SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

ECCENTRIC LOADING (NORMAL STRESSES)

DESIGN PROBLEM
361. It is necessary to shape a certain link as shown in order to prevent
interference with another part of the machine. It is to support a
steady tensile load of 2500 lb. with a design factor of 2 based on the
yield strength. The bottom edge of the midsection is displaced upward
a distance a = 2 ½ in. above the line of action of the load. For AISI
C1022, as rolled, and h ≈ 3b, what should be h and b?

Solution:
F  2500 lb
Ny  2
a  2.5 in
F Fec
  A I
For AISI C1022, as sy  52 ksi (Table AT7).
rolled,
 52
  26 ksi 26,000 psi
sy 2
Ny
A bh 3b2
bh
3
b 3b  2.25b4
I 
2
12 12
h
c  1.5b
2
h
e a  a1.5b 2.5 1.5b
2
F Fec
  A I
 1  2.5  1.5b 1.5b 
26,000  2500 
 3b2 
 2.25b4 

26,000  2500  2.5 1.5b 
1  
 3b2 1.5b3 
By trial and error method:
5
b 0.625 in in
8

Page 1 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES
7
h 3b 3 0.625 in1.875 in 1 in
8

Page 2 of 133
362. A tensile load on a link as described in 361 varies from 0 to 3000 lb.; it
is machined from AISI 1045, as rolled, and the lower edge of the link
is a = 0.5 in. above the center line of the pins; h ≈ 3b. Determine the
dimensions of the link for N = 2 based on the Soderberg line.

Solution:
Soderberg Line:
1 sm sa
N  sy  sn
For AISI 1045, as rolled (Table AT 7).
sy  59 ksi
su  96 ksi
sn  0.5su  48 ksi
Size factor = 0.85
Load factor (axial) = 0.80
sn  0.85 0.80 48  32.64 ksi

1
F 
m
 3000 lb 0 1500 lb
2
1
F 
a
 3000 lb 0 1500 lb
2
h
e a  a1.5b 0.5 1.5b
2
sF
 1 ec
 



m m
A I
 1  0.5  1.5b 1.5b 
s 1500   
m
 3b2 2.24b3 

s 1500  0.5 1.5b
1  
 1 3b2 1.5b3 
m

ec
s  F  




a a
A I 
 1  0.5  1.5b 1.5b 
s 1500  
a
 3b2 2.24b3 

s 1500  0.5 1.5b
1  
a
 3b2 1.5b3 
1 sm sa
N  sy  sn
1  1500 1500   1 0.5  1.5b 
     2  
2  59,000 32,640  3b 1.5b3 
1 0.5 1.5b 3
3b  1.5b
2 7.00
By trial and error method:
b 0.53 in
h 3b 3 0.53 in 1.59 in
Use b x h = 9/16 in x 1 5/8 in

363. The same as 362, except that the load continuously reverses, 3 kips to
-3 kips.

Solution:
1
F   3  3  0 lb
m
2
1
Fa   3  3  3
kips 2
sF
 1 ec
 



m m
A I
 1  0.5  1.5b 1.5b 
s 1500 
 3b2 
m
 2.24b3 

s   0  0.5 1.5b
1  0
 13b2 1.5b3 
m

ec
s  F  




a a
 A I
 1  0.5  1.5b 1.5b 
s 3 
 3b2 
a
 2.24b3 

s 3  0.5 1.5b
1  
a
 3b2 1.5b3 
1 sm sa
N  sy  sn
1 
 0 3   0.5 1.5b 

1    
2  32.64  1.5b3 
3b2
1 0.5 1.5b 3
3b  1.5b
2 5.44
By trial and error method:
b 0.5905 in
h 3b 3 0.5905 in 1.7715 in
Use b x h = 5/8 in x 1 13/16 in

364. A circular column (See Fig. 8.3, Text), the material of which is SAE
1020, as rolled, is to have a length of 9 ft. and support an eccentric
load of 16 kips at a distance of 3 in. from the center line. Let N = 3.
(a) What should be the outside diameter Do if the column is hollow
and Di
= 0.75Do? (b) What should be the diameter if the column is solid?

Solution:

a. Try J.B. Johnson

  Le 2 
 s   
F y
k  
 s 1
A e
4 2 E 
 
 

For SAE 1020, as sy  48 ksi
rolled, E  30 106 psi
Transition point
1 1

   

Le  2 2E  2  2 2 3010 6  2
111

k sy 
 
48000
 
 

Le  2L
L 9 ft 108 in
Le  2L 2108  216 in

I
k
A
  D4  D4
 
 D4   0.75D 4  0.6836D4
I o i

64
o o
 o 64 64
 
A D 2
D 2
  D 2
  0.75D  2
  0.109375D 2

o i o o o
4 4
 0.6836D4o
k 64  0.3125Do
0.109375D2o

F 16
0.109375D2
46.5642
A D2
se    
 2 
o o
  
2  216 19.363 
L  

 sy e   48   1 D2 

1 k   0.3125Do    o 



4 2 E 
 1


4 2 30 10 3  

  
 

 Fe
 c
se I
Do
c  0.5D
o
2
e 3 in
F  16 kips

sy 48
  16 ksi
N 3
46.5642
16 3  0.5D 
2
Do
 16  19.363   0.6836D4o
 
1  o 
 Do  
2
64 
46.5642
D
   2 o

715.22
16 3
1 19.363  Do

 Do2 


By trial and error method

Do  3.23 in
k  0.3125 3.23 1.0094 in
Le 2L
216
   214 111
k k 1.0094
Therefore use Euler’s equation
 2E
se
 L 2

N e 
k
  2  30,000 
se  0.20658D2 ksi
 2 16 2
 3
0.3125D 
 o 
  Fec
s
e
I
16  0.20658D2  715.22
16 3  0.5D  0.20658D2 
o 
o  0.6836D4
 o
D
3

 o
 o

 64 
Do  3.802 in
Di  0.75Do  0.75 3.802   2.8515 in
To check:
k  0.3125Do  0.3125 3.802  in1.188125 in
Le 216 in
182 111
 1.188125
k in
Use Do = 3 13/16 in, Di = 2 13/16 in

b. For solid, also using Euler’s equation.

I
k 
A

I 
4

D64
 D2
A
4
D4
64 1
k  D
D2 0.25D 4
4
 2E
se
 L 2

N e 
k

se
2
 ksi
 30,000 0.1322D2
 216
2
3 
 0.25D
  Fe
se c
I
16 3  0.5D 489
16  0.1322D2   0.1322D2 
 D4  D3
 
 64 
By trial and error method.
D 3.221 in
k  0.25D 0.25 3.221 in 0.80525 in
Le 216 in
k  0.80525  268 111
in
Use D = 3 ¼ in.

365. The same as 364, except that the length is 15 ft.

Solution:
Euler’s Equation:
Le  2L 21512   360 in
  16 ksi
e 3 in

0.6836D4
a. I  o

64
A 0.109375Do2
k  0.3125Do
 2E
se
 L 2

N e 
k
se 2
 0.07437D2 ksi
 30,000 
 360 2
3
0.3125D 
 o 

  Fec
s
e
I
16  0.07437D2  715.22
16 3  0.5D  0.07437D2 
o 
o
 0.6836D4
 o
D
3

 o
 o

 64 
Do  3.624 in
Di  0.75Do  0.75 3.624   2.718 in
To check:
k  0.3125Do  0.3125 3.624  in1.1325 in
Le 216 in in
k  1.1325
191 111

Use Do = 3 5/8 in, Di = 2 5/8 in

b. I
D4

64
2
A 
D4
k  0.25D
 2E
se 2
 Le 
N  k 
 
se 2
  ksi
30,000 0.0476D2
 360
2
3 
 0.25D

  Fe
se c
I
16 3  0.5D 489
16  0.0476D2   0.0476D2 
 D4  D3
 
 64 

By trial and error method.

D 3.158 in use 3 3/16 iin
k  0.25D 0.25 3.158 in 0.7895 in
Le 216 in
k  0.7895  274 111
in
Use D = 3 3/16 in.

366. A link similar to one shown is to be designed for: steady load F = 8

kips, L = 20 in.  = 30o; aluminum alloy 2024-T4; N = 2.6 on the yield
strength. It seems desirable for the dimension b not to exceed 1 3/8
in. Determine b and h and check their proportions for reasonableness.
The support is made so that the pin at B carries the entire horizontal
component of F.
Solution:

Aluminum alloy (2024- sy  47 ksi

T4),
RBH  Fsin30 
FLcos30
RA
d
F L d cos30 
R 
BV
d
M  RAd  FLcos30
Mc
s2 
I
h
c 
2
bh3
I
12
6M 6FLcos30
s2  
bh2 bh2

s 
Fsin30
1
bh
 t  s1  s2
Fsin30 6FLcos30
 t  

s bh
y 47
bh2
  18 ksi
t
N 2.6
F  8 kips
3
b1 in1.375 in
8
L 20 in
Fsin30 6FLcos30
 t bh

bh2


 8 sin30 6 8 20  cos30 

18  
1.375h 1.375h2
24.75h2  4h 831.4  0

7
h 5.877 in 5 in
8
7
h in
5
 8  4.27
b 3
1 in
8
Therefore, 7 3
h 5 in, b 1 in
use 8 8

367. A column 15 ft. long is to support a load F2 = 50,000 lb. Acting at a

distance of e = 8 in. from the axis of the column as shown (with F1 =
0). Select a suitable I-beam for a design factor of 3 based on yield
strength. The upper end of the column is free. See handbook for the
properties of rolled sections.

Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
Secant Formula
NF  ec Le NF 
s  1 
y
A 2
sec EI 
 k 2

F  F2  50,000 lbs 50 kips
e 8 in
N 3
E  30,000 ksi

depth
c 2
Le  2L 21512   360 in
 depth 
3 50 
  8    360  3 50  
 2 
48     
1 sec
2

A k 


 I 
 2

30,000
From Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-
2, pg. 640, select Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W360 x 51, properties are
A = 6450 mm2 = 10 in2
Depth = 355 mm = 14 in
k = 148 mm = 5.83 in
I = 1.41 x 108 mm4 = 338.8 in4
Substitute,
 
 3 50  8 
14 360  3   50  
48 
 2
1  sec 
10   5.83 2
 30,000  338.8
2  

48  47.08
Therefore suitable wide flange I-beam is W14 x 34 lb. (English units)
A = 10 in2
Depth = 14 in
k = 5.83 in
I = 338.8 in4

368. The same as 367, except that F1 = 50,000 lb.

Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
N 3
E  30,000 ksi
Le  2L 21512   360 in
Transition Point
1 1
Le  2 2 E  2  2 2  30,000   2
  
  111
 48 
k  s 
 y 
F  F1  50,000 lbs 50 kips
Check J.B. Johnson Formula
  L 2 
 sy  e  
k  
Fc  NF  s A1
1 y
 

4

2




sy 
NF1

L
 
2

 sy e

  k 
A 1
 4 2E 
 
 
3 50 
48   2 
 48 360  
A1  k  

 4 2  30,000  
 
 
48  150
 5.2549 
A 1
 k2  
From Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-
2, pg. 640, select Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W310 x 21, properties are
A = 2690 mm2 = 4.17 in2
k = 117 mm = 4.61
in Substitute,
48 
4.  150
17 1  5.25492
 4.61
 
48  150
4. 5.2549 

17 1  
 4.61 2
 
48  47.8
Check for validity of JB Johnson Formula
Le 360
  78.1111
k 4.61
Therefore, JB Johnson formula is valid and suitable wide flange I-beam is
W12 x 14 lb. (English units)
A = 4.17 in2
k = 4.61 in

CHECK PROBLEMS

369. A cam press, similar to that of Fig. 19-1, Text, exerts a force of 10 kips
at a distance of 7 in. from the inside edge of the plates that make up
the frame. If these plates are 1 in. thick and the horizontal section has
 a depth of 6 in., what will be the maximum stress in this section?

Solution:
 F Fec
  A I

F  10 kips
6
e 7 in in 10 in
2
6
c  in 3 in
2
A 21 6   12 in2

I 1 6 
2 3  36 in4

12

F Fec
  A I
10  10   10   3
  12  36  9.2 ksi

370. A manufacturer decides to market a line of aluminum alloy (6061-T6)

C-clamps, (see Fig. 8.4, Text). One frame has a T-section with the
following dimensions (letters as in Table AT 1): H = 1 1/16 , B =
17/32, a = 1/8, and t = 1/8. The center line of the screw is 2 3/8 in.
from the inside face of the frame. (a) For N = 3 on the yield strength,
what is the capacity of the clamp (gripping force)? (b) Above what
approximate load will a permanent deformation of the clamp occur?
Solution:
AA 6061- sy  40 ksi (Table AT 3)
T6,
See Fig. 8.4, (C-clamp) T-section

F Fec
  A I
 1 ec 
 F   
A I 
From Table AT 1 (T-section)
A Bt a H t 
Bt
2  ah
I   Bt d 2   ah e2
12 2
12

H  1.0625 in
B 0.53125 in
a  0.125 in
t  0.125 in

h H t  1.0625  0.125  0.9375 in

For c1 :
 h t
c  Bt ha  t   ha   Bt
1
 2 
 2
 0.9375 
c   0.53125 0.125   0.9375 0.125    0.125   0.9375 0.125
1
 2 
 0.125 
   0.53125
0.125
 2 

c1  0.4016 in
c2  H c1 1.0625  0.4016  0.6609 in
t 0.125
d  c   0.4016   0.3391 in
 1
2 2
h 0.9375
e t    0.125  0.4016  0.19215 in
c 2
1
2
A Bt a H t 
A   0.53125 0.125   0.1251.0625  0.125  0.1836 in2
Bt
2  ah
I   Bt d 2   ah e2
12 2 12
I  0.53125 0.125 2  0.125 0.9375 2

0.53125  0.12
5  0.3391 2  12
12
  0.125 0.9375 0.19215
2
 0.02063 in4

c c1  0.4016 in
e  2.375  0.4016  2.7766 in

sy 40
a.   
13 ksi
N 3
 1  2.7766  0.4016 
 13  F 
 0.1836 0.02063 
F  0.218 kips 218
lbs

b.   sy  40 ksi
 1  2. 776 6   0. 40 16  
  40  F 
 0.1836 0.02063 
F  0.672 kips 672 lbs

371. A C-frame (Fig. 8.5 Text) of a hand-screw press is made of annealed

cast steel, ASTM A27-58 and has a section similar to that shown. The
force F acts normal to the plane of the section at a distance of 12 in.
from the inside face. The various dimensions of the sections are: a =
3 in., b = 6 in., h = 5 in., d = e= f = 1 in. Determine the force F for N
= 6 based on the ultimate strength.
Solution:
a  3
in b
6 in
h 5
in
d  e f 1 in

A fa dh  b f  d e
A  1 3  1 5   6 111  12 in2

For c1 :
d  b  f
c A hd   b f  d  af  b 
1    
2 1  2   6 2   1
c1 12    51    6 11      31  6  
 2  2  2
c1  2.583 in
c2  b c1  6  2.583  3.417 in
 b f  d b f  d 6 11
j   c  d  c   2.583  0.417 in
1 1
2 2 2
f 1
kc  3.417   2.917 in
2
2 2
d 1
m c   2.583   2.083 in
1
2
2 hd
e b f  d  
3 2
3 2
2
  
af3 
I  afk eb f dj hdm
12 12 12  51
 31 3
1 6 11 3
   2 3    2
    
2
 
I 
1 3 

2.917 161 1 0.417 5 1 2.083

12 12 12
I  53.92 in4

For ASTM A27-58 Annealed Cast Steel

su  60 ksi

su 60
  10 ksi
N 6
  1 ec 
 F   
A I 
c  c1  2.583 in
e 12  2.583 14.583 in

1 F
10 14.583  2.583 

12 53.92 
F  12.789 kips 12,789 lbs

372. In the link shown (366), let b = ½ in., h = 2 in., d = 2 in., L = 18 in.,
and  = 60o. The clearance at the pins A and B are such that B resists
the entire horizontal component of F; material is AISI C1020, as
rolled. What may be the value of F for N = 3 based on the yield
strength?

Solution:
Refer to Prob. 366.
Fsin 6FLcos
 t 
bh bh2
 sin 6Lcos 
t  F  
 bh bh2  

For AISI C1020, as sy  48 ksi.

rolled,
sy 48
  16 ksi
N 3

b 0.5 in
h 2 in
L 18 in
  60
 sin60 6 18  c o s 60 
16  F 
 2 
  0.5 2  0.5 2 

F  0.574 kips 574 lbs

373. The link shown is subjected to a steady load F1 = 2.1 kips; b = 0.5 in.,
h = a = d = 2 in., L = 18 in.; material AISI 1040, cold drawn (10%
work). The dimensions are such that all of the horizontal reaction from
F2 occurs at A; and F2 varies from 0 to a maximum, acting towards the
right. For N = 1.5 based on the Soderberg line, what is the maximum
 value of F2? Assume that the stress concentration at the holes can be
neglected.

