20 . Which of the following best describes how we have discovered nearly all of the more than
100 extrasolar planets known to date?
A. New, powerful telescopes have allowed us to find these planets by taking photographs of

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them.
B. They have all been discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope.
C. The planets have been observed with infrared and X-ray telescopes.
D. We have not seen the planets directly, but rather have seen slight motions of stars that we D
attribute to the gravitational influence of orbiting planets.
Concept, Chapter 6
1. Compared to the distance between Earth and Mars, the distance between Jupiter and Saturn
is _________.
A. much larger
B. just slightly less
C. much smaller
D. about the same A
2. How is Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2, important in understanding the Sun?
A. It explains why the Sun's surface temperature is about 6,000 °C.
B. It explains why the Sun has a magnetic field strong enough influence the atmospheres of
the planets.
C. It explains why the Sun is so massive.
D. It explains the fact that the Sun generates thermal energy by losing some 4 million tons of D
mass each day.
3. In what way is Venus most similar to Earth?
A. Both planets have very similar atmospheres.
B. Both planets have similar surface geology.
C. Both planets have warm days and cool nights.
D. Both planets are nearly the same size. D
4. Imagine that an alien spaceship crashed onto Earth. Which statement would most likely to be
true?
A. The aliens' home world is another planet in our own solar system.
B. All the evidence of the crash would be quickly whisked off by the U.S. military to Area 51 in
Nevada.
C. It would crash in the ocean.
D. The crash would create a noticeable crater. C
5. Which of the following is NOT a major pattern of motion in the solar system?

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A. All of the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction --- counterclockwise as viewed from
above Earth's north pole.
B. The Sun and most of the planets rotate in the same direction in which the planets orbit the
Sun.
C. Most of the solar system's large moons orbit in their planet's equatorial plane.
D. Nearly all comets orbit the Sun in same direction and roughly the same plane. D
6. Which of the following is NOT a major difference between the terrestrial and jovian planets
in our solar system?
A. Terrestrial planets contain large quantities of ice and jovian planets do not.
B. Jovian planets have rings and many moons, while terrestrial planets have few moons (if any)
and no rings.
C. Jovian planets contain huge amounts of hydrogen and helium gas, while these gases are
quite rare on terrestrial planets.
D. Terrestrial planets orbit much closer to the Sun than jovian planets. A
7. The following statements are all true. Which one counts as an "exception to the rule" in
being unusual for our solar system?
A. Jupiter has a very small axis tilt.
B. Venus does not have a moon.
C. Saturn has no solid surface.
D. The diameter of Earth's Moon is about 1/4 that of Earth. D
8. About 2% of our solar nebula consisted of elements besides hydrogen and helium. However,
the very first generation of star systems in the universe probably consisted only of hydrogen and
helium. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been true about these first-
generation star systems?
A. Jovian planets in these first-generation star systems had clouds made of water and other
hydrogen compounds.
B. There were no comets or asteroids in these first-generation star systems.
C. Like the jovian planets in our solar system, the jovian planets in these first-generation
systems were orbited by rings.
D. These first-generation star systems typically had several terrestrial planets in addition to B
jovian planets.
9. According to our theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the solar
nebula spun faster as it shrank in size?

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A. The law of universal gravitation

B. Einstein's law that E = mc2.
C. The law of conservation of angular momentum
D. The law of conservation of energy C
10 . According to our present theory of solar system formation, why were solid planetesimals
able to grow larger in the outer solar system than in the inner solar system?
A. Because only the outer planets captured hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula.
B. Because gas in the outer solar system contained a larger proportion of rock, metal, and
hydrogen compound than the gas in the inner solar system.
C. Because only metal and rock could condense in the inner solar system, while ice also
condensed in the outer solar system.
D. Because gravity was stronger in the outer solar system, allowing more solid material to C
collect.
11 . According to our basic scenario of solar system formation, why do the jovian planets have
numerous large moons?
A. Because of their strong gravity, the jovian planets were able to capture numerous asteroids
that happened to be passing nearby, and these became the major moons of the jovian
planets.
B. The many moons of the jovian planets remains one of the unexplained mysteries of the
formation of our solar system.
C. The large moons of the jovian planets were originally formed in the inner solar system, and
these moons migrated out to join up with the jovian planets.
D. As the growing jovian planets captured gas from the solar nebula, the gas formed swirling D
disks around them, and moons formed from condensation accretion within these disks.
12 . Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the idea that our Moon formed as a
result of a giant impact?
A. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater --- probably the one made by the giant
impact.
B. The Moon's average density suggests it is made of rock much more like that of the Earth's
outer layers than that of the Earth as a whole.
C. The Moon has a much smaller proportion of easily vaporized materials than Earth.
D. Computer simulations show that the Moon could really have formed in this way. A
13 . We know that the Earth has water. However, according to our theory of solar system

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formation, the inner solar system was too hot for hydrogen compounds like water to condense.
What do we conclude?
A. We conclude that our theory of solar system formation will need modification, because it is
unable to account for the existence of water on Earth.
B. We conclude that the water arrived at a time when it rained throughout the inner solar
system.
C. We conclude that Earth's water likely was brought here by asteroids or comets that formed
beyond the frost line.
D. We conclude that Earth's water probably originated through chemical reactions among the C
rock and metal of Earth's interior.
14 . Suppose you start with 1 kilogram of a radioactive substance that has a half-life of 10 years.
Which of the following statements will be true after 20 years pass?
A. You'll have 0.25 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining.
B. You'll have 0.5 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining.
C. All the material will have completely decayed.
D. You'll have 0.75 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining. A
15 . How do scientists determine the age of the solar system?
A. Radiometric dating of the oldest Earth rocks.
B. Radiometric dating of Moon rocks.
C. Radiometric dating of meteorites.
D. From theoretical calculations based on how long it must have taken the planets to evolve to C
their present forms.
16 . Which of the following statements is NOT true about the planets so far discovered around
other stars?
A. Photographs reveal that most of them have atmospheres much like that of Jupiter.
B. Most of them have been discovered by observing Doppler shifts in the spectra of the stars
they orbit.
C. Most (or possibly all) of them are much more massive than Earth.
D. Many of them orbit closer to their star than Jupiter orbits the Sun. A
17 . Which new idea has been added into our theory of solar system formation as a result of the
discoveries of extrasolar planets?
A. Jovian planets can migrate from the orbits in which they are born.
B. In addition to the categories of terrestrial and jovian, there must be an "in-between"

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category of planet that has the mass of a jovian planet but the composition of a terrestrial
planet.
C. In some star systems, it is possible for jovian planets to form in the inner solar system and
terrestrial planets to form in the outer solar system.
D. Some of the "exceptions to the rules" in our own solar system are likely to have been the A
result of giant impacts.
18 . You observe a star, a star very similar to our own Sun in size and mass. You find that this star
wobbles very slightly back and forth once every 4 months, and you attribute this motion to the
effect of an orbiting planet. What can you conclude about the orbiting planet?
A. The planet must be farther from the star than Pluto is from the Sun.
B. The planet must have a mass about the same as the mass of Jupiter.
C. The planet must be closer to the star than Earth is to the Sun.
D. You do not have enough information to say anything at all about the planet. C
19 . The region of our solar system between Mercury and Mars has very few asteroids, while the
region between Mars and Jupiter has many asteroids. Based on what you have learned in this
chapter, what is the most likely explanation for the lack of asteroids between Mercury and Mars?
A. All the asteroids that formed between Mercury and Mars later migrated to the asteroid belt
between Mars and Jupiter.
B. There were very few planetary leftovers in this region, because most of the solid material
was accreted by the terrestrial planets as the planets formed.
C. Gravity was too weak to allow asteroids to form in this part of the solar system.
D. It was too hot for asteroids to form in this part of the solar system. B
20 . Based on everything you have learned in this chapter, which of the following statements
seems unlikely to be true?
A. Like the planets in our solar system, planets in other star systems will all orbit their star in
the same direction and approximately the same plane.
B. Only a tiny percentage of stars are surrounded by spinning disks of gas during their
formation.
C. Other solar systems will also have planets in the two basic categories of terrestrial and
jovian.
D. Just as is the case in our solar system, other planetary systems will have far more numerous B
asteroids and comets than actual planets.

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Skills, Chapter 7
1. Suppose we use a baseball to represent Earth. On this scale, the other terrestrial worlds
(Mercury, Venus, the Moon, and Mars) would range in size approximately from that of _________.
A. a golf ball to a beach ball
B. a golf ball to a baseball
C. a dust speck to a basketball
D. a dust speck to a golf ball B
2. From center to surface, which of the following correctly lists the interior layers of a terrestrial
world?
A. Mantle, crust, core
B. Core, mantle, crust
C. Mantle, core, crust
D. core, crust, lithosphere B
3. What do we mean when we say that the terrestrial worlds underwent differentiation?
A. The five terrestrial worlds all started similarly but ended up looking quite different.
B. At a time when their interiors were molten, denser materials sank toward their centers and
lighter materials rose toward their surfaces.
C. They lost interior heat to outer space.
D. Their surfaces show a variety of different geological features resulting from different B
geological processes.
4. Which of the following best describes what we mean by a terrestrial world's lithosphere?
A. It is a layer of hot, molten rock encompassing the core and part of the mantle.
B. It is the outer layer of relatively strong, rigid rock, encompassing the crust and part of the
mantle.
C. It is a thin layer of rock that lies between the mantle and crust.
D. It is the interior region of a planet in which a magnetic field is generated. B
5. What is a magnetosphere?
A. A region of space around a planet in which the planet's magnetic field can trap charged
particles
B. The layer of a planet in which its magnetic field is generated
C. The region in a planet's atmosphere where aurorae occur
D. The uppermost layer of any planetary atmosphere A

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6. The processes responsible for virtually all surface geology are _________.
A. eruptions, lava flows, and outgassing
B. impact cratering, volcanisms, tectonics, and erosion
C. convection, conduction, and radiation
D. accretion, differentiation, and radioactive decay B
7. In the context of planetary geology, what do we mean by outgassing?
A. The loss of atmospheric gas to outer space
B. The release by volcanism of gases that had been trapped in a planetary interior
C. Outgassing is simply another name for a volcanic eruption.
D. The evaporation of water that adds water vapor (a gas) to an atmosphere B
8. Which of the following is the most basic definition of a greenhouse gas?
A. A gas that keeps warms air from rising, and therefore warms the surface
B. A gas that absorbs infrared light
C. A gas that reflects a lot of sunlight
D. A gas that makes a planet much hotter than it would be otherwise, even in small amounts B
9. Suppose we represent Earth with a basketball. On this scale, most of the air in Earth's
atmosphere would fit in a layer that is _________.
A. about the thickness of a sheet of paper
B. about 6 inches thick
C. about an inch thick
D. About a half-inch thick A
10 . Which of the following best describes the lunar maria?
A. Mountainous regions on the Moon
B. Relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon
C. Frozen oceans of liquid water on the Moon
D. Densely cratered regions on the Moon B
11 . Why does the Moon have a layer of powdery "soil" on its surface?
A. It exists because the Moon accreted from powdery material after a giant impact blasted the
Earth.
B. It is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the Moon.
C. Recent, large impacts shattered lunar rock to make this soil.
D. It is made by the same processes that make powdery sand on Earth. B
12 . What observational evidence supports the idea that Mercury once shrank by some 20

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kilometers in radius?
A. The characteristics of the Caloris Basin
B. The presence of many long, tall cliffs
C. Mercury's unusually high density
D. The presence of many impact craters B
13 . Olympus Mons is ______.
A. a great canyon on Mars
B. a huge volcano on Mars
C. a large lava plain on the Moon
D. a huge volcano on Venus B
14 . Which of the following does NOT provide evidence that Mars once had abundant liquid
water on its surface?
A. The presence of what looks like sedimentary layers in some crater bottoms
B. The presence of very old craters that appear to have been eroded by rain
C. The presence of features that look like dried up river beds
D. The presence of small, residual pools of water on volcanic plains, recently visited by Mars D
rovers
15 . Based on its surface features, the most important event on Venus in the past billion years or
so was _________.
A. the onset of mantle convection, which caused Venus's lithosphere to split into plates like
those on Earth
B. a global "repaving" that erased essentially all the surface features that had existed earlier
C. the impact of an unusually large asteroid that left a deep scar on one side of the planet
D. the eruption of a giant volcano that formed one of Venus's "continents" B
16 . What do we mean by a runaway greenhouse effect?
A. A greenhouse effect that keeps getting stronger until all a planet's greenhouse gases are in
its atmosphere
B. It gets its name because it heats a planet like a greenhouse effect, but it involves a
completely different mechanism of heating that doesn't actually involve greenhouse gases.
C. A greenhouse effect that starts on a planet but later disappears as gases are lost to space
D. A greenhouse effect that heats a planet so much that its surface rock melts A
17 . How does seafloor crust differ from continental crust?
A. Seafloor crust is thicker, younger, and lower in density.

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B. Seafloor crust is thinner, older, and lower in density.

C. Seafloor crust is thicker, older, and higher in density.
D. Seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density. D
18 . What is the importance of the carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle?
A. It allows for an ultraviolet-absorbing stratosphere.
B. It makes the growth of continents possible.
C. It regulates the carbon dioxide concentration of our atmosphere, keeping temperatures
moderate.
D. It will prevent us from suffering any consequences from global warming. C
19 . Why does it seem likely that human activity will lead to global warming?
A. Because our politicians spout a lot of hot air.
B. Because we are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.
C. Because we have released large quantities of CFCs into the atmosphere
D. Because we are responsible for many forest fires B
20 . Based on all we know about the terrestrial worlds, what single factor appears to play the
most important role in a terrestrial planet's geological destiny?
A. Its size
B. Its composition
C. Its distance from the Sun
D. Whether or not it has liquid water A
Concept, Chapter 7
1. The reason that small planets tend to lose interior heat faster than larger planets is
essentially the same as the reason that _________.
A. thunderstorms tend to form on hot summer days
B. gas bubbles form and rise upward in boiling water
C. Earth contains more metal than the Moon
D. a large baked potato takes longer to cool than a small baked potato D
2. Suppose we had some kind of device that allowed us to see Earth's interior. If we focused on
the mantle to observe mantle convection, what would we see happening?
A. Not much --- on human time scales, mantle convection is barely noticeable.
B. Hot molten rock rapidly rising upward throughout the mantle, as cool solid rock falls
downward

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C. A rapid, up and down churning of the material in the mantle

D. Dense metals falling downward while low-density rock rises upward A
3. Which of the following most likely explains why Venus does NOT have a global magnetic field
like Earth?
A. It has too thick of an atmosphere.
B. It does not have a metallic core.
C. Its rotation is too slow.
D. Unlike Earth, Venus does not have a liquid outer core. C
4. What are the two geological features that appear to set Earth apart from all the other
terrestrial worlds?
A. Mantle convection and a thick atmosphere.
B. Plate tectonics and widespread erosion
C. A dense core and plate tectonics
D. Significant volcanism and tectonics B
5. Which of the following general statements about Earth's atmosphere is NOT true?
A. Gas high in the atmosphere absorbs dangerous X rays from the Sun.
B. Without the relatively rare gas called ozone, Earth's surface would be bathed in dangerous
ultraviolet light from the Sun.
C. The oxygen in our atmosphere was released by living organisms.
D. The nitrogen and oxygen in Earth's atmosphere keep the surface pleasantly warm. D
6. Why is the sky blue (on Earth)?
A. Because the Sun emits mostly blue light
B. Because molecules scatter red light more effectively than blue light
C. Because deep space is blue in color.
D. Because gas molecules in the atmosphere scatter blue light more effectively than red light D
E. No one knows --- this is one of the great mysteries of science.
7. Which of the following best describes how the greenhouse effect works?
A. Greenhouse gases absorb infrared light coming from the Sun, and this absorbed sunlight
heats the lower atmosphere and the surface.
B. A planet's surface absorbs visible sunlight and returns this absorbed energy to space as
infrared light. Greenhouse gases slow the escape of this infrared radiation, which thereby
heats the lower atmosphere.
C. Greenhouse gases absorb X rays and ultraviolet light from the Sun, and this absorbed

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radiation then heats the atmosphere and the surface.

D. The greenhouse effect is caused primarily by ozone, which absorbs ultraviolet light and B
thereby makes the atmosphere much hotter than it would be otherwise.
8. Suppose that Earth's atmosphere had no greenhouse gases. Then the Earth's average surface
temperature would be _________.
A. Slightly warmer, but still below the boiling point of water
B. Slightly cooler, but still above freezing
C. About the same as it is now
D. Some 30°C cooler, which means well below the freezing point of water D
9. Most of the Moon's surface is densely covered with craters, but we find relatively few craters
within the lunar maria. What can we conclude?
A. The maria formed after the heavy bombardment ended.
B. The regions of the maria were hit by fewer impacts than the densely cratered regions.
C. The maria formed within the past 1 billion years.
D. Erosion affects the maria more than it affects other regions of the Moon. A
10 . Which of the following best describes the geological histories of the Moon and Mercury?
A. Early in their histories, they suffered many impacts and experienced some volcanism and
tectonics, but they now have little geological activity at all.
B. Impact cratering shaped these worlds early in their histories. Then, during the past few
million years, they were reshaped by episodes of volcanism and tectonics.
C. All four geological processes were important in their early histories, but only impact
cratering still reshapes their surfaces today.
D. Impact cratering is the only major geological process that has affected their surfaces. A
11 . What makes us think that Mars must once have had an atmosphere that was warmer and
had higher surface pressure?
A. The presence of inactive volcanoes on Mars tells us that there must once have been a lot of
outgassing, and hence a thicker atmosphere.
B. We think it for purely theoretical reasons, based on calculations showing that the Sun has
brightened with time.
C. The fact that parts of Mars have a lot of craters tell us that Mars must once have been much
warmer.
D. The atmosphere is too cold and thin for liquid water today, yet we see evidence that water D
flowed on the surface in the past.

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12 . All the following statements about Mars are true. Which one might have led to a significant
loss of atmospheric gas to space?
A. Mars lost any global magnetic field that it may once have had.
B. The axis tilt of Mars is thought to change significantly with time.
C. The rock on Mars is probably red because of chemical reactions with oxygen that had been
released into the atmosphere through the outgassing of water molecules.
D. Mars probably once had a much higher density of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere than A
it does today.
13 . According to current science, why is Mars red?
A. Chemical reactions between surface rock and atmospheric oxygen literally rusted the
surface.
B. The red color is caused by water ice chemically bound in surface rock.
C. The red color of Mars is a result of the scattering of light in the Martian sky.
D. Martian volcanoes released a much redder lava than volcanoes on Earth. A
14 . All of the statements below are true. Which one gives the primary reason why the surface
of Venus today is some 450°C hotter than the surface of Earth?
A. Venus has a higher atmospheric pressure than Earth.
B. Venus is only about 73% as far from the Sun as Earth.
C. Venus has a much higher reflectivity than Earth.
D. Venus has a much stronger greenhouse effect than Earth. D
15 . Many scientists suspect that Venus has a stronger and thicker lithosphere than Earth. If this
is true, which of the following could explain it?
A. The high surface temperature that has "baked out" all the liquid water from Venus's crust
and mantle
B. The slow rotation of Venus
C. The apparent lack of plate tectonics on Venus
D. The smaller size of Venus, which has allowed it to lose much more internal heat than Earth A
16 . Which of the following best explain what we think happened to outgassed water on Venus?
A. Water was removed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions with surface rock.
B. Ultraviolet light split the water molecules, and the hydrogen then escaped to space.
C. It turned into carbon dioxide by reacting with nitrogen in Venus's atmosphere.
D. It is frozen in craters near the poles. B
17 . Why does Earth have so little carbon dioxide in its atmosphere compared to Venus?

