College of Education

STAT 301 – ELEMENTARY STATISTICS

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. Define data and its types
b. Identify sources of primary and secondary data
c. Differentiate methods of collecting data
d. Determine the different sampling techniques
Key Words:
 Data
 Types of Data
 Methods of Collecting Data
 Research Instruments
 Sampling Techniques

What are Data?

Data are collection of facts, such as values or measurements that can either be
qualitative or quantitative. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be
visualized using graphs or images. It can be numeric and non-numeric.
Types of Data
Collected data can be one of several types. Knowing what type of data it is helps
one to decide how best to collect it and what appropriate way to display it.
1. Raw Data are also known as unprocessed data. These refer to a collection of
numbers, characters, or facts that have not been subjected to any manipulation.
An example of this is the direct result of conducted survey or research as part of a
study. Data can be considered ungrouped if the number of sample is less than 30.
2. Grouped Data are raw dataset that can be arranged by constructing a table
indicating frequency distribution.
3. Primary Data may refer to information from the original source or based on first
hand experiences. It is the direct information collected by the person doing the
research and can be acquired through experiments, case studies, interviews, etc.
Primary Sources
1. Individual persons
2. Organized groups or organizations such as associations, schools, and
business firms
3. Established practices such as marriage, religious rites or customs
4. Documents in their original forms such as laws, certificates, notarized
documents, census, letters, and diaries
5. Living organisms such as animals, and plants
6. Man-made material such as machines, buildings, artifacts, and archaeological
articles
7. Natural objects and phenomena such as rain, wind, typhoon, and snow
Advantages
a. It is an original data
b. It gives unbiased information that is more reliable because of first-hand nature.
c. It is data directly taken from the primary market/population

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 d. It often gives detailed definition of terms and accurate statistical units used in
the study
Disadvantages
a. It usually accumulates large volume of data from a huge volume of population
b. Collection is time consuming
c. Direct and personal intervention is needed
d. It is raw data
4. Secondary Data refers to information taken from published or unpublished
sources that are already gathered by other individuals or agencies. These are
easily available when primary data cannot be obtained at all.
Secondary Sources
1. Books
2. Dictionaries
3. Encyclopedia
4. Articles published in professional journals, gazettes, magazines, and
newspapers
5. Unpublished thesis and dissertations
6. Monographs
7. Manuscripts
Advantages
a. It is inexpensive to obtain
b. It saves time and effort to collect
c. It helps improve the understanding of the problem
d. It provides a basis for comparison of researches
Disadvantage
a. Accuracy of the secondary data is not known
b. Data may be obsolete
Methods used in Collecting Data
Data collection is an important aspect of statistics. It enables the researcher to
gather, measure, and establish in a systematic way answers to stated questions, to test
hypotheses, and to evaluate outcomes. Regardless of field study, accurate data collection
is essential to establish the integrity of a research. Inappropriate method of data collection
can have a negative impact and worse, may eventually lead to invalid and worthless
results.
Direct Method – this method is also known as interview method. This method is
an effective way of collecting a first-hand dat. It is a direct exchange of ideas between the
interviewer and the interviewee.
Types of Direct Method
1. Face To Face Interview – this method has a unique advantage of enabling the
researchers to build rapport with potential participants and therefore gain their
cooperation. It is said to yield highest response rates in survey research.
2. Telephone Interview – this method is less time consuming and less expensive to
conduct. However coverage maybe limited only to respondent who can accessed
through telephone.