Solution:
b 0.5 in
h a  d  2 in
L 18 in
F1  2.1 kips

M A 0
 a L d E  aF1  hF2
aF  hF
E  a1L d 2

F V 0
Ay  F1  E

F H 0
Ax  F 2

For F2  0 :
 2   2.1  0
E 
0.191kip 2 18  2
Ay  F1  E  2.1 0.191  1.909 kips

Ax  F2  0

M  aAy   L d E

 L d  aF1  hF2 
M a L d

F2  0

18  2   2  2.1  0
M 2 18  2  3.82 in kips
Let F  maxF
2 2

M Mmax 3.82
m  2
18  2  2 2.1  2F2 
M  1.82 2.1
2 F 
max 2 18  2
1.82 2.1 F2   3.82
M   3.82  0.91F
m 2
2

Mmax 3.82
Ma
2
1.82 2.1 F2   3.82
M   0.91F
a 2
2
Fm  Fa  0.5F2

For SAE AISI 1040 Cold Drawn (10% Work)

sy  85 ksi
sn  54 ksi

sn  bending sn  sizefactor  54 0.85  45.9 ksi

sy
ss s
e m a
s
sy n Mmc Fm  sy  Mac Fa 
s        
e
N  I A s  I A
 

n
   
85  1.82   2.1 F2   1 0.5F2  85   0.91F2   1 0.5F2 
    
1.5

 1  0.5 2 
45.9  1  0.5 2 

 3  3

F2  3.785 kip

376. A free-end column as shown, L = 12 ft. long, is made of 10-in. pipe,

schedule 40, (Do = 10.75 in., Di = 10.02 in., k = 3.67 in., Am = 11.908
in2., I = 160.7 in4., Z = 29.9 in3.). The load completely reverses and e
= 15 in.; N = 3; material is similar to AISI C1015, as rolled. (a) Using
the equivalent-stress approach, compute the safe (static) load as a
column only. (b) Judging the varying loading by the Soderberg
criterion, compute the safe maximum load. (c) Determine the safe
load from the secant formula. (d) Specify what you consider to be a
reasonable safe loading.
Solution:
For AISI C1015, as rolled.
sy  45.5 ksi
su  61ksi
sn  0.5su  0.5 61  30.5 ksi

Do 10.75
in Di
10.02 in
L 12 ft
k  3.67 in
Am 11.908 in2
I  160.07 in4
Z 29.9 in3
N 3

a. As a column only (static)

Le  2L 21212   288 in

Le 288 in
  78.5 120
k 3.67 in
E  30,000 ksi
Use J.B. Johnson Formula:
s1  F
  Le2 
 sy  
k
   
A 1
 4 2 E 
 
 
F
s1  11.908 1   45.5 78.5 2 
 
4 2  30,000
 
 F
s1 
9.09
Fe
s2 
Z
e 15 in
F 15 F
s2  
29.9 2
  s1  s2
45.5 F F
3  9.09  2
F  24.863 kips 24,863 lbs

b. Varying load: Fmax Fmin  F

F F F ,
F  0
m
2
F    F
Fa  F
2
sy
ss s
e m a
sn
Axial load factor = 0.80
sn  sn  sizefactor loadfactor  30.5 0.85 0.80   20.74 ksi

 F e F  sy  Fae Fa 
se   m  m   

 
syZ A  s  Z A 
45.5  F15
n
F 
s    0      2.25F
e
N 20.74  1.908 
29.9
45.5
 2.25F
3

F  6.74 kips 6740 lbs

c. Secant Formula

NF  ec Le NF 
s  1 
y
A
I 2
sec EI 
k 2
Z 

c
I 160.07
c   5.354 in
Z 29.9
ec 15  5.354 
  5.963
k2  3.67  2
Le NF
  0.11382
3F
2
288 E 2 F
I  30,000160.07 
NF 3F
  0.252F
A 11.908
NF  ec Le NF 
s  1 
y
A sec 
EI 
2
k 2

sy  45.5  0.252F 1 F 

5.963sec 0.11382
F  22.5 kips 22,500 lbs

d. 6740 lbs.

377. A bracket is attached as shown (367) onto a 14-in. x 193-lb., wide

flange I-beam (A = 56.73 sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., flange width =
15.710 in., Imax = 2402.4 in4., Imin = 930.1 in4., kmin = 4.05 in.). The
member is an eccentrically loaded column, 40 ft. long, with no central
load (F1 = 0) and no restraint at the top. For e = 12 in. and N = 4,
what may be the value of F2?

Solution:

Using secant formula:

NF  ec Le NF 
s  1 
y
A 2
sec EI 
k 2


I  Imax 2402.4 in4
E  30,000 ksi
e 12 in
k  kmax 6.50 in

Le  2L 2 40 12  960 in

Le
148
k
N4
A  56.73 in2
 depth 15.5
c   7.75 in
2 2
For C1020, as rolled, structural steel,
sy  48 ksi

4F
s  48 
  12   460 4F 
5
7.7
y 1 sec 
56.73  6.50 2
 30,000 2402.4

2

48  0.0705F 1  F 

2.2 sec 0.11308
F  F2 104.9 kips104,900
lbs

378. A 14-in. x 193-lb., wide flange I-beam is used as a column with one
end free (A = 56.73 sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., Imax = 2402.4 in.4, Imin =
930.1 in.4, kmin = 4.05 in., length L = 40 ft.). If a load F2 is supported
as shown on a bracket at an eccentricity e = 4 in. (with F1 = 0), what
may be its value for a design factor of 4? Flange width = 15.71 in.

Solution:
Using secant formula:
NF  ec Le NF 
s  1  
y
A 2
sec EI 
k 2


F  F2
A  56.73 in2
e 4 in
flangewidt
hc 2 15.71
 2 7.855 in

k  kmin  4.05 in
E  30,000 ksi
I  Imin  930.1 in4
Le  2L 2 4012   960 in
N4
sy  48 ksi
s  48  4F   4  960 

2 855 
7.1 4F2
sec
 4.05
y
56.73 2  30,000  930.1 
 2


48  0.0705F2 1  0.554 sec0.18174
F2 
F2  68.88 kips 68,880 lbs

379. The same as 378, except that F1 = 0.5 F2.

Solution:
sy F2 

ec  1  Le NF2  F1

N A sec
 k
2
2 EI  A

F1  0.5F2
48 F2
4  56.73 
1   56.73
0.5F 2

0.554sec0.18174 F2


12  0.01763F2 1  0.554 sec0.18174
F2   0.008814F 2

12  0.026444F2  0.009767F2 sec0.18174 F2

By Trial and error:

F2  68.56 kips
F1  0.5F2  34.28 kip

380. The cast-steel link (SAE 080) shown (solid lines) is subjected to a
steady axial tensile load and was originally made with a rectangular
cross section, h = 2 in., b = ½ in., but was found to be too weak.
Someone decided to strengthen it by using a T-section (dotted
addition), with h and b as given above. (a) Will this change increase
the strength? Explain. (b) What tensile load could each link carry with
N = 3 based on yield?
Solution:
For SAE sy  40 ksi
080,
(a) This change will not increase the strength because of increased
bending action that tends to add additional stress.
sy 40
(b)     13.3 ksi
N 3

Rectangular cross section:

F
  F
A bh
F
13.3 
  2
0.5
F  13.3 kips

T-section:
h 2 b 0.5 in
in,
A  b h b  bh 0.5 2  0.5  0.5 2   1.75 in2
1   b
c A b h b  h b  b  bh
1 
  
2
1   0.5 
c 1.75  0.5 2  0.5  2  0.5  0.5  0.5 2   
1
 
2   2 
c1  0.6786
in
c2  h c1  2  0.6786  1.3214 in
1 1
dc   h b  1.3214   2  0.5  0.5714 in
2
b2 2
0.5
fc  0.6786   0.4286 in
1
2 2

b h  hb
I  b h 3  hbf2
b
3
 12
12 b d2
0.5 2  0.5 12 0.5714 
2
I 3  0.5 2
  0.5
 12
2 0.5 0.5 0.4286 
3 2

  2
I  0.59 in4

F Fec
  A I
c  c1  0.6786 in
e  c  0.6786 in

 1  0.6786  0.6786 
13.3  F  
1.75 0.59 
F  6.941 kips

COPLANAR SHEAR STRESSES

381. The figure shows a plate riveted to a vertical surface by 5 rivets. The
material of the plate and rivets is SAE 1020, as rolled. The load F =
5000 lb., b = 3 in.,  = 0, and c = 5 in.; let a = 3D. Determine the
diameter D of the rivets and the thickness of plate for a design factor
of 3 based in yield strengths.

Solution:
0
For SAE 1020, as rolled.
sy  48
ksi ssy 
0.6sy N
3

1
 F 22
R F2    
1
  5  
F2 F1
a  2a
F1  2F2

 M C 0 
2F1  2a  2F2  a  F c  Fsin  2a  b

0
a 
3D b
3 in c
 5 in
F  5 kips
F1  2F2

4 2F2   3D  2F2  3D   5 5  5sin0   6D 3

30F2 D 25
5
F2 
6D

F
2F   5
5
2  
1 2
 6D 3D

A D2
4
R

A
ssy 0.6sy
 N N

0.6sy R
N A
  F 2 
12
2
0.6s F   5  
1
y  

N A
 5  2  5  2 1 2
    
0.6 48  3D   5  
 
3
D2
4
1
 2.778  2
 D  
1
9.6   2
0.7854D2
By trial and error method.
 5
D 0.625 in in
8
For thickness of plate, t .
A Dt
R

A
 5 2
5 2 
1   5  2  5  2  2
1

2 

 
R   3 0.625      2.85 kips
3D    5    5  


sy R
 
N Dt
48 2.85
3  0.625t
1
t  0.285 in in
4

382. The same as 383, except that  = 30o.

Solution:

 F
2 F   12
R F1     2F   cos120 
2 
 5 1
5 
  F
2  12
F 
R F1     2F 1  cos60 
2 

 5 5 

 M C 0 
2F1  2a  2F2  a  F c  Fsin  2a  b
4 2F2   3D  2F2  3D  5cos30    5  5sin30 
 6D 3
30F2 D 21.65  7.5 2D1 15D 14.15
15D 14.15
F2  30D
0.472
F  0.5 
2
D

F
2F  0.472  0.944
 2  0.5   1 
1 2
 D  D
R

A
ssy 0.6sy
 N N

0.6sy R
N A

 F
2  F  12

F1   5   2F 1 5 cos60

2
0.6s 
y  

N A
1
 0.944 2  5 2  0.944  5  2
1      21  cos60 
D  5  D  5  
0.6 48
 
  2
3 4D
 0.944 2  0.944   12
1  1 21 cos 60 
9.6  D   D  
 0.7854D2

By trial and error D 0.641 in

method.
5
Say D 0.625 in in (same as 381).
8
For t .
 0.944 2  0.944   12

R 1    1  21   cos60  

 D   D  
 1
 0.944  2 1  21  0.944  2
R 1    3.1325 in
 cos60

 0.625  0.625  

 R

A
sy R
 
N Dt
48 3.1325
3  0.625t
5
t  0.31325 in in
16

383. Design a riveted connection, similar to that shown, to support a

steady vertical load of F = 1500 lb. when L = 18 in. and  = 0o. Let
the maximum spacing of the rivets, horizontally and vertically, be 6D,
where D is the diameter of the rivet; SAE 1020, as rolled, is used for
all parts; N = 2.5 based on yield. The assembly will be such that there
is virtually no twisting of the channel. The dimensions to determine at
this time are: rivet diameter and minimum thickness of the plate.

Solution:
  0 , a  b 6D

1
c  6D  3D
2
 F
R F 
1
R 4

A
For SAE 1020, as sy  48 ksi.
rolled,
N  2.5
ssy  0.6sy
ssy 0.6sy 0.6 48
    11.52 ksi
N N 2.5

4F1c  F L c
4F1  3D 1.518  3D
0.375 6  D
F1 
D
0.375 6  D 1.5 2.25
R D  4  D  0.75
1
A D2
4
R

A
2.25
 0.75
11.52  D
1
D 2
4
11
D 0.6875 in in
16
sy R
 
N A
2.25
 0.75
48
 D
2. Dt
5 2.25
 0.75
19.2  0.6875
0.6875t
5
t  in
16
384. The same as 383, except that  = 45o.
Solution:
  11.52 ksi,   19.2 ksi

 F 2 F
R  F1     2F1   cos45
2 2

4  4
4F1  3D  Fcos  L 3D 1.5cos45 18  3D
0.2652 6  D
F1 
d
 0.2652 6  D   1.5   0.2652 6  D  1.5 
2 2

R 
2

 D 
 4 
 D 

 cos45
4 

 20.2652 6  D  6  D

R2   0.140625  0.140625 
 D  D 


6 0.84375
D2
R  0.0703
2
 
 D 
R

A
1
  62  0.84375 2
0.0703D
  
   0.28125

11.52  D D
 1
D 2
4
D 0.594 in
say 19
D in 0.59375 in
32
1
  6  0.59375  0.84375  2
2

R 0.59375    0.28125  3.221 kips

0.0703 0.59375
   
R

Dt
R
19.2 
Dt
3.221
19.2  0.59375t
t  0.2815 in

say t  1 in.
4

385. The plate shown (381) is made of SAE 1020 steel, as rolled, and held
in place by five ¾ in. rivets that are made of SAE 1022 steel, as rolled.
The thickness of the plate is ½ in., a = 2 ½ in., c = 6 in., b = 4 in.,
and
 = 0. Find the value of F for a design factor of 5 based on the
ultimate strength.

Solution:

Plate, SAE 1020, as rolled (Table AT 7)

su  65 ksi

su 65
 
13 ksi
N5
R Dt
 3  1 
R 13   4  2  15.3 kips
  
Rivets, SAE 1022, as rolled (Table AT 7)
ssu  54 ksi
s 54
  su   10.8 ksi
N 5
 
3 2

 D 2  
  
 4  
R     10.8  4.77 ksi
4   4 
 
 
use R 4.77 ksi

From 381.
  F 2 
12

R F12    
  5  
F1  2F2
2F1  2a  2F2  a  Fc
2 2F2   2  2.5  2F2  2.5  F 6 
25F2  6F
F2  0.24F
F1  2 0.24F  0.48F
 F 2
R2   0.48F     4.77 
2 2

5
F  9.173 kips  9,173 lbs

386. The same as 385, except that  = 90o.

Solution:
R 4.77 kips
F
R F 
1
5
F1  2F2

2F1  2a  2F2  a  F 2a  b

2 2F2   2  2.5  2F2  2.5  F 2 2.5  4
25F2  F
F2  0.04F
F1  0.08F
F
R 4.77  0.08F 
5
F  17,000 lbs

387. The plate shown is made of AISI 1020 steel, as rolled, and is fastened
to an I-beam (AISI 1020, as rolled) by three rivets that are made of a
steel equivalent to AISI C1015, cold drawn. The thickness of the plate
and of the flanges of the I-beam is ½ in., the diameter of the rivets is
¾ in., a = 8.5 in., b = 11.5 in. and c = 4.5 in., d = 4 in. For F2 = 0,
calculate the value of F1 for N = 2.5 based on yield strength.
Solution:
3
D in
4
1
t  in
2
a  8.5
in b
11.5 in c
 4.5 in
d  4 in
sy  48 ksi
Plate, AISI 1020 Steel, as
rolled,
Rivet, AISI C1015, cols drawn, ssy  0.6 63  37.8 ksi

sy 48
 
19.2 ksi
N 2.5
ssy

37.8   15.12 ksi
N 2.5

 3  1 
R   Dt 19.2   4  2   22.6 kips
  
  D2    3 2


R     15.12    6.68 kips
 4  4 4
  D2    3  2

Use R     15.12    6.68 kips
 4  4 4 

F2  0 ,
  d 2  c 2
2  
2 3
 4 2  4.5 2
 2
   
2  3 
  2.5 in

F F
 2c   
 
3
F  2c 
F 
  3  
 c  2c 
F  a    2F  F  
1
 3 3
 2 4 . 5  
2

4.5 
F1  8.5    2F 2.5 F 3 

  
 3 2.5
F1  0.86F
F
F 1
0.86
c3
cos 

4.5 3
cos   0.60
2.5
2
 F
R2  F2   F
1   2F 1
3  
cos 
3 
 F 2 F
  2
 F  F 
R2   1   1   2 1  1  0.60 
 3  0.86  3 
 0.86

R 1.389F1
R 6.68 kips1.389F1
F1  4.8 kips.

388. The same as 387, except that F1 = 0, and the value of F2 is calculated.

Solution:
R 6.68 kip

F2
RF
3
F
F 
 2c 3
 c  2c 
F  b   F    2F
2
 3 3 
 4.5   2 4.5 2F 2.5 2
 
F211.5   F 3   2 4.5 


3  
 3 
F2  0.7167F
 0.7167F
RF 
1.24F 3
6.68 1.24F
F  5.387 kips

NORMAL STRESSES WITH SHEAR

DESIGN PROBLEMS

389. The bracket shown is held in place by three bolts as shown. Let a = 5
¼ in.,  = 30o, F = 1500 lb.; bolt material is equivalent to C1022, as
rolled. (a) Compute the size of the bolts by equation (5.1), Text. (b)
Assuming that the connecting parts are virtually rigid and that the
initial stress in the bolts is about 0.7sy, compute the factor of safety by
(i) the maximum shear stress theory, (ii) the octahedral shear theory.
(c) Compute the maximum normal stress.