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A. Earth once had a lot of carbon dioxide, but it was lost to space during the heavy
bombardment early in our solar system's history.
B. Earth's volcanoes outgassed far less carbon dioxide than those on Venus.
C. Earth has just as much carbon dioxide as Venus, but most of it is locked up in carbonate
rocks rather than being free in the atmosphere.
D. Chemical reactions turned Earth's carbon dioxide into nitrogen. C
18 . Which two factors are critical to the existence of the carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle on Earth?
A. Life and active volcanism
B. Plate tectonics and liquid water oceans
C. Life and atmospheric oxygen
D. Active volcanism and active tectonics B
19 . Suppose Earth were to cool down a little. How would the carbon dioxide cycle tend to
restore temperatures to normal?
A. Cooler temperatures allow carbon dioxide to form rain and rain out of the atmosphere.
B. Cooler temperatures cause volcanoes to become more active, so they release more carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere than they do when temperatures are warmer.
C. Cooler temperatures lead to slower formation of carbonate minerals in the ocean, so carbon
dioxide released by volcanism builds up in the atmosphere and strengthens the greenhouse
effect.
D. Cooler temperatures mean more ice and more erosion, which somehow makes the planet C
warm up.
20 . Which of the following would NOT be an expected consequence of global warming?
A. The entire Earth will warm up by the same amount.
B. Melting of polar ice and glaciers.
C. An increase in the number and intensity of hurricanes.
D. An increase in the severity of winter blizzards. A
Skills, Chapter 8
1. Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of the four jovian planets in our solar
system?
A. They lack solid surfaces.
B. They are higher in average density than are the terrestrial planets.
C. They are much more massive then any of the terrestrial planets.

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D. They are composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and hydrogen compounds. B

2. Which of the following best describes the internal layering of Jupiter, from the center
outward?
A. Core of rock and metal; mantle of lower density rock; upper layer of gaseous hydrogen;
cloud layer
B. Liquid core of hydrogen compounds; liquid hydrogen layer; metallic hydrogen layer; gaseous
hydrogen layer; cloud layer
C. Core of rock, metal, and hydrogen compounds; thick layer of metallic hydrogen; layer of
liquid hydrogen; layer of gaseous hydrogen; cloud layer
D. Solid rock core; layer of solid metallic hydrogen; layer of pure liquid hydrogen; cloud layer C
3. Which of the following statements comparing the jovian interiors is NOT thought to be true?
A. They all have cores that contain at least some rock and metal.
B. Deep inside them, they all have pressures far higher than that found on the bottom of the
ocean on Earth.
C. They all have the same exact set of internal layers, though these layers differ in size.
D. They all have cores of roughly the same mass. C
4. Overall, Jupiter's composition is most like that of _________.
A. Earth
B. a comet
C. an asteroid
D. the Sun D
5. Jupiter's colors come in part from its three layers of clouds. Which of the following is NOT the
primary constituent of one of Jupiter's cloud layers?
A. Clouds of ammonia
B. Clouds of water
C. Clouds of ammonium hydrosulfide
D. Clouds of sulfuric acid D
6. How do typical wind speeds in Jupiter's atmosphere compare to typical wind speeds on
Earth?
A. They are much faster than hurricane winds on Earth.
B. They are slightly faster than average winds on Earth.
C. They are about the same as average winds on Earth.
D. They are slightly slower than average winds on Earth. A

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7. What is the Great Red Spot?

A. The Great Red Spot is a place where reddish particles from Io impact Jupiter's surface
B. The Great Red Spot is a hurricane that comes and goes on Jupiter.
C. The Great Red Spot is a long-lived, high-pressure storm on Jupiter.
D. The Great Red Spot is a region on Jupiter where the temperature is so high that the gas C
glows with red visible light.
8. What atmospheric constituent is responsible for the blue color of Uranus and Neptune?
A. Water
B. Ammonia
C. Methane
D. Hydrogen C
9. How does the strength of Jupiter's magnetic field compare to that of Earth's magnetic field?
A. Jupiter's magnetic field is much weaker than Earth's.
B. Jupiter's magnetic field is about 20,000 times as strong as Earth's.
C. Jupiter's magnetic field is about twice as strong as Earth's.
D. Jupiter's magnetic field strength is about the same as Earth's. B
10 . Which of the following statements about the moons of the jovian planets is NOT true?
A. The majority of the moons are large enough to be spherical in shape, while only a few have
the more potatolike shapes of asteroids.
B. Some moons have an atmosphere.
C. Some of the moons are big enough that we'd probably call them planets if they orbited the
Sun.
D. Many of the moons are made largely of ices. A
11 . The most volcanically active body in our solar system is _________.
A. Triton
B. Earth
C. Europa
D. Io D
12 . Which moon has a thick atmosphere?
A. Titan
B. Europa
C. Triton
D. Ganymede A

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13 . Which moon is considered likely to have a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water?
A. Io
B. Europa
C. Triton
D. Miranda B
14 . Among all the large jovian moons, one is thought to have been captured into its present
orbit rather than having formed in the "miniature solar nebula" that formed its planet. Which one?
A. Triton
B. Titan
C. Callisto
D. Io A
15 . Suppose you could float in space just a few meters above Saturn's rings. What would you
see as you looked down on the rings?
A. Nothing --- up close, the rings would be so completely invisible that you'd have no way to
know they are there. They can be seen only from a distance.
B. A solid, shiny surface, looking much like a piece of a DVD but a lot bigger
C. Dozens of large "moonlets" made of metal and rock, each a few kilometers across
D. Countless icy particles, ranging in size from dust grains to large boulders D
16 . Which statement about planetary rings is NOT true?
A. Rings are always located closer to a planet's surface than any large moons.
B. Individual ring particles orbit their planet in accord with Kepler's laws, so that particles
closer in orbit faster than particles farther out.
C. Saturn's rings formed along with its moons 4.6 billion years ago.
D. All four jovian planets have rings. C
Concept, Chapter 8
1 . Which of the following gases is NOT a significant ingredient of the jovian planet
atmospheres?
A. Hydrogen
B. Water
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Helium C
2. Jupiter and the other jovian planets are sometimes called "gas giants." In what sense is this

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term misleading?
A. The materials they are made of are not the kinds of thing we usually think of as gases.
B. They really contain relatively little material in a gaseous state. Much more of their mass is
liquid, metallic, or in strange high-pressure states that we don't naturally find on Earth.
C. Actually, it's a great description, because these worlds are big and gaseous throughout.
D. They are not in any sense "giants." B
3. What would happen to Jupiter if we could somehow double its mass?
A. It would become a star, with nuclear fusion in its core.
B. Its density would increase but its diameter would barely change.
C. Its density would decrease and its diameter would double.
D. Its density would stay about the same and its volume would double. B
4. According to our theory of solar system formation, why did Uranus and Neptune end up to
be much less massive than Jupiter and Saturn?
A. The size differences are thought to be a random coincidence.
B. Ices were able to condense at the distance of Jupiter and Saturn, but only rock and metal
could condense at the distances of Uranus and Neptune.
C. The colder gas in the outer regions of the solar nebula had less gravity and therefore could
not gather up into such large balls as it could closer in.
D. Particles in the solar nebula were more spread out at greater distances, so that accretion D
took longer and there was less time to pull in gas before the solar wind cleared the nebula.
5. Why does Jupiter have three distinct layers of clouds?
A. The three layers represent clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures
and therefore different altitudes.
B. The three layers reflect regions of Jupiter's atmosphere with different overall chemical
compositions.
C. Jupiter has three different types of wind, each of which makes a different type of cloud.
D. Clouds form randomly, so on average there are always three layers. A
6. Which of the following best describes what is going on in the alternating dark and light
"stripes" that we see in photographs of Jupiter and Saturn.
A. The dark and light stripes correspond to alternating bands of different chemical
composition.
B. The light stripes are regions of high clouds, and the dark stripes are regions where we can
see down to deeper, darker clouds.

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C. Dark stripes are those in which there is a stratosphere and light stripes are those with no
stratosphere.
D. There are three different color stripes corresponding to the three different types of clouds B
found on these planets.
7. Uranus and Neptune have methane clouds but Jupiter and Saturn do not. Which factor
explains why?
A. The rapid rotation of Jupiter and Saturn prevents methane clouds from forming.
B. The stronger gravity on Jupiter and Saturn pulls methane downward so that it can't form
clouds.
C. Temperatures on Jupiter and Saturn are too high for methane to condense.
D. Jupiter and Saturn do not contain any methane gas. C
8. Which jovian planet should have the most extreme seasonal changes?
A. Uranus
B. Neptune
C. Saturn
D. Jupiter A
9. Why is the radiation so intense in a region that traces Io's orbit around Jupiter (the Io torus)?
A. An orbital resonance between Io, Europa, and Ganymede makes the radiation intense.
B. Jupiter's strong magnetic field makes the radiation intense everywhere, and the region
around Io is no different than any other region.
C. Io's gravity allows this region to capture huge numbers of charged particles from the solar
wind.
D. The region is full of gases ionized after being expelled from volcanoes on Io. D
10 . Which of the following best explains why so many of the jovian moons have been more
geologically active in the past than have the Moon or Mercury?
A. The jovian moons probably have far more internal heat generated by radioactive decay than
do the Moon or Mercury.
B. The jovian moons are considerably larger than the Moon and Mercury and therefore have
retained much more internal heat.
C. Because of their greater distances from the Sun, the jovian moons receive much less heat
from the Sun.
D. Jovian moons are made mostly of ice that can melt or deform at much lower temperatures D
than can the rock and metal that make up the Moon and Mercury.

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11 . All the following statements are true. Which one is most important in leading to the
tremendous tidal heating that occurs on Io?
A. Io orbits Jupiter on an elliptical orbit, due to orbital resonances with other satellites.
B. Io exhibits synchronous rotation, meaning that its rotation period and orbital period are the
same.
C. Io orbits Jupiter in the Io torus, and therefore has a surface that is bombarded by many
charged particles.
D. Io is the closest to Jupiter of Jupiter's large moons. A
12 . Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the idea that Europa may have
a subsurface ocean?
A. Studies of Europa's magnetic field support the existence of a liquid water ocean.
B. Photos of Europa's surface show regions that appear to consist of jumbled icebergs frozen in
place.
C. Astronomers have detected small lakes of liquid water on Europa's surface.
D. Europa's surface shows very few impact craters. C
13 . Based on our understanding of Titan as discussed in the text, which of the following is
unlikely to be found on Titan?
A. Lakes of liquid water in the warmer equatorial regions
B. Lakes of liquid ethane and methane
C. A surface pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure on Earth
D. Rain or snow consisting of ethane droplets or ice crystals A
14 . Why do astronomers believe that Triton is a captured moon?
A. Triton is too large to have been formed in the "miniature solar nebula" thought to have
surrounded Neptune in its very early history.
B. Triton appears to be made mostly of ice.
C. Triton orbits Neptune in a direction opposite that of Neptune's rotation.
D. Triton is very small and potato-shaped, which is common of captured moons. C
15 . Which statement about Saturn's rings is NOT true?
A. Some features of the rings are shaped by small moons that actually orbit within the ring
system.
B. The rings must look much the same today as they did shortly after Saturn formed.
C. The large gap known as the Cassini Division is shaped by an orbital resonance with the
moon Mimas, which orbits well outside the rings.

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D. The rings are so thin that they essentially disappear from view when seen edge-on. B
16 . According to current understanding, which of the following is required in order for a planet
to have rings?
A. The planet must once have had a large moon that came too close to it, shattering the moon
and creating the ring particles.
B. The planet must orbit its star at a distance greater than Mars orbits the Sun.
C. The planet must have many small moons that orbit relatively close to the planet in its
equatorial plane.
D. The planet must be at least as massive as Saturn. C
Skills, Chapter 9
1. Which statement is NOT true?
A. Objects in the Oort cloud are made mostly of ice.
B. Objects in the Kuiper belt are made mostly of rock and metal.
C. Objects in the asteroid belt are made mostly of rock and metal.
D. Objects in the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt orbit the Sun in nearly the same plane as the B
planets, but objects in the Oort cloud do not.
2. A rock found on Earth that crashed down from space is called _________.
A. an impact
B. an asteroid
C. a meteor
D. a meteorite D
3. The asteroid belt is located _________.
A. beyond the orbit of Neptune
B. between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn
C. between the orbits of Earth and Mars
D. between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter D
4. A typical meteor is created by a particle about the size of a _________.
A. pea
B. basketball
C. baseball
D. car A
5. What is a primitive meteorite?

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A. A type of meteorite that is usually made mostly of high-density metals

B. A piece of rock that is essentially unchanged since it first condensed and accreted in the
solar nebula some 4.6 billion years ago
C. A meteorite that was discovered by primitive people
D. A meteorite that fell to Earth at least 4 billion years ago B
6. Among discovered meteorites, we have found some with all the following origins except
_________.
A. being a fragment from the surface of Mars
B. being a fragment from the surface of the Moon
C. being a fragment from Comet Halley
D. being a fragment of a shattered asteroid C
7. Which statement is NOT thought to be true of all comets?
A. All comets are icy in composition.
B. Comets are always followed by long tails.
C. All comets orbit the Sun.
D. All comets are leftover planetesimals that originally condensed beyond the frost line in the B
solar nebula.
8. Which direction do a comet's dust and plasma tails point?
A. Perpendicular to the ecliptic plane
B. Generally away from the Sun
C. Straight behind the comet in its orbit
D. Always almost due north B
9. When a comet passes near the Sun, part of it takes on the appearance of a large, bright ball
from which the tail extends. This part is called _________.
A. the coma
B. the nucleus
C. the plasma tail
D. the Oort core A
10 . The total number of comets orbiting the Sun is estimated to be about _________.
A. 1,000
B. a trillion B
11 . What is Charon?
A. The largest known asteroid

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B. A captured moon of Neptune

C. Pluto's moon
D. The largest known Kuiper belt comet C
12 . According to current ideas, Pluto is best explained as _________.
A. an escaped moon of Jupiter or Saturn
B. a terrestrial planet that is surprisingly far from the Sun
C. one of the larger (if not the largest) Kuiper belt comets
D. a very small jovian planet C
13 . What was the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact?
A. The impact thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs
B. The impact of a fragmented comet on Jupiter, carefully observed by astronomers when it
occurred in 1994
C. The impact that created the Moon's largest crater
D. The ninth impact witnessed by astronomers in modern times B
14 . In the impact theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago, the
dinosaurs died off largely because _________.
A. of injuries suffered from direct hits of pieces of the asteroid or comet
B. the impact caused massive earthquakes worldwide
C. of global climate effects initiated by dust and smoke that entered the atmosphere after the
impact
D. radiation from iridium in the asteroid caused the dinosaurs to die of cancer C
15 . What do we mean by a mass extinction?
A. An extinction caused by the impact of an asteroid or comet
B. The extinction of a large fraction of the world's plant and animal species occurring in a
relatively short period of time
C. The extinction of large animals, such as dinosaurs
D. The extinction of any species of plant or animal is considered a mass extinction B
Concept, Chapter 9
1. How does the largest asteroid, Ceres, compare in size to the planets?
A. It is smaller than the terrestrial planets but larger than Pluto.
B. It is no larger than a typical mountain on one of the terrestrial planets.
C. It is about half the diameter of Pluto, the smallest planet.

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D. It is about the size of a terrestrial planet. C

2. If we could put all the asteroids together, their total mass would be _________.
A. about the mass of Earth
B. greater than the mass of Earth but less than the mass of Jupiter
C. much less than the mass of any terrestrial planet
D. about the mass of Mercury C
3. Why isn't there a planet where the asteroid belt is located?
A. There was not enough material in this part of the solar nebula to form a planet.
B. Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet.
C. There was too much rocky material to form a terrestrial planet, but not enough gaseous
material to form a jovian planet.
D. The temperature in this portion of the solar nebula was just right to prevent rock from B
sticking together.
4. Gaps in the asteroid belt (often called Kirkwood gaps) are caused by _________.
A. the competing gravitational tugs of Mars and Jupiter
B. tidal forces from Jupiter
C. orbital resonances with Jupiter
D. tidal forces from the Sun C
5. When you see the bright flash of a meteor, what are you actually seeing?
A. A star that has suddenly shot across the sky
B. The glow from a pea-size particle and the surrounding air as the particle burns up in our
atmosphere
C. The flash that occurs when a speeding rock from space hits the ground
D. Emission of visible light from a particle that has not yet entered Earth's atmosphere B
6. Suppose you find a meteorite made almost entirely of metal. According to current theory,
which of the following statements must be true?
A. Radiometric dating will show the age of your meteorite to be 4.6 billion years.
B. Your meteorite was blasted off the surface of Mars by an impact.
C. Your meteorite is a fragment of an object from the Kuiper belt.
D. Your meteorite is a fragment from the core of a large asteroid that had undergone D
differentiation and then was shattered by a collision.
7. Which of the following objects are probably NOT located in the same general region of the
solar system in which they originally formed?

