Difference Between Client and Server What is MAN? A Metropolitan Computer network A computer What is LAN?

A computer What is LAN? A Local Area InputDevices Devices used to

Clients, also known as service requesters, Area Network or MAN is consisting network is a system in which Network (LAN) is a group of provide data and instructions to the
are pieces of computer hardware or of a computer network across an multiple computers are connected to computer and peripheral computer are called Input devices.
server software that request resources entire city, college campus, or a each other to share information and devices which are connected in Some important input devices are
and services made available by a server. small region. This type of network is resources. a limited area such as school, Key board, Mouse, Scanner, MICR,
Client computing is classified as Thick, large than a LAN, which is mostly Types of Computer Networks? laboratory, home, and office Web camera, Microphone etc.
Thin, or Hybrid. • Thick Client: a client limited to a single building or site. There are various types of computer building. It is a widely useful 1. Keyboard: The Key board is used
that provides rich functionality, performs Depending upon the type of networks available. We can network for sharing resources for typing text into the computer. It
the majority of data processing itself, and configuration, this type of network categorize them according to their like files, printers, games, and
relies very lightly upon the server. • Thin is also known as standard Input
allows you to cover an area from size as well as their purpose. other application. The simplest device. A computer keyboard is
Client: a thin-client server is a lightweight several miles to tens of miles. type of LAN network is to
computer that relies heavily on the similar to that of a type writer with
connect computers and a
resources of the host computer -- an additional keys. The most commonly
printer in someone's home or
application server performs the majority Characteristics of MAN Here are available computer keyboard has
office. In general, LAN will be
of any required data processing. • Hybrid important characteristics of the used as one type of
104keys. There are different types of
Client: possessing a combination of thin MAN network: • It mostly covers transmission medium. It is a keys on the keyboard. The keys are
client and thick client characteristics, a towns and cities in a maximum 50 What is PAN (Personal Area categorized as : • Alphanumeric keys
Network)? PAN is a computer network which consists of less
hybrid client relies on the server to store km range • Mostly used medium is than 5000 interconnected , including letters &numbers. •
persistent data, but is capable of local optical fibers, cables • Data rates network formed around a person. It
devices across several Punctuation keys, such as colon (:),
processing. A server is a device or adequate for distributed computing generally consists of a computer,
buildings. semicolon (;) Question mark (?),
computer program that provides applications. mobile, or personal digital assistant.
Single &double quotes(‗,‖) • Special
functionality for other devices or PAN can be used for establishing
communication among these Characteristics of LAN Here are keys such as arrow keys, control
programs. Any computerized process that Advantages of MAN Here are
personal devices for connecting to a important characteristics of a keys, function keys (F1 to F12),
can be used or called upon by a client to pros/benefits of using MAN system:
digital network and the internet. LAN network: • It is a private HOME, ENDetc
share resources and distribute work is a • It offers fast communication using
network, so an outside 2..Mouse: It is a device that controls
server. Some common examples of high-speed carriers, like fiber optic
Characteristics of PAN • It is mostly regulatory body never controls the movement of the cursor on a
servers include: • Application Server: cables. • It provides excellent
hosts web applications that users in the personal devices network equipped it. • LAN operates at a relatively monitor. A mouse will have 2
support for an extensive size
network can use without needing their within a limited area. • Allows you higher speed compared to other buttons on its top. The left button is
network and greater access to
own copy. • Computing Server: shares an to handle the interconnection of IT WAN systems. • There are the most frequently used button.
WANs. • The dual bus in MAN
enormous amount of computer resources network provides support to devices at the surrounding of a single various kinds of media access There will be a wheel between the
with networked computers that require transmit data in both directions user. • PAN includes mobile devices, control methods like token ring left and right buttons. This wheel
more CPU power and RAM than is concurrently. • A MAN network tablet, and laptop. • It can be and ethernet. enables us to smoothly scroll
typically available for a personal mostly includes some areas of a city wirelessly connected to the internet through screens of information. As
computer. • Database Server: maintains or an entire city. called WPAN. • Appliances use for Advantages of LAN Here are we move the mouse, the pointer on
and shares databases for any computer PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and pros/benefits of using LAN: • the monitor moves in the same
program that ingests well-organized data, Disadvantages of MAN Here are Bluetooth systems. Computer resources like hard- direction. Optical mouse is another
such as accounting software and drawbacks/ cons of using the MAN disks, DVD-ROM, and printers
advanced pointing device that uses a
spreadsheets. • Web Server: hosts web network: • You need more cable to Advantages of PAN Here, are can share local area networks.
light emitting component instead of
pages and facilitates the existence of the establish MAN connection from one important pros/benefits of using This significantly reduces the
PAN network: • PAN networks are the mouse ball. Mouse cannot be
World Wide place to another. • In MAN cost of hardware purchases. •
relatively secure and safe • It offers You can use the same software used for entering the data. It is only
network it is tough to make the
only short-range solution up to ten over the network instead of useful to select the options on the
Benefits of Client-Server Computing system secure from hackers
There are numerous advantages of the meters • Strictly restricted to a purchasing the licensed screen.
