Identify and Compare The Kinds of Quantitative Research

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SELF LEARNING KIT

GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

CHAPTER 1
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
LESSON 1 - THE CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, AND KINDS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

LETS GO

Content Standard: The learners shall have an understanding of the kinds of quantitative research

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

OUR TARGET – LEARNING

At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:


1. Identify and compare the kinds of quantitative research

_____________________________________________________________________________
TERMS TO
Causal-Comparative Research Correlational Research
Experimental Research Survey Research

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

What Do You Need to Know?

Read Information very well then find out how much you can remember and how
much you learned by answering Self-check activity I to IV

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

LET’S

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 1


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan
SELF LEARNING KIT
GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

Kinds of Quantitative Research

When you plan to conduct a research study you should be very clear with your purpose. There is an appropriate
type of research for each problem that you wish to solve. There are four basic kinds of research under quantitative
research. These are: survey, correlational, causal-comparative, and experimental.

A. Survey Research

Survey research is one of the most common areas of measurement in applied social research.

The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of
respondents. Survey research is often used to collect thoughts, opinions, and feelings of people. The surveyed data is the
organized, analysed and interpreted.

The most common tools used in survey research are interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense
of behaviour with intense precision.

When the subject population is small, universal sampling is used while if the population is large, a sample of the
population is used without sacrificing the reliability and validity of the result. Survey research can be conducted around
one group specifically or used to compare several groups. When conducting survey research it is important that the people
questioned are sampled at random. This allows for more accurate findings across a greater spectrum of respondents.

In the conduct of survey research, it is very important that the researcher must be properly guided by field service
agents who are authority on that area. Since in this type of research there is a high percentage of personal contact between
the researcher and the respondent and also a greater chance for unexpected circumstances to occur, it is possible for the
data to be affected. This can heavily influence the outcome of the survey. When the respondents are minors, approval of
parents or guardian must be secured.

There are several ways to conduct survey research, these can be done in person, over the phone, or through mail
or email. For questionnaires, you can just give it to the institution where the respondents belong and they will be the one
who will administer it.

You have probably taken part in several survey research projects, since they are extremely common. Have you
ever received a receipt from a store or restaurant where you are asked to call a number at the bottom to participate in a
survey and be entered to win? Have you ever been asked to “stay on line” to answer a few questions after an experience
with a customer service representative? Have you ever asked to give your thoughts after visiting a website? Have you ever
been asked to answer a questionnaire given by a researcher? These are all examples of survey research.

A sample survey research is given to you below:

General Instructions: We are amazed in your interest in reading. Please take a few minutes to complete this survey. In
general, when you are presented with a scale next to a question, please put an X over the number that best corresponds to
your answer. For example, if you strongly agreed with the following question, you might put an X through the number 5.
If you agreed moderately, you might put an X through number 4, if you neither agreed nor disagreed, you might put an x
through number 3.

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 2


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan
SELF LEARNING KIT
GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

Sample Question Strongly Moderately Neither agree Moderately Strongly


Disagree Disagree nor disagree agree Agree
1. I like to read magazines like TIME or
1 2 3 4 5
Newsweek
2. I spent 2 hours every day reading book
1 2 3 4 5
3. I love to visit libraries
1 2 3 4 5
4. My favorite place in school is the
1 2 3 4 5
library
5. I have collection of books at home
1 2 3 4 5

B. Correlational Research

Correlational research test for the relationships between two or more variables. Good (1972) defines correlation
as the tendency for corresponding observations in two or more series vary together with the averages of their
respective series, that is to have similar relative positions.

Performing correlational research is done to establish what the effect of one on the other might be and how that
affects the relationship. Correlational research is conducted in order to explain a notice occurrence. In correlational
research, the survey is conducted on a minimum of two groups. Once the information is complied, it is then analysed
mathematically to draw conclusions about the effect that one has on the other. For example, if two tests have a high
correlation, one who gets high in one test will surely get high also in the other test.