Solution:

3  3 
(a) Eq. 5-
1, syAs 2 D in
,
Fe   4 
6
 M corner
0 
2FA  9   FB  3  Fsin  3  Fcos  a
18FA  3FB  1500  sin30   3  1500 cos30  5.25


18FA  3FB  9070 lbs

FA FB
9 3
FA  3FB
18FA  FA  9070 lbs
FA  477.4 lbs

Fe  FA
For C1022, as sy  52,000 psi
rolled,
3
syAs 2
Fe 
6 3
52,000As
F  477.4  2
e
6
As  0.1448 in2

Select
Say D 1 in, UNC,
As  0.1419 in2
2
Fe
(b) s  s
t i
A
477.4
st  0.1419  0.7 52,000   39,764 psi

F cos 3 1500   cos30   3

s   psi

s As 0.1419 3052

(i) Maximum shear theory


1
1
 39,764 2 1
s 
2
 s   3052
 
2
 
2 2
2

 
     s   
   
2
N  sy 
s    52,000  52,000 2  
  y 

N 1.293

(ii) Octahedral shear theory

 s  2 
 39,764  2 
1 1
1  3052
s  
2
     
2
      

2 2
 s
 sy  3    52,000   
N  s    52,000 3
  y  
N 1.296
 (c) Maximum normal stress = 39,764 psi.

390. For the mounted bracket shown, determine the rivet diameter (all
same size) for N = 3, the design being for the external loading (initial
stress ignored); F = 2.3 kips,  = 0, c = 17 in., a = 1 ½ in., b = 14 ½
in.; rivet material is AISI 1015, as rolled. Compute for (a) the
maximum
 shear theory, (b) the maximum normal stress theory, (c) the
octahedral shear theory.

Solution:

F2 F1

a ab
F2 F1
1.  1.5  14.5
5
F2  0.09375F1

2F1  a  b  F2  a  Fc
2F1 1.5  14.5  0.09375F1 1.5   2.317 
F1  1.2165 kips

F1 1.2165
s A  A ksi
F 2.3 0.7667
ss    ksi
3A 3A A
For AISI 4015, as sy  45.5 ksi
rolled.

(a) Maximum shear theory

1
1  s   s 2  2
2
     s  

N   sy  sys  

 sys  0.5sy  0.5 45.5  22.75 ksi
1  
 1.2165 2 0.7667 2 
12

3 45.5A 22.75A
    
A  0.1291 in2

A D2  0.1291 in
2

4
D 0.4054 in

say D 3 in
8
1 1
(b)  s  s  2
 1.2165 2  1.2165  2 0.7667  1.5869
2
2    
    ss  2A  A A
 2 2  2A

1       



N sy
sy

N
1.5869 45.5
A  3
A  0.1046 in2

A D2  0.1046 in
2

4
D 0.365 in

say D 3 in
8

s 45.5
(c) y   26.27 ksi
sys  3
3


  2   12
1
3  1.2165
45.5A   0.7667
26.27A
   
A  0.11874 in 2

A D2  0.11874 in
2

4
D 0.3888 in
say D 3 in
8

392. The same as 390, except that the two top rivets are 2 in. long and the
bottom rivet is 1 ¼ in. long.
Solution:

2 1
a  a b
2 1
1.  1.5  14.5
5
 2  0.093751
F2 1.25  0.09375 2 F1
F2  0.15F1

2F1  a  b  F2 a  Fc
2F1 16  0.15F1 1.5   2.317 
F1  1.2133 kips

s 1.2133
F1  A
ksi
A
F 2.3 0.7667
ss    ksi
3A 3A A
For AISI 4015, as sy  45.5 ksi
rolled.
(b) Maximum shear theory
1  s 2
1
 s 2 
2

     s  
N   sy  sys  
 0.5sy  0.5 45.5  22.75 ksi
sys 
1  
 1.2133 20.7667  2 
12

3 45.5A 22.75A
    
A  0.1289 in2

A D2  0.1289 in
2

4
D 0.4051 in

say D 3 in
8

s  s  1.2133 2  1.2133  0.7667 

1 1
(b)

2
 
2 1.5843
2
2    
    ss  2A  A A
 2 2  2A

1       



N sy
sy

N
1.5843 45.5
A  3
A  0.1045 in2

A D2  0.1045 in
2

4
D 0.3648 in

say D 3 in
8

s 45.5
(c) y   26.27 ksi
sys  3
3


  2   12
1
3  1.2133
45.5A   0.7667
26.27A
   
A  0.1186 in 2
A D2  0.1186 in
2

4
D 0.3886 in

say D 3 in
8
393. The same as 390, except that the load is applied vertically at B
instead of at A; let AB = 8 in. The two top rivets are 12 in. apart.

Solution:

 b2
  62   
2

3
 14.5 2
 2  62   
 3 
  7.705 in

F1 2F
  2b 3

 2b  F1   214.5   1.2546F
  
F  

F1
  3  7.705 
1
2
 3 

 

 2b 
F 8  2F   F  

 214.5 
1 2
 3 
 2.3 8  2F  7.705  1.2546F
 1 1
3 
 
F1  0.6682 
kip
 6
cos  6 
 0.7787
7.705
 F 2 F
R  F1     2F
2 2
  cos
3 1
 3
 2.3 2  2.3 
R   0.6682      2  0.7787 
2 2

 3  0.6682  3

R1.3536 kip
R 1.3536
ss   ksi
A A
1
1  s  2  s 2 
2

(a)      s  
N  sy  s  
 ys 



From Problem 390.
1.2165
s A ksi
sy  45.5 ksi
sys  22.75
ksi N  3

   2  2 12
1
3  1.2165
45.5A   1.3536
22.75A
    
A  0.1957 in2

A D2  0.1957 in
2

4
D 0.5 in

say D 1 in
2
1 1
(b) s  s 2  1.216  1.2165  1.3536  2.10
 2
2 5  
 2 2
 
    ss  2A 
  A A
 2 2  2A

1       



N sy
sy

N
2.10 45.5
A  3
A  0.1385 in2
A D2  0.1385 in
2

4
D 0.42 in
say 7
D  in
16

(c) s  26.27 ksi

ys

  2   1
2
1
3  1.2165
45.5A   1.3536
26.27A
   
A  0.1742 in 2

A 
2
 0.1742 in2
D4
D 0.471 in

say D 1 in
2

394. The bracket shown is made of SAE 1020, as rolled, and the rivets are
SAE 1015, cold drawn. The force F = 20 kips, L = 7 in., and  = 60o.
Let the design factor (on yield) be 2. (a) Determine the thickness t of
the arm. (b) Compute the rivet diameter by both maximum shear and
octahedral shear theories and specify a standard size. (c) Decide upon
a proper spacing of rivets and sketch the bracket approximately to
scale. Is some adjustment of dimensions desirable? Give suggestions,
if any. (No additional calculations unless your instructor asks for a
complete design.)

Solution:

Bracket: SAE 1020, as rolled, sy  48 ksi

Rivets: SAE 1015, cold sy  63 ksi
drawn,
N2

(a) Bracket.
4
 Fcos  L

Fsin  
s  2
A I
A 4t
t 4 
I 3  5.333t

12
s
sy 48 20 sin60 
  

20cos60   7  2 
N 2 4t 5.333t
t  1.275 in

say t  1 1 in
4
(b) F
2
2 F
 61
F1  3F2


3F1  6   2F2  2   Fcos60   L  Fsin60  3



3 3F2   6   2F2  2    20  cos60   7    20 sin60  3


F2  2.10 kips
F1  3F2  3 2.10   6.31kips

F cos 20 cos60 2
ss   
5A 5A A
F F sin60 6.31 20 sin60 9.774
s A1  5A  A  5A A

1  s 2
1
 s 2  2
    s  

N   sy  sys  
sy  63 ksi

Max. sys  0.5sy  0.5 63  31.5 ksi

shear:  
1  9.774 2 2
212
  63A   31.5A
2     
A 0.3353 in2

A 
2
 0.3353 in2
D4
D 0.653 in

say 3
D in
4

sy 63
Octahedral shear, sys   36.37 ksi
3 3

 2   212
1   9.774 2
63A   36.37A 
2     
A  0.3292 in2
A 
2
 0.3292 in2
D4
D 0.6474 in

say 3
D in
4

(c) Spacing

F co s 
 
5 S D t
t  1.5 in, sy  48 ksi
D 0.75 in
F  20 kips

sy F cos
 
N 5 S D t
48  20cos60
 5 S
2
S 0.806 in
0.751.5
use S 7 inadjust
to 2 in
8
Adjust spacing to 2 in from 7/8 in as

shown. CHECK PROBLEMS

396. (a) If the rivets supporting the brackets of 390 are 5/8 in. in diameter,
 = 0, c = 14 in. a = 2 in., and b = 18 in., what are the maximum
tensile and shear stresses in the rivets induced by a load of F = 10
kips. (b) For rivets of naval brass, ¼ hard, compute the factor of
safety by maximum shear and octahedral shear theories (initial
tension ignored).

Solution:
F2 F1
a a b
F2 F1
2  2  18
F2  0.1F1

2F1  a  b  F2  a  Fc
2F1  2  18  0.1F1  2   10 14 
F1  3.8425 kips

F1 3.8425
s  F1   12.525 ksi
A 
 2  0.625 2

4D 4
F F 10  10.865 ksi
ss    
 2  2

3A
3 D 3  0.625
4 4

(a) 


2 s  
1 
2  12.525  
1
2
2 2
      10.865
  ss   12.541 ksi

 2    2  

s  s  2

1 1
 12.525  12.525   2 2
2 2
2
    ss     10.865   18.804 ksi
 2 2  2
 2
     

(b) Naval Brass, ¼ hard,

sy  48 ksi.

1  s 2
1
 s 2 
2

    s 

N   sy  sys  

Max. shear sys  0.5sy  0.5 48  24 ksi
theory;
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

1  12.525 
2 12
 10.865  2 

   
N 48  24  
 

N 1.914

sy
Octahedral shear sys  3  48  27.71 ksi
theory; 3
1  12.525   10.865  2 1 2
2

   
N 48  
27.71

 
N  2.123

397. The same as 396, except that the two top rivets are ¾ in. in
diameter and the bottom one is ½ in. in diameter.

Solution:

2 1
a  a b
a
  
2
ab1

Page 53 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES
F2 a F1

A2 a  b A1
 a  D  2
F2    2  F1
 a b D1 

Page 54 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

F2   2 0.5 2
2  18 0.75 F1  0.0444F1
  

2F1  a  b  F2  a  Fc
2F1  2  18  0.0444F1  2   10 14 
F1  3.492 kips

s 3.492
  7.9043 ksi
F1 
 0.75 2

A1 4
F 10  9.26 ksi
ss  2A 
A  2   2
1 2
 0.75   0.50 
2 
4 4

(a)


2 s 
1  7.9043 2 1
2
 2 2
     9.26 
  ss     10.068 ksi

 2    2  

s  s

2
1 1
 7.9043  7.9043  2 2
2
2 2
     ss       9.26   14.02 ksi
2  2   2  2  


1  s s  s 2  2
1
2

(b)       
N  sy  s  
 ys 



Max. shear sys  0.5sy  0.5 48  24 ksi
theory;

1
 7.9043  2   9.26  2 
2
1
 
48   24  
N 
N  2.384

sy 48
Octahedral shear sys  3  3  27.71 ksi
theory; 2  1
1   7.9043
48   9.26
27.71
2  2

N  
    

N  2.684
Page 54 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

398. What static load F may be supported by the ¾-in. rivets shown, made
of cold-finished C1015, with N = 3;  = 0, a = 1 ½, b = 9, c = 14, f =
9, g = 12 in.? Count on no help from friction and ignore the initial
tension. Check by both maximum shear and octahedral shear theories.

Page 55 of 133
Solution:
For cold-finished, sy  63 ksi.
C1015,

F1 F2
a  b a
F1 F2
1.5   1.5
9
F1  7F2
  0

3F1  a b  F2 a  Fc
3 7F2  1.5  9   F2 1.5  F14
F2  0.0631F
F1  7F2  0.4417F

F1 0.4417F

 0.75 2
s F
A
4F
F   0.5659F
ss    2
4A
4  0.75
4
1
1  s  2  s 2 
2
     s  

N   sy  sys  

Max. shear
sys  0.5sy  0.5 63  31.5 ksi
theory;
 2 12
1  
 F 2   0.5659F
31.5 
3 63    
F  13.9 kips

s 63
Octahedral shear y   36.37 ks
theory; sys  3
3
    2 12
1
3 F 2
 63  0.5659F
36.37 
    
F  15 kips

399. The 2-in., UNC cap screw shown has been subjected to a tightening
torque of 20 in-kips. The force F = 12 kips,  = 60o, and Q = 0; L =
24 in., a = 20 in., b = 15 in.; screw material is AISI C1137 as rolled.
(a) What is the approximate initial tightening load? (b) What is the
increase in this load caused by the external force F if the bar is 8 in.
wide and 2 in. thick and the unthreaded shank of the screw is 2 in.
long? (See §5.9, Text.) (c) What are the maximum tensile and shear
stresses in the bolt? (d) Compute the factor of safety from maximum
normal stress, maximum shear, and octahedral shear theories.

Solution:

(a) T  CDFi
C  0.2
D  2 in
T  20 in kip

20  0.2 2  Fi
Fi  50 kips

(b)   60

Fe  L a  Fcos60    a
Fe  24  20  12 cos60  20 


Fe  30 kips
F  k
b F  b

e
k  k 

 b c

AE
kb  s
Lb
AcE
kc 
Lc
For 2”-UNC
As  2.50 in2
Width across flat = 3 in.
2.5E
k 1.25E
b
2

 3 2 E
kc  4  3.5343E
2

F
 1.25E 
b
  30     7.84 kip
 1.25E  3.5343E 
(c) Fi  Fb 50  7.84
s   23.14 ksi
As 2.50
12sin60
   4.16 ksi
Fss
s in  2.5

As2  12  23.14  2  12
s
     s s  
2 
   4.16 
2  12.3 ksi
 2    2  

s  s  2 1
 1
 23.14 
2
 23.14
2
 2 2
2
     ss       4.16   23.87 ksi
2   2  2  2  


(d) For C1137, as

rolled, Maximum Shear:
sy
 0.5sy
N  N
23.87 
55 0.5 55
12.3 
N N
N N  2.236
2.304
sy  55 ksi
 sy 55
Octahedral shear, sys 
3  3  31.75 ksi
1
1  s  2  s  2  2
 s  
 s   
N  y
 sys  
 2 2  2
1
1  23.14
 55   4.16
31.75

N  
    

N  2.269

400. The plate shown is attached by three ½-in., UNC cap screws that are
made of ASTM A325, heat-treated bolt material; L = 26 in., a = 6 in.,
b
= 4 in.,  = 0. The shear on the screws is across the threads and they
have been tightened to an initial tension of 0.6sp (sp = proof stress,
§5.8, Text). Which screw is subjected to (a) the largest force, (b) the
largest stress? What safe static load can be supported by the screws
for N = 1.5 based on the Hencky-Mises criterion?

Solution:

For ASTM A325, Heat-Treated, ½-in. UNC

sy  88 ksi
sp  85 ksi
si  0.6sp  0.6 85  51 ksi
  b2  a2
2  4 2  6 2
 
2 3 2 3
 
  2.83 in

(a) Largest force, at A

(b) Largest stress, at A

F2 F1
  2a 3
F1 2.83F1
F2    0.7075F1
 2a 3 2 6  3

 2a   2a 
2F   F    F  L 
2 1
 3   3 
 2 6    2 6  
2 0.7075  F   2.83  F  F 26 
3  3 
1 1


F1  
3.75F 

F F
RF  3.75F   4.1F
1
3 3
For ½ in UNC, As  0.1419 in2
R 4.1F  29F
s 
s
A 0.1419
s si  51ksi

By Hencky-Mises Criterion.
1   s  s  2  12
  s s   1    x y   s2 
2
x
 2  s

y

sx  s 51 ksi
sy  0
ss  29F
  0.3

s
 1  s  s  2  12

 
y
 s s    1     x y  s2 
x y
N 2  2  s

1
88 1  0.3  51  2 2
2     
1.5  2 51  1  0.3    29F 
2
F  0.63 kips 630   
lbs

401. The same as 400, except that the cap screw A is ¾ in. in diameter.
Solution:

A1   0.3340
1
(3/4 in UNC)
As A2 in2
2
(1/2 in UNC)
 As  0.1419
F1
in2
A1  2a 3
F2
A2  
F2 F1

0.1419  2.83 
 0.3340   2 6 3
F2  0.3006F1
 2a   2a 
2F   F    F  L 
2 1
 3   3 
 2 6    2 6  
2 0.3006F   2.83  F  F 26 
3  3 
1 1

F1 


5.262F 

F2  0.3006F1  0.3006 5.262F 1.582F

For ¾ in FUNC. F
R  F   5.262F   5.6F
1
3 3
5.6F
ss  0.3340  16.8Fksi

For ½ in. UNC,

  F 2 F   12
R F2     2F2   cos 
2

 3 3 

cos  a 3 63
  2.8  0.7067
3 1
 
F
1.582F   F   2 1.582F   0.7067  1.367F
2
R
 3
2 
2
3 
     
 1.367F
s   9.6F ksi
s
0.1419

(a) Max. force, at ¾ in.