client server architecture model: • A What is WAN? WAN (Wide Area small area software for each client in the 3. Scanner:: It is an input device that
single server hosting all the required data Network) is another important network. • Data of all network can read text or illustrations printed
in a single place facilitates easy protection computer network that which is Disadvantages of PAN Here are users can be stored on a single on paper and translate into digital
of data and management of user spread across a large geographical important cons/ drawback of using hard disk of the server form. The main advantage of these
authorization and authentication. • area. WAN network system could PAN network: • It may establish a computer. • You can easily scanners is that the data need not
Resources such as network segments, be a connection of a LAN which bad connection to other networks at transfer data and messages be entered separately resulting in
servers, and computers can be added to a connects with other LAN's using the same radio bands. • Distance over networked computers. • It saving lot oftime. Scanners are of
client-server network without any telephone lines and radio waves. It limits. will be easy to manage data at two types: i)optical scanners ii)
significant interruptions. • Data can be is mostly limited to an enterprise or only one place, which makes MICR i) Opticalscanners: a. Optical
accessed efficiently without requiring an organization. data more secure. • Local Area character Recognition(OCR): In this,
Advantages of computers : 1. High
clients and the server to be in close
speed :Computers have the ability to Network offers the facility to characters are read with the help of
proximity. • All nodes in the client-server Characteristics of LAN: • The share a single internet a light. Thisis used in office
software files will be shared among perform routine tasks at a greater speed
system are independent, requesting data
than human beings. They can perform connection among all the LAN atomization, documentation in
only from the server, which facilitates all the users; therefore, all can users.
millions of calculations in seconds. 2. libraryetc. b. Optical mark
easy upgrades, replacements, and access to the latest files. • Any
Accuracy : Computers are used to recognition(OMR): It is a technology
relocation of the nodes. • Data that is organization can form its global Disadvantages of LAN Here are
integrated network using WAN. perform tasks in a way that ensures where an OMR device senses the
transferred through client-server the important cons/ drawbacks
accuracy. 3. Storage :Computers can presence or absence of a mark such
protocols are platform-agnostic. of LAN: • LAN will indeed save
Advantages of WAN Here are the store large amount of information. Any as a pencil mark. OMR is used in
item of data or anyinstruction stored in cost because of shared
What is a Client-Server Network? A benefits/ pros of using WAN: • tests such as aptitudetests. c.
the memory can be retrieved by the computer resources, but the
client-server network is the medium WAN helps you to cover a larger Optical barcode recognition(OBCR):
computer at lightningspeeds. 4. initial cost of installing Local
through which clients access resources geographical area. Therefore Barcode readers are photoelectric
Automation :Computers can be Area Networks is quite high. •
and services from a central computer, via business offices situated at longer
The LAN admin can check scanners that read the bar codes or
distances can easily communicate. • instructed to perform complex tasks
either a local area network (LAN) or a personal data files of every LAN vertical zebra striped marks printed
Contains devices like mobile phones, automatically (which increases
wide-area network (WAN), such as the user, so it does not offer good on product containers. This is used
laptop, tablet, computers, gaming theproductivity). 5. Diligence
Internet. A unique server called a privacy. • Unauthorized users in super markets,book shopsetc. ii.
consoles, etc. • WLAN connections :Computers can perform the same task
daemon may be employed for the sole MICR: This is widely used in banks to
repeatedly & with the same can access critical data of an
purpose of awaiting client requests, at work using radio transmitters and process the cheques. This allows the
accuracywithout gettingtired. 6. organization in case LAN admin
which point the network connection is receivers built into client devices.
Versatility :Computers are flexible to is not able to secure centralized computer to recognize characters
initiated until the client request has been
Disadvantage of WAN Here are perform both simple and complextasks. data repository. • Local Area printed using magnetic ink.
fulfilled. Network traffic is categorized as
drawbacks/cons of using WAN: • 7. Cost effectiveness :Computers Network requires a constant
client-to-server (north-south traffic) or
The initial setup cost of investment reduce the amount of paper work and LAN administration as there are 4. Magnetic Ink Character
server-to-server (east-west traffic).
is very high. • It is difficult to human effort, thereby reducingcosts. issues related to software setup Recognition(MICR):: It is a character
Popular network services include e-mail,
file sharing, printing, and the World maintain the WAN network. You Limitations of computers : 1. and hardware failures recognition technology used
need skilled technicians and Computers need clear & complete primarily by the banking industry to
Wide Web. A major advantage of the
network administrators. • There instructions to perform a task facilitate the processing of the
client-server network is the central
are more errors and issues because accurately. If theinstructions are not cheques. MICR characters ( cheque
management of applications and data. data : it is the collection of raw
of the wide coverage and the use of clear & complete, the computer will No., Acc.No.etc) are printed in
facts, figures & symbols.