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A. Pluto
B. asteroids of the asteroid belt
C. Kuiper belt comets
D. Oort cloud comets D
8. Suppose there were no solar wind. How would the appearance of a comet in our inner solar
system be different?
A. It would be much brighter in appearance.
B. It would not have a coma.
C. It would not have a nucleus.
D. It would have only one tail instead of two. D
9. Suppose we discover a new comet on an orbit that brings it closer to the Sun than Mercury
every 125 years. What can we conclude?
A. It has been on its current orbit for only a very short time compared to the age of our solar
system.
B. It came from the Kuiper belt.
C. It came from the Oort cloud.
D. It has a coma and tail during most of each orbit. A
10 . When we see a meteor shower, it means that _________.
A. you should duck and run for cover to avoid being blasted on the head by a rock from space
B. Earth is crossing the orbit of a comet
C. an Earth-approaching asteroid has recently come very close to our planet
D. the solar wind is unusually strong B
11 . Why won't Pluto collide with Neptune?
A. Pluto orbits the Sun exactly two times for every three Neptune orbits, which ensures the
two planets never come close together.
B. Pluto's orbit never comes anywhere close to Neptune's orbit.
C. Pluto is always much farther from the Sun than Neptune.
D. Actually, a collision of the two is inevitable within the next billion years. A
12 . What is Charon thought to have in common with our own Moon?
A. They have the same approximate mass.
B. Both probably formed as a result of giant impacts.
C. The same average density.
D. They have the same basic composition. B

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13 . Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the idea that Pluto is a large
comet of the Kuiper belt?
A. Pluto's orbit is very similar to the orbits of other known Kuiper belt comets.
B. Pluto's composition appears to match that of other known Kuiper belt comets.
C. Triton, which must once have orbited the Sun before being captured by Neptune, is larger
than Pluto.
D. Pluto grows a coma and a long tail when it is at the point in its orbit closest to the Sun. D
14 . Fossil evidence suggests a mass extinction occurring 65 million years ago. Which of the
following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the idea that an impact caused this mass
extinction?
A. Grains of quartz that must have formed under very high temperature and pressure are
found in a layer of clay that dates to 65 million years ago
B. Fossilized dinosaur bones that contain fragments of rock that must have been shot out by
the impact
C. An impact crater along the coast of Mexico that dates to 65 million years ago
D. Unusually large abundances of iridium and other rare metals in a layer of clay that dates to B
65 million years ago.
15 . On average, how often should an impactor strike the Earth with as much energy as that of a
hydrogen bomb (like the Tunguska impact)?
A. Once every million years
B. Once every 100 million years
C. Once a century
D. Once every 10,000 years C
Skills, Chapter 10
1. According to modern science, approximately how old is the Sun?
A. 25 million years
B. 4.6 billion years
C. 400 million years.
D. 10,000 years B
2. When we say that the Sun is a ball of plasma, we mean that _________.
A. the Sun is made of material that acts like a liquid acts on Earth
B. the Sun is roughly the same color as blood

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C. the Sun is made of atoms and molecules

D. the Sun consists of gas in which many or most of the atoms are ionized (missing electrons) D
3. Which of the following correctly describes how the process of gravitational contraction can
make a star hot?
A. Gravitational contraction involves nuclear fusion, which generates a lot of heat.
B. Heat is generated when gravity contracts, because gravity is an inverse square law force.
C. When a star contracts in size, gravitational potential energy is converted to thermal energy.
D. Gravitational contraction involves the generation of heat by chemical reactions, much like C
the burning of coal.
4 . What two physical processes balance each other to create the condition known as
gravitational equilibrium in stars?
A. The gravitational force and outward pressure
B. The strong force and the weak force
C. The gravitational force and surface tension
D. The strong force and the electromagnetic force A
5. The source of energy that keeps the Sun shining today is _________.
A. chemical reactions
B. nuclear fusion
C. nuclear fission
D. gravitational contraction B
6. What is the Sun made of (by mass)?
A. 50% hydrogen, 25% helium, 25% other elements
B. 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, 2% other elements
C. 100% hydrogen and helium
D. 90% dark matter, 10% ordinary matter B
7. From center outward, which of the following lists the "layers" of the Sun in the correct order?
A. Core, convection zone, radiation zone, corona, chromosphere, photosphere
B. Core, corona, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere
C. Core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona
D. Core, radiation zone, convection zone, corona, chromosphere, photosphere C
8. What are the appropriate units for the Sun's luminosity?
A. Joules
B. Kilograms

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C. Watts
D. Newtons C
9. The Sun's surface, as we see it with our eyes, is called the _________.
A. core
B. photosphere
C. corona
D. chromosphere B
10 . What is the solar wind?
A. It is the wind that causes huge arcs of gas to rise above the Sun's surface, sometimes staying
aloft for weeks.
B. It is the name we give to the gas (or plasma) particles flowing outward from the surface of
the Sun into the solar system.
C. It is the uppermost layer of the Sun, lying just above the corona.
D. It is the strong winds that blow across the surface of the Sun, causing sunspots to move B
around randomly.
11 . The fundamental nuclear reaction occurring in the core of the Sun is _________.
A. nuclear fission
B. nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium
C. nuclear fusion of helium to carbon
D. radioactive decay B
12 . What is the proton-proton chain?
A. It is the specific set of nuclear reactions through which the Sun fuses hydrogen into helium.
B. It describes the linkage between protons into long chains that occurs when temperatures
are very high.
C. It is an alternative way of generating energy by nuclear fusion besides fusing hydrogen into
helium.
D. It is another name for the force that holds protons together in atomic nuclei. A
13 . Why are neutrinos so difficult to detect?
A. They are extremely rare.
B. They have no mass.
C. They have a tendency to pass through just about any material without any interactions.
D. No one knows: this is the essence of the "solar neutrino problem." C
14 . To estimate the central temperature of the Sun, scientists _________.

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A. send probes to measure the temperature

B. create a version of the Sun in a laboratory
C. use computer models to predict interior conditions
D. monitor changes in Earth's atmosphere C
15 . Which statement best describes the solar neutrino problem?
A. No one understands how it can be possible for neutrinos to be produced in the Sun.
B. It refers to the fact that neutrinos are extremely difficult to detect.
C. Early experiments designed to detect solar neutrinos found them, but in fewer numbers
than had been expected.
D. Our current understanding of fusion in the Sun suggests that all neutrinos should be C
destroyed before they arrive at the Earth, yet neutrinos are being detected.
16 . The light radiated from the Sun's surface reaches Earth in about 8 minutes, but the energy
of that light was released by fusion in the solar core about _________.
A. a few hundred thousand years ago
B. one hundred years ago
C. three days ago
D. one thousand years ago A
17 . What happens to energy in the Sun's convection zone?
A. Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and sinking of cooler plasma.
B. Energy slowly leaks outward through the radiative diffusion of photons that repeatedly
bounce off ions and electrons.
C. Energy is produced in the convection zone by thermal radiation.
D. Energy is produced in the convection zone by nuclear fusion. A
18 . What do sunspots, solar prominences, and solar flares all have in common?
A. They all have about the same temperature.
B. They are all strongly influenced by magnetic fields on the Sun.
C. They all occur only in the Sun's photosphere.
D. They are all shaped by the solar wind. B
19 . Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 11-year sunspot cycle?
A. The Sun's entire magnetic field flip-flops at the end of each cycle (at solar minimum).
B. The sunspot cycle is very steady, so that each 11-year cycle is nearly identical to every other
11-year cycle.
C. The number of sunspots on the Sun at any one time gradually rises and falls, with an

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average of 11 years between the times when sunspots are most numerous.
D. The likelihood of seeing solar prominences or solar flares is higher when sunspots are more B
common and lower when they are less common.
20 . How is the sunspot cycle directly relevant to us here on Earth?
A. Coronal mass ejections and other activity associated with the sunspot cycle can disrupt
radio communications and knock out sensitive electronic equipment.
B. The brightening and darkening of the Sun that occurs during the sunspot cycle affects plant
photosynthesis here on Earth.
C. The Sun's magnetic field, which plays a major role in the sunspot cycle, affects compass
needles that we use on Earth.
D. The sunspot cycle strongly influences Earth's weather. A
Concept, Chapter 10
1 . In the late 1800s, Kelvin and Helmholtz suggested that the Sun stayed hot due to
gravitational contraction. What was the major drawback to this idea?
A. It is physically impossible to generate heat simply by making a star shrink in size.
B. It predicted that the Sun would shrink noticeably as we watched it, and the Sun appears to
be stable in size.
C. It predicted that the Sun could shine for about 25 million years, but geologists had already
found that Earth is much older than this.
D. It predicted that Earth would also shrink in size with time, which would make it impossible C
to have stable geology on our planet.
2. When is/was gravitational contraction an important energy generation mechanism for the
Sun?
A. It is important during periods when the Sun is going from solar maximum to solar minimum.
B. It is the primary energy generation mechanism in the Sun today.
C. It was important when the Sun was forming from a shrinking interstellar cloud of gas.
D. It has played a role throughout the Sun's history, but it was most important right after C
nuclear fusion began in the Sun's core.
3. What do we mean when we say that the Sun is in gravitational equilibrium?
A. There is a balance within the Sun between the outward push of pressure and the inward
pull of gravity.
B. The Sun always has the same amount of mass, creating the same gravitational force.

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C. The Sun maintains a steady temperature.

D. The hydrogen gas in the Sun is balanced so that it never rises upward or falls downward. A
4. Which of the following is the best answer to the question "Why does the Sun shine?"
A. As the Sun was forming, nuclear fusion reactions in the shrinking clouds of gas slowly
became stronger and stronger, until the Sun reached its current luminosity.
B. The Sun initially began generating energy through nuclear fusion as it formed, but today it
generates energy primarily through the sunspot cycle.
C. The Sun initially began making energy through chemical reactions. These heated the interior
enough to allow gravitational contraction and nuclear fusion to occur.
D. As the Sun was forming, gravitational contraction increased the Sun's temperature until the D
core become hot enough for nuclear fusion, which ever since has generated the heat that
makes the Sun shine.
5. How does the Sun's mass compare to Earth's mass?
A. Both have approximately the same mass.
B. The Sun's mass is about 300,000 times the mass of the Earth.
C. The Sun's mass is about 300 times the mass of the Earth.
D. The Sun's mass is about 30 times the mass of the Earth. B
6. The Sun's average surface (photosphere) temperature is about _________.
A. 1,000 K
B. 1,000,000 K
C. 37,000 K
D. 5,800 K D
7. Which of the following best describes why the Sun emits most of its energy in the form of
visible light?
A. The Sun's gas is on fire like flames from wood or coal, and these flames emit visible light.
B. Like all objects, the Sun emits thermal radiation with a spectrum that depends on its
temperature, and the Sun's surface temperature is just right for emitting mostly visible light.
C. The visible light comes from energy level transitions as electrons in the Sun's hydrogen
atoms jump between level 1 and level 2.
D. Nuclear fusion in the Sun's core produces visible light photons. B
8. The Sun's surface seethes and churns with a bubbling pattern. Why?
A. The Sun's surface is boiling.
B. The churning gas is being stirred up by the strong solar wind.

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C. We are seeing hot gas rising and cool gas falling due to the convection that occurs beneath
the surface.
D. The churning is an illusion created by varying radiation, as the gas on the Sun's surface is C
actually quite still.
9. Which of the following correctly compares the Sun's energy generation process to the energy
generation process in human-built nuclear power plants?
A. The Sun generates energy through nuclear reactions while nuclear power plants generate
energy through chemical reactions.
B. The Sun generates energy by fusing small nuclei into larger ones, while our power plants
generate energy by the fission (splitting) of large nuclei.
C. Both processes involve nuclear fusion, but the Sun fuses hydrogen while nuclear power
plants fuse uranium.
D. The Sun generates energy through fission while nuclear power plants generate energy B
through fusion.
10 . Which of the following best explains why nuclear fusion requires bringing nuclei extremely
close together?
A. Nuclei normally repel because they are all positively charged and can be made to stick only
when brought close enough for the strong force to take hold.
B. Fusion can proceed only by the proton-proton chain, and therefore requires that protons
come close enough together to be linked up into a chain.
C. Nuclei have to be very hot in order to fuse, and the only way to get them hot is to bring
them close together.
D. Nuclei are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic force, but this force is only strong A
enough to make nuclei stick when they are very close together.
11 . The overall result of the proton-proton chain is _________.
A. 6 H + 1 He + energy
B. individual protons are joined into long chains of protons
C. p + p + 2H + energy
D. 2 H + 1 He + energy D
12 . Every second, the Sun converts 600 million tons of hydrogen into 596 million tons of helium.
The remaining 4 million tons _________.
A. are converted to an amount of energy equal to 4 million tons times the speed of light
squared

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B. are ejected into space by solar flares

C. are reabsorbed as molecular hydrogen
D. are ejected into space in a solar wind A
13 . Suppose that, for some unknown reason, the core of the Sun suddenly became hotter and
the rate of nuclear fusion thereby increased. What would happen next?
A. The core would expand, reducing the pressure and temperature, and the rate of fusion
would decrease until it returned to its original level.
B. The rate of fusion would almost instantly skyrocket, causing the Sun to explode.
C. The Sun would quickly run out of hydrogen, causing the temperature to return to its original
value.
D. The temperature would continue to increase, causing higher and higher fusion rates. A
14 . Why do sunspots appear dark in pictures of the Sun?
A. They are too cold to emit any visible light.
B. They actually are fairly bright, but appear dark against the even brighter background of the
surrounding photosphere.
C. They are extremely hot and emit all their radiation as X rays rather than visible light.
D. They are holes in the solar surface through which we can see through to deeper, darker B
layers of the Sun.
15 . Why does the Sun emit neutrinos?
A. Convection releases neutrinos, which random walk through the radiation zone.
B. Solar flares create neutrinos with magnetic fields.
C. The Sun does not emit neutrinos.
D. Fusion in the Sun's core creates neutrinos as a byproduct. D
16 . Which of the following best describes the current status of our understanding of the solar
neutrino problem?
A. Recent evidence suggests that the solar neutrino problem really was not a problem at all,
and only seemed to be a problem because experimental data were being misinterpreted.
B. The solar neutrino problem remains as perplexing as ever, and indeed makes everything we
think we know about stars suspect.
C. We have learned that the Sun's interior undergoes fusion at a far lower rate than we had
expected, and that is why we had observed fewer neutrinos than expected.
D. Experimental evidence suggests that solar neutrinos can change from electron neutrinos to D
other types of neutrinos during their journey to Earth. If confirmed, the solar neutrino

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problem appears to be solved.

17 . How can we best observe the Sun's chromosphere and corona?
A. The chromosphere and corona are both best studied with visible light.
B. The chromosphere is best observed with ultraviolet telescopes and the corona is best
observed with X-ray telescopes.
C. The chromosphere is best observed with infrared telescopes and the corona is best
observed with ultraviolet telescopes.
D. The chromosphere and corona are both best studied with radio telescopes. B
18 . The intricate patterns visible in an X-ray image of the Sun generally show _________.
A. extremely hot plasma flowing along magnetic field lines
B. structure within sunspots
C. granulation on the photosphere
D. helioseismological fluctuations A
19 . How can we measure the strength of magnetic fields on the Sun?
A. Careful observations of auroras here on Earth allow us to determine the strength of the
Sun's magnetic field.
B. Magnetic fields can cause some spectral lines to split, so we can measure the Sun's
magnetic field strength by carefully studying lines in the Sun's spectrum.
C. The Sun's magnetic field strength must be calculated using sophisticated computer models,
because there are no direct ways of measuring it through observations of the Sun.
D. We measure the magnetic field strength by observing the sizes of sunspots: bigger sunspots B
mean a stronger field.
20 . Satellites in low-Earth orbits are more likely to crash to Earth during the solar maximum
periods of the sunspot cycle because _________.
A. of increased magnetic interference
B. they are more likely to have their electronics "fried" by a solar flare during solar maximum,
and this will cause them to crash to Earth
C. it is too dangerous to send the Space Shuttle to service satellites during solar maximum
D. Earth's upper atmosphere tends to expand during solar maximum, exerting drag on D
satellites in low orbits
Skills, Chapter 11
1. What is the approximate chemical composition (by mass) with which all stars are born?

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A. Half hydrogen and half helium

B. 98% hydrogen, 2% helium
C. Three quarters hydrogen, one quarter helium, no more than 2% heavier elements
D. 95% hydrogen, 4% helium, no more than 1% heavier elements C
2. The total amount of power (in watts, for example) that a star radiates into space is called its
_________.
A. apparent brightness
B. luminosity
C. absolute magnitude
D. flux B
3. According to the inverse square law of light, how will the apparent brightness of an object
change if its distance to us doubles?
A. Its apparent brightness will increase by a factor of 4.
B. Its apparent brightness will decrease by a factor of 2.
C. Its apparent brightness will increase by a factor of 2.
D. Its apparent brightness will decrease by a factor of 4. D
4. Assuming that we can always measure the apparent brightness of a star, what does the
inverse square law for light allow us to do?
A. It allows us to determine both distance and luminosity from the apparent brightness.
B. It allows us to calculate a star's luminosity if we know its distance, or calculate its distance if
we know its luminosity.
C. It allows us to calculate a star's surface temperature if we know either its luminosity or its
distance.
D. It allows us to determine the distance to a star from its apparent brightness. B
5. If star A is closer to us than star B, then Star A's parallax angle is _________.
A. larger than that of Star B
B. smaller than that of Star B
C. hotter than that of Star B
D. fewer parsecs than that of Star B A
6. Ten parsecs is about _________.
A. 32.6 light-years
B. 150 million kilometers
C. 10,000 seconds

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D. 10 parallax seconds of angle A

7. If star A has an apparent magnitude of 3 and star B has an apparent magnitude of 5, which
star is brighter in our sky?
A. There is not enough information to answer the question.
B. Star A
C. The two stars have the same brightness in our sky, but Star A is closer to us than Star B.
D. Star B B
8. From hottest to coolest, the order of the spectral types of stars is _________.
A. OBAGFKM
B. ABCDEFG
C. OMKGFBA
D. OBAFGKM
E. ABFGKMO D
9. Our Sun is a star of spectral type _________.
A. G
B. S
C. M
D. F A
10 . Astronomers can measure a star's mass in only certain cases. Which one of the following
cases might allow astronomers to measure a star's mass?
A. We know the star's luminosity and distance.
B. The star is a member of a binary star system.
C. The star is of spectral type G.
D. The star is of spectral type A. B
11 . Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that we can determine are orbiting
each other only by measuring their periodic Doppler shifts?
A. Double star
B. Eclipsing binary
C. Spectroscopic binary C
D. Visual binary
12 . The axes on a Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram represent _________.
A. mass and radius
B. luminosity and surface temperature

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C. mass and luminosity

D. luminosity and apparent brightness B
13 . What can we infer, at least roughly, from a star's luminosity class?
A. Its radius
B. Its mass
C. Its surface temperature
D. Its age in years A
14 . On an H-R diagram, stellar radii _________.
A. are impossible to determine
B. are greatest in the lower left and least in the upper right
C. increase diagonally from the lower left to the upper right
D. decrease from left to right C
15 . On an H-R diagram, stellar masses _________.
A. can be determined from a star's position in the diagram only for main sequence stars, and
decrease from upper left to lower right
B. are impossible to determine
C. are greatest in the lower left and least in the upper right
D. decrease from left to right A
16 . How is the lifetime of a star related to its mass?
A. More massive stars live slightly longer lives than less massive stars.
B. More massive stars live slightly shorter lives than less massive stars.
C. More massive stars live considerably longer lives than less massive stars.
D. More massive stars live considerably shorter lives than less massive stars. B
17 . Each choice below lists a spectral type and luminosity class for a star. Which one is a red
supergiant?
A. Spectral type M2, luminosity class I
B. Spectral type O9, luminosity class I
C. Spectral type M1, luminosity class V
D. Spectral type G2, luminosity class V A
18 . What is the common trait of all main sequence stars?
A. They all have approximately the same mass.
B. They generate energy through hydrogen fusion in their core.
C. They are in the final stage of their lives.

