What Is A Medical Technologist?: History of Medical Technology Profession

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INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G.

CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

Lecture 1: History of Medical Technology Profession

WHAT IS A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST?

A health care professional who plays a key role in the modern laboratory – performs various
clinical, laboratory procedures that helps the physicians to diagnose, monitor, and treat a certain human
condition.

A healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analytic tests on body fluids such as blood,
urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid, as
well as other specimens.

BY HEINEMANN:

 Application of principles
 Performance of laboratory procedures
 Diagnosis and treatment of diseases

BY ANNE FAGELSON:

 Performance of Laboratory determinations and analyses


 Diagnosis and treatment of disease
 Maintenance of health

ACCORDING TO “THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969” (RA 5527)

Approved June 21, 1969


- by Ferdinand Marcos

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examinations by various chemical,
microscopic, bacteriologic, and other medical laboratory procedures or technique.

PATHOLOGIST

A duly registered physician who is specially trained in methods of medicine, or the gross
examination of tissues, and function of human body to diagnose certain disease.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST

A person who engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of pathologist and a
graduate of bachelor in medical technology who passed the board exam. Also regarded as the living clinical
eye.

MEDICAL TECHNICIAN

A person who is a graduate of bachelor of MedTech but failed to passed the board exam.

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin
INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

Microscope is regarded as the bread and butter of MedTech

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST

 Ability to solve problems efficiently


 Enjoy challenges and responsibilities
 Perform procedures accurately and precisely
 Functions well even under pressure
 Able to communicate well
 Likes the sciences and performing laboratory procedures
 Flexible and a team player

PERSONAL QUALITIES OF A MEDTECH

A. Good eyesight
B. Caring attitude
C. Normal color vision

HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

 Medical Technology in its Earliest Onset


 460 BC- Greek physician Hippocrates the father of scientific medicine, adopt the triad of regimen, in
treating diseases and infections with the use of drugs, surgery, and bloodletting.
 1550 BC- Vivian Herrick shown the incidence of intestinal parasitic infection caused by Ascaris
lumbricoides and Taena species.
- Ebers Papyrus- a book that describes the treatment of diseases and the three stages
hookworm infection.

- Anenzoa- a Arabian physician, proved that scabies are caused by parasites.

 During the medieval period (1098- 1438)-urinalysis became a fashion practice. All these
information was mentioned in the book of Ruth Williams entitled “An Introduction to the
Profession of Medical Technology.
 14th century- Anna Fagelson strongly confirmed the beginnings of medtech when she correlated
that the cause of death by Alexander Gilani, a laboratory worker in the university of bologna,
was due to laboratory-aquired infection.
 17th century- Anton Van Leuwenhoek invented the first functional crude microscope. First
scientist to observe and describe the appearance of red blood cell.
 Marcelo Malphigi- Father of Pathology and Histology.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH CENTURY

 1821-1902- Rudolf Virchow was recognized as the ‘’father of microscopic pathology’’ also the
first scientist to emphasized the study of manifestation of diseases and infections
 1850 - DEPT. OF PATHOLOGY WAS ESTABLISHED
 Dr. Calvin Ellis - was the first to utilize the microscope in examining specimen at the
Massachusetts General Hospital.
 Dr. William Occam - used lab findings as preliminary evidence in diagnosing and evaluating

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin
INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

disease.
 APOTHECARIES ACT of 1815- initiated by Baron Karl von Humbeldt. It was formulated for
the regulation of the practice of apothecaries throughout England and Wales. It is the beginning of
regulation of the medical profession in UK.
 Herman Fehling- performed first quantitative test for urine sugar.

HISTORY OF MED. TECH IN THE UNITED STATES

 The first chemical laboratory related to medicine was established at the University of Michigan
by Dr. Douglas. He pioneered laboratory instruction in this well-equipped laboratory.
 1878 - Dr. William H. Welch established another laboratory at the Bellevue Hospital Medical
College. He gave the first laboratory course in Pathology ever offered in an American Medical
School.
 1885- Dr. W. Welch became the first professor of pathology at the John Hopkins University
 Dr. Simon Flexner the first pathologist of the John Hopkins Hospital Department of Pathology
 1896 - Dr. William Osler – first clinical laboratory opened at the John Hopkins Hospital-
routine examination were carried out, special attention being given to the search for malarial
parasites in blood.
 1896- Another clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania (William
Pepper Laboratory).
 Burdon Sunderson- obtain significant results in his works in medicine, he initiated the use of
laboratory animals for experimentation as part of his lab examination.
 1896- first clinical laboratory was opened at John Hopkins Hospital.
 1908 - Dr. James C. Todd wrote the book “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”. It was retitled
“Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in its 6th edition by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford.
This book became the standard reference for laboratories.
 1919 census, 100 technicians, all male employed in the United States. This increased to 3,500 in
1920. In 1922, 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories.
 1915, the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to
have an adequate laboratory and to employ a full time laboratory technician.
 1922, University of Minnesota- one of the first school to trained laboratory workers. A course
bulletin was titled “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians.
 1923, University of Minnesota first to offer a degree level program.
 1940 United States required a 2 year collegiate education and a twelve-month actual training in
the laboratory for the preparation of its practice.
 1950, Standard curriculum was formalized in preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree.

