Contents

List of Figures.........................................................................................................................................2
Title........................................................................................................................................................3
Objective................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
Theory....................................................................................................................................................4
Specific humidity, relative humidity, and percentage saturation.......................................................4
Psychometric chart.............................................................................................................................4
Equipment..............................................................................................................................................7
Procedures.............................................................................................................................................8
Result.....................................................................................................................................................9
Discussion (Individual), Conclusion(Individual), References(individual)...............................................10
Appendixes........................................................................................................................................... 21

1|Page
List of Figures
Figure 1................................................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 3................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 4................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 5................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 6................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 7................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 8................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 9................................................................................................................................................... 7

List of Tables
Table 1................................................................................................................................................... 6

Table 2................................................................................................................................................... 9

2|Page
Title
Analysis Of Air-conditioning Processes

Objective
To observe and understand the changes in air properties as it is treated in a basic air-
conditioning unit.

Introduction
Did you ever put an alchohol in your palm and see it disapear and your hand feel cold at the
same time? This fenomena is the basic air-conditioning system. Air conditioning and
refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. The idea of creating air-conditioning
first introduce in the 2nd century. A Chinese inventor named Ding Huane of the Han Dynasty
invent a rotary fan with seven wheels for cooling purpose. Then, in the Tang Dynasty Cool
Hall was built in the imperial place which have water powered fan wheel for air-conditioning.
In 1820, an inventor named Michael Faraday found that the compressing and liquifying
ammonia could chill air. In 1902, the first electrical air-conditioning was invented by Willis
Haviland Carrier in Buffalo, New York. Then in 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North
Carolina found a way to add moisture to his fabric factory. The idea to improve the efficiency
of air-conditioning continue untill now. Air-conditioning application is broadly devided into
two types which are:

 Comfort applications – Provide indoor buiding environment that remains costant in

range
preffered by humans.
 Process applications – Provide a suitable condition for the process being carried out.

There are various type of air-conditioner in the market, such as:

 Window air-conditioner
 Split air-conditioner
 Package air-conditioner
 Central air conditioning system

3|Page
Theory
Specific humidity, relative humidity, and percentage saturation
Specific humidity is the ratio of mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air. Denoted by, ω

ms
Specific humidity, ω=
ma

The relative humidity is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume to that,
which it would have if it were saturated at the same temperature.

ms
Relative humidity, ∅=
(m¿¿ s)sat ¿

Relative humidity is usually expressed as a percentage. Another altelnative way to find the
relative humidity is by knowing the wet and dry bulb. With the aid of table 1, the relative
humidity can directly be found.

The percentage saturation is define as the ratio of specific humidity of a mixture to the
specific humidity of the mixture when saturated at the same temperature.

ω
Percentage saturation, ψ=
ωg

Psychometric chart
The specific humidity and percentage saturation can be obtaine in the psychometric chart.
An ordinate is erected at the known dry bulb temperature and the point of intersection
between it and the diagonal line representing the known wet bulb temperature is found. The
percentage saturetion is then found from the curve of constant percentage of
saturationwhich passes through this point. The specific humidity is read off the ordinate
scale in kilograms of vapour per kilogram of dry air. The enthalpy of the mixture in kilojouls
per kilograms kilograms of dry air can be read off the diagonal scale of specific enthalpy. The
zero specific enthalpy for the vapour is always taken at 0°C. For the dry air the zero for
specific enthalpy is also taken at 0°C.