different technologies. • It requires not produce the requiredresult. 2. special ink usually containing iron
Ex : Names of students and their
more time to resolve issues because Computers cannotthink. 3. Computers
Client-Server Definition Client-server marks in different subjects listed oxide. When a document that
of the involvement of multiple wired cannot learn byexperience
denotes a relationship between in random order. contains the ink needs to be read, it
cooperating programs in an application, and wireless technologies. • Offers Information : It is the data that is passes through a machine which
composed of clients initiating requests for lower security compared to other processed & presented in an magnetizes the ink and there will be
services and servers providing that types of networks. Definition operating system organized manner. a reader sorter unit which translates
function or service In client server An operating system is a program Ex : When the names of students the magnetic information into
computing, the clients requests a resource Definition: A Computer is an that acts as an interface between the are arranged in alphabetical
electronic device that can perform characters. MICR provides a secure,
and the server provides that resource. A user and the computer hardware order, total and average marks high speed of scanning and
server may serve multiple clients at the activities that involve Mathematical, and controls the execution of all are calculated & presented in a
Logical and graphical processing information. It scans
same time while a client is in contact with kinds of programs. tabular form, it is information.
manipulations. Generally, the term about 2600cheques/min.
only one server. Both the client and Program : Set of instructions that
server usually communicate via a is used to describe a collection of enables a computer to perform a
computer network but sometimes they devices that function together as a given task.
may reside in the same system. system. It performs the following
three operations in sequence. 1. It
receives data & instructions from
the inputdevice. 2. Processes the
data as perinstructions. 3. Provides
the result (output) in a desiredform
Output devices Any device that is Secondary memory: The primary HARDWARE andSOFTWARE Following are some of important
capable of representing information ASCII – American Standard Code for memory which is faster (and hence functions of an operating System. •
on a computer is called an Output Information Interchange. This code expensive) is generally not sufficientfor Hardware: The physical components Memory Management • Processor
device. Output devices receive has given alphabets like some largestorageofdata. As of the computer are known as Management • Device Management •
information from the CPU and numbers which can be converted to aresult,additionalmemory,called ―Hardware‖. It refers to the objects File Management • Security •
present it to the user in the desired Binary form.A- 65 …….Z– 90 and a– 97 the―auxiliary‖or―secondary that we can actually touch. Control over system performance •
z –121 By using these codes the Job accounting • Error detecting
form.Some important Output devices memory‖isused. Ex: input and output devices,
alphabets can be converted to digital aids • Coordination between other
are : Monitor,Printe Itisalsoreferredas―backupstorage‖asit processors, circuits and the cables.
& hence to Binary form. Types of software and users
isusedtostorelargevolumeofdataona
r1 .Terminal/Monitor: It is similar to Memory: A computer memory is of permanent basis which can be Software: Software is a program or Memory Management Memory
TV screen- either a monochrome two types 1. Primary Memory transferred to the primary memory set of instructions that causes the management refers to management of
(black & white) or colour – and it (Internalstorage) 2. Secondary whenever required for processing. Data Hardware to function in a desired Primary Memory or Main Memory.
displays the output. It is also referred Memory ( Externalstorage) are stored in secondary storage in the way. The basic difference between Main memory is a large array of words
as Visual Display Unit(VDU). Several same binary codes as in the main the Hardware and Software is just or bytes where each word or byte has
types of monitors are in use. Some of Primary Memory: Primary memory is (primary memory) storage. Some of the the same as that exists between TV its own address. Main memory
them are Colour Graphic also called internal memory and is an devices of secondary storages are Floppy and TV studio. Without TV studio provides a fast storage that can be
Adapter(CGA), Enhanced Graphics important part of a computer. It is the Disk, Hard Disk, CD-ROM, DVD and Flash (software) from where the programs accessed directly by the CPU. For a
Adaptor(EGA) , Video Graphics main area in a computer where the drive. are telecast, the TV (Hardware) is a program to be executed, it must in the
Adapter (VGA) and Super Video data is stored. The stored data can be 1.FloppyDisk:Itisalsoreferredas―Diskette deadmachine. main memory. An Operating System
Graphics Adapter(SVGA). The screen recalled instantly and correctly :andismadeof flexibleVinylmaterial. does the following activities for
sizes differ from system to system. whenever desired. This memory can Ithasasmall hole on one side called memory management − • Keeps tracks
be quickly accessed by the CPU for of primary memory, i.e., what part of it
The standard size is 24 lines by 80 ―Right protect notch‖, Which protects Type of Software
reading or storing information. are in use by whom, what part are not
characters. Most systems have accidental writing/deleting the The software has mainly divided into
Primary memory is further classified in use. • In multiprogramming, the OS
provision for scrolling which helps in information from the disk. There is a hole two categories: Application software
into two types: Random Access decides which process will get memory
moving the text vertically or in the centre through which the spindle ,System software. AND when and how much. • Allocates the
horizontally on the screen. Memory (RAM) and Read- Only of drive unit rotates the disk. The disks ,Utility Software memory when a process requests it to
Memory (ROM ) RAM: RAM is also are available in two sizes of 5.25 and 3.5 do so. • De-allocates the memory when
2 . Printer: A printer is used to known as read/write memory as inches and these could be either low- Application Software a process no longer needs it or has
transfer data from a computer onto information can be read from and density or high-density floppies. Storage Applications software also called been terminated.