 (b) Max. stress, at ¾ in.

ss 16.8F ksi
s si  51ksi

 1  51 2 1
sy
88
0 .3 2
 2

  
 51  1  0.3     16.8F 
N 1.5 2  2  
F  1.09 kips 1090 lbs

NORMAL STRESSES WITH TORSION

DESIGN PROBLEMS

402. A section of a machined shaft is subjected to a maximum bending

moment of 70,000 in-lb., a torque of 50,000 in-lb., and an end thrust
of 25,000 lb. The unsupported length is 3 ft. and the material is AISI
C1030, normalized. Since the computations are to be as though the
stresses were steady, use N = 3.3. Compute the diameter from both
the maximum-shear and the octahedral-shear theories and specify a
standard size.

Solution:
M  M1 wL2
 2
M1  70,000 in lb
L 3 ft  36 in
w  A
  0.284 lb in3
D 2
A
4
0.284D2
w  0.223D2 lb in
 4

M  70,000 0.223D2  36 
 2  70,000 144.5D2

F  25,000 lb
F Mc
s A  I
 D
c 
2
D2
A
4
I 
4

D64
4F 32M3
s 
2 D  D

4
s
25,000 

32 70,000  144.5D2 
D2 D3

31,831 713,014 1472

D2  D3 
s D
713,014 31,831 1472
D3  D2 
s D

16T 16 50 ,000  254,6548

ss   
D3 D3 D3

For AISI C1030, sy  47 ksi 47,000 psi

normalized,
1
1  s  2  s  2  2
 s  
 s   
N  y  sys  
Maximum
 shear
sys  0.5sy  0.5 47   23.5 ksi 23,500 psi
1
 31,83 1472  2  2
713,014 1
1  3    254,648
D  D 2
D
2 

     3
3.3  47,000   23,500D  
   
  
By trial and error,
D 4.125 in

Octahedral Shear
sy 47
sys  3  3  27.14 ksi 27,140 psi
1
 713,014 31,83 1472  2  2
1
1  3    254,648
D  D 2
D
2 

     3
3.3  47,000   27,140D  
   
  
By trial and error,
D 4.125 in

use D 4 1 in
standard
4
403. The same as 402, except that the unsupported length is 15 ft. Do not
overlook the moment due to the weight of the shaft, which acts in the
same sense as the given bending moment.

Solution:
L15 ft 180 in
0.223D2 180 
M  70,000 2  70,000  3612.6D2

2
F  25,000 lb
F Mc
s A  I
4F 32M3
s 
2 D  D

4
s
25,000 

32 70,000  3612.6D2 
D2 D3

31,831 713,014 36,798

D2  D3  D
s
713,014 31,831 36,798
s
D3  D2  D

Maximum shear
 713,014
31,831 36,798  2  12
  
1 D 3 2  254,648
D
3 
  D   2

3.3  47,000   23,500D  
  
  
By trial and error,
D 5.125 in

Octahedral Shear
1
 713,014 31,831 36,798  2 2
  2 
1 D3  254,648
D D   2
  3 

3.3  47,000   27,140D  
  
  
By trial and error,
D 5.0625 in

use D 5 1 in
standard
4

404. A shaft is to be made in two sections, I and II, of diameters D1 and D2,
somewhat as shown, machined from AISI 1045, annealed. It is
expected that a = 8 in., b = 24 in., L = 20 in., and the load Q = 2 kips,
so seldom repeated that the design is for steady load. The factor of
safety is to be 2.2 on the basis of the octahedral-shear theory and
closely the same in each section. The ends A and B are restrained from
twisting, but they are designed to support the balancing reactions from
Q without other moments. Decide upon standard size for D1 and D2.
Solution:
T  QL  2  20   40 in kips

T1  T2  T  40 in kips
1   2
T1
T2L2
L1  J G
2
J1
G
T1 T2 b
a  D24
D1 32
4

32
8 24T2
T1  D4
2
D14  D 4
T1  3T2  1 
 D2 
T1  T2  T  40 in kips
  D 4 
T2 3 1   1  40
D
  2  
40
T 
2   D 4 
3 1   1
D
  2 
 D 4

 D 4
40 3  1 T  D2 
1

 120 1   D2 
  D 4 
   D 4 
3 1   1 3 1   1
  D2  D2  



A B Q 2 kips
aA bB
8A 24B
A 3B
3B B 2
B 0.5 kip
A  1.5
kips

  D 4 4
16120 1    D1 
 D   
16
T   2 
1920 
   2 
ss1 1  
D
3  D 4  3  D 4 
D
 1 
1 D
 1  1
1
 
 
D3 3  3
1 
D 
1
D
   2    
  2 
16T2 16 40  640
ss2   3 
D   D 4
1  1  D 3  D 4 
1  1
2
 
 
D3 2 3 2 3
D  D 

  2   
  2 
32M1 32 Aa 321.5 8 384
s1   3   3
D13 D1 D13 D1
32M2 32Bb 32 0.5  24 384
s2   3   3
2 D2 D23 D2

 D3
For AISI 1045, sy  55 ksi,
annealed,
N  2.2

Octahedral Shear
1  s 2 1
 s 2  2
     s  
N   sy  sys  
 sy 55
sys  3  3  31.75 ksi
1
 s  2  s  2  2
1
  1     
s1

N  sy s 
  ys  
 1

  4 2  2
 384  2  1920 D1
  
1
     D   
2.2  55D3   2  

 
 1 31.75D3   D1 4 1
 
  1 3
   
 D 
   2

 1
  
 
 
2 2
 
4
 19.  D1   
1  2.2224  2  252  
2.
2  
 D  

  
3  3 
D
 1  D   D1 
   
  1 3D  1  
   2   
  


  s 2
1 1
 s 2  2

  2     
s2

N  sy s 
  ys  
  
1


2
2
     
1  384  2  640
    
2.

  55D3   
2  
4
 
 2  31.75D3  D1 1
 
  3  
D 
2

   2   
  
1


   2
2

   
1  2.2224  2  6.42
  
2.
2 

D3
   4

 
 2  D3  D1 
  
  2 3 1
D 
 
  2  
  



By trial and error,

D1 D1
Trial D1 D2 Actual
D2 D2
1 2.268 1.820 1.25
1.25 2.372 1.730 1.37
1.37 2.398 1.714 1.40
1.40 2.403 1.712 1.40

Use standard 1 3
D2 D 1 in
2
in, 4
1
2 1
But D  D , use D  2 in
1 2 1
2
D  D  2r  1
1.3D 1.3  2   3.25 in
2 1 1
1  2
say D  3 in
2
2

405. The shaft shown overhangs a bearing on the right and has the
following dimensions: a = 5 in., b = ½ in., and e = 10 in. The
material is AISI C1040, annealed. This shaft is subjected to a torque T
= 10,000 in-lb., forces F1 = 10,000 lb., and F2 = 20,000 lb. Using a
static-design approach, determine the diameter D for N = 2.5, with
computations from the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.
Solution:
  0.284 lb in3
  
w  0.284  D2   0.223D2
4 
we
2
0.223D2 10   11.15D2
M 
2
2 2
Bending due F1 and load
to

s1
32 F1a


32 10,000  5 11.15D2 114

509,296  D
M

D3  D3
D3
Bending due to F2
1
32F
b 32 20,000 101,859

 2
 2  
s2   
D 3
D 3
D3
Tension,
4 20,000  25,465
s3  
D2 D2
since s1  s2
s s3  s1  s2
25,465 509,296 114 101,859
s   
D2 D D3
D3
407,437 25,465 114
s
D3  D2  D

16T 1610,000  50,930

ss   
D3 D3 D3
N  2.5
1  s  2  s  2  12
 s  
 s   
N  y  sys  

For AISI C1040, annealed (Fig. AF sy  48 ksi
1)

Maximum shear,
sys  0.5sy  0.5 48  24 ksi
  407,437
25,46 114  2  12
5
1  3  50,930
D    2
    D2 D   3
2.5  48,000   24,000D  
  
  

D 2.95 in

Octahedral Shear
sy 48
sys  3  3  27.71 ksi
1
 407,437 25,46 114  2  2
5
1  3    50,930
D  D 2
    D2  
 3
2.5  48,000   27,710D  
   
  
D 2.95 in
use D 3.0 in

406. The same as 405, except that F2 = 0.

Solution
F2  0
s2  0 , s3  0
s
s 509,296 114
 
1
D3 D
50,930
ss  3
D
N  2.5
Maximum shear, s  0.5s  0.5 48  24 ksi
ys y
12
 509,296 114  2 
1  3    50,930
D D 2

      3
2.5  48,000   24,000D  
  


 
D  3 in

Octahedral Shear
 sy
48
sys  3 
3  27.71 ksi
1
 509,296 114  2  2
1  3  50,930
D   2
D 
    3

2.5  48,000   27,710D  
   
  
D 2.997 in
use D 3.0 in

CHECK PROBLEMS

407. The shaft shown overhangs a bearing at the right and has the
following dimensions: D = 2 in., a = 4 in., b = ¾ in., c = 2 in., d = 6
in., e = 8 in., r = ¼ in. This shaft is subjected to a torque T = 8000
in-lb. and forces F1 = 8000 lb., and F2 = 16,000 lb. Determine the
maximum- shear and normal stresses, and the octahedral-shear
stress: (a) at points A and B ( = 45o), (b) at points M and N, (c) at
point G.

Solution:
Bending due to F2 :
32F2b 3216,000   0.75
s2    15,279 psi
D3   2 3
Tension

s3  4F 416 ,000 
2
2    2 2 
5093 psi
D
Bending due F1 and weight of beam
to
 wx2 
 
1  
s 
 D3
x from the free end.
16T 16 8000 
s    5093 psi
D3   2
s 3
w  0.223D2  0.223 2 
2
 0.892 lb in

(A) x  e c  8  2  6 in
  0.892 6  
2

32  8000  4   
2
 
s1    2  40,764 psi
at A 3

s s3   s1  s2  sin45   5093   40,764  15,279  sin45   23,114 psi

Max. Shear
1 1
 s   23,114   2 2
2 2
 2

    ss     5093   12,629 psi

 2  2

    
Max. Normal
s  s 1  23,114 2 1

2 2
2
 4 ,11
23
2
 2

     ss        5093  24,186 psi


2  2   2  2  
Octahedral Shear
o
2 s
Stress
 3ss    23,114   3 5093  2  11,662 psi
 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1
3 3
At B:
s  s1  s2  sin45   s3   40,764  15,279 sin45  5093 12,928 psi

Max. Shear
1 1
 s  12,928  2 2

2 2 2

    ss      5093   8229 psi

 2 2
    

Max. Normal
s  s  2

1
12,92 
2  12,928  
1
 2
2 8 2
2

    ss        5093  14,693 psi



2  2   2  2  
Octahedral
 
 o s Shear
3s 2 Stress s  12,928  3 5093  2  7,378 psi
1
 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3

(B)
1
x e c  8   7.75 in
4
 0.892 7.75 
2
  4  
s1 32 8000 2 
  40,778 psi
   2
3

at M
s s3  s1  s2  5093  40,778  15,279  30,592 psi

Max. Shear
 s  2 1
  30,592
1
 2 2
2
2  2

    ss      5093   16,122 psi

 2 2
     

Max. Normal
s2  s  12 30,592  30,592  2  12

     31,418 psi
    s2      5093
2
s 
2  2   2  2  
Octahedral
 
 o s Shear 
3s 2 Stress s   30,592  3 5093  2  15,009 psi
1
 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3

At N:
s s1  s2  s3  40,778 15,279  5093  20,406 psi

Max. Shear
 s 2
2
1
 20,406  2  12
     s2 s      5093

2  11,403 psi
 2    2  

Max. Normal
1 1
s2  s  20,406  20,406 2  2 2
 2
      ss       5093   21,606 psi
2 2   2  2  
Octahedral
 
 o s Shear 
3s 2 Stress s   20,406  3 5093  2  10,480 psi
1
 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3
(C) At G.
x  e c  8  2  6 in
 0.892 2  
2

32 8000  4  
2
 
s1    2  40,746 psi
3

s s3   s1  s2  cos30   5093   40,746  15,279  cos30   17,826 psi

Max. Shear

2 s  2
 17,826  2 1  12
     s2s      5093

2  10,265 psi
 2   2  

Max. Normal
1 1
s  s 17,826  17,826  2 2
 
2 2 2
     ss       5093   19,178 psi
2  2   2  2  
Octahedral Shear
o
2 s
Stress
 3ss   17,826  3 5093  2  9376 psi
 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1
 3 3

411. A 4-in. shaft carries an axial thrust of 20 kips. The maximum bending
moment is 2/3 of the twisting moment; material is AISI 8630, WQT
1100 F, and N =3. Use the steady stress approach and compute the
horsepower that may be transmitted at 2000 rpm?
Solution:
For AISI 8630, WQT 1100oF, sy  125 ksi
32M 4F
s 3 
D D2
16T
ss 
D3
2
M T
3
F  20 kips
D  4 in
 2 
32  T 
 
 3  4 20
s   4     4  2 0.1061T  1.59155
3

16T  0.0796T
ss 
  4
3

By maximum shear.
sys  0.5sy  0.5125  62.5 ksi
1  s  2  s  2  12
 s 
    s
s
N  y  ys  
 1
 0.1061T  1.59155  2  0.0796T  2
2
1
 
  
  125   62.
3  5
T  213 in kips 213,000 in lb
Tn  213,000   2000 
hp 63,000  63,000  6762 hp

412. The same as 411, except that the shaft is hollow with an
inside diameter of 2 ½ in.

Solution:
32MD 4F
s o

  Do  Di
4 4
  Do2  Di 2 

 2 
32  T  4

 
s 3 
  4 4  
 4 20
  4 2   
 0.1252T  2.612

 2.5
4
 2.5
2

ss 16TDo 
 
 D4  D4
 16T 4
  0.0939T
  44   2.54
o i
1

1  s   s 2  2
2

    s 

N   sy  sys  

1  0.1252T  2.612
2 1 2
 0.0939T  2 
   
3   125  62.  
   5
T  177 in kips 177,000 in lb
Tn 177 ,000  2000 
63,000   5619 hp
hp
63,000

413. A hollow, alloyed-steel shaft, AISI 4130, OQT 1100 F, has an OD of 3

¼ in. and an ID of 2 ½ in. It is transmitting 1500 hp at 1200 rpm,
and at the same time is withstanding a maximum bending moment of
40,000 in-lb. and an axial compressive force F = 10 kips. The length
of the shaft between bearings is 10 ft. Using a steady stress approach,
determine (a) the maximum shearing stress in the shaft, (b) the
maximum normal stress, (c) the factor of safety in each case. (d) Also
compute N from the octahedral –shear theory.

Solution:
For alloy-steel shaft, AISI 4130, WQT 1100oF, sy  114 ksi (Table AT 7)
63,000hp 63,0001500 
T   78,750 in lb
1n 1200
D 3
in
o
14
D2 in
2   2  
i
w  0.284 D  D2  0.284  3.25   2
  2.5
2
  0.962 lb in
  o i  
4
  4
 2wL
M (Table AT 8)
M1 8
L 10 ft  120 in
0.962120 
M  40,000 2  41,732 in lb

8
32MDo 4F
s
 
 D4  D4  Do2  Di 2  
o
 i
410,000
3 2 41,732  3.25 
s   3.25  
4
 22,000 psi
 2.5 4 
  3.25   2.5
2
  
2

ss 16TDo 16 78,750  3.25

  
 D4  D4    3.25   2.5  17,978 psi
4

 4

 o
(A) 
1  22,000 2 1
2
2
 2
 2
i
 s  2
    17,978

  ss   21,076 psi
 
 2    2  
1 1
(B)  s  s 22,000  22,000 2   2
2

 2 2
    ss       17,978   32,076 psi
 2 2 2 2
s  0.5s

ys
 
y

0.5114 

(C) N     2.704
  21.076
 sy
N 114
 3.554
 32.076


1  s  2  s 2 
1
2

(D)      s  
N  sy  s  
 ys 



s
114
y   65.82 ksi
sys  3 3
   2   1
1
N  22.0
114  17.978  2  2
65.82
    
N  2.99

VARYING STRESSES COMBINED

DESIGN PROBLEMS

414. The force F on the lever in the illustration (in the plane of the lever)
varies from a maximum of 424.2 lb. to a minimum of -141.4 lb.; L =
20 in., a = 15 in., D2 = 1.2D1, r = 0.125D1,  = 45o; the material is
cold- drawn SAE 1040, 10% worked, the design factor N = 1.5.
Compute the diameter D1 using the Soderberg-line approach with
both the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories; indefinite life.