4|Page
Figure 1: Example of Psychometric Chart

5|Page
Table 1: Relative Humidity Table

6|Page
Equipment
Computer Linked Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit ( P.A. Hilton )

Figure 2: Blowing Fan Figure 3: Control Panel Figure 4: Air Flow Exit

Figure 5: Compressor Figure 6: Water Heaters Figure 7: Condensate

Condenser Unit Measurement

Figure 8: Electronic Interface

Figure 9: Evaporator

Procedures
The unit is started and the blower is running and the computer screen displaying the master
menu. Programme 1 show the process data displayed on a schematic layout of the system.
Programme 2 displayed the properties of the treated air on the psychometric chart.

a) No process
 The data and the psychometric chart of the initial properties of the air as it
enter the air-conditioning unit is printed.
b) Sensible heating

7|Page
 
The pre-heat and re-heat switch is switched on and the data and the
psychometric chart is then printed. Then, both of the switch is switched off.
c) Steam Humidification
 All heaters switched on to boil the waters. After steam produced, the upper
heater is switched off and the data and the psychometric chart is then
printed. After data printed, all heaters are switched off.
d) Cooling and Dehumidification
 Compressor is switched on and the temperature is allowed to cooled until
18°C to 20°C range. Time started to record when the drain water is start to
pour out. Time stopped recorded as the drain water reach 100ml. Then, the
data and the psychometric chart is printed.

Result
Experiment No Process Sensible Steam Cooling and
Reading Heating Humidification Dehumidification
T1 ( TA d ) 26.6 26.5 27.7 28.9
T2 ( TA w ) 22.1 22.2 23.3 22.8
T3 ( TB d ) 26.6 34.1 30.4 29.1
T4 ( TB w ) 21.9 24.6 29.6 22.9
T5 ( TC d ) 26.3 33.3 29.6 19.0
T6 ( TC w ) 21.9 24.2 29.0 18.0

8|Page
 T7 ( TD d ) 26.4 36.0 29.9 19.1
T8 ( TD w ) 21.9 24.9 29.3 18.4
T9 ( T 1) X X X 10.9
T10 ( T 2 ) X X X 77.0
T11 ( T 3 ) X X X 45.3
T12 ( T 4 ) X X X 6.8
Qp X 1012.2 X X
Qr X 538.3 X X
Qb X X 2785.0 X
Pevp ( P 1 ) X X X 216.7
Pcond ( P 3 ) X X X 1135.7
ma 130.8 127.1 125.9 125.7
mr X X X 12.7
Time X X X 16.52
Drain Water (ml) X X X 100
Table 2: Result From Experiment

Units:
All Temperatures, T = °C
Qp, Qr, Qb = W
Pevp , Pcond = kN/m2
ma , mr = g/s
Time = minutes . sec
Drain Water = ml

Discussion
No process
The dry air enters the air-conditioning unit at 26.6°C and leave at 26.4°C. This show that the
air temperature has slightly decrease. This probably cause by the blower. The air get cooled
as it pass through the air-conditioning unit. The percentage saturation at this period is about
75%, while the moisture contents is about 0.016 kg/kgdry air of dry air. At this point, there is
no energy in terms of heats coming in or going out in the process.

9|Page
Sensible Heating
After heat introduced the initial air is raise to 36°C. The initial temperature raised by 9.5°C
for the dry temperature and 2.7°C for the wet bulb temperature. Heat energy at this point is
1012.2 W at the pre-heat section and 538.3 W at re-heat section. The percentage saturation
has decrease to 38% from 75%. The moisture content shows a significant decreament from
0.016 kg/kgdry air to 0.014 kg/kgdry air.

Steam Humidification
At this point, the air introduced with the steam to humidify the air. The moisture content has
increase to 0.26 kg/kgdry air. The steam provide the moisture for the air. This fenomena same
with the fan that has water jet. The water jet provide moisture in the air while the fan
blowing. Thus the humidity of the air can be added to provide the desired condition. If more
steam present in this air-conditioning unit, the moisture content in the air will increase. The
exit teperature is 29.9°C. That shows an increasing of 2.2°C. Because of the steam that carry
heat with it, the air will pick up the heat and thus the exit temperature is higher than inlet
temperature.