paper. The paper copy obtained written onto it. RAM is a place in a capacity of floppies are measured in end-user programs or merely an
fromaprinterisoftenreferredas―print computer that holds instructions for kilobytes (KB) and megabytes (MB). The application. It resides above system Processor Management In
out‖. the computer, its programs and the details about the storage capacities of software. The end-user uses multiprogramming environment, the
Dot – Matrix printer data. The CPU can directly access the the floppies are presentedbelow: applications software for a specific OS decides which process gets the
data from RAM almost immediately. 2.Hard Disk: The hard disk can hold more purpose. It programmed for simple processor when and for how much
However, the storage of data and information than the floppy disk and the as well as complex tasks. It either be time. This function is called process
instructions in RAM is temporary, till retrieval of information from hard disk is installed or access online. It can be a scheduling. An Operating System
Prints the character in dotted pattern the time the computer is running. It single program or a group of small
faster when compared to floppies or does the following activities for
through printer ribbon using either 24 disappears from RAM as soon as the programs that referred to as an
tapes. A hard disk is fixed inside the CPU processor management − • Keeps
pin or 9 pin power to the computer is switched application suite. Application
and its capacity ranges from 20 MB tracks of processor and status of
speed 200/300 to 700 CPS off. i.e it is volatile memory.ROM: It is software can be used by the user to
onwards. The hard disk is made up of a process. The program responsible for
called Read-only memory as collection of discs (one below the other) complete specific tasks, such as this task is known as traffic controller.
Ink Jet printer information can only be read from creating word processors documents,
known as platters on which the data is • Allocates the processor (CPU) to a
Work by spraying ionized ink and not written or changed onto spreadsheets, presentations,
recorded. These platters are coated with process. • De-allocates processor
Speed Slow, 90 CPS ROM. ROM is the ‗built-in‘ memory of graphics, CAD/CAM, sending the
magnetic material. It is less sensitive to when a process is no longer required
a computer. It stores some basic input external environmental disorders and email, etc.
Laser printer – output instructions put by the hence the storage in hard disk is safe. A Device Management An Operating
Also called page printer. Uses laser manufacturer to operate the System Software
small hard disk might be as much as 25 System manages device
beam to produce an image. computer. The storage of data and System Software (the type of
times larger than a floppy disk. Storage communication via their respective
Speed 6 to 12 PPM instructions in ROM is permanent. It computer program) provides a
Capacity of hard disks varies from 20 MB drivers. It does the following activities
does not depend on the power to several Gega bytes like 80GB,160GB. platform to run a computer’s for device management − • Keeps
Line printer supply. i.e it is non-volatile memory. hardware and computer application
3. CD-ROM: CD-ROM stands for Compact tracks of all devices. Program
Prints lines at a time instead of single to utilize system resources and solve
Disk–Read Only Memory. It is used to responsible for this task is known as
characters. 2. Application Software • The other their computation problem. It is
store a wide variety of information. Its the I/O controller. • Decides which
300 to 600 LPM category of software is application written in a low-level language, like
main advantage is that it is portable and process gets the device when and for
software that is designed for the users assembly language, so it can easily
can hold a large amount of data.. The how much time. • Allocates the
Plotter to perform some specific tasks like interact with hardware with the
storage capacity of most CD-ROMs is device in the efficient way. • De-
Produces drawings or graphs through writing a letter, listening to music or primary level. It controls the working
approximately 650 MB or 700MB. CD- allocates devices.
pens which are filled with different seeing any video. For all these of peripheral devices. System
ROMs have the following variations: (i)
colours. requirements there required a specific software act as a scheduler for the
CD-R(Compact disc Recordable): Data can
software for each type and that execution of the processes and
be written onto it just once. The stored File Management A file system is
specific software that is designed for arrange the sequence according to
data can be read. Data once written onto normally organized into directories
some specific purpose is known as their priority and I/O devices
it cannot beerased. (ii) CD-RW(Compact for easy navigation and usage. These
application software. The operating requirement and creation of the
disc Rewritable): It is also called erasable directories may contain files and
MEMORY OF THE COMPUTER software runs the application process. The best-known example of
CD. Data once written onto it can be other directions. An Operating
software in the computer system. • system software is the operating
erased to write or record new System does the following activities
Memory or storage capacity is one of the The difference between system system (OS). It responsible for
information manytimes. To use a CD- for file management − • Keeps track
important components of a computer. Any software and application software is manages all the other programs on a
ROM, a device called CD drive is of information, location, uses, status
storage unit of a computer system is the difference in the user interface. In computer.