Year Invented Invention Inventor

- First diagnostic medical


1816 breakthrough invented by Rene
Laennec.
STETHOSCOPE

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin
INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

- first practical microscope was devised by


1840
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

MICROSCOPE

-fi - first visual technology invented by Hermann


1850
von Helmholz.
OPHTHALMOSCOPE

- devised by Manuel Garcia using


1855 two mirrors to observe the throat
and larynx.
LARYNGOSCOPE

1859 -Invented by Wilhelm Roentgen.

X-RAY

1903 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH -developed by William Einthoven.

- devised by Elizabeth Kenny;


pioneering work for modern
1910 physical therapy in the treatment
of polio (then called infantile
KENNY METHOD paralysis).

1927 -Invented by Philip Drinker

Drinker Respirator

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin
INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

-first visual technology invented by Hermann


1939
von Helmholz.
HEART-LUNG MACHINE

- first operated by Forsmann in 1929


-developed by Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi between
1941 1930 & 1940.
-discovered as safe method in humans by Cournand
in 1941.

Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Laboratory

- the father of microbiology; known for his work on


1660 ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
the improvement of the microscope

- discovered vaccination to establish immunity to


1796 EDWARD JENNER
small pox; impact of contribution: Immunology

MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER - identified organs by their types of tissues; impact


1880
BICHAT of contribution: Histology

- Produced disease in worms by injection of organic


1835 AGOSTINO BASSI
material – the beginning of bacteriology

1857 LOUIS PASTEUR - Successfully produced immunity to rabies

- Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics


1866 GREGOR MENDEL
from studies on plants

- demonstrated that surgical infections are cause by


1870 JOSEPH LISTER
airborne organisms

- presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and


1877 ROBERT KOCH
later tubercle bacilli

- described phagocytes in blood and their role in


1886 ELLIE METCHNIKOFF
fighting infection

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin
INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

1886 ERNST VON BERGMANN - introduced steam sterilization in surgery

- Distinguished blood groups through the


1902 KARL LANDSTEINER
development of the ABO blood group system

1906 AUGUST VON WASSERMANN - developed immunologic tests for syphilis

- Discovered microorganisms whose range lies


1906 HOWARD RICKETTS
between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

1929 HANS FISCHER - worked out the structure of hemoglobin

1954 JONAS SALK - developed poliomyelitis vaccine

- Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control


1973 JAMES WESTGARD
in the clinical laboratory

1980 BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG - introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine

1985 KARY MULLIS - Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

1992 ANDRE VAN STEIRTEGHEM - Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection

1998 JAMES THOMSON - Derived the first human stem cell line

HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 End of World War II (1939-1945)- Medical Technology practice was introduced in the
Philippines by the 26th Medical Infantry of the 6th US Army
 February 1944 - laboratory (MPHL) offered training program to high school graduates.
 June,1945 - US Army left the Clinical Laboratory and endorsed it to the National Department of
Health. The Department rendered the laboratory non-functional for some time.
 October 1, 1945, Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda-organized the Medical laboratory and was given the
name Public Health Laboratory. He was assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano who was then the
Manila City Health officer.
 January 9, 1945 - The US Army established the first Clinical laboratory at Quiricada St., Sta.
Cruz, Manila where the Manila Public Health Laboratory (a division of the Manila Health
Department ) is presently located.
 1947- training of medical technicians started under Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia C. Sta.
Ana. Trainees were mostly highschool and paramedical graduates. (No definite period of training
was set and no certificates were given to trainees.
 1954, a six-month laboratory training with certificates upon completion was given to the trainees.
Dr. Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for the training program.
 Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two doctors in the training program at the public health laboratory.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Philippine Union College and Manila Sanitarium offered the first B.S. degree course in
Medical Technology.

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin
INTRODUCTION TO MLS PREPARED BY: KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT
RUSALLY P. CERENECHE, RMT
JOEY BAL P. RODILLADO, RMT

 1956, Dr. Jesse Umali- first graduate of B.S. MedTech from PUC; now OB-Gynecologist in the
USA. He is also the owner of the Omega Laboratory at Vito Cruz, Manila.
 Mrs. William Herrick- started to offer the medical technology course.
 5 years curriculum was first offer to PUC and manila sanitarium.
 1957, Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo U. Reyes (UST Faculty of Pharmacy) offered
Medical Technology as an elective subject to 4th and 5th year B.S. Pharmacy students.
 Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer MedTech. as a course at UST.
 June 17, 1957, issuance of temporary permit to first to third year students (Dep.Ed.)
 June 1960, issuance of permit for the internship program.
 June 14, 1961 - Full recognition of the 4-year B.S. Medical Technology course.
 1960, Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Suaco pioneered B.S. Medical Technology course at the
Centro Escolar University. Their first graduates was in 1962.
 1961, Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano , started offering B.S. MedTech at
FEU under the College of Medicine. Their first graduates was in 1963.
 U.P. Manila offers similar course but the degree being conferred is
B.S. Public Health
 Our Lady of Fatima University- offer the course Medical technology in the year 2000.
 Postgraduate studies for B.S. Medical Technology

Among the schools that offered the course were the following:

- UST Graduate School


- Philippine Women’s University
- Manila Central University
- Our Lady of Fatima University
- Trinity University of Asia
- U.P. Manila offered 1 year, non-thesis degree in Masters in Public Health

Reference:
●Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Petron A. Benitez, Oliver Shane R. Dumaoal, Fedelyn P. Estrella, Ferdinand A. Mortel, Mark
Raymund G. Nava
●Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting by Cardona, Garcia- Meim, Martin I, AlarillaMartin

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