Difference between dry bulb and wet bulb at inlet, = 4.3°C

From table, ∅ inlet ≈ 72 %

Difference between dry bulb and wet bulb at exit, = 0.6°C

From the relative humidity table, ∅ exit ≈ 93 %

From this data, the relative humidity has increase.

Cooling and Dehumidification

At this point, the evaporator is pumping in to provide the cooing effect to the air. The air
condensate and the water drain is measure to 100ml. The air is cooled from 28.9°C to
19.1°C. Cooling is achieve by allow air to flow through the evaporator. A refrigerant pick up
the heat from the air and thus the air become cooler after it flow through the evaporator. A
moisture in the air condensate at the evaporator and turn to water. The moisture content or
the specific humidity has decrease from 0.014 to 0.012 kg/kg dry air and the percentage
saturation is 85%. At this point the treated air is cool and contain less humidity than initial
state.

10 | P a g e
In this experiment, the amount of moisture remove is 0.002 kg/kg dry air. The rate of drain
water is, v drain water=100 ml / 1012 s

¿ 0.0988 ml /s

The heat removed is 9.8°C.

Air Conditioner device

A basic device shoud have in an air-conditioning system are:

 Compressor
 Condenser
 Expension Valve
 Evaporator
 Fan
 Piping system

A schematic diagram of air-conditioner has shown in the figure 10.

Figure 10: Schematic Diagram For

Air-Conditioner

The used of each device are discribed in the below table.

Device Function
Compressor The use of compressor is to compress the
refrigerant.

Condenser Used to liquify the high presure refrigerant

from the compressor.
Expension Valve Used to lower the refrigerant pressure
before it enter the compressor.
Evaporator Absorbe heat from the air.
Fan Used to suck and blow the air.
11 | P a g e
 Piping System Enable refrigerant to flow and also for
condensate water to flow.

Air Conditioning in Car

A typical air conditioning in car shown in the figure 11.

Figure 11: Schematic Diagram of Car Air-Conditioner

The device in the car air-conditioner are fan, condenser, compressor, expension valve, drier,
evaporater and blower. The air enters the system through the fan and flow trough the
condenser. At the condenser, the heat carried by the refrigerant are dump to the
surrounding. The air then flow through an evaporator. The refrigerant in the evaporator pick
up the heat in the air as the air flow throgh it. The refrigerant keep flowing to expension
valve and compressor and lastly the refrigerant remove the heat that its carried at the

condenser. The copressor, fan and blower are powered by the car engine through belting.
The condenser is usualy placed in front of the car hud and the evaporator placed at the back
of the car front hud. The compressor is placed nearly to the engine to reduce the power loss
in the belting. Today modern car has used R134a as the refrigerant because this refrigerant
has less toxict that can harm the environment.

Conclusion
In this experiment, the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the air that have been
treated in 4 type of process. The comfort condition of air is abot 20°C and 60% of humidity.

12 | P a g e
Different condition of air-conditioning may be needed for different type of purpose. For an
example, the bird nest building need a higher humidity about 75%. At the hospital storage
required below absolute zero temperature to avoid bacteria. For a conclusion, the
temperature and humidity is very important to our life. If there is no air-conditioning, the
nowdays life will not be able to achieved. However the current air-conditioner has effected
our environment. Researchers all around the world still findings the solution to avoid
pollution to the environment.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/relhum.html

http://www.gorhamschaffler.com/humidity_formulas.htm

Houghton Mifflin Company

Monograph on Thermal Engineering

Discussion 1:

1. When there is no process, we can see that the temperature in the air conditioning
ventilation is inside the range of 21.9 ᵒC to 26.6 ᵒC. The temperature was in this range
because it is equal to the room temperature. The temperature occurs at T1, T3, T5 and
T7 are higher because there are at dry condition and the temperature occurs at T2, T4,
T6 and T8 are smaller because there are at wet condition. The value of mass flow rate,
ma was 130.8 g/s.