needed.4.DVD: DVD stands for Digital etc. The collective facilities are often
classified on the basis of the following system software, there is no user
criteria: Versatile Disc. It is similar to a CD-ROM, known as file system. • Decides who
interface present whereas in Utility: Utility Program-Usually utility
except that it can store larger amounts of gets the resources. • Allocates the
application software the user software installed during the
data. The storage capacity of a DVD is at resources. • De-allocates the
1. Access time: This is the time required to interface is present for each software installation of OS. Utility program
least 4.7MB. DVDs that can store up to resources.
locate and retrieve stored data from the so that users can easily use the helps in analyze, configure, secure,
storage unit in response to
17GBs are also available. Because of their
software. The user cannot see the optimize and maintain the system. Other Important Activities Following
programinstructions. 2. Storage capacity: It capacity, DVDs are generally used to
system software like an operating List of utility program-Disk checker, are some of the important activities
is the amount of data that can be stored in store a very large multimedia
system and cannot work in system disk cleaner, disk defragmenter, disk that an Operating System performs −
the storageunit. 3. Cost per bit ofstorage. presentations and movies that combine
software but in an application, space analyzer, disk backup etc. • Security − By means of password
Units of memory: The computer stores a high quality sound andgraphics.
character in the storage cells with binary software users can see the application and similar other techniques, it
(0,1) mechanism. Thus the basic unit of software using a graphical user Operating System prevents unauthorized access to
memory is a bit (binary digit – 0,1). To store interface and can also work in the An Operating System (OS) is an programs and data. • Control over
a character, a computer requires 8 bits or 1 application software. The user also 5. Flash Drive: It is a small, portable
interface between a computer user system performance − Recording
byte. This is called the ― word length‖ of the has an option to create its user- device that can be used to store, access and computer hardware. An delays between request for a service
storage unit. Hence the storage capacity of written software and use the software and transfer data. Due to its small size, it operating system is a software which and response from the system. • Job
the computer is measured in the number of for its personal use. • The templates is commonly called Pen drive. It is also performs all the basic tasks like file accounting − Keeping track of time
words it can store and is expressed in terms are present which can be used by the
of bytes. The different units of called USB drive. We can read, write, management, memory management, and resources used by various jobs
user to create user-written programs. process management, handling input and users. • Error detecting aids −
measurementare copy, delete, and move data from
The application software can be and output, and controlling Production of dumps, traces, error
bundled together and that bundle is computer to pen drive or pen drive to
peripheral devices such as disk drives messages, and other debugging and
8Bits = 1 Byte known as an application suite. An computer. It comes in various storage
and printers. error detecting aids. • Coordination
example of an application suite is capacities of 2GB, 4GB, 8GB etc. It is Some popular Operating Systems between other softwares and users −
210 (or)1024Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB) Microsoft Office. The word processor popular because it is easy to use and include Linux Operating System, Coordination and assignment of
210(or)1024KB = 1 Mega Byte(MB) software is designed by combining small enough to be carried in a pocket. Windows Operating System, VMS, compilers, interpreters, assemblers
various small program to make one OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc and other software to the various
This device is plugged into the USB port
210(or)1024MB = 1 Gega Byte(GB single program which can be used for users of the computer systems.
of the computer and the computer
writing text, creating a spreadsheet or Logical Function
creating presentations. The other type automatically detects thisdevice.
Returns one value if a condition you
of application software is Mozilla specify evaluates to TRUE and
Firefox, internet explorer. These kinds another value if it evaluates to FALSE
of application software can be used Syntax> IF (logical_test, value_
for searching any article, text on the if_true ,value_if_false)
web and interact with the outside
world.
 Starting Excel Auto sum
3. Programming Languages • The Mail MergeStep by StepMail Merge is a Start >programs > Ms Office > Microsoft Using AutoSum button from Home Statistical functions
programming language is the third handy feature that incorporates data from Excel tab we can find sum, avg, min and 1.Average
category of computer software both Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel max of a content of two or more cells Returns the average (arithmetic
which is used by the programmers and allows you tocreate multiple documents Excel window overview and display the result in another cell mean) of the arguments
to write their programs, scripts, at once, such as letters, saving you the time MS office button Syntax
and instructions which can be and effort of retyping the same letter over Quick access toolbar Excel Functions >AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)
executed by a computer. The other andover. Here is an example of how to use it Ribbon Functions are pre defined formula 2. MEDIAN
name of the programming to create a letter thanking people who Home ,insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data that perform calculations by using median is the number in the middle
language is a computer language donated to a particular fund. , Review, View, Load Test, Team specific values of a set of numbers Syntax> MEDIAN
that can be used to create some 1.) Gathering Your Data� The first thing you Title bar Sum, Average, min and max (number1,number2,...)
common standards. The do is create an Excel spreadsheet, creating a Formula bar functions 3. STDEV
programming language can be header for each field such as First Name, Financial function Standard deviation is a measure of
considered as a brick which can be LastName, Address, City, State, and Postal Work book PMT, PV, NPV, IRR, IPMT, ISPMT, FV how widely values are dispersed
used to construct computer Code(NOTE: It’s important to not refer to Work book-File in MS Excel is called work Statistical function from the mean Syntax> STDEV
programs and operating system. the postal code as a zip code, but more book, and it contains many work sheets Average, median, avedev, correl, (number1,number2,...)