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D. They are all spectral type G. B

19 . Suppose our Sun were suddenly replaced by a supergiant star. Which of the following would
be true?
A. Earth would be inside the supergiant.
B. The supergiant's surface temperature would be much hotter than the surface temperature
of our Sun.
C. Earth would fly off into interstellar space.
D. The supergiant would appear as large as the full Moon in our sky. A
20 . What is a white dwarf?
A. It is the remains of a star, composed mostly of carbon, that no longer produces energy by
nuclear fusion.
B. It is a star that follows a period-luminosity relation.
C. It is a main sequence star of spectral type F, which tends to look white in color.
D. It is a type of star that produces energy by gravitational contraction. A
21 . Which of the following statements comparing open and globular star clusters is NOT true?
A. For both open and globular clusters, we can assume that all the stars in a particular cluster
are about the same age.
B. Open and globular clusters each typically contain a few hundred stars.
C. Stars in open clusters are relatively young while stars in globular clusters are very old.
D. Open clusters are found only in the disk of the galaxy while globular clusters may be found B
both in the disk and the halo of the galaxy.
22 . What do we mean by the main-sequence turnoff point of a star cluster, and what does it tell
us?
A. It is the luminosity class of the largest star in a star cluster, and it tells us the cluster's age.
B. It is the spectral type of the hottest main sequence star in a star cluster, and it tells us the
cluster's age.
C. It is the point in a star cluster beyond which main sequence stars are not found, and it tells
us the cluster's distance.
D. It is the mass of the most massive star in the star cluster, and it tells us the cluster's size. B
Concept, Chapter 11
1. All stars are born with the same basic composition, yet stars can look quite different from
one another. Which two factors primarily determine the innate characteristics of a star?

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A. Its apparent brightness and its distance

B. Its age and its location in the galaxy
C. Its apparent brightness and its luminosity
D. Its mass and its surface temperature
E. Its mass and its stage of life E
2 . Based on the definition of apparent brightness, which units are appropriate for its
measurement?
A. Joules
B. Watts
C. Newtons
D. Watts per square meter D
3. Suppose two stars are identical except that one is twice as far away from us as the other.
Which statement is true?
A. Both stars have the same luminosity, but the apparent brightness of the closer star is twice
as great as that of the more distant star.
B. Both stars have the same luminosity, but the apparent brightness of the more distant star is
four times as great as that of the closer star.
C. Both stars have the same luminosity, but the apparent brightness of the closer star is four
times as great as that of the more distant star.
D. Both stars have the same apparent brightness, but the luminosity of the closer star is four C
times as great as that of the more distant star.
4. Suppose that a star has a parallax angle of 1/20 arcsecond. If so, it is _________.
A. 20 parsecs away
B. 20 light-years away
C. 1/20 parsec away
D. 10 parsecs away A
5. Which of the following statements about spectral types of stars is NOT generally true?
A. The spectral type of a star can be used to determine its surface temperature.
B. The spectral type of a star can be determined by identifying lines in its spectrum.
C. The spectral type of a star can be used to determine its color.
D. The spectral type of a star can be used to determine its distance. D
6. Sirius is a spectral type A star whereas Rigel is a spectral type B star. What can we conclude?
A. Rigel has a higher surface temperature than Sirius.

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B. Rigel has a higher core temperature than Sirius.

C. Sirius has a higher surface temperature than Rigel.
D. Sirius has a higher core temperature than Rigel. A
7. Astronomers generally can measure a star's mass only if it is a member of a binary star
system. What characteristics of the stars must we know to measure the masses of the stars in a
binary system?
A. Their spectral types and their distance from Earth
B. Their orbital period and average orbital distance
C. Their luminosities and distance from Earth
D. Their absolute magnitudes and their luminosities B
8. Careful measurements reveal that a star maintains a steady apparent brightness at most
times, except that at precise intervals of 73 hours the star becomes dimmer for about 2 hours. The
most likely explanation is that _________.
A. the star is a member of an eclipsing binary star system
B. the star is periodically ejecting gas into space, every 73 hours
C. the star is a Cepheid variable
D. the star is a white dwarf A
9. To answer this question, refer to the labels (a) through (e) on the following sketch of an H-R
diagram. [Note that choice (a) refers to the entire main sequence, while (c) and (d) refer to only
small parts of the main sequence. If choices (c) or (d) offer better answers to the question than (a),
use the best choice.]
Which group represents stars that are cool and dim?

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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E D
10 . To answer this question, refer to the labels (a) through (e) on the following sketch of an H-R
Which group represents stars of the largest radii?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E E

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Which group represents the most common type of stars?
A. B
B. C
C. D
D. E C
Which group represents stars that are extremely bright and emit most of their radiation as

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ultraviolet light?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E C
Which group represents stars with the longest main-sequence lifetimes?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E D

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Which group represents stars fusing hydrogen in their cores?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E A

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Which group represents stars that have no nuclear fusion in their cores?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E B
16 . You observe a star in the disk of the Milky Way, and you want to plot the star on an H-R
diagram. You will need to determine all of the following, except the _________.
A. spectral type of the star
B. apparent brightness of the star in our sky
C. distance to the star
D. mass of the star D
17 . The approximate main-sequence lifetime of a star of spectral type O is _________.
A. 10 billion years
B. 3 million years
C. 10,000 years
D. 300 million years B
18 . How did astronomers discover the relationship between spectral type and mass for main
sequence stars?
A. Astronomers discovered the relationship by measuring the masses of main-sequence stars
in binary systems, and they assume that the same relationship holds for single stars as well.
B. The luminosity of any star, main sequence or not, tells us its mass.
C. Astronomers understand the process of hydrogen fusion and stellar structure so well that
they can predict the masses of main-sequence stars.
D. Astronomers have measured stellar radii of main-sequence stars in eclipsing binary systems A
when one star eclipses its companion; from the radii, astronomers can then calculate the
mass of the main sequence star.
19 . The choices below each describe the appearance of an H-R diagram for a different star
cluster. Which cluster is the youngest?
A. The diagram shows no main-sequence stars at all, but it has numerous supergiants and
white dwarfs.
B. The diagram shows main-sequence stars of all the spectral types except O and B, along with

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a few giants and supergiants.

C. The diagram shows main-sequence stars of every spectral type except O, along with a few
giants and supergiants.
D. The diagram shows main-sequence stars of spectral types G, K, and M, along with numerous C
giants and white dwarfs.
20 . The choices below each describe the appearance of an H-R diagram for a different star
cluster. Which cluster is most likely to be located in the halo of our galaxy?
A. The diagram shows main-sequence stars of spectral types G, K, and M, along with numerous
giants and white dwarfs.
B. The diagram shows main-sequence stars of every spectral type except O, along with a few
giants and supergiants.
C. The diagram shows no main-sequence stars at all, but it has numerous supergiants and
white dwarfs.
D. The diagram shows main-sequence stars of all the spectral types except O and B, along with A
a few giants and supergiants.
Skills, Chapter 12
1. In the context of understanding stellar lives, by "high-mass" stars we mean _________.
A. all stars, since all stars are far more massive than planets
B. stars with mass more than about the mass of our Sun
C. stars with mass more than about eight times the mass of our Sun
D. stars like our Sun C
2. The interstellar clouds called molecular clouds are _________.
A. clouds that contain little hydrogen and instead are made predominantly of complex
molecules such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
B. another name for Herbig-Haro objects
C. the hot clouds of gas expelled by dying stars
D. the cool clouds in which stars form D
3. What is a protostar?
A. An intermediate-mass star
B. A star that has planets
C. A very young star (relative to its lifespan)
D. A star in its final stage of life C

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4. What can we learn about a star from a life track on an H-R diagram?
A. The star's current stage of life.
B. When the star was born.
C. What surface temperature and luminosity the star will have at each stage of its life.
D. Where the star is located C
5. The vast majority of stars in a newly formed star cluster are _________.
A. very high-mass, type O and B stars
B. red giants
C. about the same mass as our Sun
D. less massive than the Sun D
6. When does a star become a main-sequence star?
A. A star becomes a main-sequence star the instant that hydrogen fusion first begins in the
star's core.
B. A star becomes a main-sequence star when the rate of hydrogen fusion within the star's
core becomes high enough to balance the rate at which the star radiates energy into space.
C. A star becomes a main-sequence star when a piece of a molecular cloud first begins to
contract into a star.
D. A star becomes a main-sequence star when it becomes luminous enough to emit thermal B
radiation.
7. Which of the following statements about brown dwarfs is NOT true?
A. Brown dwarfs will eventually collapse to become white dwarfs.
B. Brown dwarfs are supported by a type of pressure, called degeneracy pressure, that does
not depend on the object's temperature.
C. Brown dwarfs form like ordinary stars but are too small to sustain nuclear fusion in their
cores.
D. All brown dwarfs have masses less than about 8% that of our Sun. A
8. Which of the following lists the stages of life for a low-mass star in the correct order?
A. Protostar, main-sequence star, planetary nebula, red giant
B. Protostar, main-sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf
C. Main-sequence star, white dwarf, red giant, planetary nebula, protostar
D. Protostar, main-sequence star, red giant, supernova, neutron star B
9. When a main-sequence star exhausts its core hydrogen fuel supply _________.
A. the core immediately begins to fuse its helium into carbon

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B. the core shrinks while the rest of the star expands

C. the entire star shrinks in size
D. the star becomes a neutron star B
10 . The main source of energy for a star as it grows in size to become a red giant is _________.
A. helium fusion in the core
B. hydrogen fusion in a shell surrounding the central core
C. gravitational contraction
D. hydrogen fusion in the core B
11 . The overall helium fusion reaction is _________.
A. Four helium nuclei fuse to form one oxygen nucleus
B. two helium nuclei fuse to form one beryllium nucleus
C. two hydrogen nuclei fuse to form one helium nucleus
D. three helium nuclei fuse to form one carbon nucleus D
12 . What is a helium flash?
A. The ignition of helium shell burning in a high-mass star with a carbon core
B. The sudden onset of helium fusion in the core of a low-mass star
C. It is another name for the helium fusion reaction.
D. A sudden brightening of a low-mass star, detectable from Earth by observing spectral lines B
of helium
13 . What is a planetary nebula?
A. Interstellar gas from which planets are likely to form in the not-too-distant future
B. Gas created from the remains of planets that once orbited a dead star
C. The remains of a high-mass star that has exploded
D. Gas ejected from a low-mass star in the final stage of its life D
14 . The ultimate fate of our Sun is to _________.
A. become a white dwarf that will slowly cool with time
B. explode in a supernova
C. become a black hole
D. become a rapidly spinning neutron star A
15 . What is the CNO cycle?
A. The CNO cycle is series of nuclear reactions with the final result being the fusion of four
hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus.
B. The CNO cycle is the process by which carbon is fused into nitrogen and oxygen.

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C. The CNO cycle is the process by which helium is fused into carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
D. It is the series of fusion reactions that have produced all the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in A
the universe.
16 . Why is iron significant to understanding how a supernova occurs?
A. Iron cannot release energy either by fission or fusion, so a star with an iron core has no way
to generate additional energy to counteract the crush of gravity.
B. The fusion of iron into uranium is the reaction that drives a supernova explosion.
C. Supernovae often leave behind neutron stars, which are made mostly of iron.
D. Iron is the heaviest of all atomic nuclei, and thus no heavier elements can be made. A
17 . After a supernova explosion, the remains of the stellar core _________.
A. will always be a neutron star
B. may be either a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
C. may be either a neutron star or a black hole
D. will always be a black hole C
18 . Why is Supernova 1987A particularly important to astronomers?
A. It was the first supernova detected in nearly 400 years.
B. It is the nearest supernova to have occurred at a time when we were capable of studying it
carefully with telescopes.
C. It provided the first evidence that supernovae really occur.
D. It occurred only a few light-years from Earth. B
19 . Algol consist of a 3.7 Msun main-sequence star and a 0.8 Msun subgiant. Why does this
seem surprising, at least at first?
A. A star with a mass of 3.7 Msun is too big to be a main sequence star.
B. The two stars in a binary system should both be at the same stage of life; that is, they should
either both be main sequence stars or both be subgiants.
C. The two stars should be the same age, so we'd expect the subgiant to be more massive than
the main-sequence star.
D. It doesn't make sense to find a subgiant in a binary star system. C
Concept, Chapter 12
1. Our Sun is considered to be a _________.
A. brown dwarf
B. low-mass star

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C. intermediate-mass star
D. high-mass star B
2. Close binary star systems are thought to form when _________.
A. two interstellar gas clouds happen to contract very close to one another
B. a protostar is spinning so fast that it splits in two
C. a protostar emits two jets, each of which turns into a star
D. the protostellar disk around a protostar has enough material to form a second star A
3. Angular momentum plays an important role in star formation. Which of the following
characteristics of a protostellar system is probably NOT strongly affected by the star's angular
momentum?
A. Protostellar winds
B. Protostellar jets
C. Protostellar disks
D. The onset of core hydrogen fusion D
4 . Generally speaking, how does the surface temperature and luminosity of a protostar
compare to the surface temperature and luminosity of the main-sequence star it becomes?
A. A main-sequence star is cooler and dimmer than it was as a protostar.
B. A main-sequence star is hotter and dimmer than it was as a protostar.
C. A main-sequence star is hotter and brighter than it was as a protostar.
D. A main-sequence star is cooler and brighter than it was as a protostar. B
5. Consider a large molecular cloud that will give birth to a cluster of stars. Which of the
following would you expect to be true?
A. All the stars in the cluster will have approximately the same luminosity and surface
temperature.
B. A few massive stars will form, live, and die before the majority of the star's clusters even
complete their protostar stage.
C. All the stars in the cluster will be of about the same mass.
D. All the stars in the cluster will become main-sequence stars at about the same time. B
6. We do not know for certain whether the general trends we observe in stellar birth masses
also apply to brown dwarfs. But if they do, then which of the following would be true?
A. Brown dwarfs would outnumber all ordinary stars.
B. Brown dwarfs would be extremely rare.
C. Brown dwarfs would be responsible for most of the overall luminosity of our Milky Way

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Galaxy.
D. Most of the brown dwarfs in the Milky Way Galaxy would be quite young in age. A
7. Where would a brown dwarf be located on an H-R diagram?
A. It would be located in the lower left of the H-R diagram.
B. It would be located above and to the left of the highest part of the main sequence.
C. It would be located in the upper right of the H-R diagram.
D. It would be located below and to the right of the lowest part of the main sequence. D
8. This diagram represents the life track of a 1 solar mass star. Refer to the life stages labeled
with roman numerals.
During which stage is the star's energy supplied by primarily by gravitational contraction?
A. ii
B. viii
C. v
D. iii
E. vi A
9. This diagram represents the life track of a 1 solar mass star. Refer to the life stages labeled

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During which stage does the star have an inert (non-burning) helium core?
A. iv
B. vii
C. iii
D. vi
E. viii A
10 . This diagram represents the life track of a 1 solar mass star. Refer to the life stages labeled
Which stage lasts the longest?

A. iii
B. iv
C. i
D. viii
E. vi A

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During which stage does the star have an inert (non-burning) carbon core surrounded by shells of
helium and hydrogen burning?
A. ii
B. vi
C. iii
D. viii
E. iv D
What will happen to the star after stage viii?

A. Its outer layers will be ejected as a planetary nebula and its core will become a white dwarf.
B. It will remain in stage viii for about 10 billion years, after which its outer layers will shrink
back and cool.
C. It will explode as a supernova and leave a neutron star or black hole behind.
D. It will continue to expand gradually until carbon fusion begins in its core. A
13 . Why can the fusion of carbon occur in intermediate- and high-mass stars but not in low-

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mass stars?
A. It is because carbon fusion can occur only in the stars known as carbon stars.
B. It is because the cores of low-mass stars never contain significant amounts of carbon.
C. It is because only high-mass stars do fusion by the CNO cycle.
D. It is because the cores of low-mass stars never get hot enough for carbon fusion. D
14 . Observations show that elements with atomic mass numbers divisible by 4 (such as
oxygen---16, neon---20, and magnesium---24) tend to be more abundant in the universe than
elements with atomic mass numbers in between. Why do we think this is the case?
A. At the end of a high-mass star's life, it produces new elements through a series of helium
capture reactions.
B. The apparent pattern is thought to be a random coincidence.
C. This pattern in elemental abundances was apparently determined during the first few
minutes after the Big Bang.
D. Elements with atomic mass numbers divisible by 4 tend to be more stable than elements in A
between.
15 . Which of the following statements about various stages of core nuclear burning (hydrogen,
helium, carbon, and so on) in a high-mass star is NOT true?
A. Each successive stage lasts for approximately the same amount of time.
B. As each stage ends, the core shrinks and heats further.
C. Each successive stage creates an element with a higher atomic number and atomic mass
number.
D. As each stage ends, the reactions that occurred in previous stages continue in shells around A
the core.
16 . Which event marks the beginning of a supernova?
A. The beginning of neon burning in an extremely massive star
B. The onset of helium burning after a helium flash
C. The sudden initiation of the CNO cycle
D. The sudden collapse of an iron core into a compact ball of neutrons D
17 . Suppose that the star Betelgeuse (the upper left shoulder of Orion) were to supernova
tomorrow (as seen here on Earth). What would it look like to the naked eye?
A. Because the supernova destroys the star, Betelgeuse would suddenly disappear from view.
B. Betelgeuse would remain a dot of light, but would suddenly become so bright that, for a few
weeks, we'd be able to see this dot in the daytime.