13 | P a g e
 2. When it is undergo the sensible heating, the pre-heater 1 kW and 0.5kW was on. The
temperature rise up in T2 to T8 but decreased at T1. The maximum temperature occurs
in T3, T5 and T7 which are at pre-heater. The value of mass flow rate, m a was 127.1
g/s and shown decreasing. Heat occurs, Qp and Qr in this process. This process use
heat exchanger that increase or decreased the air temperature. Usually may use steam,
hot water or electric as the heating medium.
3. When the air conditioning turns to the steam humidification process, the 3 water
heater was on. The temperature at T1, T2, T4, T6 and T8 rise a bit further compared
with temperature at sensible heating process but temperature in T3, T5 and T7 are
decreasing. The value of mass flow rate, m a was 125.9 g/s and shown decreasing. Heat
occurs during this process which is Qb is 2785.0 watt. Humidifier is used to increase
the moisture content of the air. Such as, water may be sprayed directly into the air,
may be evaporated from the moist surface, or steam may be injected into the air.
4. When it is undergoes the Cooling and Dehumidification the temperature in T1 was
increased and T2 until T8 decreased because the heaters had been turned off because
we don’t need heater during the cooling and dehumidification processes. In this
process compressor was on, and T9 until T12 occurs in this process. The value of mass
flow rate, ma was 125.7 g/s and shown decreasing and m r was 12.7g/s. Pressure occurs
during this process at evaporate and condenser. Dehumidifier is used to reduce the
moisture content of the air. It is usually achieved by cooling the air below its dew
point so that surplus moisture is precipitated.
5. Cooling and Dehumidification process produced 100 ml drain water in 16 minutes 52
second.

Discussion 2:

14 | P a g e
1. A air conditioning or heat pump compressor which compresses low pressure
refrigerant gas into a high pressure, high temperature gas. Usually the compressor is in
the outdoor portion of an air conditioning or heat pump system. The compressor is
basically a high pressure pump driven by an electric motor. The air conditioning
compressor is usually packaged in the outdoor compressor/condenser unit illustrated
by our page top drawing.

2. A condenser or condensing unit: typically a condensing coilinside which high

temperature high pressure refrigerant gas flows, and over which a fan blows air to cool
the refrigerant gas back to a liquid state (thus transferring heat from the refrigerant gas
15 | P a g e
 to the air being blown by the fan). The condenser unit is basically a coil of finned
tubing and a fan to blow air across the coil. Usually the condenser unit is in the
outdoor portion of an air conditioning system, often packaged along with the
compressor motor discussed above. See COMPRESSOR CONDENSER and see our
page top sketch too. The change of state of the refrigerant, from hot high pressure gas
to a liquid releases heat, including heat collected inside the building) to the outdoors.

3. A metering device which dispenses liquid refrigerant into an evaporator coil. The

metering device may be simply a thin section of tubing (a capillary or "cap" tube) or it
may be a bit more sophisticated thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) which includes a
temperature sensing control that can open and shut the device against refrigerant flow.

4. An evaporator coil or cooling coil: typically the cooling coil is a section of finned
tubing (it looks a lot like a car radiator) into which liquid refrigerant is metered and
permitted to evaporate from liquid to gas state inside the coil. This state change of the
refrigerant, from liquid to gas, absorbs heat, cooling the evaporator coil surface and
thus cooling indoor air blown across the cooling coil. Usually the cooling coil is
located inside the air handler. See AIR HANDLER / BLOWER UNITS and articles
like DIRTY COOLING COIL.

5. An air handler and blower unit which provides a fan to blow building air across or
through the evaporator coil. The air handler blower fan unit moves building air across
the evaporator coil surface in order to condition building air by cooling it (and thus
also by removing moisture from the cooled air).

6. A duct system which distributes conditioned air from the air handler in to the
occupied space (supply ducts), and which takes air from the occupied space and
returns it to the cooling system air handler.