The examples of programming about that later).� The field headers (ie first Work sheet – table like document contains STDEV, Rank, Min & Max 4. RANK
languages are JAVA, C, C++, and name, last name) are labeled separately so rows and columns that contains data and Database function Returns the rank of a number in a list
other languages. • There is always that you can filter them alphabetically if formulas Daverage,Dcount, Dmax, Dmin, of numbers. The rank of a number is
some similarity between the youneed to.� You can also add additional Cells – intersection of rows and columns. its size relative to other values in a
programming languages the only headers, such as a donation amount. Be Ex> B3 Sum,average,min &max function list. (If you were to sort the list, the
difference is the syntax of sure to label it something you’ll sum > =sum(starting cell: rank of the number would be its
programming language which remember.If you are using dollar amounts, Move around a worksheet ending cell) position.)
makes them different. The change the type of number it is under Down ,up , left ,right arrow keys – one cell Ex: =sum(A3:A8) Syntax> RANK(number,ref,order)
programmer uses the syntax and ‘Number’ at the very top to ‘Text’ for Tab key – one cell right Average> = AVERAGE(starting cell: Number - number whose rank you
rules of programming language to everydollar entry and manually type the Shift+tab – one cell left ending cell) want to find
write their programs. Once the dollar sign otherwise the dollar sign ($) will Page up and down – one page up or down Ex: =AVERAGE(A3:A8) Ref - list of numbers.
source code is written by a not show up in your letter. End key + Arrow keys – moves the far end Minimum> =MIN((starting cell: Order - number specifying how to
programmer in the IDE (Integrated 2.) Prepare your letter in Microsoft Word. of the arrow key direction ending cell) rank number
Development Environment) the When creating a letter, it’s a good idea to Home key- first column Ex: =MIN(A3:A8) 0 - list sorted in
programmer then compiles that insert a placeholder where theinformation Home key + Ctrl – first cell(A1) Maximum> =MAX(starting cell: descending order
code in machine language which from the mail merge will be placed, ie F5 & Ctrl+G – go to a specific cell ending cell)
can be understood by the [Address], [Amount]. Ex: =MAX(A3:A8) nonzero - list sorted in ascending
computer. The use of 3.) Under “Mailings” in Microsoft Word click Selecting Cells order
programming language is in on ‘Start Mail Merge’ and click on ‘Step by Using function key F8 Financial Functions 5. MIN and MAX functions
developing websites, applications, Step Mail Merge Wizard.’ � A window will Using mouse There are many financial functions Minimum> =MIN((starting cell:
and many other programs. • The appear to the right of your document that
available in excel. Here we only focus ending cell)
programming language can be says ‘SelectDocument type.’ In this instance Editing content in a cell some important financial functions Ex: =MIN(A3:A8)
broadly divided into two major leave it on ‘Letters.’� At the bottom click on By double click on the cell only Formula > insert functions> Maximum> =MAX(starting cell:
elements syntax and semantics. Next: Starting Document.� The next step Or select a category of functions ending cell)
The programming language will read ‘Select Starting Document.’ If you Using F2 function key (financial) > choose a function Ex: =MAX(A3:A8)
follows some sequence of currently have theletter you created leave
operations so that the desired the selection ‘Use the Current Document’ Entering numbers Labels or Values 1. PMT
output can be achieved. The selected.� Next, click ‘Select Recipients’ at Labels means we do not perform It calculate the periodic payment for
programming language is also the bottom. You will see ‘Use an Existing mathematical calculations a loan based on constant payment Database Functions
known as high-level language as List’the ability to browse for your list.� Click Use ‘ symbol before a numeric value and constant interest rate Analyze data stored in a list or
the programs written by a on the ‘browse’ button and find your list on Left aligned Syntax > PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type) databases
programmer are easy to read and your computer that you typedup in Excel.� Values means we can perform Rate - interest rate There are 3 arguments for every
easy to understand. The JAVA, C, You will then see the data you had typed. mathematical calculations nper – number period database function: Database, Field
C++ programming languages are You can also choose to leave off certain Just type number Pv- present value and Criteria
considered as high-level language. names if you want to. Click okay.� The table Right aligned Fv – future value 1.DAVERAGE
The other category of a will close and then the dialog box on the
Type – 0 if payment end of period Averages the values in a field
programming language is a low- right will say ‘Currently YourRecipients Are Formatting text 1 if payment beginning of the period (column) of records in a list or
level language. • The low level of Selected From:’ and will give the title of Font style 2. PV function database that match conditions you
language includes machine your excel spreadsheetdocument.� At the Font size It calculate the present value of an specify