Solution:

For SAE 040, 10% Worked

sn  54 ksi
sy  85 ksi
sn 54 1
 
sy 85 1.574
sns sn 1
 
sy sy 1.574
s

SF 0.85
Strength Reduction Factors
With r d  r D1  0.125
D d  D2 D1 1.2

Fig. AF 12
Kt 1.54
Kts 1.27

Assume q  1
Kf 1  q Kt 1 1  1  Kt 1  Kt
Kf  1.54
Kfs  1.27

Forces:
Fmax  424.2 lb
Fmin  141.4 lb
1 1
F  F F    424.2  141.4  141.4 lb
m max max
12 12
F  F F    424.2  141.4  282.8 lb
a max max
2 2
 D2  2
w  0.284  


M  M1 w wL2

 L2 2
FL
2

M m  141.4  20  0.233D2  20 
2  2828  44.6D2

2
 5656  44.6D2
Ma   282.8 20  0.233D2  20
 2

2
T   Fcos  a

 
Tm  141.4 cos45  15  1500 in lb
Ta   282.8  cos45 15  3000 in lb


32M
s D3
sm  sa 
 
32 282 28,806 454
8   D
D3
44.6D 454
57,612
2
 
D3
 D
D3

32 565
6
44.6D
2

D3
 16T
ss  D3
161500  7640
sms  D3  D3
16 3000  15,280
sas  
D3
3
D  Kfssas
sns S
s s F
es ms
sys
s   7640   1.27   15,280  27,684
     
1
es
1.574  D3   0.85  D3  D3
sn
s  s  K f sa
e
sy m SF
1
s   28,806 454   1.54   57,612 454  122,681 1111
      
e
1.574  D3 D   0.85  
 D3 D  D3 D

1  s 2
 s 2 
1 2

    e es

N   sn  sns  
 

Maximum shear, s  0.5s  0.5 54,000   27,000 psi
ns n
1
 122,681 1111  2  2
1  3    27,684
D D 2
1.5   54,000    27,000D3 
  
    
  
  

9
D1.5625 in1 in
16

s 54,000
Octahedral Shear. sns    31,177 psi
3 3
1
n

 122,681  1111  2  2
1 D3 D   27,684  2
1.5   54,000    31,177D3  
    
 
   
 
D 1.55
in
say D 1 9 in
16

say 5
D  1 in
8
417. A hollow steel shaft, SAE 1045, as rolled, has an inside diameter of
one half of the outside diameter and is transmitting 1600 hp at 600
rpm. The maximum bending moment is 40,000in-lb. Determine the
diameter for N = 3 by both the maximum-shear and octahedral shear
theories. Specify a standard size. Use the Soderberg line for obtaining
the equivalent stresses.

Solution:
For SAE 1045, as sy  59 su  96 ksi
rolled, ksi,
sn  0.5su  48 ksi
sn sns 48 1
sy  59 1.229

sys
Assume  Kfs  1
Kf
Do  2Di
For bending:
sm  0
sa  s
s 1
s  ns  K s   0  1 s s
e m f a
sy 1.229
s  s
32MD 32 40,000   2Di  54,325
e o
 o

i
 
 D4  D4   2D   D4
4

i

D3
i
 i
For torsion:
63,000hp 63,0001600 
T   168,000 in lb
sns
n 600
s  s K s
es fs as
s
ms
ys

sas  0
sms s s
ns
s s 1  16TD   1 16168,0004   2Di   92,825
es
s  
ms 1.229  oD4  D4  1.229   2D   D4
  D3  
ys  o i   i i i
Maximum shear, sns  0.5sn  0.5 48,000  24,000 psi
1

1 54,325 2  92,825
 
2 2

     
1.5 48,000D3 24,000D3
  i   Di  2.295 in

i  
say Di  2.25 Do  2Di  4.5 in
in,
s
3 48,000
3
Octahedral Shear. sns    27,713 psi
n
 1 1
54,325 2  92,825
  
2 2
   
1.5 48,000D3 27,713D3
  i   i  

Di  2.20 in
say Di  2.25 Do  2Di  4.5 in
in,
1 1
Standard Size D  2 in, D  4 in
i o
4 2

418. A section of a shaft without a keyway is subjected to a bending

moment that varies sinusoidally from 30 to 15 then to 30 in-kips
during two revolutions, and to a torque that varies similarly and in
phase from 25 to 15 to 25 in-kips; there is also a constant axial force
of 40 kips; the material is AISI 2340, OQT 1000 F; N = 1.5. Determine
the diameter by (a) the maximum-shear-stress theory; (b) the
octahedral- shear-stress theory.

Solution:

For AISI 2340, OQT 1000oF.

sy  120 ksi , su  137 ksi
sn  0.5su  0.5137   68.5 ksi
sn sns 68.5 1
s 
y
120  1.752

sys
Assume Kf  Kfs  1
1
M   30  15  22.5 in kip
m
2
1
M   30 15  7.5 in kip
a
2
1
T   25  15  20 in kips
m
2
1
T   25  15  5 in kip
a
2

32Mm 4F
s 
32 22.5 4 40  229 51
D  D3  D  3  2
m
D3 2
2 D D
32Ma 32 7.5 76
sa    3
D3 D3 D
 16Tm 16 20 102
sms   3
D3 D
3
D
16Ta 16 5 25.5
sas   
D3 D3
3
D
 sn Kf
s s s
1  229 51   1   76  220 29
e         
sy m
a SF 1.752  D3 D2   0.85  D3  D3 D2
sns
s s  Kfs 1  102   1   25. 5  88
      
es s
s SF
as 1.752  D3   0.85  D3  D3
ms
ys

(a) Maximum
shear, sns  0.5sn  0.5 68.5  34.25 psi
 220  29  2
  12
D13 2 88 2
1.5  
 68.5D 
  34.25D3  
  
 
   
 

D 1.93 in
say D  2 in,
s
Octahedral Shear. 68.5
sns    39.55 psi
3 3
1
n
 220  29  2  2
1  3   88 2
D D2 
1.5   68.5  
39.55D3 

    
  
  


D  1.909 in
say D  2 in

419. The same as 418, except that the shaft has a profile keyway at the
point of maximum moment.

Solution:
Kf  1.6
Kfs  1.3

sn Kf
s s s 1  229 51   1.6   76  274 29
e        
sy m
a SF 1.752  D3 D2   0.85  D3  D3 D2
sns
s s  Kfs 1  102   1.3   25.5  97
     
es s
s SF
as 1.752  D3   0.85  D3  D3
ms
ys

(a) Maximum shear, s  0.5s  0.5 68.5  34.25 psi

ns n
1
  274  29  2  2
1    97 2
D
3
D2 
1.5   68.5  
34.25D3 

    
  
  

D 2.04 in
say D  2 in
 s 68.5
(b) Octahedral Shear. sns    39.55 psi
3 3
1
n
 274  29  2  2
1    97 2
D
3
D2 
1.5   68.5  
39.55D3 

    
  
  

D 2.02 in
say D  2 in

CHECK PROBLEMS

420. A 2-in. shaft made from AISI 1144, elevated temperature drawn,
transmits 200 hp at 600 rpm. In addition to the data on the figure, the
reactions are B = 4.62 kips and E = 1.68 kips. Compute the factor of
safety by the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.

Solution:
For AISI 1144, Elevated Temperature, sy  83 su 118 ksi
drawn, ksi,
sn  0.5su  0.5118   59 ksi
sn 59 1
 
sy 83 1.407

MB   2.110   21in kip , MC  1.6810  16.8 in kip

63,000hp 63,000 200 
T   21,000 in lbs 21 in kip
n 600
Table AT 13
Kf  2.0 , Kfs  1.6
s
s  ns  K s
e m f a
sy
Mm  0 , sm  0
Ma 
Mm
sK
s  32MC   3216.8 
K    2.0  42.8 ksi
 
   2 
e f a 3
f
 D3 
sns
s s
K s
es fs as
s
ms
ys

Tm  T ,
Ta  0
 sns
s s
sns  16T  1
 16 21 
es ms  
 D3 1.407   2 3  9.5 ksi

s ys
s ys  

Maximum shear,
sns  0.5sn  0.5 59   29.5 psi
1  s  2  s  2  12
  e   es  
  sns  
N   sn
 1


1  42.8 2   9.5 2  2
   59   29.5
N      


N  1.26
Octahedral Shear. s  0.577s  0.577 59  34.05 psi
ns n
1
12  42.8  9.5
    
2 2

  59 34.05
N     
N  1.26

421. In the figure (399), the bar supports a static load Q = 3000 lb. acting
down; L = 16 in., a = 12 in., b = 7 in. The force F = 2500 lb. is
produced by a rotating unbalanced weight and is therefore repeated
and reversed in both the horizontal and the vertical directions. The 1-
in. cap screw, with cut UNC threads, is made of AISI C1137, annealed,
and it has been subjected to a tightening torque of 4600 in-lb. The
thickness of the bar is 2 in. (a) Compute the factor of safety for the
load reversing in the vertical direction, and (b) in the horizontal
direction (maximum-shear theory), with the conservative assumption
that friction offers no resistance.

Solution:
For AISI C1137, sy  50 su  85 ksi
annealed, ksi,
sn  0.5su  0.5 85  42.5 ksi
Kf  2.8 (Table AT 12)
sn sns 42.5 1
  
sy sny 50 1.1765
T  0.2DFi
4600  0.2 1  Fi 
Fi  23,000 lbs 23 kips
For 1-in cap screws, UNC
As  0.606 in2
Nut: A  1.5 in

F  k
b F  b


k  k
e

 b c

AE A E
kb s kc  c
Le
,
e
kb 0.606
As   0.2554
kb   As  
0.606  1.5
2

kc Ac 4

Q 3000 lb 3 kips

F  2500 lb 2.5 kips
(a) Vertical, Moment at Edge = Q  F
0,

 a b Femax   Q F b
12  7  Femax   3.0  2.5 7 
Femax  7.7 kip

 a  b Femin   Q F b
12  7  Femin   3.0  2.5 7 
Femin  0.7 kips

Fbmax   7.7  0.2554 1.97 kips

Fbmin   0.7  0.2554   0.18 kips

Fbmax Fi  Fbmax 23  1.97  24.97 kip

Fbmin  Fi  Fbmin  23  0.18  23.18 kips
1 1
F  F F    24.97  23.18  24.1 kip
m bmax bmin
12 2
1
F  F F    24.97  23.18  0.9 kip
a bmax bmin
2 2

Fm 24.1
s 
m
 39.8 ksi
As 0.606
  0.9  1.5 ksi
s F
a
a 0.606
A
s
 1 sm Kf sa
N  sy  sn
say Kf  2.8 , SF 0.85 , Factor for tension = 0.80
sn   0.85 0.80  42.5  28.9 ksi
1 39.8 2.81.5
N  50  28.9
N  1.06

(b) Horizontal:
 a  b Fe  Qb
12  7  Fe   3 7 
Fe  4.2 kips

Fb   4.2  0.2554  1.073 kips

Fb  Fi  Fb  23  1.073  24.1kip
Fb
s.1 
24  39.8 ksi
A 0.606
sm 
s
sa 
0
s 1
s  n s  K f sa  39.8  0  33.83 ksi
e m 
sy 1.1765

SF
Shear:
Fm  0
1
F  F F   2.5 kip
a max min
2
sms  0

sa 2.5
  4.13ksi
s F 0.606
a
A
s
sns Kfssas 1.0   4.13
s  s  0  4.86 ksi
es ms
sys S 0.85
F
 s  2  s  2  12
1
  e   es  
  sns  
N   sn


sns  0.5sn  0.5 42.5  21.25 ksi, maximum shear
1 
 33.83 2   4.86  2 
2
1

N 42.5 21.25
    
N 1.21

422. The load Q, as seen (404), acts on the arm C and varies from 0 to 3
kips. The ends A and B of the shaft are restrained from turning
through an angle but are supported to take the reactions A and B
without other
 moments. The shaft is machined from AISI 1045, as rolled; D1 = 2, D2 =
2.5, L = 15, a = 10, b = 20 in. For calculation purposes, assume that
the shaft size changes at the section of application of Q. Determine the
factor of safety in accordance with the maximum-shear and octahedral-
shear theories. Investigate both sections I and II. Would you judge the
design to be 100% reliable?

Solution:
T  QL
Tmax   315  45 in kips
T1  T2  45 in kips
T1a T2 b
J  J
T1a T2 b
D14  D24
T1 10 T2  20 

 2 4  2.5 4
T1  0.8192T2
0.8192T2  T2  45 in kips
T2  24.74 in  kips
T1  0.8192T2  0.8192 24.74   20.27 in kip

TT 1 1
 T   20.27   10.14 in kip
a1 1
2 2
m1
T  1 1
T    24.74  12.37 in kip
T
a2 m 2
2 2 2

sm 16T
   D3
s
sas
s 
s 16T1 1 6  1 0 .1 4 
   6.46 ksi
  2
ms as
1 1 D13 3
 1612.37 
sms    4.03 ksi

16T2   2.5
3
2
sas2 D23
A B Q 3 kips
Aa Bb
A10   B
20 A  2B
2B B 3 kip
B 1 kip
A 2 kip

M  Aa Bb  210   20 in kips

Mmax M  20 in kips
1
M M M 10 in kip
m a max
2

sm 
32M
sa  D3
3210 
 12.73 ksi
s 
s
  2
m a 3
1
3210 
1

  6.52 ksi
sm    2.5
3

2 sa2

Use (1)
sms  6.46 sm  12.73 ksi
ksi,
sa  12.73 ksi
sas  6.46
ksi,

r  0.15D1
r 2.5
 0.15 , D  1.25
D 2
D1 d 2.0
D1
Kt 1.5 Kts (Figure AF 12)
, 1.25

r  0.15D1  0.15 2   0.30

1 a
q 1
r 
1 0.01
1
 0.3
 0.968
Kf  q Kt 1  1  0.9681.5  1  1  1.484
K fs  q Kts  1  1  0.9681.25 1  1  1.242

Profile Keyway
Kf  1.6 , Kfs  1.3
Net
K f  1.484  1.6 1  0.20   1.9
K fs  1.242 1.31  0.20   1.3

For AISI 1045, as sy  59 su  96 ksi

rolled, ksi,
sn  0.5su  48 ksi
sns sn 48 1
sys  59 1.229

sy
SF 0.85 , RF 0.85
sn
s s  1 1.912.73
e  Kf  12.73   43.84 ksi
s m  a s
1.229  0.85 0.85
SF RF
y
sns
s  s Kfssas  1  6.46   1.3 6.46   16.88 ksi

es
s  SF 1.229  0.85 0.85
ms RF
ys

Maximum shear,
sns  0.5sn  0.5 48  24 psi
1  s  2  s  2 
12

  e   es  
  sns  
N   sn
 1


1  43.84  2  16.88  2  2
 
  
 
N  48   24  

N  0.87
Octahedral Shear. s  0.577s  0.577 48  27.7 psi
ns n
 2   2 1 2
1   43.84
48   16.88
27.7 

N  
    

N  0.91

Not 100% reliable, N < 100.

423. A rotating shaft overhangs a bearing, as seen in the illustration. A ¼-

in. hole is drilled at AB. The horizontal force F2 varies in phase with the
shaft rotation from 0 to 5 kips, but its line of action does not move. A
steady torque T = 8 in-kips is applied at the end of the shaft; D = 2,
D2
= 2.5, a = 2, b = 5, e = 0.5, r = ¼ in. The material is AISI C1040,
annealed. What steady vertical load F1 can be added as shown if the
design factor is to be 2.5 from the octahedral-shear theory? Assume
that the cycling of F2 may be such that the worst stress condition
occurs at the hole.
Solution:
AISI C1040, annealed, sy  48 ksi (Fig. AF su  80 ksi
sn  0.5su  40 ksi 1),
sn 40 1
 
sy 48 1.2

For hole: d D 0.25 2  0.125

Kt  2.2
Kts 1.6
, (annealed)
a  0.01
0.25
r  0.125
2
1
q 1  0.926

1 0.01
a 1  0.125
r
Kf  q Kt 1  1  0.926 2.2  1  1  2.11
Kfs  q Kts  1  1  0.9261.6 1  1 1.56

-
At hole
s s3  s1  s2

Bending F2 :
Mc M
s2  
I I
c
 5  0.5
F2 e   4.04 ksi
s2 
 dD
2
  2  0.25 2 2
3  6
6
D3 32
32

s3  F2  5
  1.89
D   2
4 2    
ksi d2 0.25 2
4
D
s1 F1b  F1   5 
 D  dD2   8.08F1
  2  0.25 2
3 6 3 2

32 6
32
 T  8
s    5.70 ksi
s
 dD
2
  2  0.25 2 2
3  6
D3 6
16
16

smin  s3  s1  s2  1.89  8.08F1  4.04  8.08F1  2.15

smax  s1  8.08F1
1 1
s   s  s    8.08F  8.08F  2.15  8.08F  1.08 ksi
m max min 1 1 1
12 12
s  s s    8.08F  8.08F  2.15  1.08 ksi
a max min 1 1
2 2

se  6.74F1  1.78
s
s  ns s K s
es fs as
s
ms
ys

sms  ss
sas  0

ses 1
  5.7   4.75 ksi
1.
2
N  2.5

Octahedral Shear Theory

sns  s
  0.577 40   23.08 ksi
3
n 0.577sn 1
1  s  2  s  2  2
  e   es  
  sns  
N   sn
 1


1     4.75  
2 2
   1.78
6.74F
1
 2
2.  40   23.08  
5
F1  2.3 kips

POWER SCREWS

424. Design a square-thread screw for a screw jack, similar to that shown,
which is to raise and support a load of 5 tons. The maximum lift is to
be 18 in. The material is AISI C1035, as rolled, and N ≈3.3 based on
the yield strength.
Solution:
AISI C1035, as sy  55 ksi
rolled,
s 55
sy  3.  16.6 ksi
3
N
F   5 2   10 kips
F
A 10
 0.6034 in2
 16.
s 6 2

2
D
A  0.6034 in
r

4
Dr  0.876 in
say 1 ¼ in, Dr 1.000 in
L 18 in
Le  2L  36 in
1 1
k  D  1.000   0.125 in
r 8
8
Le 36  288  40
k  0.125
Transition:
1 1
Le  2 2E  2  2 2  30,000   2
  
 104
 

k 
sy   55 


Le
Use column formula, 104
Eulers k
 2EI
F
e
 2
NL
 2  30 10 6 I
10,000

3.3 36 
2

D 4
I  0.14444
r

64
Dr 1.31
in Dr 1.400 in
use 1 ¾ in,
425. (a) For the screw of 424, what length of threads h will be needed for
a bearing pressure of 1800 psi? (b) Complete the design of the jack.
Let the base be cast iron and the threads integral with the base.
Devise a method of turning the screw with a round steel rod as a lever
and fix the details of a nonrotating cap on which the load rests. (c)
What should be the diameter of the rod used to turn the screw? If a
man exerts a pull of 150 lb. at the end, how long must the rod be?