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C. Betelgeuse would suddenly appear to grow larger in size, soon reaching the size of the full
Moon. It would also be about as bright as the full Moon.
D. We'd see a cloud of gas expanding away from the position where Betelgeuse used to be. B
Over a period of a few weeks, this cloud would fill our entire sky.
18 . A spinning neutron star has been observed at the center of a _________.
A. planetary nebula
B. red supergiant
C. supernova remnant
D. protostar C
19 . You discover a binary star system in which one star is a 15 Msun main-sequence star and
the other is a 10 Msun giant. How do we believe that a star system such as this might have come to
exist?
A. The two stars are simply evolving normally and independently, and one has become a giant
before the other.
B. Although both stars probably formed from the same clump of gas, the more massive one
must have had its birth slowed so that it became a main-sequence star millions of years
later than its less massive companion.
C. The giant must once have been the more massive star, but is now less massive because it
transferred some of its mass to its companion.
D. The two stars probably were once separate but became a binary when a close encounter C
allowed their mutual gravity to pull them together.
Skills, Chapter 13
1. A white dwarf is _________.
A. what most stars become when they die
B. a brown dwarf that has exhausted its fuel for nuclear fusion
C. an early stage of a neutron star
D. a precursor to a black hole A
2. A typical white dwarf is _________.
A. about the same size and mass as the Sun but much hotter
B. as large in diameter as the Sun but only about as massive as Earth
C. as massive as the Sun but only about as large in size as Earth
D. as massive as the Sun but only about as large in size as Jupiter C

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3. If you had something the size of a sugar cube that was made of white dwarf matter, it would
weigh _________.
A. as much as the entire Earth
B. as much as a truck
C. about 5 pounds
D. as much as an average person B
4. The maximum mass of a white dwarf is _________.
A. about 3 times the mass of our Sun
B. limitless; there is no theoretical limit to the maximum mass of a white dwarf
C. about the mass of our Sun
D. about 1.4 times the mass of our Sun D
5. What is an accretion disk?
A. Any flattened disk, such as the disk of the Milky Way Galaxy
B. A disk of material found around every white dwarf in the Milky Way Galaxy
C. A disk of hot gas swirling rapidly around a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
D. A disk around a young star in which planets can form C
6. According to our modern understanding, what is a nova?
A. A rapidly spinning neutron star
B. The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life
C. An explosion occurring on the surface of a white dwarf in a close binary system
D. The sudden formation of a new star in the sky C
7. Suppose that a white dwarf is gaining mass because of accretion in a binary system. What
happens if the mass someday reaches the 1.4 solar mass limit?
A. The white dwarf will undergo a nova explosion.
B. The white dwarf will collapse to become a black hole.
C. The white dwarf will collapse in size, becoming a neutron star.
D. The white dwarf will explode completely as a white dwarf supernova. D
8. A neutron star is _________.
A. a star made mostly of elements with high atomic mass numbers, so that they have lots of
neutrons
B. an object that will ultimately become a black hole
C. the remains of a star that died in a massive star supernova (if no black hole was created)
D. the remains of a star that died by expelling its outer layers in a planetary nebula C

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9 . A typical neutron star is more massive than our Sun and about the size (radius) of
_________.
A. the Moon
B. a small asteroid (10 km in diameter)
C. Earth
D. Jupiter B
10 . If you had something the size of a sugar cube that was made of neutron star matter, it
would weigh _________.
A. as much as the entire Earth
B. about as much as a truck
C. about 50 pounds
D. about as much as a large mountain D
11 . Pulsars are thought to be _________.
A. accreting black holes
B. accreting white dwarfs
C. rapidly rotating neutron stars
D. unstable high-mass stars C
12 . How is an X-ray burst (in an X-ray binary system) similar to a nova?
A. Both are thought to involve fusion of hydrogen into helium.
B. Both typically recur every few hours to every few days.
C. Both result in the complete destruction of their host stars.
D. Both involve explosions on the surface of stellar corpse. D
13 . What is the basic definition of a black hole?
A. A black hole is any object made from dark matter.
B. A black hole is a compact mass that emits no visible light.
C. A black hole is an object with gravity so strong that not even light can escape.
D. A black hole is a dead star that has faded from view. C
14 . Based on current understanding, the minimum mass of a black hole that forms during a
massive star supernova is roughly _________.
A. 0.5 solar masses
B. 10 solar masses
C. 3 solar masses
D. 1.4 solar masses C

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15 . What do we mean by the event horizon of a black hole?

A. It is the point beyond which neither light nor anything else can escape.
B. It is the distance from the black hole at which stable orbits are possible.
C. It is the place where X rays are emitted from black holes.
D. It is the very center of the black hole. A
16 . Imagine that our Sun were magically and suddenly replaced by a black hole of the same
mass (1 solar mass). What would happen to Earth in its orbit?
A. Earth would almost instantly be sucked into oblivion in the black hole.
B. Earth would orbit faster, but at the same distance.
C. Nothing --- Earth's orbit would remain the same.
D. Earth would slowly spiral inward until it settled into an orbit about the size of Mercury's C
current orbit.
17 . What do we mean by the singularity of a black hole?
A. The term is intended to emphasize the fact that an object can become a black hole only
once, and a black hole cannot evolve into anything else
B. It is the "point of no return" of the black hole; anything closer than this point will not be
able to escape the gravitational force of the black hole.
C. It is the edge of the black hole, where one could leave the observable universe.
D. It is the center of the black hole, a place of infinite density where the known laws of physics D
cannot describe the conditions.
18 . What makes us think that the star system Cygnus X-1 contains a black hole?
A. No light is emitted from this star system, so it must contain a black hole.
B. Cygnus X-1 is a powerful X-ray burster, so it must contain a black hole.
C. The fact that we see strong X-ray emission tells us that the system must contain a black hole.
D. It emits X rays characteristic of an accretion disk, but the unseen star in the system is too D
massive to be a neutron star.
19 . What does the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole depend on?
A. Both the mass and chemical composition of the black hole
B. The radius of the black hole, as measured by careful observations of its size
C. Whether the black hole formed in a massive star supernova or in some other way
D. Only the mass of the black hole D
20 . Scientists have now detected thousands of gamma ray bursts. The evidence suggests that
most or all of these bursts _________.

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A. have occurred in distant galaxies

B. have occurred in the central regions of the Milky Way
C. come from the Oort cloud surrounding the Sun
D. come from the same types of close binary systems that produce X-ray bursts A
Concept, Chapter 13
1. Which of the following statements about degeneracy pressure is NOT true?
A. Degeneracy pressure can only be created by interactions among the electrons in an object.
B. Degeneracy pressure can continue to support an object against gravitational collapse even if
the object becomes extremely cold.
C. Black holes form when gravity overcomes degeneracy pressure.
D. Degeneracy pressure arises from a quantum mechanical effect that we don't notice in our A
daily lives.
2. The more massive a white dwarf, the _________.
A. higher its temperature
B. higher its luminosity
C. larger its radius
D. smaller its radius D
3. What prevents a white dwarf from having a mass greater than the white dwarf limit (or
Chandrasekhar limit)?
A. Electron degeneracy pressure depends on the speeds of electrons, and as a white dwarf's
mass approaches the white dwarf limit, its electron speeds are already approaching the
speed of light.
B. White dwarfs get hotter with increasing mass, and above the white dwarf limit they would
be so hot that even their electrons would melt.
C. White dwarfs are made only from stars that have masses less than the white dwarf limit.
D. The upper limit to a white dwarf's mass is something we have learned from observations, A
but no one knows why this limit exists.
4. Which statement about accretion disks is NOT true?
A. Accretion disks are made primarily of hydrogen and helium gas.
B. The gas in the inner parts of the disk travels faster than the gas in the outer parts of the
disk.
C. The gas in the inner parts of the disk is hotter than the gas in the outer parts of the disk.

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D. The primary factor determining whether a white dwarf has an accretion disk is the white D
dwarf's mass.
5. According to present understanding, a nova is caused by _________.
A. the fusion of carbon in the core of a white dwarf
B. the fusion of hydrogen on the surface of a white dwarf
C. a white dwarf whose mass rises above the white dwarf limit (Chandrasekhar limit)
D. the fusion of hydrogen on the surface of a neutron star B
6. Which of the following is NOT true about differences between novae and supernovae?
A. Novae are much less luminous than supernovae.
B. Supernovae eject gas into space but novae do not.
C. The same star can undergo novae explosions more than once, but can undergo only a single
supernova.
D. Novae occur only in binary star systems, while supernovae can occur both among single B
stars and among binary star systems.
7. Will our Sun ever undergo a white dwarf supernova explosion? Why or why not?
A. No, because it is not orbited by another star.
B. Yes, right at the end of its double-shell burning stage of life.
C. No, because the Sun's core will never be hot enough to fuse carbon and other heavier
elements into iron.
D. Yes, about a million years after it becomes a white dwarf. A
8. Which of the following best describes what would happen if a 1.5 solar mass neutron star,
with a diameter of a few kilometers, were suddenly (for unexplained reasons) to appear in your
home town?
A. The combined mass of the Earth and the neutron star would cause the neutron star to
collapse into a black hole.
B. It would crash into the Earth, throwing vast amounts of dust into the atmosphere that, in
turn, would cool the Earth. Such a scenario is very likely what caused the extinction of the
dinosaurs.
C. It would rapidly sink to the center of the Earth.
D. The entire mass of the Earth would end up as a thin layer, about 1 cm thick, over the surface D
of the neutron star.
9. The Voyager spacecraft has a "postcard" designed to be understandable to any aliens that
might someday encounter it. On the "postcard," scientists pinpointed the location of Earth by

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triangulating it between pulsars. Why do you think the scientists chose pulsars rather than some
other type of star?
A. Pulsars are easy to identify by their almost perfectly steady periods of pulsation.
B. Several pulsars are located within a dozen light-years of our solar system, making them
useful for finding our solar system.
C. We're pretty sure that aliens will have only radio telescopes and not optical telescopes, so
they'll have a better chance of seeing pulsars than ordinary stars.
D. Pulsars are very bright and therefore easy to find. A
10 . Which statement about pulsars is NOT thought to be true?
A. All pulsars are neutron stars, but not all neutron stars are pulsars.
B. A pulsar must have a very strong magnetic field and rotate quite rapidly.
C. Pulsars can form only in close binary systems.
D. Pulsars are kept from collapsing by neutron degeneracy pressure. C
11 . How does an accretion disk around a neutron star differ from an accretion disk around a
white dwarf?
A. The accretion disk around a neutron star always contains much more mass than the
accretion disk around a white dwarf.
B. The accretion disk around a neutron star is more likely to give birth to planets than the
accretion disk around a white dwarf.
C. The accretion disk around a neutron star is made mostly of helium while the accretion disk
around a white dwarf is made mostly of hydrogen.
D. The accretion disk around a neutron star is much hotter and emits higher-energy radiation D
than the accretion disk around a white dwarf.
12 . Which statement concerning black hole masses and Schwarzschild radii is NOT true?
A. The maximum mass for a black hole corresponds to one with a Schwarzschild radius of 100
km.
B. The more massive the black hole, the larger the Schwarzschild radius.
C. For black holes produced in massive star supernovae, Schwarzschild radii are typically a few
to a few tens of kilometers.
D. Even an object as small as you could become a black hole if there were some way to A
compress you to a size smaller than your Schwarzschild radius.
13 . Suppose you drop a clock toward a black hole. As you look at the clock from a high orbit,
what will you notice?

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A. The clock will fall faster and faster, reaching the speed of light as it crosses the event
horizon.
B. Time on the clock will run slower as it approaches the black hole, and light from the clock
will be increasingly redshifted.
C. The clock will fall toward the black hole at a steady rate, so that you'll see it plunge through
the event horizon within just a few minutes.
D. Time on the clock will run faster as it approaches the black hole, and light from the clock will B
be increasingly blueshifted.
14 . Which of the following statements about black holes is NOT true?
A. Although we are not 100% certain that black holes exist, we have strong observational
evidence in favor of their existence.
B. If you watch someone else fall into a black hole, you will never see them cross the event
horizon. However, they will fade from view as the light they emit (or reflect) becomes more
and more redshifted.
C. A spaceship passing near a 10 solar mass black hole is much more likely to be destroyed
than a spaceship passing at the same distance from the center of a 10 solar mass main-
sequence star.
D. If you fell into a black hole, you would experience time to be running normally as you C
plunged rapidly across the event horizon.
15 . When we see X rays from an accretion disk in a binary system, we can't immediately tell
whether the accretion disk surrounds a neutron star or a black hole. Suppose we then observe each
of the following phenomena in this system. Which one would force us to immediately rule out the
possibility of a black hole?
A. Bright X-ray emission that varies on a time scale of a few hours
B. Sudden, intense, X-ray bursts
C. Spectral lines from the companion star that alternately shift to shorter and longer
wavelengths
D. Visible and ultraviolet light from the companion star B
16 . If a neutron star or black hole is accreting material from its companion in a close binary,
which of the following observatories would offer us the best chance for discovering this fact?
A. Hubble Space Telescope
B. Arecibo Radio Observatory
C. Chandra X-Ray Observatory

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D. The SOFIA airborne infrared observatory C

17 . Which of the following statements about gamma ray bursts is NOT true?
A. Based on their distribution in the sky, we can rule out a connection between gamma ray
bursts and X-ray binaries in the Milky Way Galaxy.
B. Gamma ray bursts were originally discovered by satellites designed to look for signs of
nuclear bomb tests on Earth.
C. Gamma ray bursts are apparently among the most luminous events that ever occur in the
universe.
D. The events responsible for gamma ray bursts apparently produce only gamma rays, and no D
other light that we can hope to detect.
18 . Imagine that an advanced civilization lives on a planet orbiting at a distance of 10 AU (1,500
million kilometers) from a close binary star system that consists of a 15 Msun red giant star and a
10 Msun black hole. The black hole is surrounded by an accretion disk. Sometime within the next
million years or so, the civilization's planet is likely to be doomed. Why is this?
A. Jets of material shot out of the accretion disk will shoot down their planet.
B. Tidal forces from the black hole will rip the planet apart.
C. The red giant will probably supernova within the next million years.
D. The planet's orbit gradually will decay, as it is sucked in by the black hole.
E. The red giant star, which provides most of the visible light by which the civilization can see C
in the daytime, will soon be completely devoured in the accretion disk and thus will no
longer exist.
19 . Consider again the civilization described in the previous question. (They live on a planet
orbiting at a distance of 10 AU from a close binary star system that consists of a 15 Msun red giant
star and a 10 Msun black hole surrounded by an accretion disk.) One foolhardy day, a daring
individual in their space force (let's call him Major Tom) decides to become the first of his species to
cross the event horizon of the black hole. To add to the drama, he decides to go in wearing only a
thin space suit, which offers no shielding against radiation, no cushioning against any forces, and so
on. Which of the following is most likely to kill him first (or at least cause significant damage)?
A. The tidal forces due to the black hole
B. The crush of gravity at the singularity embedded within the black hole
C. The sucking force from the black hole, which will cause his head to explode
D. The X rays from the accretion disk D
20 . Consider again the civilization described in the previous question. (They live on a planet

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orbiting at a distance of 10 AU from a close binary star system that consists of a 15 Msun red giant
star and a 10 Msun black hole surrounded by an accretion disk.) Through a bizarre (and scientifically
unexplainable) fluctuation in the space-time continuum, a copy of a book entitled Iguoonos: How
We Evolved appears on your desk. As you begin to read, you learn that the book describes the
evolution of the people living in the star system described above. In the first chapter, you learn that
these people evolved from organisms that lived 5 billion years ago. Which of the following
statements should you expect to find as you continue to read this book?
A. As a result of traumatic experiences to their evolutionary ancestors, they dislike television.
B. Their immediate ancestors were chimpanzees.
C. They believe that the presence of two stars in their system was critical to their evolution.
D. They evolved on a different planet in a different star system, and moved to their current
location.
E. They evolved from primitive wormlike creatures that had 13 legs, 4 eyes, and bald heads, D
thus explaining why such critters are now considered a spectacular delicacy.
Skills, Chapter 14
1. How does the diameter of the disk of Milky Way Galaxy compare to its thickness?
A. The diameter is about 100 times greater than the thickness.
B. The diameter is about 100,000 times greater than the thickness.
C. The diameter and thickness are roughly equal.
D. The diameter is about 10 times greater than the thickness. A
2. What do we call the bright, sphere-shaped region of stars that occupies the central few
thousand light-years of the Milky Way Galaxy?
A. The galaxy's halo
B. The galaxy's disk
C. The galaxy's bulge
D. A globular cluster C
3. The Sun's location in the Milky Way Galaxy is _________.
A. in the halo of the galaxy, about 28,000 light-years above the galactic disk
B. At the very outer edge of the galactic disk
C. very near the galactic center
D. in the galactic disk, roughly halfway between the center and the outer edge of the disk D
4. What do we mean by the interstellar medium?

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A. Interstellar medium is the middle section of the Milky Way Galaxy.

B. Interstellar medium is dust that fills the halo of the Milky Way galaxy .
C. Interstellar medium is gas and dust that lies between stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
D. Interstellar medium is the famous oracle who is able to commune with the stars by lighting C
candles and speaking to the dead.
5. What are the Magellanic Clouds?
A. The clouds of dust and gas found interspersed in many places throughout the Milky Way
Galaxy.
B. Two small galaxies that probably orbit the Milky Way Galaxy
C. Two nebulae located in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy and visible only from the Southern
Hemisphere
D. Star-forming clouds found in the constellation Orion B
6. Fill in the blank: Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium constitute about _________ of
the mass of the interstellar medium.
A. 2 %
B. 70 %
C. 0.002 %
D. 98% A
7. What do we mean by the star-gas-star cycle?
A. It is another name for what is sometimes called the galactic fountain, in which gas rises out
of the disk and then falls back down.
B. It is the continuous recycling of gas in the galactic disk between stars and the interstellar
medium.
C. It is the set of nuclear reactions by which heavy elements are produced in the cores of
massive stars.
D. It is the idea that stars in close binary systems can exchange gas with one another. B
8. What are cosmic rays?
A. They are the highest-energy form of light.
B. They are subatomic particles that travel close the speed of light.
C. They are lasers used as weapons by extraterrestrials.
D. They are fast moving dust particles in the interstellar medium.
E. They are another name for gamma rays and X-rays. B
9. The primary way that we observe the atomic hydrogen that makes up most of the interstellar

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gas in the Milky Way is with _________.

A. space-based ultraviolet telescopes
B. ground-based visible-light telescopes
C. X-ray telescopes
D. radio telescopes observing at a wavelength of 21 centimeters D
10 . Which of the following molecules is the most abundant in molecular clouds?
A. Molecular hydrogen (H2)
B. Water (H2O)
C. Carbon monoxide (CO)
D. Alcohol (CH3OH) A
11 . Interstellar dust consists mostly of _________.
A. ozone "smog"
B. microscopic grains of carbon and silicon minerals
C. tiny grains of water ice
D. hydrogen and helium gas B
12 . Most stars in the Milky Way's halo are _________.
A. very young
B. found inside molecular clouds
C. blue or white in color
D. very old D
13 . What is an ionization nebula?
A. It is a region of very hot, low-density gas surrounding a recent supernova.
B. Other galaxies are sometimes called ionization nebulae.
C. It is a clump of gas that will soon give birth to a new star.
D. It is a colorful cloud of gas that glows because it is heated by light from nearby hot stars. D
14 . What do halo stars do differently from disk stars?
A. They remain stationary, quite unlike disk stars that orbit the galactic center.
B. Halo stars explode as supernovae much more frequently than disk stars.
C. They orbit the galactic center with many different inclinations, while disk stars all orbit in
nearly the same plane.
D. They orbit the center of the galaxy at much lower speeds than disk star. C
15 . Where does most star formation occur in the Milky Way Galaxy?
A. It occurs in the galaxy's spiral arms.

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B. It occurs around the central bulge.