language and assembly language. bottom of the dialog box click ‘write your Font color investment Syntax
The assembly language contains a letter.’� From there you can start adding Bold(ctrl+b), Italic(ctrl+i), underline(ctrl+u) Syntax > PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type) DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
list of instructions that are not your fields from your spreadsheet. Highlight Alignment Pmt – payment made each period Database is the range of cells that
easy to read and understand. The theplaceholder marked [Address] and then Copy, cut, paste 3.NPV function makes up the list or database
machine language contains binary click on Address block. The spreadsheetwill All from Home tab in the Ribbon Calculate net present value of an Field indicates which column is used
codes that can be read by CPU pull in your data from your spreadsheet.� If
investment based on a series of in the function
directly and not present in a you did not write ‘postal code’ and wrote Inserting/deleting columns and rows periodic cash flow and a discount Criteria is the range of cells that
human-readable form. The low ‘zip code’ instead you can click on ‘match Select the cell rate Syntax > NPV (rate, value1, contains the conditions you specify
level of language can be directly fields’ and find the field that matches‘postal From cells group in Home tab we can value2, ...) 2. DCOUNT
understood by computer code’ instead. Be sure to cycle through your choose insert/delete columns/rows Rate is the rate of discount over the Counts the cells that contain
hardware. address list to make sure your addresses are
length of one period. numbers in a field (column) of
correct. Click okay.� Highlight the greeting Inserting borders NPV is similar to the PV function. The records in a list or database that
line placeholder and replace it with the Select cells primary difference between PV and match conditions that you specify.
Advantages of Electronic ‘Greeting Line’ under Write Your Letter. You Choose Home tab NPV is that PV allows cash flows to Syntax>
spreadsheet can also filter it towhere it only lists their Click on border button and choose border begin either at the end or at the DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
Can be used for the purposes such first name.� For the other fields such as
beginning of the period. Unlike the 3. DMAX
as accounting , sales, financial ‘amount’ you can highlight amount and go Merge and center variable NPV cash flow values, PV Returns the largest number in a field
analysis etc.. to ‘More items.’ Then, go down to ‘amount’ You can merge number of cells in excel cash flows must be constant (column) of records in a list or
Can also used for non business and selectit.� Next go to ‘preview your using Merge and Center button from Home throughout the investment. database that matches conditions
problems.. letters.’ From there the database tab 4.IRR functions you that specify
Will help to provide guidance for information will have populated yourletter.
Calculates the internal rate of return Syntax
investors You should be able to cycle through the Add background color for a series of cash flows DMAX(database,field,criteria)
Many calculation can easily information you typed to make sure that From Home tab we can add a color to Syntax > IRR(values,guess) 4. DMIN
perform using different functions youraddresses and amounts are correct.� If selected cells by selecting a color from fill Values is an array or a reference to Returns the smallest number in a
you’re satisfied, click on ‘Complete the color button cells that contain numbers for which field (column) of records in a list or
merge’ and thenclick on ‘print.’ � It will
you want to calculate the IRR(must database that matches conditions
give you the option to click on ‘print current Auto fill
Goal seek have one +ve and one – ve) that you specify.
record’ or you can print all of the letters Excel has the ability to fill out some cells
Create a spreadsheet in Excel that Guess is a number that you guess is Syntax
fromyour database. � It’s important to with values that belongs to a common
has your data. close to the result of IRR. DMIN(database,field,criteria)
thoroughly look over all your letters to series.
Click the cell you want to change. 5.IPMT function
make sure there aren’t any typos or Type some series first few elements then
... Calculate the interest payment for a
problems with formatting,especially on the using mouse drag we can fill the entire
From the Data tab, select the given period for an investment based
letter itself. series Scenario Management
What if Analysis… ... on period Syntax >ISPMT
Data tab> what if analysis > scenario
Select Goal seek.. ... (rate,per,nper,pv) Per is the period
Accessing some functionalities manager
In the Goal Seek dialog, enter the for which you want to find the
What is a spreadsheet? In Accounting Spelling and grammar, thesaurus – Review Click Add
new “what if” amount in the To interest, and must be between 1 and
spreadsheet is a large sheet of paper with tab Type a name for scenario in scenario
value text box. ... nper. Nper is the total number of
columns and rows, which is used to record Sorting, find & select – Home tab name box
We also need to tell Excel which payment periods for the investment
business transactions. Picture , charts – Insert tab In changing cell: cells you want to
cell to change. ...