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of all its contents is prohibited. © 2021
 Indirect Method – Also known as Questionnaire Method. This method of collecting
data uses a list of prepared questions or questionnaire to obtain information in the form
of written responses.
Registration Method – In this method, respondents are mandated to provide
needed information enforced by law.
Experiment Method – This method is useful in establishing cause and effect
relationships of a particular occurrence under a controlled environment.
Observation Method – Data is collected through perception or senses.
Focused Group Discussion – this type of method gathers respondents of similar
backgrounds or experiences converse on a certain topic of interest.
Sampling Techniques
Sample - is a group in research study on which information is obtained.
Population - is a group to which a results of the study are intended to apply.
Sampling Techniques - refers to the process by which the individuals in the sample
are selected. It has two main classification: Probability Sampling and Non-probability
Sampling
A. Random Sampling/Probability Sampling - process whose members had an
equal chance of being selected from the population.
A1. Simple Random Sampling - process of selecting 𝑛 sample size in the population
via random numbers or through lottery.
A2. Systematic Sampling - process of selecting 𝑘𝑡ℎ element in the population until the
desired number of subjects or respondents attained.
Example: For instance we have the data shown below; say we want to consider every
5th on the list.
23 34 12 14 13 23 24 39 27 23
12 15 16 23 26 28 23 22 19 34
25 22 18 30 23 24 17 18 15 12
A3. Stratified Sampling - process of subdividing the population into subgroups or
strata and drawing members at a random from each subgroup or stratum.
Example: Given that a population in a certain university.
Field of Specialization Population
Nursing 6,000
Accountancy 500
Management 2,000
Marketing 1,000
Education 2,500
Total 12,000

Field of
Population Percentage Sample Size
Specialization
Nursing 6,000
Accountancy 500
Management 2,000
Marketing 1,000
Education 2,500
Total 12,000

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of all its contents is prohibited. © 2021
A4. Cluster Sampling - process of selecting clusters from a population which is very
large or widely spread out over a wide geographical area.
B. Non – Random Sampling/Non-probability Sampling - sampling procedure
where samples selected in a deliberate manner with little or no attention to
randomization.
B1. Convenience Sampling - process of selecting a group of individuals who are
available for study.
Example: A researcher may only include close friends and clients to be included in the
sample population.
B2. Purposive Sampling - process of selecting based from judgment to select a
sample which the researcher believed, based on prior information, will provide the data
they need.
Example: A human resource director interviews the qualified applicants in a supervisory
position. (Note: Qualified applicants are selected by the HR director which is based from
his own judgment.)
B3. Quota Sampling - applied when an investigator survey collects information from an
assigned number, or quota of individuals from one of several sample units fulfilling
certain prescribed criteria or belonging to one stratum.
B4. Snowball Sampling - technique in which one or more members of a population are
located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.
Ex: A researcher is studying the effect of marijuana used on teenagers’ behavior
towards their peers, then he could interview one person and that person will lead him to
another.
B5. Voluntary Sampling - technique when a sample are composed of respondents
who are self-select into the study/survey.
B6. Judgement Sampling - technique when the researcher relies on his/her
personal/sound judgement in choosing to participate in the study or sample selected is
based on the opinion of an expert.

Summary:
 Data
o Types of Data
 Raw Data
 Grouped Data
 Primary Data
 Primary Sources
 Individual persons
 Organized groups or organizations such as
associations, schools, and business firms
 Established practices such as marriage, religious
rites or customs
 Documents in their original forms such as laws,
certificates, notarized documents, census, letters,
and diaries
 Living organisms such as animals, and plants

This material is exclusively for Northeastern College students ONLY. Any redistribution or reproduction of part or
of all its contents is prohibited. © 2021
  Man-made material such as machines, buildings,
artifacts, and archaeological articles
 Natural objects and phenomena such as rain, wind,
typhoon, and snow
 Secondary Data
 Secondary Sources
 Books
 Dictionaries
 Encyclopedia
 Articles published in professional journals, gazettes,
magazines, and newspapers
 Unpublished thesis and dissertations
 Monographs
 Manuscripts
 Methods used in Collecting Data
o Direct Method
 Types of Direct Method
 Face To Face Interview
 Telephone Interview
o Indirect Method
o Registration Method
o Experiment Method
o Observation Method
o Focused Group Discussion
 Sampling Techniques
o Sample
o Population
o Random Sampling/Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
o Non – Random Sampling/Non-probability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
 Purposive Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 Snowball Sampling
 Voluntary Sampling
 Judgement Sampling

References:

Sirug W. (2015). Basic Probability and Statistics. Intramuros, Manila, Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Dañas, J., Lumberio C. (2015). Introductory to Elementary Statistics. Intramuros, Manila,
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Pagala R. (2011). Statistics. Intramuros, Manila, Mindshapers Co., Inc.

This material is exclusively for Northeastern College students ONLY. Any redistribution or reproduction of part or
of all its contents is prohibited. © 2021