Solution:

(a)

Th/in = 2.5
Dr 1.40
in 1
 0.4 in
LeadPitch 2.
5
Lead
  tan 1

Dm
1
D  1.75  1.40   1.575 in
m
2
 0.40 
  tan1  1.575  4.62
 
 
f  0.15
tan  f  0.15
  8.53
F cos    
s
 Do  Dr  L
10,000 cos 8.53  4.62 
1800 
1.75 1.40 L
L 16.30 in
h  Ltan  16.30 tan4.62  1.32 in
say h 1.5 in
(b) Assume ASTM sus  32 su  20 N5
20.
ksi, ksi,

32
s  6.4 ksi
s
5
20
s  4 ksi
5

F
ss 
Dh
6.4 10
 D1.5

D 0.33 in

Dr 1.4 in 0.33 in

3
D 1 in
o
4

Use proportions from figure based on diameter.

Method: Manual, normal pull.
(c) D 7 in (Based on proportion)
8
FDm 10 1.575
T tan      tan 8.53  4.62 1.84 in kips
2 2
TFa 
F  150 lb 0.15 kips
1.84  0.15a
a  12.3 in

426. A screw jack, with a 1 ¼-in. square thread, supports a load of 6000
lb. The material of the screw is AISI C1022, as rolled, and the
coefficient of friction for the threads is about 0.15. The maximum
extension of the screw from the base is 15 in. (a) Considering the
ends of the screw restrained so that Le = L, find the equivalent stress
and the design factor. (b) If the load on the jack is such that it may
sway, the screw probably acts as a column with one end free and the
other fixe. What is the equivalent stress and the factor of safety in this
instance? (c) What force must be exerted at the end of a 20-in. lever
to raise the load? (d) Find the number of threads and the length h of
the threaded portion in the cast-iron base for a pressure of 500 psi on
the threads. (e) What torque is necessary to lower the load?
Solution:
From Table AT 7,
AISI C1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
F = 6000 lb = 6 kips
For 1 ¼ in square thread, Dr = 1.0 in, Th/in. = 3.5
f = 0.15

(a) With Le = L = 15 in
1 1
k  D  1.0  0.125 in
8 r
15 8
Le 120

0.125
k
Transition for AISI C1020;
1 1
Le  2 2 E  2  2 2  30,000   2
  
 107
 


k  s 
 y   52 
Le
Use column formula, 107
Eulers k
 2EA
Fc  NF
k
2
e

L
F  2E
sd  
N Le k
2
A

Equivalent stress
F 4F
sd  
A Dr2
4 6 
s   7.64 ksi
 1.0 
d 2

Design factor
  2E
sd 
N Le k
2
  2  30,000 
7.64
N120 
2

N  2.69

(b) With Le = 2L = 30 in
30
Le  240
k  0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;
1 1
Le  2 2 E  2  2 2  30,000   2
  
 107
 


k  s 
 y   52 
Le
Use column formula, 107
Eulers k
 2EA
Fc  NF
k
2
e

L
F  2E
sd  
N Le k
2
A

Equivalent stress
F 4F
sd  
A Dr2
4 6 
s   7.64 ksi
 1.0 
d 2

Design factor
 2E
sd 
N Le k
2

7.64  2  30,000 

N 240
2

N  not safe
0.673

(c) For force exerted at the end of 20-in. lever to raise the load = Fa
WDm
T tan    
2
Lead Pc 1
 0.2857 in
 3.
5
1
D   1.25 1.00   1.125 in
m
 2 Lead 0.2857
  tan1  tan1  4.62
 Dm  1.125
f  tan  0.15
  8.53
W  6000 lb
 WDm
T  F a tan    
a
2 1.125
6000
F  20   tan 8.53  4.62 
a
2
Fa  39.43 lb

(d) Let p = pressure = 500 psi, W = 6000 lb, Do = 1.25 in, Di = 1.00 in.
Nt = number of threads, h = length of threaded portion.
p 4W


 Do  D2 Nt
2

500 
4 6000  
  1.25 2  1.00 2 Nt
Nt  27
Then
h Nt Pc   27  0.2857   7.7 in

(e) Torque necessary to lower the load.

WDm
T tan    
2
 6000 1.125
T tan 8.53  4.62 
2
T  230.7 in lb.

427. A square-thread screw, 2 in. in diameter, is used to exert a force of

24,000 lb. in a shaft-straightening press. The maximum unsupported
length of the screw is 16 in. and the material is AISI C1040, annealed.
(a) What is the equivalent compressive stress in the screw? Is this a
satisfactory value? (b) What torque is necessary to turn the screw
against the load for f = 0.15? (c) What is the efficiency of the screw?
(d) What torque is necessary to lower the
load? Solution:
For 2 in. square thread screw, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in. = 2.25 from
Table 8.1
W = 24,000 lb = 24 kips, L = 16 in
(a) For unsupported length, Le = L = 16 in.
For AISI C1040, annealed, Figure AF-1, sy = 47.5
ksi Transition,
1 1
k  D  1.612   0.2015 in
8 r 8
Le  2 2 E  2  2 2  30,000 2
1 1
    112
k  sy   47. 
5
Then Le 16

  79.4 112
k 0.2015
 Le
Use column formula, JB Johnson Formula, 112
k
sy  Le k
2
F  
 
A  4 2 E 
se1

se
4W
  s  L k 2 
D2 1 y e 
r
 4  2
E 
4 24 
se    21  47.5 79.4 2 
 1.612 4 2  30,000 
 

se 15.74
ksi
 satisfactory
sy 47.5 3.0
N 
se 15.74

(b) Torque to turn the screw against the load

WDm
T tan    
2
Lead Pc 1
 0.4445 in
 2.2
5
1
D 
m
 2.00 1.612 1.806 in
2
1 Lead 1  4.48

0. tan
4445  tan
Dm  1.806 
f  tan  0.15
  8.53
W  24,000 lb
WDm
T tan  

2
24,000 1.806 
T tan 8.53  4.48
2
T  5008 in lb

(c) Torque necessary to lower the load.

 WDm
T tan    
2
24,0001.806 
T tan 8.53  4.48
2
T  1535 in lb.
428. (a) A jack with a 2-in., square-thread screw is supporting a load of 20
kips. A single thread is used and the coefficient of friction may be as
low as 0.10 or as high as 0.15. Will this screw always be self-locking?
What torque is necessary to raise the load? What torque is necessary
to lower the load? (b) The same as (a) except that a double thread is
used. (c) The same as (a) except that a triple thread is used.
Solution:
Table 8.1, 2 in. square thread, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in = 2.25
(a) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.
1
D   2.00 1.612  1.806 in
m
2
Lead Pc 1
 0.4445 in
 2.2
5
1 Lead 1  4.48
 44tan
0. 45  tan
 Dm  1.806 
If f = 0.10
f  tan  0.10
  5.71
If f = 0.15
f  tan  0.15
  8.53
Since  is always greater than , the screw is always self-locking.
WDm
T tan    
2
W  20 kips
WDm
T tan    
2
201.806 
T tan 8.53 
4.48 2
T  4.173 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
T tan    
2
201.806 
T tan 8.53 
4.48 2
T  1.279 in kips.

(b) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

Lead 2Pc 2
 0.8889 in
 2.2
Lead5 0.8889
  tan1  tan1  8.904
 Dm If f = 0.10
f  tan  0.10  1.806 
  5.71
If f = 0.15
 f  tan  0.15
  8.53
Since  is always less than , the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
T tan    
2
W  20 kips
WDm
T tan    
2
201.806 
T tan 8.53 
8.904  2
T  5.671 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0

(c) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

Lead 3Pc 3
1.3333 in
 2.25
Lead 1.3333
  tan1  tan1 13.224
 Dm  1.806 
If f = 0.10
f  tan  0.10
  5.71
If f = 0.15
f  tan  0.15
  8.53
Since  is always less than , the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
T tan    
2
W  20 kips
WDm
T tan    
2
201.806 
T tan 8.53 13.224 
2
T  7.207 in kip
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0

429. The conditions for a self-locking screw are given in §8.23, Text.
Assume that the coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the
lead angle and show that the efficiency of a self-locking screw is
always less than 50%.
Solution:
tan 
e 
tan       
For self-locking,  > , then  +  >
2 Then,
 
e 2
e 0.50
e 50%

CURVED BEAMS

430. It is necessary to bend a certain link somewhat as shown in order to

prevent interference with another part of the machine. It is estimated
that sufficient clearance will be provided if the center line of the link is
displaced e = 3 in. from the line of action of F, with a radius of
curvature of R ≈ 5.5 in., L = 10 in., material is wrought aluminum
alloy 2014 T6; N = 2 on the basis of the maximum shear stress; F =
2500 lb. with the number of repetitions not exceeding 10 6. (a) If the
section is round, what should be its diameter D? (b) If the link is bend
to form cold, will the residual stresses be helpful or damaging?
Discuss.

Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn 18 ksi@5108 cycle
sy  60 ksi
At 106 cycles
6 0.09
sn  sn10 
 nc 
 106
0.09

18  sn  8
 510 
sn  31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn  0.85sn  0.85 31.49   26.77 ksi
sn 26.77
s  13.38 ksi
N 2
Equation:
F K Mc
s A  cI
A 
2

D4

I 
4

D64
D
c 
2
M  D
Fe K  Fe
4F
c
 
2
s  

2
D4
D 64

 32KcFe
4F  D3
s D
2

Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2 5.5 11
c D  D D
4 2.5 32Kc  2.5 3
13.38  
 D2  D3
By trial and error D = 1.92 in
r 11
 6.0908
c

1.92
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.152
4 2. 5  321.152  2.5  3
2  13.30 ksi13.38 ksi
s
 1.92   1.92 
3

Use D = 2 in.

(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.

431. The same as 430, except that the section is rectangular with h ≈ 3b;
see figure.
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn 18 ksi@5108 cycle
sy  60 ksi
At 106 cycles
6 0.09
sn  sn10 
 nc 
 106
0.09

18  sn  8
 510 
sn  31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn  0.85sn  0.85 31.49   26.77 ksi
s 26.77
s n  13.38 ksi
N 2
Equation:
F K Mc
s A  cI
A  bh b 3b  3b2
bh
3
b  2.25b4
I  3
12 3b 
12
h
c  
0.5h1.5b 2
M  Fe

s 3b  Kc  Fe1.5b
F
4
2 2.25b

 KcFe
F 1.5b3
s 3b
2

Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2 5.5 11 11
c  h  h  h  3b
13.38
 2.5 Kc  2.5 3
3b2  1.5b3
By trial and error b = 0.787 in
r  11

c 3 0.787   4.66
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.1736

s 2.5 1.1.5
1736  2.5  3
 0.787 
32 0.787  
3
13.38 ksi

Use b = 7/8 in. h = 3b = 2 5/8 in

(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.

432. A hook is to be designed similar to that shown to support a maximum

load F = 2500 lb. that will be repeated an indefinite number of times;
 the horizontal section is to be circular of radius c and the inside radius
a is 1 ½ in. (a) Determine the diameter of the horizontal section for N
= 2 based on the Soderberg line, if the material is AISI 4130, WQT
1100 F. (b) Calculate the value of the static load that produces
incipient yielding.

Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn’ = su/2 for reversed bending

sn  SFsn  0.85sn  0.85 su 2

Soderberg line:
1 sm Kf sa
N  sy  sn
s
sm  sa  repeated load
2
Kf  1.0

1 s s 2 0.85 su 2
N  2sy
1  1 1 
   s
N 2s 0.85s 
 y u 
1  1 1 
   s
2  2114  0.85127  
sd  36.63 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s A  cI
a  1.5 in

A  2c 2  c2
4
F  2500 lb 2.5 kips
M  F a c
   2c
I 4 c4
 4
 64
Table AT 18,
r  a c
r a c 1.5  c
c c  c
Substitute:
2.5 K  2.51.5  c c
36.63  c2  c
c4 4
2.5 10Kc 1.5  c
36.63  
c2 c3
By trial and error: c = 0.633
r 1.5  0.633
K  3.37 , 1.293
c
c 0.633

36.63  2.5 101.293 1.5  0.633

s 0.633 2    0.633
  3


36.63  s 36.60 ksi
Use c = 11/16 = 0.6875 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8
in

(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.

sd = sy = 114 ksi
F K Mc
s A  cI
F
114  Kc  F1.5  c c
c  c4 4
2

F  Kc  F1.5  c
114  c 3

c 2
r 1.5  0.6875 1.312
K  3.18 ,
c
c 0.6875

114  F  1.312 F 1.5  0.6875 

0.6875 2    0.6875
 3
F  32.71 kips

433. The same as 432, except that the hook is expected to be subjected to
100,000 repetitions of the maximum load.
Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn’ = su/2 for reversed bending
At 100,000 repetitions
0.085  106 0.085
 106  
sn  0.85 2     0.85 2  100,000
   0.5169su
su nc s
  u  
Soderberg line:
1 sm Kf sa
N  sy  sn
s
sm  sa  repeated load
2
Kf  1.0

1 s 2sy
N  2
0.5169s
u

1  1 1 
   s
N 
 2sy 1.0338su 
1  1 1 
   s
2  2114  1.0338127  
sd  41.66 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s A  cI
a  1.5 in

A  2c 2  c2
4
F  2500 lb 2.5 kips
M  F a c
  2c c4
I 4  4

64
Table AT 18,
r  a c
r a c 1.5  c
c c  c
 Substitute:
2.5 K  2.51.5  c c
41.66  c2  c
c4 4
2.5 10Kc 1.5  c
41.66 
c2  c3
By trial and error: c = 0.601
r 1.5  0.601
K  3.5 , 1.28
c
c 0.601

41.66  2.5 101.28 1.5  0.601

s 0.601 2    0.601
  3


41.66  s 41.64 ksi
Use c =5/8
Diameter = 2c = 1.25 in = 1 1/4 in

(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.

sd = sy = 114 ksi
F K Mc
s A  cI
F
114  Kc  F1.5  c c
c  c4 4
2

F  Kc  F1.5  c
114  c3
c 2
r 1.5  0.625
K  3.4 ,  1.29
c
c 0.625
114  F

 0.625
2
  0.625
 1.293 F 1.5  0.625

F  25.97 kips

434. A hook, similar to that shown with a horizontal circular section of

diameter 2c, is to be designed for a capacity of 2000 lb. maximum, a
load that may be applied an indefinite number of times. A value of a =
2 in. should be satisfactory for the radius of curvature of the inside of
the hook. Let N = 1.8 based on the modified Goodman line. At the
outset of design, the engineer decided to try AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F.
(a) Compute the diameter of the horizontal section, (b) If the 45o
circular section is made the same diameter, what is its design factor
(modified Goodman)? Could this section be made smaller or should it
be larger?
Solution:
(a) For AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F, Figure AF 1
su = 100 ksi, sn’ = su/2 for reversed bending
sn = SF x sn’ = 0.85(0.5)(100) = 42.5 ksi
Kf = 1.0
Modified Goodman line:
1 sm Kf sa
N  su  sn
s
sm  sa  repeated load
2
Kf  1.0
1 s 2 s 2
1.  42.5
8 
100
sd  33.14 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s A  cI
a  2.0 in

A  2c 2  c2
4
F  2000 lb 2.0 kips
M  F a c
  2c c4
I 4  4

64
Table AT 18,
r  a c
r a c 2.0  c
c c  c
Substitute:
2.0 K  2.0  2.0  c c
33.14  c2  c
c4 4
2. 0 8Kc  2.0  c
33.14  
 c2 c3
By trial and error: c = 0.639
 r 2.0  0.639
K  4.13 , 1.224
c
c 0.639

33.14  2.0 81.224   2.0  0.639 

s 0.639 2    0.639
  3


33.14  s 33.08 ksi
Use c = 11/16 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in

(b) sus = 0.6su = 0.6 x 100 ksi = 60 ksi

sns = 0.6sn = 0.6 x 42.5 ksi = 25.5 ksi
Equivalent stress (Modified Goodman Line)
s s
s  m nK s
e fa
su
s s
s  ms ns  K s
es f as
sus
1  s 2  s  2  12
  e   es  
  sns  
N   sn


sm  s
sa 2
ss
s  
s
ms as
2
F cos45 KcMc F cos45 KcF a c cos45 c
s   
A I c2 c4 4
F cos45 4KcF a c cos45
s 
c2 c3
Fsin45 Fsin45
ss  
A c2
11
c in 0.6875 in (assuming constant diameter)
16
r a c 2.0  0.6875
c  c  0.6875  3.91
Table AT 18,
Kc 1.239
s
 2.0 cos45 41.239  2.0  2.0  0.6875  cos45
 s 19.40 ksi
  0.6875
2
  0.6875
3

 2.0 
sin45  0.95 ksi
s
  0.6875
2

Then
s s
s  m nK s
e fa
su
 s s  19.40  42.5 
se  2  s n f K  2  100  1  13.82 ksi
 u 
smssns
s Ks
es f as
sus
s  s  0.85  25.5 
s  s  ns  K   1   0.68 ksi
es  f   60 
s 2 2
 us 

1  s  2 
 
2
s
  e   es 

  sns  
N   sn
 1

    2  2 
25.5  
2
1
N  13.82
42.5   0.68
    
N  3.06
Since N > 1.8, this section could be made smaller.