Help while making decisions Insert functions , formulas –Formula tab change
Click OK. 6.FV function
An electronic spreadsheet organizes Click ok
Returns the future value of an
information's into s/w defined columns and Basic Maths function in Excel In scenario value dialog box: new
investment based on periodic,
rows Addition – (=cell 1 + cell 2) values to the changing cell
constant payments and a constant
Subtraction - (=+cell 1 - cell 2) Click ok to create scenario
interest rate. Syntax> FV (rate,
Multiplication - (=cell 1 * cell 2) nper,pmt,pv,type)
Division - (=cell 1 / cell 2)
Charts in Excel LINUX Popular Linux Distribution (1) . Ubuntu
Used to present information Linux is an operating system that : One of the most popular distributions
contained in the worksheet in evolved from a kernel created by is Ubuntu, the famous Debian based
graphical format Linus Torvalds when he was a distribution. Ubuntu is stable, easy to
There are many charts like: student at the University of Helsinki. use and widely distributed Linux OS.
column, Line, Pie, Bar, etc.. Linux is an operating system that is One of the distinguishing features of
Creating charts: meant to be used as an alternative Ubuntu is its easy installation
Select the cells that contains the to other operating systems like MS- procedure. The distribution is
data DOS, the various versions of MS community distribution, sponsored by
Click insert tab on the ribbon Windows,Mac OS, Solaris and Canonical. Ubuntu is most popular for
Click the type of chart you want to others. desktop computer usage. It supports
create Advantages of Linux(1) . Lower Total word processing, image editing and
Column charts Cost of Ownership : Independent various other multimedia , Edubuntu,
When analyzing data of the same TCO surveys support Linux as the Xubuntu, Ubuntu Studio, Kubuntu, and
category on a defined scale most cost effective operating system Ubuntu Server Edition. (2) . Open SUSE
Emphasizes high and low values available on the market today (2) . : SUSE is developed under the
and helps to compare items Security : Linux provides industry- openSUSE project and sponsored by
2. Bar charts leading security to both desktops Novell. It is another popular Linux OS.
used to display a change over a and servers with the fewest high- SUSE is an easy-to-use and highly
time level security issues of any OS.(3) . secure OS that comes in a variety of
Orientation veritically Highest Reliability : Linux provides versions such as SUSE Linux Enterprise
3. The Line chart renowned reliability to increase up Desktop, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server,
used to analyze ups and down of a time and improve worker SUSE Linux Enterprise Thin Client, etc.
tendency in a range of values productivity. (4) . Avoiding Vendor SUSE Linux was a commercial version
4. Pie Chart Lock In : Linux prevents vendor lock of Linux, which was developed in
Used to look at what make makes in and promotes competition to Europe. It supports various software
up a whole something lower software costs. (5) . Ease of components, which cannot be
Have only one series of data Migration : Linux allows migration redistributed without proper
paths suitable for each type of permission. (3) . Fedora : Developed
organization, whether migrating to and maintained as open source
mixed OS systems or moving an software, Fedora is sponsored by Red
What is a presentation? entire network of servers and Hat under the Fedora Project. Fedora
It is the process of presenting the desktops to Linux.(6) . World Class provides enhanced the utility
content of a topic to an audience Support : A wide variety of large and applications built into Fedora include
consisting of one or more persons. small technology companies such as emacs editor, xv image viewer etc. it
IBM, HP, and Novellprovide Linux also comes with a full-fledged word
Started with ms power point 2007 support to every size of business.(7) . processing program called Open
A PowerPoint presentation is a Rapid Employee Training : The Linux Office.
collection of electronic slides that desktop and applications appear
can have text, pictures, graphics, remarkably similar to current
tables, sound and video. This standard desktops so employee
collection can run automatically or down time due to retraining is
can be controlled by a presenter. minimal. (8) . Inexpensive Standard
Desktop Software : Standard
desktop applications such as word
There are three features that you processing, spreadsheets, and
should remember as you work presentation software are available
within PowerPoint 2007: for free or at reasonable prices on
1. Office Button Linux.(9) . Improved Custom
2. The Ribbon Applications : Numerous software
3. Quick Access Toolbar development firms provide reliable
and secure custom applications for
The Microsoft Office Button business and organization
performs many of the functions systems.(10) . Superior Network and
that were located in the File menu Systems Management :Linux
of older versions of PowerPoint. provides robust network and
systems management capabilities to
improve administration capabilities.

Disadvantages of Linux (1) . Too many

distributions : There are a large
number of Linux distributions. It means
that user faces the problem of
selecting suitable releases. (2) . Not
user friendly and confusing for
beginners : Linux is less user-friendly to
use when compared to MS Windows
and certainly more difficult than
MacOS. In spite of that it is more
popular and considerable effort has
been made to make Linux user friendly
for new users. (3) . Trustworthiness :
After long periods of testing, most
Linux users come to the conclusion
that Linux is not only as good, but in
many cases better and faster than
traditional solutions.