C. It occurs throughout the disk of the galaxy at a uniform rate.
D. It occurs within the halo. A
16 . What strange object do we think lies in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy?
A. An enormous collection of dark matter, explaining why we detect no light at all from the
galactic center.
B. A more than 2 million solar mass black hole.
C. A dense cluster of young, hot stars.
D. A gigantic X-ray binary system. B
Concept, Chapter 14
1. If we could see our own galaxy from 2 million light-years away, it would appear _________.
A. like a single, dim star
B. to be a flattened disk with a central bulge and spiral arms
C. to fill the sky with widely spaced stars
D. as a faintly glowing band of light stretching all the way around the sky B
2. How does the interstellar medium affect our view of most of the galaxy?
A. It absorbs all wavelengths of light.
B. It produces so much visible light that it is opaque and blocks our view of anything beyond it.
C. It prevents us from seeing most of the galactic disk with visible, ultraviolet, and some
infrared light.
D. It has no effect on visible-light observations, but prevents us from studying the galactic C
center with radio waves or X rays.
3. How would you expect a star that formed recently in the disk of the galaxy to differ from one
that formed early in the history of the disk?
A. It should be much brighter.
B. It should orbit the galactic center at a much higher rate of speed.
C. It should have a higher fraction of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
D. It should be higher in mass. C
4. Suppose a scientist holds a press conference at which he claims that 10% of the matter in the
Milky Way is in the form of dust grains. In light of what we think we now know, does his claim seem
reasonable? Why or why not?
A. The 10% figure seems far too high because there are not enough of the kinds of elements

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that can take solid form in the galaxy.

B. It seems reasonable as long as we assume that red giant stars --- which produce dust grains
in their stellar winds --- are more common than we thought.
C. The 10% figure seems far too low, because current observations show that most of the mass
of the galaxy is in the form of interstellar dust.
D. It is quite reasonable, because we already know that interstellar dust obscures our view A
through the disk of the galaxy.
5. The most common form of gas in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy is _________.
A. gas in hot bubbles
B. gas in stellar winds
C. molecular hydrogen
D. atomic hydrogen gas D
6. How should we expect the Milky Way's interstellar medium to be different in 50 billion years
than it is today?
A. Thanks to the recycling of the star-gas-star cycle, the interstellar medium should look about
the same in 50 billion years as it does today.
B. The total amount of gas will be about the same, but it will contain a much higher percentage
of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
C. The total amount of gas will be much less than it is today.
D. The total amount of gas will be much greater, since many stars will undergo supernovae C
between now and then.
7. Suppose you want to observe and study the radiation from gas inside an interstellar bubble
created by a supernova. Which of the following observatories will be most useful?
A. The Keck I telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea
B. The SOFIA airborne infrared observatory
C. The Chandra X-ray Observatory
D. The Hubble Space Telescope C
8. If you could watch a time-lapse movie of the interstellar medium over hundreds of millions of
years, what would you see?
A. The entire disk of the Milky Way would pulsate in and out as it contracts to form stars and
then blows out in supernovae and then contracts to form stars again and so on.
B. The movie would alternate back and forth between being very bright when there is a lot of
gas and very dark when there is very little gas.

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C. Gas that is often moving at high speed, particularly after one or more supernovae, and
constantly changing form between molecular clouds, atomic hydrogen, and hot, ionized
bubbles and superbubbles.
D. Gas that changes only in very slow and steady ways, so that the movie would in fact be quite C
boring.
9. All the following types of objects are found almost exclusively in the disk (rather than the
halo) of the Milky Way except _________.
A. high-mass, red supergiant stars
B. young stars
C. x-ray binaries
D. globular clusters D
10 . Red and orange stars are found evenly spread throughout the galactic disk, but blue stars
are typically found _________.
A. in the halo
B. only in the central bulge
C. only near or in star-forming regions
D. also evenly spread throughout the galactic disk C
11 . Which of the following statements about how halo stars compare to our Sun is NOT true?
A. Most stars in the halo are less luminous than the Sun
B. Most stars in the halo are in a more advanced stage of life than the Sun, such as in red giant
stage.
C. Most stars in the halo have cooler surface temperatures than the Sun.
D. Most stars in the halo contain a much lower percentage of heavy elements than the Sun B
12 . Most nearby stars move relative to the Sun at speeds below about 30 km/s. Suppose you
observe a nearby star that is moving much faster than this (say, 300 km/s). Which of the following is
a likely explanation for its high speed?
A. It is a very young star, recently formed.
B. It is probably a halo star that is currently passing through the disk.
C. It is a very high mass star.
D. It has been pushed to high speed by the shock wave from a nearby supernova. B
13 . Why do we believe that most of the mass of the Milky Way is in the form of dark matter?
A. Theoretical models of galaxy formation suggest that a galaxy cannot form unless it has at
least 10 times as much matter as we see in the Milky Way disk, suggesting that the halo is

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full of dark matter.

B. Our view of distant galaxies is often obscured by dark blotches in the sky, which tells us that
there must be lots of dark matter out there.
C. The orbital speeds of stars far from the galactic center are surprisingly high, suggesting that
these stars are feeling gravitational effects from unseen matter in the halo.
D. Although dark matter emits no visible light, it can be seen with radio wavelengths and such C
observations confirm that the halo is full of this material.
14 . Why are spiral arms bright?
A. Because they contain more hot young stars than other parts of the disk
B. Because they contain more molecular clouds than other parts of the disk
C. Because they are the only places where we find stars within the disk of the galaxy
D. Because they contain far more stars than other parts of the galactic disk A
15 . Which of the following statements is NOT true of the object known as Sgr A* in the center
of our Galaxy?
A. It is a source of bright radio emission.
B. Its accretion disk is so large that it shines brightly in visible light.
C. It is thought to harbor a black hole of more than 2 million solar masses.
D. It is a source of X-ray emission that we have observed with telescopes in space. B
Skills, Chapter 15
1. Based on the number of galaxies visible in the Hubble Deep Field (Figure 15.1 in your text),
the number of galaxies in our observable universe is estimated to be somewhere around
_________.
A. 50,000
B. infinity
C. 80 million
D. 80 billion D
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major categories of galaxies?
A. Spiral galaxies
B. Irregular galaxies
C. Globular galaxies.
D. Elliptical galaxies C
3. A standard candle is _________.

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A. a 7 cm wax candle
B. another name for a barred-spiral galaxy
C. another name for a main-sequence star
D. light source of known luminosity D
4. What is main-sequence fitting?
A. A way of forcing stars to fit onto a standard main sequence, even when they have some
unusual characteristics
B. A method for determining the distance to a star cluster by assuming that its main sequence
should line up with the main sequence on a standard H-R diagram
C. A method for determining the age of a star cluster
D. It is the way we construct an H-R diagram by plotting the surface temperatures and B
luminosities of stars.
5. What is a Cepheid variable?
A. A type of galaxy that varies in its light output
B. A main-sequence star of spectral type B5
C. A type of very luminous star that makes an excellent standard candle
D. A bright source of variable X-ray emission, thought to harbor a supermassive black hole C
6. What two properties of a Cepheid variable are directly related to one another?
A. Its mass and its distance
B. The period between its peaks of brightness and its distance
C. Its luminosity and its mass
D. The period between its peaks of brightness and its luminosity D
7. What does Hubble's law tell us?
A. The more distant a galaxy, the faster it is moving away from us.
B. For every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
C. The faster a spiral galaxy's rotation speed, the more luminous it is.
D. The longer the period of a Cepheid variable, the greater its luminosity. A
8. Given that white dwarf supernovae are such good standard candles, why don't we use them
to measure the distance to all galaxies?
A. We would, but we don't have enough telescopes.
B. They can occur only in spiral galaxies, not elliptical galaxies.
C. They are rare events, so we have observed them in only a tiny fraction of all galaxies.
D. We cannot see them beyond a distance of about 100 million light-years. C

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9. When we use an analogy that represents the expanding universe with the surface of an
expanding balloon, what does the inside of the balloon represent?
A. The entire universe
B. The inside of the balloon does not represent any part of our universe.
C. The center of the universe
D. Regions of the universe beyond the Milky Way Galaxy B
10 . If we say that a galaxy has a lookback time of 1 billion years, we mean that _________.
A. its light traveled through space for 1 billion years to reach us
B. it is 400 million years old
C. it was 1 billion light-years away when the light left the galaxy
D. it is now 1 billion light-years away A
11 . Although the entire universe may be much larger than our observable universe, we can see
only within our observable universe. The "boundary" of our observable universe is called
_________.
A. the Big Bang
B. the lookback time
C. the cosmological horizon
D. the Hubble Deep Field C
12 . Current estimates place the age of the universe at about _________.
A. 14 thousand years
B. 14 trillion years
C. 14 million years
D. 14 billion years D
13 . What do we mean by a protogalactic cloud?
A. It is the cloudlike halo that surrounds the disks of spiral galaxies.
B. It is a cloud of matter that contracts to become a galaxy.
C. It was a term used historically to refer to any galaxy.
D. It is a cloud of hydrogen gas that we detect by studying absorption lines in a quasar's B
spectrum.
14 . Collisions between galaxies typically unfold over a period of _________.
A. several months
B. thousands of years
C. several days

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D. hundreds of millions of years D

15 . Why are collisions between galaxies more likely than collisions between stars within a
galaxy?
A. Relative to their sizes, galaxies are closer together than stars.
B. Galaxies are much larger than stars.
C. Galaxies have higher redshifts than stars.
D. Galaxies travel through space much faster than stars. A
16 . Which of the following features is NOT a feature of a central dominant galaxy?
A. They're found in clusters of galaxies.
B. They are thought to form by the merger of several smaller galaxies.
C. They are often spiral galaxies.
D. They often have multiple galactic nuclei near their centers. C
17 . Why should galaxy collisions have been more common in the past than they are today?
A. Galaxies attracted each other more strongly in the past because they were more massive;
they had not yet turned most of their mass into stars and light.
B. Galaxies were much bigger in the past since they had not contracted completely.
C. Galaxies were more active in the past and therefore would have collided with each other
more frequently.
D. Galaxies were closer together in the past because the universe was smaller. D
18 . The distinguishing feature of a starburst galaxy is _________.
A. strong radio emission that apparently comes from "lobes" of material well outside the
visible boundaries of the galaxy
B. a very large luminosity compared to the total luminosity of the Milky Way
C. a rate of star formation that may be 100 or more times greater than that in the Milky Way
D. the presence of an unusually large number of binary star systems that appear to X-ray C
telescopes as X-ray bursters
19 . The unusually bright centers found in some galaxies are called _________.
A. starbursts
B. halos
C. supermassive black holes
D. active galactic nuclei D
20 . According to current understanding, what is a quasar?
A. A very large galaxy thought to be formed by the merger of several smaller galaxies, typically

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found in the center of a galaxy cluster

B. Any object with an extremely large redshift
C. A galaxy with an unusually high rate of star formation
D. An active galactic nucleus that is particularly bright D
21 . Which of the following phenomena is probably NOT related to the presence of a
supermassive black hole?
A. Quasars
B. The large sizes of central dominant galaxies
C. The radio emission from radio galaxies
D. The huge jets seen emerging from the centers of some galaxies B
22 . The mass of the supermassive black hole thought to power a typical active galactic nucleus
would be around _________.
A. 1 billion solar masses
B. 1 trillion solar masses.
C. 10 solar masses
D. 3 solar masses A
Concept, Chapter 15
1. In a photo like the Hubble Deep Field (Figure 15.1 in your text), we see galaxies in many
different stages of their lives. In general, which galaxies are seen in the earliest (youngest) stages of
their lives?
A. The galaxies that are farthest away
B. The galaxies that have the most hot, young O and B stars
C. The galaxies that are the reddest in color
D. The galaxies that are nearest to us A
2. Which of the following statements about types of galaxies is NOT true?
A. Among the large galaxies in the universe outside of clusters, most are spiral.
B. Elliptical galaxies are bluer and contain more dust than spiral galaxies.
C. Large elliptical galaxies are more common in clusters of galaxies than they are outside of
clusters.
D. Spiral galaxies have younger stars than elliptical galaxies. B
3. The most basic difference between elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies is that _________.
A. elliptical galaxies lack anything resembling the halo of a spiral galaxy

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B. elliptical galaxies lack anything resembling the disk of a spiral galaxy

C. elliptical galaxies have a spheroidal component (of stars distributed spherically about the
galactic center), and spiral galaxies do not
D. elliptical galaxies are very old and spiral galaxies are very young B
4. Suppose that we suddenly discovered that all these years we'd been wrong about the
distance from Earth to the Sun, and it is actually 10% greater than we'd thought. How would that
affect our estimate of the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy?
A. It would not have any effect on our estimate of the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy.
B. It would mean the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy is also 10% greater than we thought.
C. It would mean that all the objects we've assumed are standard candles really are not good
standard candles, and therefore that we have no idea of the true distance to the
Andromeda Galaxy.
D. It would mean the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy is 10% less than we thought. B
5. Suppose we observe a Cepheid variable in a distant galaxy. The Cepheid brightens and dims
with a regular period of about 10 days. What good will this observation do us?
A. It will allow us to determine the mass of the galaxy.
B. Under the rules of the International Astronomical Union, we will be entitled to naming
rights for the galaxy.
C. It will allow us to calculate the rotation rate of the galaxy.
D. We will be able to use its period to determine its luminosity and hence (if we also measure D
the apparent brightness) to calculate the distance to its galaxy.
6. In 1924, Edwin Hubble proved that the Andromeda Galaxy lay far beyond the bounds of the
Milky Way, thus putting to rest the idea that it might have been a cloud within our own galaxy. How
was he able to prove this?
A. By observing individual Cepheid variable stars in Andromeda and applying the period-
luminosity relation
B. He was able to measure the parallax of the Andromeda Galaxy.
C. He was the first person ever to look through a telescope at the object we now call the
Andromeda Galaxy.
D. He found that the universe is expanding, and therefore concluded that Andromeda must lie A
outside our own galaxy.
7. If Hubble's constant is 20 kilometers per second per million light-years, then how fast would
we expect a galaxy 100 million light-years away to be moving? (Assume the motion is due only to

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Hubble's law.)
A. Toward us at 2,000 km/s
B. Away from us at 20,000 km/s
C. Away from us at 2,000 km/s
D. Away from us at 200 km/s C
8. Why are white dwarf supernovae more useful for measuring cosmic distances than massive
star supernovae?
A. White dwarf supernovae all have roughly the same true peak luminosity, while massive
supernovae come in a wide range of peak luminosities.
B. White dwarf supernovae follow a period-luminosity relation, while massive supernovae do
not.
C. White dwarf supernovae are much more common than massive star supernovae.
D. We can see only white dwarf supernovae in distant galaxies, not massive star supernovae. A
9. Which statement below correctly describes the relationship between expansion rate and age
for the universe?
A. Age is independent of the expansion rate.
B. The faster the rate of expansion, the younger the age of the universe.
C. The faster the rate of expansion, the older the age of the universe. B
10 . What does cosmological redshift do to light?
A. Makes it slow down
B. Stretches its wavelength
C. Makes all light infrared
D. Makes it brighter B
11 . Why can't we see past the cosmological horizon?
A. Every galaxy in the entire universe (not just the observable universe) exists within the
cosmological horizon, so there's nothing to see beyond it.
B. Beyond the cosmological horizon, we would be looking back to a time before the universe
was born.
C. The cosmological horizon is infinitely far away, and we can't see to infinity.
D. We do not have telescopes big enough. B
12 . We can study how galaxies evolve because _________.
A. we are really smart astronomers
B. the farther away we look, the further back in time we see

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C. we can watch as they interact in real time

D. galaxies are transparent to optical light B
13 . Which of the following statements is NOT an assumption for galaxy formation scenarios?
A. The universe is expanding.
B. Gas contracted to form the disks of galaxies before any stars were born.
C. Some regions in the universe were a tiny bit more dense than the rest.
D. The universe started out filled almost uniformly with hydrogen and helium. B
14 . The differences in the ages of stars in different parts of spiral galaxies tell us that _________.
A. massive stars were unable to form until quite recently in galactic history
B. the disk must be the result of collisions between galaxies
C. the gaseous disk formed before any stars were born
D. halo stars formed before the galaxy got its gaseous disk D
15 . One possible explanation for a galaxy's type invokes the angular momentum of the
protogalactic cloud from which it formed. Suppose a galaxy forms from a protogalactic cloud with a
lot of angular momentum. Assuming its type has not changed due to other interactions, we'd
expect this galaxy to be _________.
A. a torn and incoherent galaxy
B. a spiral galaxy
C. an irregular galaxy
D. an elliptical galaxy B
16 . Which of the following phenomena are NOT thought to be results of collisions or other
interactions between galaxies?
A. The presence of very large, central dominant galaxies in clusters of galaxies
B. The fact that elliptical galaxies are more common in clusters of galaxies than outside clusters
C. Starbursts
D. The fact that spiral galaxies have both disk and halo components D
17 . Which characteristic is NOT generally true of a starburst galaxy?
A. The observed features that cause us to classify it as a "starburst" must be only temporary
phenomena in the galaxy's history.
B. Its rate of star formation is many times higher than the rate of star formation in the Milky
Way.
C. Supernovae occur so frequently that their effects combine to drive a galactic wind that
blows material into intergalactic space.

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D. The observed features of the starburst are thought to be caused by the presence of a A
supermassive black hole in the galaxy's center.
18 . A few decades ago, there was great controversy among astronomers over the question of
quasar distances, with some arguing that quasars are much nearer than application of Hubble's law
would seem to imply. Why do nearly all astronomers now agree that quasars really are quite far
away?
A. No one could think of a way to explain quasar speeds if they are nearby, so we concluded
they must be far way.
B. Now that we can explain bright quasar emission with power due to the presence of
supermassive black holes, there is no reason to doubt that quasars are far away.
C. All quasars have large redshifts.
D. We now have images and spectra that clearly show quasars to be embedded at the centers D
of distant galaxies and within distant galaxy clusters.
19 . Most active galactic nuclei are found at large distances from us, with relatively few nearby.
What does this imply?
A. The jets seen in many active galactic nuclei must cause them to move far away from us.
B. Supermassive black holes existed only when the universe was young, and no longer exist
today.
C. Active galactic nuclei can form only at large distances from the Milky Way.
D. Active galactic nuclei tend to become less active as they age. D
20 . Suppose that we observe a source of X rays that varies substantially in brightness over a
period of a few days. What can we conclude?
A. The X-ray source is a quasar.
B. The X-ray source must have a strong, rapidly varying magnetic field.
C. The X-ray source contains a black hole with an accretion disk.
D. The X-ray source is no more than a few light-days in diameter. D
21 . Which of the following does NOT support the theory that active galactic nuclei are powered
by accretion disks around massive black holes?
A. Infrared observations show that many stars are forming near the centers of galaxies with
active galactic nuclei.
B. Observed radiation from the galactic center varies significantly in brightness in times as
short as a few days.
C. The total amount of radiation coming from the galactic center is, in some cases, comparable

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to the amount of radiation put out by 10 billion or more ordinary stars.