435. A C-frame hand press is made of annealed cast steel (A27-58) and has
a modified I-section, as shown. The dimensions of a 45o section CD
are: a = 3, b = 6, h = 4, t = 1 in., radius r = 1 in.; also g = 12 in.;
and the maximum force is F = 17 kips, repeated a relatively few times
in the life of the press. (a) Applying the straight-beam formula to the
45o section, compute the maximum and minimum normal stresses. (b)
Do the same, applying the curved-beam formula. (c) By what theory
would you judge this section to have been designed? If the radius r
were increased several times over, as it could have been done, would
the stress have been materially reduced? Give reasons for your
conclusions.

Solution:
(a) Straight-beam formula
Consider only normal stresses, relatively static.
 Fcos45 Mc
s  I
A  c2  
M  F g r    r cos45
 
 2  
A ht at  b 2t  t

t  b 2t   t
ht    b 2t  t    t   at  b t  
 2   2 
c 
 2
 bt b 2t t  at
ht
2
ht t
2   b t   at b
2    
c2  2  2  2
ht  b 2t  t  at
c1  b
c2
 41 2   6   1   1
6  21    3 1   6  
2  2   2
c2   
4 1  6  2  1   31  2.77273 in
c1  b c2  6  2.7723  3.22727 in

I  I  Ad2
A1  ht
A2   b 2t  t
A3  at
ht3  t 2
I1   ht c2  

  
12 2 b 
t3  b 2t   2

I2   b 2t t   c2 
12 2 
at3  t 2
I3   at c1  
12 3  2
 41   2
I1   4 1  2.77273  1   21 in 4
 
  6  21  3
112 26 2
 
 5.54 in4
  6  2 1   1  
2.77273
2 
  31 3  
 2
I3   3 1 3.22727  1   22.564 in 4
12  2 
I  21 5.54  22.564  49.104 in4
Then
Fcos45 Mc2
smax  
A I
Fcos45 Mc1
smin  
A I
A  4 1   31   6  2 1  1  11 in2
M  2.77273  

1712 1  1cos45  215.686 in kips
  2  
17 cos45  215.686   2.77273
s   13.27 ksi in tension
max 49.104
11
17 cos45  215.686  2.77273
s    13.08 ksi13.08 ksi in
min 49.104
11
compression

(b) Curved-beam formula

Fcos45 KciMc2
smax  
A I
Fcos45 KcoMc1
smin  
A I
Using Table AT18
r
Z 1  b log  r  c    t  b  log  r  c    b t  log  r  c   blog  r  c 
1 e 4 e 3 e 2
1 e 1
A

r  1 2.77273  3.77273 in
c2  2.77273 in
c1  3.22727 in
c4  3.22727 1  2.22727 in
c3  2.77273 1 1.77273 in
b1  3
in t  1
in b 4
in

1  c  I
Z r  c
 
Kc 
Arc
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Z1 3loge3.772733.22727 13loge3.7727

3.77273
 32.2 2727   
11  4 1log 3.772731.77273  4log 3.772732.77273
 eZ 2.944455
e 
c  c2
 2 
c 2.77273 
I1  1    49.104
Z r  c  2.944455 3.77273  2.77273
 2 
Kci  
Arc2 11 3.77273 2.77273
Kci  0.8286

c c1
 c1  1  3.22727   49.104 

I1 Z r  c 

2.944455 3.77273  3.22727 

Kco  1 

 Arc1 11 3.77273 3.22727 
Kco  0.424
Fcos45 KciMc2
smax  
A I
Fcos45 KcoMc1
smin  
A I
17 cos45  0.8286   215.686   2.77273
s   11.18 ksi in tension
max 49.104
11
17 cos45  0.424   215.686   2.77273
s    4.07 ksi 4.07 ksi in
min 49.104
11
compression

(c) This section must be designed based on straight beam formula.

Maximum stress is higher.
Increasing the radius r.
Table A-18.
r  2  2.77273  4.77273 in

Page 110 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES
c2  2.77273 in
c1  3.22727 in
c4  3.22727 1  2.22727 in
c3  2.77273 1 1.77273 in

Page 111 of 133

 b1  3
in t  1
in b 4
in

1  c  I
Z r  c

Kc 
 Arc 

Z1 3loge4.772733.22727 13loge4.7727

4.77273
 32.22727  
11  4 1loge4.772731.77273  4loge4.772732.77273
 Z 3.622343

c  c2
 2 
c 2.77273 
I1  1    49.104 
Z r  c  3.622343 4.77273  2.77273
 2 
Kci  
Arc2 11 4.77273 2.77273
Kci  0.4664

c c1
I1  c1  1  3.22727    49.104 
 
Z r  c  3.622343 4.77273  3.22727 
Kco  1 

 Arc1 11 4.77273 3.22727 
Kco  0.3221
Fcos45 KciMc2
smax  
A I
Fcos45 KcoMc1
smin  
A I
17 cos45  0.4664   215.686   2.77273
s    6.77 ksi in tension
max 49.104
11
17 cos45  0.3221  215.686  2.77273
s    2.83 ksi 2.83 ksi in
 min 49.104
11
compression
The stress is reduced using by increasing the radius r in Curved Beam
Formula.
Reason: As the radius r increased the stress factor for curved beam
decreases thence the maximum stress is reduced.
436. A heavy C-clamp, similar to the figure, is made of normalized cast
steel (A27-58) and has a T-section where t= 7/16 in.; q= 2 ¾ , a =1
¾ in. What is the safe capacity if N = 2 based on yield?

Solution:
F K Mc
s A  ci I i
Table AT 1
 3t   7 2
A 4t   t 4.5t   10.5t 2
 10.5   2.009766 in2
 2   16 
  2    3 2
3
t  4.5t  t   4t  t  t 
2   2
c  
1
3   32.035714t
 
2 t  4.5t  t    4t  t   t 
 
  2  2  
 7 
c  2.035714    0.890625 in
1
 16 
c2  4.5t 1.5t  c1  6t  2.035714t  3.964286t
 7 
c  3.964286   1.734375 in
2
 16 
Table AT 18
r  a c1 1.75  0.890625  2.640625 in
r a c1 2.640625
   2.965
c c1 0.890625
Kci 1.4212

M  F q ci   F 2.75  0.890625  3.640625F

For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,
sy  36 ksi
Moment of Inertia
4t   t 3
3
  3 
3
2  t  4.5t  3  4.5 
2


2    t  4.5t   3.964286t  t 
I   4t   t  2.035714t  t  
12 2  4  12  2 
  7 4
I  31.861607t4  31.861607  1.167293 in4
 16 

F
K
sciMci
A I
sy 36 F 1.4212  3.640625  F  0.890625
s N  2  2.009766  1.167293
F  4.049 kips 4049 lb

437. The same as 436, except that the section is trapezoidal with b = ¾ in.
(see figure). Ignore the effect of resounding off the corners.

Solution:
F K Mc
s A  ci I i
From other sources.
1  3 2
A  b 2b 3b  4.5b2  4.5   2.53125 in2
2 4
3b  2b  2b  4 43
c     b 1in
 

1 4
3  b 5 5 3
2b b 3  3 1.25
4
c2  3b b   in
3 3 34

 3b 3 b2  4b 2b    3 4
2b
2

I  3.25b4  3.25  1.02832 in4
36 b 2b 4

Table AT 18
3.25b4 2r  b a  e  r  c2   
Z 1  a b c a c  r 2 c log 
rc    b a

b 2b 2 0.75   1.50 in

c  3b 3 0.75  2.25 in
r  a c1 1.75 1  2.75
in
a  b 0.75 in
 1  
 2 2.75   1.50  0.75    2.75  1.25 
Z 1 0.75    2.75 1.25 log    1.50
 0.75
 0.75 1.5 2.25
  2.25 


e
 2.75 1 




Z 0.05627
1  c1  I 1  1   1.02832 
Z r  c  0.05627 2.75 1
1
Kci 
  
1.6479
Arc1  2.53125
2.751
M  F q c1   F 2.75 1 
3.75F For Normalized cast steel,
A27-58, sy  36 ksi

F K Mc
s A  ci I i
sy 36 F 1.6479   3.75  F 1
s N  2  2.53125  1.02832
F  2.810 kips 2810 lb

THICK-SHELL CYLINDERS; INTERFERENCE FITS

438. Special welded steel pipe, equivalent in strength to SAE 1022, as

rolled, is subjected to an internal pressure of 8000 psi. The internal
diameter is to be 4 ½ in. and the factor of safety is to be 3, including
an allowance for the weld. (a) Find the thickness of the pipe according
to the distortion-energy theory. (b) Using this thickness find the
maximum normal and shear stresses and the corresponding safety
factors. (c) Compute the thickness from the thin-shell formula and
from the Barlow formula.
Solution:
4.5
r  2.25 in,
N  3 p  8000 psi i
i
2 ,
SAE 1022, as sy  52 ksi
rolled,
(a) Distortion-Energy Theory
 
1
 
  
t  ri  1 2
3p  1 in
 
 1 i
 
 s  
 
sy 52
s  17.333 ksi17,333 psi
N 3
 1

1    2 
t  2.25  
 2.774 in
  1
  3  8000  
1
  
17,333 

 

(b) Maximum normal stress
  

p r 2  r 2  2p r 2 
i o i o o
ti
ro2  ri 2

p r2  r 2
 ti  ir2o r2i

o i
ri  2.25 in
ro  2.25  2.774  5.024 in

 ti  80005.024  2.25  12,014 psi

2 2

5.0242 2.252
N 52,000
sy  12,014  4.33
 ti
Maximum shear stress
r2  p  p 
o i o 
r2  r2
o i

r2po i
  r2  r2
oi

 5.024  2  8000
 10,007 psi

5.0242  2.252
N  52,000
sy  210,007 2.60

2
(c) From thin-shell formula
pr  8000  2.25
t i i  1.0385 in
st 17,333
From Barlow formula
pr p  r  t
t i o i i
st st
pr  8000  2.25
t  st i i  17,333  8000  1.929 in
pi

439. The internal diameter of the cast-steel cylinder, SAE 0030, of a

hydraulic press is 12 in. The internal working pressure is 6000 psi, N =
2.5. Find the thickness of the cylinder walls (a) from the maximum-
shear-stress theory, (b) from the octahedral-shear theory. (c) Compute
the thickness from the thin-shell and Barlow formulas. What do you
recommend?
Solution:
Table AT 6. SAE 0030 = A27-58, sy = 35 ksi
(a) Maximum shear theory
r2  p  p  sy
  o 2 i 2o 
r r 2N
o i
 12
r  6 in
i
2
pi  6,000 psi 6 ksi
po  0 ksi
ro2  6  35

0 2
ro2   6  2.5
2

ro 15.8745 in
t  ro  ri 15.8745  6  9.8745 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory

 

12


t  ri
1
 1
 3pi  
 1  
  s  

sy 35
s  14 ksi
N 2.5


 12

1  
t   6    1   5.8195 in
 1 3  6 
 
  
 14  
(c) Thin shell formula
sy
pr
s i i 
t
t N
 6  6  35
t 2.5
t  2.5714 in
Barlow formula
pr sy
s i o
t
t N
6 6  t  35
t 2.5
t  4.5 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 9.8745 in thick.

440. The same as 439, except a higher-strength material is selected. Try

cast-steel SAE 0105.

Solution:
Table AT 6. SAE 0105 = A148-58, sy = 85 ksi
(a) Maximum shear theory
 r2  p  p  sy
  o 2 i 2o 
r r 2N
o i
12
r  6 in
i
2
pi  6,000 psi 6 ksi
po  0 ksi
ro2  6  85

0 2
ro2   6  2.5
2

ro  7.459 in
t  ro  ri  7.459  6 1.459 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory

 

12



t  ri1 1
 3pi  
 1  
 s  

sy 85
s   34 ksi
N 2.5


 12

1  
t   6  
1 1.2005 in
 1 3  6 


  
 34  



(c) Thin shell formula
sy
piri
s 
t
t N
 6  6  85
t 2.5
t 1.0588 in
Barlow formula
pr sy
s i o
t
t N
6 6  t  85
t 2.5
t 1.2857 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 1.459 in thick.

441. A 2 ½ in. heavy-wall pipe has the following dimensions: OD = 2.875, ID

= 1.771, t = 0.552 in.; inside surface area per foot of length = 66.82
in.2, outside surface area per foot of length = 108.43 in.2. The material
is chromium-molybdenum alloy, for which the permissible tangential
tensile stress is 15 ksi at temperatures between 700 – 800 F. (a)
Compute the maximum internal working pressure for this pipe from
Lame’s formula, by the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear
theories.
(b) What is the stress at an external fiber? (c) A higher design stress
 would be permitted for an external pressure alone. Nevertheless,
compute the external pressure corresponding to a maximum
tangential stress of 15 ksi.
Solution:
OD 2.875
r  1.4375 in
o
2 2
ID 1.771
r   0.8855 in
i
2 2
t  0.552 in
(a) Lame’s Equation

 

pi r 2  ri2  2p r2


o 2 oo
s
ti
ro  ri 2


p 1.4375   0.8855  0
2 2

15  i
1.4375   0.8855 2
2

pi  6.7477 ksi
Maximum shear theory
r2  p  p  s
  o 2 i 2o 
r r 2
o i

1.4375 2  pi  15
1.4375 2    2
0.8855
2

pi  4.654 ksi
Octahedral shear theory

 

12


1
1

t  ri
 3pi  
 1  
 s  


 12

1  
0.552   0.8855   1
 3pi  
 1  
 15  


pi  5.374
ksi
(b) Stress at external pi  4.654 ksi
fiber,

 to 
2pi ri2  p
o
r 2  r i2
o
 
r2  r2
o i

 to 2 4.654  0.8855  0
2
 5.592 ksi

1.4375   0.8855
2 2

(c) External pressure alone.

 
 
pi r 2  ri2  2p r2

o 2 oo
s
ti
r r 2
o i
 0  2po 1.4375
2
 15 
1.4375 2   0.8855 2
po  4.654 ksi

442. A cast-steel hub is to be shrunk on a 1.5-in., SAE 1035, as-rolled, steel

shaft. The equivalent diameter of the hub is 2.5 in., its length is 4 in.
(a) What must be the interference of metal if the holding power of this
fit is equal to the torsional yield strength of the shaft? Use Baugher’s
recommendations. (b) What are the corresponding tangential and
radial stresses in the hub?
Solution:
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
Es = 30,000 ksi
s = 0.3
For hub, Cast steel, Eh = 30,000 ksi, h ~ 0.3
(a) Interference of metal

For solid shaft, same E and .

Ei   D  2 
pi  1  i  
2Di   Do  
 
Di 1.5 in
Do  2.5 in
L 4 in
For pi:

T fpiDi 2L
 2
But D3s
i ys
T  16
Then
D s3
fpD2L
i ys i i

16
f  as per Baugher’s recommendation
0.1
Di sys 1.5  33
p   15.46875 ksi
i
8 fL 8 0.1 4 
Then
Ei   D  2 
pi  1  i  
2Di  D 
  o 
 30,000  i    1.5 2 

15.46875 21.5 1  
  2.5 
i  0.002417 in - answer.
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub

Tangential stress
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  D 
  o 
 30,000  0.002417 1   1.5 2 

 th  1.5
2 2.5   32.87 ksi
   
Radial stress
 rh  pi  15.46875 ksi

443. The same as 442, except that the hub is ASTM 20, cast iron. Will the
resulting tensile stresses be safe for cast iron?
Solution:
Table AT 6, ASTM 20, cast iron, suc = 83 ksi, su = 20 ksi (hub)
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
(a) Interference of metal

For hub of cast iron and the shaft is steel.

  D 2 
Ei1  i  
p  D o  


i   D 2 
Di 3    1    i  
  D o  
Di 1.5
in Do 
2.5 in L
4 in
E  30,000
ksi
  0.27
For pi:
fpiD2L
T

i
2
But D3s
i ys
T  16
Then
 D3 fpD2L
s
i i
i ys
16
Page 120 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES
f  as per Baugher’s recommendation
0.1
Di sys 1.5  33
p   15.46875 ksi
i
8 fL 8 0.1 4 
Then

Page 121 of 133

   D 2 
Ei1  i  
p  D o  


i   D 2 
Di 3    1    i  
  Do  
    1.5 2 
30,000 i 1  
  2.5 
15.46875  
   1.5 2 
1.5 3  0.27  1 0.27  
2.5
   
i  0.004269 in -
answer.