7. Air conditioner controls and features, which include a room thermostat, electrical
switches, fuses or circuit breakers, condensate handling system, and air filters.

Discussion 3:

16 | P a g e
1. Vehicles are found to have primarily three different types of air conditioning systems.
While each of the three types differ, the concept and design are very similar to one
another. The most common components which make up these automotive systems are
the following:
COMPRESSOR, CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR, ORIFICE TUBE, THERMAL
EXPANSION VALVE , RECEIVER-DRIER,ACCUMULATOR.  
Note: if your car has an Orifice tube, it will not have a Thermal Expansion Valve
as these two devices serve the same purpose.  Also, you will either have a
Receiver-Dryer or an Accumulator, but not both

2. Your vehicles heating and air conditioning system can be very confusing and involve
complicated diagnostics and repair procedures.  To help in your repair make sure you
have a quality repair manual like those offered online.Without the heating and air
conditioning systems in today’s modern vehicles, we would all be miserable driving to
our destinations. We take for granted the heat that keeps us warm in the winter
months, and the cool air that refreshes in the summer time. Let’s take a look at how
both systems work to keep us comfortable all year round.
17 | P a g e
      The heater in your car is basically a smaller version of your cooling systems
radiator. Hot engine coolant is circulated through a small radiator, often times called a
heater core. A fan is positioned in front of the heater core to blow cold outside air over
the fins. As this air travels over the heater core, it heats up and becomes the hot air
which blows out your heater vents.

      Like your engines cooling system radiator, the heater core can suffer some of the
same issues. If the heater core becomes clogged with rust or sludge, you will no longer
have heat. Also leaks can cause a cabin full of white steam and really mess up your
windows. If you smell the sweet aroma of coolant when your heater is on, chances are,
you have a small leak in the heater core. Often times the heater core is buried under
the dashboard, and replacing it, is a major job.

      The air conditioning system in your car is comprised of a compressor, condenser,
expansion valve and evaporator. If you have ever used a can of compressed air to
clean computer components, you will know that the bottle gets very cold in a short
amount of time. This is due to the rapid expansion of the compressed gas. The same
thing happens in your car’s air conditioning system. Refrigerant (AKA Freon) is
compressed in the compressor and turns into a hot gas. In the condenser, this hot gas is
cooled to a liquid state and travels to the expansion valve. As the Freon goes through
the expansion valve it returns to a low-pressure gas and rapidly cools in the
evaporator. A fan blows over the evaporator and cools the air that eventually blows
out your vents.

18 | P a g e
From this experiment, we can conclude that the objectives have been achieve which is to
observed and understand the changes in air properties as it is treated in a basic air-
conditioning unit. In the air conditioning, we need several main components such as
condenser, compressor and heater to overrun the air conditioning system. Nowadays, we have
air treatment in air conditioning to treat the air for comfort air circulation. The air conditioner
may affect by some thermodynamic processes. In air conditioner, we can have some basic
process such heating, pre-heating, reheating, dehumidification and cooling.

The error of this experiment and how to overcome this problem are in table below.

error precaution

The time we take during the We must repeat the time taken for
experiment is not accurate even the several times to get the very high
mistake is small such as a few accurate result.
second; this will cause the other
value become incorrect.

Parallax error due to the observer. Make sure the eye level of the
observer is at the same level with
the scale reading.
Too many observer Only one observer must done the
observation process to avoid taking
the value with different way

19 | P a g e
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning
2. http://www.familycar.com/classroom/ac1.htm
3. http://www.automotive-res.com/automotive-air-conditioning-diagram/
4. Heat Transfer Laboratory Sheet from Heat Transfer Laboratory
5. Cengel, Y. A. (2003). Heat Transfer A Practical Approach, Second Edition. In Y. A.
Cengel, Heat Transfer A Practical Approach, Second Edition (pp. 17-23). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

20 | P a g e
Appendixes

21 | P a g e