D. Spectral lines from the galactic center indicate that clouds of gas are orbiting a central A
object at very high speed.
22 . According to the theory that active galactic nuclei are powered by supermassive black holes,
the source of energy that supplies the power is _________.
A. gravitational potential energy released by matter that is falling toward the black hole
B. matter-antimatter annihilation occurring just outside the event horizon of the black hole
C. jets emerging from the accretion disk
D. nuclear fusion in the accretion disk surrounding the black hole A
Skills, Chapter 16
1. Which of the following best summarizes what we mean by dark matter?
A. Matter for which we have theoretical reason to think it exists, but no observational evidence
for its existence
B. Matter that may inhabit dark areas of the cosmos where we see nothing at all
C. Matter consisting of black holes
D. Matter that we have identified from its gravitational effects but that we cannot see in any D
wavelength of light
2. Which of the following best summarizes what we mean by dark energy?
A. It is the energy of black holes.
B. It is a name given to whatever might be responsible for causing the expansion of the
universe to accelerate with time.
C. It is a type of energy that is associated with the "dark side" of the force that rules the
cosmos.
D. It is the energy contained in dark matter. B
3. The text states that luminous matter in the Milky Way seems to be much like the tip of an
iceberg. This refers to the idea that _________.
A. the unseen dark matter represents much more mass and extends much further from the
galactic center than the luminous matter in the Milky Way
B. black holes are much more interesting than ordinary stars that give off light
C. luminous matter emits white light, much like the light reflected from icebergs
D. the luminous matter of the Milky Way is essentially floating on the surface of a great sea of A
dark matter

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4. What is a rotation curve?

A. A precise description of the shape of a star's orbit around the center of the Milky Way
Galaxy
B. A curve used to decide whether a star's orbit places it in the disk or the halo of a spiral
galaxy
C. A graph showing how orbital velocity depends on distance from the center for a spiral galaxy
D. A graph that shows a galaxy's mass on the vertical axis and size on the horizontal axis C
5. What do we mean when we say that the rotation curve for a spiral galaxy is "flat"?
A. All the galaxy's mass is concentrated in its flat, gaseous disk.
B. The amount of light emitted by stars at different distances is about the same throughout the
galaxy.
C. The disk of a spiral galaxy is quite flat rather than spherical like the halo.
D. Gas clouds orbiting far from the galactic center have approximately the same orbital speed D
as gas clouds located further inward.
6. Although we know less about dark matter in elliptical galaxies than we do in spiral galaxies,
what does current evidence suggest?
A. Elliptical galaxies probably contain far more dark matter than spiral galaxies.
B. Elliptical galaxies probably contain a similar proportion of their mass in the form of dark
matter as do spiral galaxies.
C. Unlike the broad distribution of dark matter in spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies probably
contain dark matter only near their centers.
D. Elliptical galaxies probably contain far less dark matter than spiral galaxies. B
7. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main strategies used to measure the masses
of galaxy clusters?
A. Measuring the speeds of galaxies orbiting the cluster's center
B. Observing how the clusters bend light as gravitational lenses
C. Measuring the temperatures of stars in the halos of the galaxies
D. Studying the X-ray emission from hot gas inside the clusters C
8. When we say that a cluster of galaxies is acting as a gravitational lens, what do we mean?
A. It magnifies the effects of gravity that we see in the cluster.
B. The overall shape of the cluster is that of a lens.
C. It is an unusually large cluster that has a lot of gravity.
D. It bends or distorts the light coming from galaxies located behind it. D

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9. Which of the following statements best summarizes what studies of the masses of individual
galaxies and of clusters of galaxies have told us about dark matter?
A. Dark matter is present in individual galaxies, but there is no evidence that it can exist
between the galaxies in a cluster.
B. Dark matter is present between galaxies in clusters, but not within individual galaxies.
C. Dark matter is the dominant form of mass in both clusters and in individual galaxies.
D. Within individual galaxies, dark matter is always concentrated near the galactic center, and C
within clusters it is always concentrated near the cluster center.
10 . What is the distinguishing characteristic of what we call ordinary or baryonic matter?
A. It emits a great deal of light.
B. It is made of subatomic particles that scientists call WIMPs.
C. It can attract other matter through the force of gravity.
D. It consists of atoms or ions with nuclei made from protons and neutrons. D
11 . Some dark matter may consist of what astronomers call MACHOs (massive compact halo
objects). Which of the following would NOT be considered a type of MACHO if it were found in the
halo of the galaxy?
A. Dim, low-mass stars
B. Brown dwarfs
C. Neutrinos
D. Planet-sized objects that do not orbit a star C
12 . What do we mean when we say that particles such as neutrinos or WIMPs are weakly
interacting?
A. They interact with other matter only via the weak force and not via gravity or any other
force.
B. The light that they emit is so weak that it is undetectable to our telescopes.
C. They interact with other matter via the weak force but do not interact with the
electromagnetic force and hence cannot emit light.
D. They are only weakly bound by gravity, which means they can fly off and escape from C
galaxies quite easily.
13 . Which of the following best sums up current scientific thinking about the nature of dark
matter?
A. We have been able to rule out the possibility that most dark matter is made of a known
form of matter, meaning that it must be made of some as-yet-undiscovered type of particle.

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B. Dark matter probably does not really exist.

C. We are certain that dark matter is made mostly of WIMPs.
D. Dark matter consists 90% of MACHOs and 10% of WIMPs. A
14 . What do astronomers mean by the large-scale structure of the universe?
A. The overall shape of the observable universe
B. Any individual cluster of galaxies is
C. The overall arrangement of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and superclusters in the universe
D. Any individual galaxy C
15 . What do we mean by the critical density of the universe?
A. The actual average density of the universe
B. The density of water
C. The average density the universe would need in order for its gravity to ultimately win out
over the current rate of expansion (if it weren't accelerating)
D. The density of dark matter in the universe C
16 . Evidence from distant supernovae (as well as from studies of the cosmic microwave
background) seems to suggest that _________.
A. the universe is contracting rather than expanding
B. the expansion of the universe seems to be getting faster with time
C. the rate of expansion of the universe has stayed the same since the Big Bang
D. the expansion of the universe is slowing down with time B
17 . Which of the following best summarizes current ideas about the fate of the universe?
A. We now know that the universe will expand forever.
B. The universe will come to an end when all the matter within it explodes.
C. We now know that the universe will someday stop expanding and start contracting.
D. Current evidence suggests the universe will expand forever, but future discoveries could D
change this hypothesis.
Concept, Chapter 16
1. Why do we call dark matter "dark"?
A. It emits no radiation that we have been able to detect.
B. It is dark brown or dark red in color.
C. It blocks out the light of stars in a galaxy.
D. It contains large amounts of dark-colored dust. A

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2. Although most astronomers assume dark matter really exists, there is at least one other
possible explanation for the phenomena attributed to dark matter. What is it?
A. There could be something wrong or incomplete with our understanding of how gravity
operates on galaxy-size scales.
B. We could just be having a hard time understanding the observations because they involve
very distant galaxies.
C. The so-called dark matter is really just ordinary stars that are enshrouded in clouds of dust.
D. There could be something wrong with our understanding of how atoms produce light. A
3. Spiral galaxy rotation curves are generally fairly flat out to large distances. Suppose that spiral
galaxies did NOT contain dark matter. How would their rotation curves be different?
A. The orbital speeds would fall off sharply with increasing distance from the galactic center.
B. The rotation curve would look the same with or without the presence of dark matter.
C. The rotation curve would be a straight, upward sloping diagonal line, like the rotation curve
of a merry-go-round.
D. The orbital speeds would rise upward with increasing distance from the galactic center, A
rather than remaining approximately constant.
4. The flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies tell us that they contain a lot of dark matter. Do they
tell us anything about where the dark matter is located within the galaxy?
A. Yes, they tell us that the mass is concentrated near the center of the galaxy.
B. Yes, they tell us that dark matter is spread uniformly throughout the galactic disk.
C. Yes, they tell us that the dark matter is spread throughout the galaxy, with most located at
large distances from the galactic center; that is, out in the halo that surrounds the disk.
D. No, we cannot determine anything about the location of dark matter from the rotation C
curve.
5. It is more difficult to determine the total amount of dark matter in an elliptical galaxy than in
a spiral galaxy. Why?
A. Elliptical galaxies lack the atomic hydrogen gas that we use to determine orbital speeds at
great distances from the centers of spiral galaxies.
B. Stars in elliptical galaxies are dimmer, making them harder to study.
C. We cannot observe spectral lines for elliptical galaxies.
D. Elliptical galaxies contain much less dark matter than spiral galaxies, so it's much more A
difficult to measure.
6. Why did the hot gas in galaxy clusters go undetected until the 1960s?

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A. It is so rarely found in clusters of galaxies that we had not yet been lucky enough to point
our telescopes at a cluster that has it.
B. It is most prominent at X-ray wavelengths and we did not have X-ray telescopes before the
1960s.
C. It makes up such a tiny fraction of the total mass in clusters of galaxies that our technology
was not up to the task of detecting it.
D. It consists entirely of dark matter, so we couldn't see it. B
7. Why does the temperature of the gas between galaxies in galaxy clusters tell us about the
mass of the cluster?
A. Temperature is always directly related to mass, which is why massive objects are always
hotter than less massive objects.
B. The temperature tells us the average speeds of the gas particles, which are held in the
cluster by gravity, so we can use these speeds to determine the cluster mass.
C. The temperature of the gas tells us the gas density, so we can use the density to determine
the cluster's mass.
D. The question is nonsense --- gas temperature cannot possibly tell us anything about mass. B
8. How does gravitational lensing tell us about the mass of a galaxy cluster?
A. Using Einstein's general theory of relativity, we can calculate the cluster's mass from the
precise way in which it distorts the light of galaxies behind it.
B. Newton's universal law of gravitation predicts how mass can distort light, so we can apply
Newton's law to determine the mass of the cluster.
C. The lensing broadens spectral lines, and we can use the broadening to "weigh" the cluster.
D. The lensing allows us to determine the orbital speeds of galaxies in the cluster, so that we A
can determine the mass of the cluster from the orbital velocity law.
9. We have evidence that at least some dark matter consists of objects that astronomers call
MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). What's the evidence?
A. Radio observations have detected numerous MACHOs in the galactic halo.
B. The rotation curve of the Milky Way Galaxy shows that some dark matter must be made of
MACHOs.
C. Recent telescopic observations with visible light have succeeded in identifying many of the
objects known as MACHOs.
D. We have detected gravitational lensing of distant objects that appears to be caused by D
compact but unseen objects in the halo of our galaxy.

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10 . If WIMPs really exist and make up most of the dark matter in galaxies, which of the
following is NOT one of their characteristics?
A. They can neither emit nor absorb light.
B. They tend to orbit at large distances from the galactic center.
C. They travel at speeds close to the speed of light.
D. They are subatomic particles. C
11 . Why isn't space expanding within clusters of galaxies?
A. Space is expanding within clusters of galaxies, which is why clusters tend to grow in size with
time.
B. Their gravity is strong enough to hold them together even while the universe as a whole
expands.
C. Expansion of the universe affects only empty space, not space in which matter is present.
D. The universe is not old enough yet for these objects to have begun their expansion. B
12 . Which of the following statements about galaxies and large-scale structures such as voids,
clusters, superclusters, sheets, and filaments is probably NOT true?
A. Many cluster and superclusters are still in the process of formation as their gravity gradually
pulls in new members.
B. Voids began their existence as regions in the universe with a slightly lower density than the
rest of the universe.
C. Galaxies and clusters and the structures in which they are embedded have grown around
tiny density enhancements that were present in the early universe.
D. Clusters and superclusters appear to be randomly scattered about the universe, like dots D
sprinkled randomly on a wall.
13 . Based on current evidence, a supercluster is most likely to have formed in regions of space
where _________.
A. the acceleration of the expansion is proceeding faster than elsewhere
B. a place where supermassive black holes were present in the very early universe
C. there was an excess concentration of hydrogen gas when the universe was very young
D. the density of dark matter was slightly higher than average when the universe was very D
young
14 . According to current evidence, how does the actual average density of matter in the
universe compare to the critical density?
A. The actual density, even with dark matter included, is less than about a third of the critical

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density.
B. The total actual density of both dark matter and luminous matter together is no more than
about 1% of the critical density.
C. The actual density of matter is many times higher than the critical density.
D. The density of luminous matter is much less than the critical density, but when we include A
dark matter the actual density probably equals the critical density.
15 . Which of the following statements best describes the current state of understanding
regarding the apparent acceleration of the expansion of the universe?
A. The acceleration is very important in the cosmos today, but we think the acceleration will
eventually slow down.
B. The acceleration was something a few astronomers thought they saw, but we no longer
think it is real and assume that the original claims were based on errors in interpreting the
data.
C. We have moderately strong evidence that the acceleration is real, but essentially no idea
what is causing it.
D. We are quite confident that we understand the cause of the acceleration: the cause is dark C
energy.
16 . Some people wish that we lived in a recollapsing universe that would eventually stop
expanding and start contracting. For this to be the case, which of the following would have to be
true (based on current understanding)?
A. Neither dark energy nor dark matter really exist.
B. Dark energy is the dominant form of energy in the cosmos.
C. Dark energy does not exist and there is much more dark matter than we are aware of to
date.
D. Dark energy exists but dark matter does not. C
Skills, Chapter 17
1. Based on our current understanding of physics, it would seem that we can understand the
conditions that prevailed in the early universe as far back in time as _________.
A. one ten-billionth of a second after the Big Bang
B. 3 minutes after the Big Bang
C. 10 billion years ago
D. 380,000 years after the Big Bang A

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2. What happens when a particle of matter meets its corresponding antiparticle of antimatter?
A. They can form a complete atom.
B. The question makes no sense, since antimatter does not really exist.
C. The combined mass-energy of the two particles is completely transformed into radiation-
energy (two photons).
D. They fuse to make a heavier particle. C
3. What is the significance of the Planck time?
A. Before it, conditions were so extreme that our current understanding of physics is
insufficient to predict what might have occurred.
B. It is the time when the cosmic microwave background was released.
C. It is the amount of time required for two protons to fuse to make deuterium.
D. It is the time at which inflation is thought to have occurred. A
4. The four fundamental forces that operate in the universe today are _________.
A. nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravity, tidal force
B. nuclear force, gravity, electric force, magnetic force
C. strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force, gravity
D. strong force, weak force, electric force, magnetic force C
5. A "GUT" (grand unified theory) refers to theories that _________.
A. unify all four forces together
B. unify the electromagnetic and weak forces
C. unify the strong force with the electromagnetic and weak forces
D. unify gravity with the strong and weak forces C
6. What do we mean by inflation?
A. We mean the expansion of the universe that we still observe today.
B. We mean a sudden and rapid acceleration of the universe that went on for a tiny fraction of
a second at the time the strong force froze out from the GUT force.
C. We mean that quantum fluctuations by high speed, relativistic particles in a state of false
vacuum cause disturbances in the space-time continuum leading to the process described in
the question to which this answer refers.
D. We mean the sudden release of photons when a particle and antiparticle annihilate one B
another
7. Of the statements below, which one correctly summarizes the events in the early universe
according to the Big Bang theory?

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A. The universe began with the forces unified. During the first fraction of a second, the forces
separated and there was a brief but important episode of inflation. Subatomic particles of
both matter and antimatter then began to appear from the energy present in the universe.
Most of the particles annihilated to make photons, but some became protons, neutrons,
electrons, and neutrinos. The protons and neutrons underwent some fusion during the first
three minutes, thereby determining the basic chemical composition of the universe.
B. An episode of what we call inflation initiated the event of the Big Bang. Once the Big Bang
got underway, particles and forces began to appear one by one. The forces produced
protons, which fused to make hydrogen and helium until the universe was about 380,000
years old. Then gravity began to act, turning the hydrogen and helium into galaxies.
C. Forces and various subatomic particles began to appear during the first second after the Big
Bang. For reasons not understood, the particles were all made of ordinary matter and none
were made of antimatter, thus explaining why we live in a universe made of matter. The
particles underwent some fusion for the first 380,000 years after the Big Bang, at which
time the first stars were born.
D. The Big Bang began with the initiation of what we call inflation, which gradually slowed to A
the current expansion rate of the universe. Forces came to exist for a different reason,
having to do with quantum fluctuations in the space-time continuum. Particles came to exist
as a result of cracks made when forces froze. Once there were particles, gravity brought
them together to make stars, and the stars then turned the particles into hydrogen, helium,
and other elements.
8. Which statement about the cosmic microwave background is NOT true?
A. Its spectrum corresponds to a temperature of just under 3 degrees above absolute zero.
B. It is thought to be radiation that began its journey to our telescopes when the universe was
about 380,000 years old.
C. It is the result of a mixture of radiation from many independent sources, such as stars and
galaxies.
D. With the exception of very small variations, it appears essentially the same in all directions C
in which we look into space.
9. The Big Bang theory is supported by two major lines of evidence that alternative models
have not successfully explained. What are they?
A. (1) the theory correctly predicts that the universe should be expanding; (2) the theory
correctly predicts the observed ratio of spiral to elliptical galaxies in the universe.

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B. (1) the theory predicts the existence of and the specific characteristics of the observed
cosmic microwave background; (2) the theory correctly predicts the observed overall
chemical composition of the universe.
C. (1) the theory predicts the episode of inflation that we think occurred in the early universe;
(2) the theory predicts the existence of large quantities of dark matter.
D. (1) the theory correctly predicts that the universe should be expanding; (2) the theory B
predicts the existence of and the specific characteristics of the observed cosmic microwave
background
10 . Measuring the amount of deuterium in the universe allows us to set a limit on _________.
A. the density of ordinary (baryonic) matter the universe
B. the current age of the universe
C. the total amount of mass in the universe
D. the acceleration of the universe A
11 . Based on the Big Bang theory, what do observations of the cosmic microwave background
and of chemical abundances in the universe suggest about dark matter?
A. Dark matter must be made of MACHOs.
B. Dark matter probably does not really exist.
C. Dark matter was produced during the era of nuclei.
D. Much of the dark matter must be made of non-ordinary (nonbaryonic) matter, such as D
WIMPs.
12 . Which of the following observations cannot be explained by the Big Bang theory unless we
assume that an episode of inflation occurred?
A. The fact that the temperature of the cosmic microwave background is almost the same
everywhere
B. The fact that the universe is expanding
C. The existence of the cosmic microwave background
D. The fact that about 25% of the ordinary matter in the universe consists of helium A
13 . The idea of inflation makes one clear prediction that, until quite recently, seemed to
contradict the available observations. What is this prediction?
A. Inflation predicts that the entire universe must be far larger than the observable universe.
B. Inflation predicts that the temperature of the cosmic microwave background should be
almost (but not exactly) the same everywhere.
C. The universe should be geometrically "flat" (in the four dimensions of spacetime).