(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub

Tangential stress
  D 2 
Ei1  i  
   Do  

th  D 2 

Di 3    1    i  
  Do  
    1.5 2 
30,000 0.004269 1  
  2.5  
   1.5    32.87 ksi
t      2
h
1.5 3  0.27  1 0.27  
 2.5
 
 30,000  0.002417 1   1.5 2 
 th
 21.5 2.5
  32.87 ksi > 20 ksi.
     
Not safe for cast iron ASTM
20. Radial stress
 rh  pi  15.46875 ksi

444. A cast-steel gear is pressed onto a 2-in. shaft made of AISI 3140,
OQT 1000 F. The equivalent hub diameter is 4 in., and the hub length
is 4 in.
(a) What are the maximum tangential and radial stresses in the hub
caused by a class FN 2 interference fit? Compute for the apparent
maximum value of i (but recall the probability of this event). (b) What
axial force F in tons will be required to press the gear on the shaft if f1
 is assumed to be 0.2? (c) What torque may the force fit safely
transmit? (d) Is the holding capacity of this fit large enough to
transmit a torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in
the shaft?
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi,  = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi,  = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 2 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in
diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0027 – 0.0000 = 0.0027 in
(a) For same material and same Poisson’s ratio

Tangential stress
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  Do  
  

3010  0.0027 
6
 2 2 

 2
th 1 
4   25,313 psi

Radial stress    
Ei   D 2 
 rh  pi   1  i 
2Di  D 
  o 

3010  0.0027   2 2 
6


 2
rh
1  4   15,188 psi
   

(b) Axial force F in

tons.
f p Di L
F 1 i tons
2000
 0.2 15,188    2  4
F 2000  38.17 tons
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fp
i i
D 2 L
T 
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
 0.115,188   2  2  4
T  38,172 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss  0.6sys  0.6 0.6sy   0.6 0.6 133  47.88 ksi 47,880 psi
ss 
T i  47,880    72,210 psi
D3  3
 2
16 16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a
torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
445. The same as 444, except that a class FN 4 fit is investigated and the
computation is made for the average i.
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi,  = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi,  = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 4 interference
fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0042 – 0.0000 = 0.0042 in
Minimum value of i = 0.0035 – 0.0012 = 0.0023 in
Average value of i = 0.5 (0.0042 + 0.0023) = 0.00325 in
(a) For same material and same Poisson’s ratio

Tangential stress
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  Do  
 6 

 3010  0.00325  2 2 

 2
th 1 
4   30,469 psi
   
Radial stress
Ei   D  2 
 rh  pi   1  i  
2Di  D 
  o 

3010  0.00325  2 2 
6


rh  2 1 
4   18,281 psi
   

(b) Axial force F in

tons.
f p Di L
F 1 i tons
2000
 0.2  18,281     2   4
F 2000  45.95 tons
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fpiD2L
T i
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
 0.118,281   2  2  4
T  45,945 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
 
ss  0.6sys  0.6 0.6sy  0.6 0.6 133  47.88 ksi 47,880 psi
ss 
T i  47,880    72,210 psi
D3  3
 2
16 16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a
torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.

446. A No. 217 ball bearing has a bore of 3.3465 in., a width of 1.1024 in.,
and the inner race is approximately 3/8 in. thick. This bearing is to be
mounted on a solid shaft with i = 0.0014. (a) Calculate the maximum
radial and tangential stresses in the race. (b) Estimate the force
required to press the bearing onto the shaft.
Solution:
Di = 3.3465 in, Do = 3.3465 + 2(3/8) = 4.0965 in, i = 0.0014 in.
(a) Maximum radial stress in the race
Ei   D  2 
 rh  pi   1  i  
2Di  D 
  o 
 
3010  0.0014
6
 3.3465 2 

1 
rh  2
3.3465  4.0965
  2,087 psi
    
Tangential stress
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  Do  
  
 th
 
  30106  0.0014 1   3.3465  2 
2 3.3465 4.0965  10,463 psi
   
(b) Force required to press the bearing onto the shaft
f p Di L
F 1 i tons, use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
 0.175  2,087     2  4
F 2000  4.59 tons

447. A steel disk of diameter Do and thickness L = 4 in. is to be pressed

onto a 2-in. steel shaft. The parts are manufactured with class FN 5
fit, but assembled parts are selected so as to give approximately the
average interference. What will be the maximum radial and tangential
stresses in the disk if (a) Do is infinitely large; (b) Do = 10 in.; (c) Do =
4 in.; (d) Do = 2.5 in.?
Solution:
(a) Maximum radial stress Do   .
if
Ei   D  2 
 rh  pi   1  i  
2Di  Do  


Ei
  p  
rh
2Di
i

 
3010  0.005  
6

37,500 psi
rh
2
2
Maximum tangential stress Do   .
if
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  Do  


 th
Ei
 2Di

 th

3010 
6
0.005
 37,500 psi
2 2 
(b) Maximum radial stress Do 10 in.
if
Ei   D  2 
 rh  pi   1  i  
2Di  Do  
  

3010  0.005
6
 2 2 

rh  2 1     36,000 psi
  10 
 Maximum tangential stress Do 10 in
.
if
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  D 
  o 
 
 6

3010  0.005   2 
  
2
th
2 1  10  39,000 psi
  
(c) Maximum radial stress Do  2.5 in.
if
Ei   D  2 
 rh  pi   1  i  
2Di  Do  
  

30 10  0.005
6
 2 2 

1 
rh  2 2.5
  13,500 psi
   
Maximum tangential stress Do  2.5 in.
if
Ei   D 2 
 th  1  i  
2Di  D 
  o 
 
 
th 3010  0.005 1  2 
6

2 2   2.5 61,500 psi

  

448. A steel cylinder is to have an inside diameter of 3 in. and pi = 30,000

psi. (a) Calculate the tangential stresses at the inner and outer
surfaces if the outside diameter is 6 in. (b) It was decided to make the
cylinder in two parts, the inner cylinder with D1 = 3 in. and Di = 4.5
in., the outer cylinder with Di = 4.5 in. and Do = 6 in. (see figure). The
two cylinders were shrunk together with i = 0.003 in. Calculate the
pressure at the interface and the tangential stresses at the inner and
outer surfaces of each cylinder. (Suggestion: first derive an equation
for the interface pressure).
Solution:
(a) Tangential stresses at the inner and outer surface.
Di = 3 in, ri = 1.5 in, pi = 30,000 psi
Do = 6 in, ro = 3 in, po = 0

 ti 

p r 2  r 2  2p r 2
i o i o o
ro2  ri 2

   30,000  3  1.5  2 2
  0 50,000 ksi
ti

  3 2 1.5 2
to 
2pi ri2  p
o or  ri
2 2
 
r2  r2
o i

 to 2 30,0001.5  0
2
 20,000 ksi

 3 2  1.5 2
(b) Pressure at the interface, tangential stresses at the inner and outer
surface of each cylinder.
i  2   th  hpi  ts  spi 
 D   

h s i h Es 
E
Eh  Es , h  s 


p r2  r2
 th  ir2o r2i

o i

 ts 

2p1r12  pi ri 2  1r 2 
r2  r2
i 1
  th pi  ts pi  Di
iD       
 
i th ts
 E
 E
D  p r 2  r 2 p r 2  r 2 2p r 2  E  E 
E
i  Ei  ir o ri  ir i  r1  r 1 1r 
2 2 2 2 2 2

 o i i 1 i 1 
p1 = 30,000 psi, ro = 3 in, ri = 2.25 in, r1 = 1.5
in Pressure at the interface, pi.
Ei  2p1 1 2
 2
pi  2 Di 2rri 2 1r2 2
r r r r
ro2  ir2 ri2  1r2
o i i 1

3010  0.003  2 30,0001.5

6 2

pi  4.5  2.252 2   2.25 2  1.5 2

 3 2 2 1.5
2.25
 48,000  2.6
20,000  3.571429
 
 3 2   2.25 2  2.25 2  1.5 2
pi 11,018.5 psi
Tangential stresses:
 Inner cylinder:
Inner surface:

 ti  
1
p1 ri2 2 r 2 2  2pi ri2
 ri  r1

 ti


30,000  2.25
2
 1.5
2
  211,018.5  38,333.4 psi
2.25
2

 2.25 2  1.5 2
Outer surface:

 to 

2p1r12  pi ri 2  1r 2 
ri2  r1 2

 to

2 30,000 2.25
2
11,018.5  2.25  2
 1.5
79,351.9 psi
2

 2.25 2
 1.5
2

Outer cylinder:
Inner surface:
 ti 
 
p r 2  r 2  2p r 2
i o 2i o o
ro  ri 2


 ti  11,018.5  3   2.25
2 2
  2 0 3 39,351.8 psi
2

 3 2   2.25 2
Outer surface:

 to 
2pi ri2  po o
r 2  r i2  
ro2  ri 2

 to 
211,018.5 2.25  0  3   2.25 
2
 2
28,333.3 psi
2

 3 2
  2.25 
2

449. A phosphor-bronze (B139C) bushing has an ID = ¾ in., an OD = 1 ¼

in., and a length of 2 in. It is to be pressed into a cast-steel cylinder
that has an outside diameter of 2 ½ in. An ASA class FN 2 fit is to be
used with selective assembly to give approximately the interference i
= 0.0016 in. Calculate (a) pi, (b) the maximum tangential stress in the
steel cylinder, (c) the force required to press bushing into the cylinder,
(d) the decrease of the inside diameter of the bushing.
Solution:
Phosphor Bronze B139C, Es = 16 x 106 psi (Table AT3), s = 0.36 (other
reference).
Cast steel, Eh = 30 x 106 psi , h = 0.27 (Table AT 6)
i  2   th  hpi  ts  spi 
 D    
h s i
Es 
 E
h


p r r
2 2
 th  ir2o r2i

o i


 pi ri2 1 r 2
 ts  r2  r2

 i th1 hpi  ts  pi 
i  Di  E E E E 
s

 h s 

 
h s
p r r 2 2
 p p r2  r2  p

   
io
i  Di E
 r 2  ri i2   i Ei s ri  1r  Es si 


hi 2 2

Eh
h o 1
(a) pi
i
Di
pi  r22  r2  r2  
r
2 2 i 2 2 
  E r  
o i 1 h s
Eh ro  ri s i  r1 Eh Es
2.25
r 1.125 in
o
2
 1.25
r  0.625 in
i
2
 0.75
r  0.375 in
1
2
L 2 in
Di 1.25 in
0.0016
pi 

2
 2   0.625
1.25 2 
2
1.125
0.375
  0.27 0.36
  
0.625

3010 6 1.125   0.625
2

1610 6  0.625  
2
30106 16 106
2
 0.375
2

1.28103
pi 
6.309524 108 1.328125107  0.9108  2.25108
pi  7,017 psi
(b) Maximum tangential stress in the steel cylinder.

pi ro2  ri 2
 th  r2  r2

o i

 th 
 7,017  1.125 2   0.625 2 13,282 psi

(c) F 
1.125 2
  0.625
2

f1 piDi L
F tons, use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
 0.175  7 ,017     1.25  4 
F 2000  4.82 tons
(d) Decrease of the inside diameter of the bushing. The bushing is
phosphor bronze. Subscript is “s” as in shaft.
  ts  spi 
 s   Es 


 pi ri2 1 r 2
 ts  r2  r2
 
i 1

 

 7,017  0.625   0.375
2 2
 
14,911 psi
 0.625 2  
ts

0.375
2

  14,911  0.36 7,017  

s     0.000774 in
 16106  

DESIGN PROJECTS
DESIGN PROJECTS
450. A jib crane similar to the one shown is to be designed for a capacity of
F = (say, 1 to 3 tons). The load F can be swung through 360o; L ≈
10 ft., b ≈ 8.5 ft., c ≈ 2 ft. The moment on the jib is balanced by a
couple QQ on the post, the forces Q acting at supporting bearings. The
crane will be fastened to the floor by 6 equally spaced bolts on a D1 =
 30-in. bolt circle; outside diameter of base D2 = 36 in. (a) Choose a
pipe size (handbooks) for the column such that the maximum
equivalent stress does not exceed 12 ksi. (b) Choose an I-beam for
the jib such that the maximum stress does not exceed 12 ksi. (c)
Compute the maximum external load on a base bolt and decide upon
the size.
(d) Complete other details as required by the instructor, such as:
computing Q and choosing bearings (ball or roller?), the internal
construction and assembly in this vicinity, detail sketches giving full
information.

451. Design an air-operated punch press similar to the one shown. Let the
force at the punch be 12 tons, (or other capacity as specified by the
instructor), the depth of throat to the inside edge of the frame be 25
in., the diameter and stroke of the piston about 8 in. by 8 in., the
mechanical advantage of the lever about 7, and the diameter of the
punch 3/16 in. Determine first the horizontal section of the frame, and
locate and design the cylinder. Then determine the relative
arrangement of the various links and make a force analysis, from
which the design of certain parts follows. Determine the actual
distance of movement of the punch (not less than about 1 in.). The
illustration will assist the student in settling upon the proportions of
parts for which strength calculations cannot be made.
452. Design a screw press similar to that shown for a load of (say, 3)
tons on the screw. The depth of the throat g is to be (10) in. and the
height of the throat h is to be (15) in. (The instructor will assign the
data.) The order of procedure may be as follows: (a) Find the
diameter of the screw. If Le/k > 40, check as a column. If the top of
the screw is squared off for a handwheel or handle, check this section
for twisting. The equation for pivot friction, if desired, is in §18.10,
Text. (b) Decide upon the diameter of the handwheel or the length of
handle (if one is needed to obtain the maximum pressure), assuming
that the maximum force to be exerted by a man is about 150 lb.
Dimensions of handwheels may be found in handbooks. The handle
may be designed by the flexure formula. (c) Design the frame. The
shape of the section of the frame will depend on the material used. A
T-section is suitable for cast iron (say N = 6 on the ultimate strength),
a hollow box or modified I-section is suitable for cast steel. The 45o
section CD of the frame should be safe as a curved beam. See Table
AT 18. In this connection, it will be well to make the radius r as large
as practicable, since the larger r the less the stresses from a given
load. Compute the dimensions of the vertical section. It is a good plan
to keep t and a the
 same in all sections. (d) Design the bushing if one is used. The height
b depends upon the number of threads in contact, which in turn
depends upon the bearing pressure used in design. (Say half-hard
yellow brass?) Compute the outside bushing diameter, the diameter
and thickness of the collar, and decide upon dimensions to be used.
(e) Fix the location and number of bolts to be used to fasten the frame
to the base plate, and determine their size. Use a common bolt
material. (f) Decide upon all other details of design. Make a separate
sketch of each part of the machine showing thereon all dimensions
necessary for manufacture. It is suggested that, first, all materials be
tentatively decided upon, after which design stresses may be chosen.
See that design stresses for the various parts bear a logical relation to
one another. It is not necessary to follow this procedure in detail. It is
likely that one will have to leave certain details unfinished from time to
time, because these details depend on parts of the design not yet
completed. Make sure that all parts can be assembled after they are
made. Notice that the plate on the lower end of the screw must be
connected in such a manner that the screw may turn while the plate
does not.

453. Design a jib crane, as suggested by the illustration, to lift a load of W of

tons. The maximum radius of swing is to be about ft. (The
instructor will assign data). Suggested procedure: (a) From
catalogues, select a hoist to suit the purpose, giving reasons for your
choice, and noting significant dimensions. Of course, in the end, the
hoist trolley has to match the size of I-beam used. (b) Let the angle
that the diagonal tension rod makes with the horizontal be about 20o
to 25o, and decide upon the dimensions H and L. Note that the point G
does not necessarily have to be at the extreme position of the load. As
a matter of fact, some advantage may result from having G inside the
outermost position of the load. Make the force analyses (including
weight of hoist as part of load) for (1) the condition of maximum
column action, (2) the condition of maximum bending moment on the
beam, and (3) the condition for maximum force on the hinge B (to be
used for the design of this hinge). (c) Find the size of I-beam such
that the maximum stress for any position of the load falls within the
limits of 12 and 15 ksi, usually by assuming a standard beam and
checking the stress. According to the arrangement of parts, it may be
necessary to design the connection at G between the rod and the
beam first. With the details of this connection known and with the
details of beam assumed, the location of point G, the point of
application of the force T, can be determined. The bending moment of
a section a minute distance to the right of G is W(x – dx). A minute
distance to the left of G, the bending moment is W(x + dx) – Txe –
Tydx; that is, the moment changes suddenly at G by the amount Txe.
(d) Determine the size of diagonal support, including details of
connections. (e) Design the connections at each end of the diagonal
and the hinge at C. Settle upon the details including the method of
attaching the hinge to the vertical surface, which may be wide-flange
beam. (f) Design the hinge at B and the connection to the I-beam;
also the details of the method of attaching the hinge to the vertical
surface. Where material is not specified, make your choice clear. There
should be no doubt as to your design stresses or design factor. Show a
neat large sketch, fully dimensioned, of each part separately. It is
unlikely that too much detail will be shown.

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