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D. Inflation predicts that the early universe should have regions of enhanced density that could C
have acted as "seeds" for the formation of galaxies and large structures.
14 . Olber's paradox is an apparently simple question, but its resolution suggests that the
universe is finite in age. What is the question?
A. Why is the sky dark at night?
B. What would it be like to ride on a beam of light?
C. Can we measure the position and momentum of an electron at the same time?
D. How many stars are in the universe? A
Concept, Chapter 17
1. How do we determine the conditions that existed in the very early universe?
A. We can only guess at the conditions, since we have no way to calculate or observe what
they were.
B. The conditions in the very early universe must have been much like those found in stars
today, so we learn about them by studying stars.
C. From the current expansion rate we can work backward to estimate temperature and
densities at various times in the early universe.
D. By looking all the way to the cosmological horizon, we can see the actual conditions that C
prevailed all the way back to the first instant of the Big Bang.
2. Why can't current theories describe what happened during the Planck era?
A. We do not know how hot or dense the universe was during that time.
B. The Planck era was the time before the Big Bang, and we cannot describe what happened
before that instant.
C. We do not understand the properties of antimatter.
D. We do not yet have a theory that links quantum mechanics and general relativity. D
3. When we say that the electroweak and strong forces "freeze out" at 10--35 seconds after the
Big Bang, we mean that _________.
A. prior to this time, the electroweak and strong forces were indistinguishable from each other,
but after this time they behaved differently from each other
B. these forces are important only at temperatures below the freezing point of water --- a
temperature that the universe reached at an age of about 10--35 seconds
C. following this time, neither the strong nor electroweak forces are ever important in the
universe again

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D. freezing out was a term coined by particle physicists who think that the Big Bang theory is A
really cool
4. According to the Big Bang theory, how many forces --- and which ones --- operated in the
universe during the GUT era?
A. 1 force that represented the unification of all four forces that operate today
B. 3: gravity, the strong force, and the electroweak force
C. 2: the strong force and the electroweak force
D. 2: gravity and a single force that later became the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces D
5. Laboratory experiments conducted with particle accelerators confirm predictions made by
the theory that unifies _________.
A. the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces into the GUT force
B. the electromagnetic and weak forces into the electroweak force
C. the strong and weak forces into the combined nuclear force
D. the unification of all four forces into a single "superforce" B
6. What was the significance of the end of the era of nucleosynthesis, when the universe was
about 3 minutes old?
A. The proportions of dark matter and luminous matter had been determined.
B. The basic chemical composition of the universe had been determined.
C. It marks the time at which the expansion of the universe had settled down to its current
rate.
D. It marks the time at which the first stars formed. B
7. According to the Big Bang theory, why do we live in a universe that is made of matter rather
than antimatter?
A. During the first 0.001 second after the Big Bang, particles and antiparticles were made in
almost but not perfectly equal numbers. Everything annihilated except the very slight excess
of matter particles.
B. Einstein's famous equation E = mc2 tells us that energy can turn into matter, but does not
tell us that it can turn into antimatter.
C. The fact that we live in a universe made of matter is not surprising, because antimatter has
never been shown to exist for real.
D. GUT theories predict that under the conditions that prevailed in the early universe, the A
normal laws of physics would have been suspended so that only matter particles were
created, and no particles of antimatter.

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8. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cosmic microwave background?

A. It has a perfect thermal radiation spectrum.
B. Its temperature is the same everywhere, except for small variations at the level of 1 part in
100,000.
C. It contains prominent spectral lines of hydrogen, the primary chemical ingredient of the
universe.
D. Its temperature is a little less than 3 Kelvin (3 degrees above absolute zero). C
9. In principle, if we could see all the way to the cosmological horizon we could see the Big Bang
taking place. However, our view is blocked for times prior to about 380,000 years after the Big
Bang. Why?
A. Before that time, the gas in the universe was dense and ionized and thus did not allow light
to travel freely.
B. Before that time, the universe was dark so there was no light to illuminate anything.
C. Before that time, the universe was too crowded with stars.
D. 380,000 years after the Big Bang marks the time when stars were first born, and thus began A
to shine the light by which we can see the universe.
10 . If astronomers had discovered that the cosmic microwave background was precisely the
same everywhere, instead of having very slight variations in temperature, then we would have no
way to account for _________.
A. the fact that our universe is expanding
B. the existence of helium in the universe
C. how galaxies came to exist
D. the relationship between the strong and the weak force C
11 . In stars, helium can sometimes be fused into carbon and heavier elements (in their final
stages of life). Why didn't the same fusion processes produce carbon and heavier elements in the
early universe?
A. By the time stable helium nuclei had formed, the temperature and density had already
dropped too low for helium fusion to occur.
B. Temperatures in the early universe were never above the roughly 100 million Kelvin
required for helium fusion.
C. No one knows --- this is one of the major mysteries in astronomy.
D. Helium fusion occurred, but the carbon nuclei that were made were later destroyed by the A
intense radiation in the early universe.

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12 . How does the idea of inflation account for the existence of the "seeds" of density from
which galaxies and other large structures formed?
A. Inflation predicts that temperatures and densities should have become nearly equal
throughout the universe.
B. Inflation tells us that the universe should have a "flat" overall geometry, and this led to the
flat disks of galaxies.
C. Inflation would have caused random, microscopic quantum fluctuations to grow so large in
size that they became the seeds of structure.
D. Inflation predicts that gravity would have been very strong and thereby would have C
concentrated mass into seeds.
13 . Which of the following is NOT consistent with recent observations of the cosmic microwave
background by the WMAP satellite?
A. The majority of the energy in the universe is NOT in the form of mass-energy.
B. The universe is at least 20 billion years old
C. The matter density (both luminous and dark matter combined) in the universe is only about
one-fourth of the critical density.
D. The universe is geometrically "flat" (in the four dimensions of spacetime). B
14 . Based on the results from the WMAP satellite, the overall composition of the energy of the
universe is _________.
A. 1% ordinary (baryonic) matter, 99% nonbaryonic dark matter
B. 100% ordinary (baryonic) matter
C. 15% ordinary (baryonic) matter, 85% nonbaryonic dark matter
D. 4% ordinary (baryonic) matter, 23% nonbaryonic dark matter, 73% dark energy D
Skills, Chapter 18
1. According to fossil evidence how far back in time did life on Earth exist?
A. About 65 million years.
B. About 2.0 billion years.
C. About 545 million years.
D. About 3.5 billion years or more. D
2. Why do scientists say that evolution is a "theory"?
A. Because it's really just a guess about how life developed on Earth.
B. Because they are not very confident that it really happened.

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C. Because it explains a great deal about life and is supported by an enormous body of
evidence.
D. Because it is supported by only a small amount of evidence. C
3. What is a mutation?
A. A change in the physical appearance of a living organism.
B. A change in a living cell's DNA.
C. A change in the type of food an organism consumes.
D. A change in an organism that turns it into a different species. B
4. Based on DNA studies, it seems that all life on Earth _________.
A. arose from one of five distinct ancestors that lived about two billion years ago
B. requires oxygen to survive
C. belongs to one of just two kingdoms: plants and animals
D. shares a common ancestor D
5. Which of the following is considered by biologists to be a likely place where life first arose on
Earth?
A. Deep underground
B. In hot water near undersea volcanoes
C. On land surfaces that got moderately heavy rainfall
D. On meteorites that landed on Earth B
6. How did oxygen (O2) get into Earth's atmosphere?
A. It was released by life through the process of photosynthesis.
B. It was outgassed from volcanoes.
C. It was captured from the solar nebula.
D. It came from chemical reactions with surface rocks. A
7. Which of the following is NOT considered crucial for life to exist on some world?
A. A source of nutrients
B. Liquid water
C. A source of energy that can be used by life
D. An atmosphere D
8. Which of the following best describes what we mean by a habitable world?
A. A planet or moon that could support life, if any life happened to be on it
B. A planet or moon that lies within its star's habitable zone
C. A planet or moon with life

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D. A planet or moon on which humans could survive if we happened to go there A

9. Which of the following places is NOT generally considered a potential home for life in our
solar system?
A. Ganymede
B. Mars
C. Europa
D. Jupiter's atmosphere D
10 . The Sun's habitable zone _________.
A. extends from the orbit of Earth to the orbit of Jupiter
B. extends from just beyond the orbit of Mercury to just beyond Earth's orbit
C. consists only of Earth, since Earth is the only planet known to be inhabited
D. extends from some place a little beyond the orbit of Venus to some place near the orbit of B
Mars
11 . Why don't we expect to find life on planets orbiting high-mass stars?
A. The stars are too hot to allow for life.
B. The lifetime of a high-mass star is too short.
C. The high-mass stars emit too much ultraviolet radiation.
D. Planets cannot have stable orbits around high-mass stars. B
12 . Looking for an Earth-size planet around a nearby star (besides the Sun) is like looking for a
pinhead located _________.
A. a few hundred kilometers away
B. across the length of a football field
C. across the street
D. thousands of kilometers away D
13 . The "rare Earth hypothesis" holds that Earth-like planets are probably quite rare. Which of
the following statements best sums up the current status of the debate over this hypothesis?
A. It is no longer discussed, because as part of its broad cover-up of UFOs, the United States
government has classified all the material relating to this debate as Top Secret.
B. We do not have enough data to settle the debate, because counterarguments can be made
for each argument suggesting Earth-like planets may be rare.
C. The debate raged for a while, but is now settled. We are now quite certain that Earth-like
planets are common.
D. The debate raged for a while, but is now settled. We are now quite certain that Earth-like B

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planets are rare.

14 . At present, what is the primary way that the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is
carried out?
A. By using X-ray telescopes to search for exhaust from interstellar spacecraft
B. By using radio telescopes to search for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations
C. By searching for planets around distant stars
D. By seeking access to the secret records and alien corpses kept at the military's Area 51 in
Nevada
E. By analyzing high-resolution images of nearby stars in search of evidence for structures that B
could not have developed naturally
15 . In the equation Number of Civilizations = NHP ( flife ( fciv ( fnow, what do we mean by
fnow?
A. We mean the fraction of all species ever to exist that we currently are aware of.
B. We mean the fraction of planets in the galaxy on which a civilization could theoretically
develop right now.
C. We mean the fraction of planets with civilizations at the present time (as opposed to only in
the past or future).
D. We mean the fraction of civilizations in the universe that currently are sending messages to D
us.
16 . We have sent four spacecraft on trajectories that will take them into interstellar space
(Pioneer 10 and 11 and Voyage 1 and 2). How long will it take these spacecraft to travel as far as the
nearest stars?
A. Hundreds of years
B. Several decades
C. About a thousand years
D. Never, because they will rust and fall apart
E. Tens of thousands of years E
17 . Einstein's theory of relativity tells us that travelers who make a high-speed trip to a distant
star and back will _________.
A. age more than people who stay behind on Earth
B. never be able to make the trip within their lifetimes
C. age less than people who stay behind on Earth
D. have more fun than people who stay behind on Earth C

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18 . If there are other civilizations at present in the Milky Way Galaxy, which statement is almost
undoubtedly true?
A. They are anatomically much like us, with two arms, two legs, two eyes, and two ears.
B. They are far more technologically advanced than we are.
C. They have social structures that are completely different from our own; for example,
different types of "family" units, and so on.
D. For fun, they enjoy "buzzing" to Earth and temporarily abducting people, showing a clear B
preference for people located in less-developed rural areas.
Concept, Chapter 18
1. Why are fossils of early life on Earth more rare than fossils of plants and animals from the
past few hundred million years?
A. Life was far less abundant prior to a few hundred million years ago.
B. Early organisms lacked skeletons and other hard structures that are most likely to be
fossilized.
C. We find fossils in sedimentary layers, and no sediments were deposited until just a few
hundred million years ago.
D. Fossils could not form before there was oxygen in the atmosphere. B
2. Which of the following best describes natural selection?
A. It is the idea that organisms naturally increase in complexity and intelligence with time.
B. It is the idea that organisms with genetic traits that improve their ability to reproduce are
more likely to pass those traits on to future generations.
C. It is a guess made by scientists about how life develops, but it has no hard evidence to
support it.
D. It is the idea that the strong survive and the weak die off. B
3. Which of the following is NOT key evidence in support of the idea that all life today shares a
common ancestor?
A. All life builds proteins from the same amino acids and uses ATP to store energy in cells.
B. All life uses DNA and the same genetic code.
C. Mapping of gene sequences shows how life is all related.
D. We have identified fossils of the first life forms that ever existed on Earth. D
4. Which of the following best describes the predominant scientific view of the origin of life on
Earth?

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A. Life arose through a series of extremely unlikely chemical coincidences, making it seem
almost miraculous that life ever came to exist at all.
B. We may never know precisely how life arose on Earth, but current knowledge suggests that
life likely arose easily under the conditions that prevailed on the early Earth.
C. Life probably migrated to Earth from some other world.
D. We can describe with great certainty the precise steps by which life arose on Earth. B
5. Why didn't oxygen begin to accumulate in the atmosphere for more than a billion years after
life appeared on the Earth?
A. Oxygen released by life was removed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions with
surface rocks until the surface rock could absorb no more.
B. Early life did not release oxygen, and oxygen releasing organisms didn't evolve for a billion
years after the earliest life.
C. Oxygen released by life was removed from the atmosphere by dissolving in the ocean until
the oceans could dissolve no more.
D. Early forms of animal life consumed the oxygen released by plants during the first billion A
years of life on Earth.
6. When we analyze whether a world is a possible home to life, the key thing we look for is
_________.
A. the presence of organic molecules such as amino acids
B. evidence of atmospheric oxygen
C. surface coloration changes that could indicate vegetative growth
D. the past or present existence of liquid water D
7. Which of the following best describes the current status of the debate over evidence for life
in the Martian meteorite ALH84001?
A. All scientists now agree that the meteorite shows clear evidence of past life on Mars.
B. All scientists now agree that the meteorite shows no evidence for past life on Mars.
C. Most scientists find the evidence intriguing but suspect that it can be explained without
requiring past life on Mars.
D. Most scientists agree that the evidence would support life if the meteorite truly comes from C
Mars, but very few scientists accept that the meteorite is from Mars and instead think it
may be an ordinary Earth rock.
8. Why is Europa considered a good candidate for the possible existence of life?
A. It has a thick atmosphere with a surface pressure greater than that on Earth.

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B. Strong evidence suggests that it has a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water.
C. The Galileo spacecraft found strange seasonal changes on its surface that look like they
could be due to life.
D. It is located within our Sun's habitable zone. B
9. In general, how does the size and location of a star's habitable zone depend on the star's
mass?
A. The smaller (less massive) the star, the smaller and the closer-in the habitable zone.
B. The smaller (less massive) the star, the larger and the farther-out the habitable zone.
C. The habitable zone is always about the same size, but its location moves inward for smaller
stars.
D. The smaller (less massive) the star, the larger and the closer-in the habitable zone. A
10 . We are not yet capable of detecting life on planets around other stars. But as our
technology develops, our first real chance of detecting such life will probably come from
_________.
A. examining spectral lines from the atmospheres of distant planets
B. determining the orbital properties of the planets
C. examining high-resolution images of the planets made by orbiting telescopes
D. sending spacecraft to study the planets up close A
11 . Suppose that Jupiter had never existed, and there was no planet in our solar system
between Mars and Saturn. How would we expect this to have affected Earth?
A. There would not have been any effect, since Jupiter is in the outer solar system and Earth is
in the inner solar system.
B. Earth would have been hit by many more comet impacts.
C. Earth's orbit would have been unstable, and our planet would have spiraled into the Sun.
D. There would be no water on Earth. B
12 . Which of the following best describes how the Drake equation is useful?
A. The Drake equation allows us to calculate the masses of planets orbiting other stars.
B. The Drake equation has allowed us to determine the number of civilizations in the Milky
Way Galaxy.
C. The Drake equation helps us understand what we need to know in order to determine the
likelihood of finding other civilizations.
D. The Drake equation tells us what wavelengths of light will be most useful to examine in the C
search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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13 . In the equation Number of Civilizations = NHP ( flife ( fciv ( fnow, we expect the term fciv to
be small if:
A. Primitive life is common but intelligent life is rare.
B. Most civilizations destroy themselves within just a few hundred years of arising.
C. Most of the civilizations that have ever existed are still out and about in the galaxy.
D. Most habitable planets never actually get life on them. A
14 . Suppose it turns out that one in 1 million stars has a planet that at some point in its history
is home to an advanced civilization. Then the total number of civilizations that have arisen in our
galaxy would be closest to _________.
A. 400
B. 4,000
C. 40,000
D. 4
E. 400,000
F. 40 E
15 . Which of the following describes a major danger of interstellar travel at near-light speed?
A. Time dilation will slow the heart beats of the crew to a dangerously low rate.
B. Atoms and ions in interstellar space will hit a fast-moving spacecraft like a flood of
dangerous cosmic rays.
C. Asteroid fields floating in interstellar space will present a navigational challenge.
D. Any interstellar journey will take much longer than the lives of the crew members. B
16 . Which of the following statements about matter-antimatter engines is NOT true?
A. One of the major challenges to developing matter-antimatter engines is finding a way to
store antimatter after it is produced.
B. Spacecraft powered by matter-antimatter engines could probably reach speeds of more
than half the speed of light.
C. Matter-antimatter engines would be great in theory, but to date we have no evidence that
antimatter even exists.
D. Matter-antimatter reactions represent the most efficient possible reactions in terms of C
energy release.
17 . Which of the following is NOT considered a potential solution to the question of why we
lack any evidence of a galactic civilization?
A. There is no galactic civilization because all civilizations destroy themselves before they

lOMoARcPSD|9437631
achieve the ability to colonize the galaxy.

B. The galactic civilization probably is undetectable because they operate under different laws
of physics from the ones we know.
C. The galactic civilization is deliberately avoiding contact with us.
D. There is no galactic civilization because we are the first species ever to achieve the ability to B
study the universe.

Astro MCQ Answers Multiple Choice Questions

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Astro MCQ Answers Multiple Choice Questions

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Astro MCQ answers - Multiple Choice Questions

Astronomy (Nottingham Trent University)

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12 . The number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy is approximately _________.

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the speed of light.

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C. A few hundred billion

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D. it is obscured by the Earth's shadow B

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A. lower in the sky

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6. What do we mean by a geocentric model of the universe?

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A. mass times acceleration

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D. The total temperature of the objects D

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A. Going from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 10 seconds

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According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, what would happen?

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B. It is transformed back into gravitational potential energy.

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C. Voyager 2 must have dipped through Saturn's atmosphere.

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A. Infrared and radio

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consists of a long dark line.

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with 5 protons and 5 neutrons, surrounded by 4 electrons

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What typically happens next?

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except one. Which one?

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C. X rays are too dangerous to be allowed on the ground.

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A. It is frozen today, but once had flowing water.

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