Correlation does not always mean causation. For example, just because two data points sync does not mean that
there is a direct cause-and –effect relationship. Typically, you should not make assumptions from correlational research
alone.

Correlational research reflects a natural evolution from descriptive research methods. Correlational studies reveal
systematic relationships between descriptive parameters (measurable features of a phenomenon under investigation). A
correlation facilitates prediction of one parameter based on another. For example, a correlational study might show that
lack of sleep will result to poor performance in the examination. It might be tempting to infer from such a correlation that
number of sleeping hours has an effect on performance in an examination, but conclusions about causation are not
justified by correlational research. It might be, for example, that the low performance was due to poor study habits or it
might be because of malnutrition. There are many factors that affect performance in examination. Length of sleeping time
is only one of them. Correlations are restricted to prediction, the identification of causal variables requires an experimental
analysis.

There are three types of correlation that are identified:

Positive Correlation: Positive correlation between two variables exists when an increase in one variable leads to
an increase in the other and a decrease in one leads to a decrease in the other.

For example, a person with a lot of money will carry a Hermes bag and a person with no money will carry a paper
bag.

Negative Correlation: Negative correlation is when an increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another and
vice versa.

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 3


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan
SELF LEARNING KIT
GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

For example, the level of education might correlate negatively with crime. This means if by some way education
level is improved in a country, it can lead to lower crime. Note that this doesn’t mean that a lack of education causes
crime. It could be, for example, that both lack of education and crime haver a common reason: poverty.

No Correlation: Two variables are uncorrelated when a change in one doesn’t lead to a change in the other and
vice versa.

For example, among entertainment people, happiness is found to be uncorrelated to money. This means an
increase in money doesn’t lead to happiness.

Defining the correlation between variables depend so much with the methods and statistical techniques working
together. The most basic level is bivariate correlation. Only two variables are being compared here (hence the terms
co-relation and bivariate). In some cases, one variable is known as an independent variable (or cause variable) and
the second variable as a dependent variable (or effect variable).

In other cases, there are two variables without any such designation. Bivariate correlations provide information
about both the strength of the relationship from uncorrelated, when the correlation is zero, to perfectly correlated, when
the correlation is positive or negative one, and the direction of the relationship (positive or negative). A bivariate
correlation can only consider two variables at a time. However, there are a number of multivariate extensions to the
bivariate correlation in which more than two variables can be simultaneously analysed.

Regression analysis was first used by Adrien-Marie Legen-drein 1805. The method employs the use of multiple
independent variables to come up with a single dependent variable. The relations among the variables are used to develop
a prediction model. Because only one dependent variable can be considered, regression analysis can only be used to test
simple theoretical models.

In 1897, George Udny Yule adapted the multiple correlation technique representing the correlation between
multiple independent variables and a single dependent variable. The multiple correlations are a direct extension of the
bivariate correlation for situations involving multiple independent variables.

Path analysis (1918), created by Sewall Wright (1889-1988), is an extension of regression analysis for more than
a single dependent or outcome variable. Here, more complex theoretical models can be tested, as the relations among
multiple independent variables and multiple dependent variables can be simultaneously considered.

Another correlational analysis method is canonical which was created by Harold Hotalling. The method is used to
determine the correlation between the linear combination of two sets of variables.

Statistically, this process is superior to examining a multitude of bivariate correlations (both within and across sets).

For example, there may be one set of independent variables and a second set of dependent variables. This method
takes the best linear combinations from each set of variables and generates a canonical correlation between the
combinations of two sets. Obviously, this method represents an extension of the bivariate correlation and the multiple
independent variables and multiple dependent variables (or simply for two separate sets of variables).

Self-check -Activity

I. What to do?

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 4


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan
SELF LEARNING KIT
GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

Prepare a short survey form that you will distribute to the high school students. It can be topic about
canteen services in their school. Write your introductory letter instruction in answering the survey and then
questions that you would like to ask about the canteen. Limit your questions to only five items.

Sir/Madam:

Name of Researcher

Instruction

Your Name:______________________________________________________________________________________

Your Teacher’s Name:____________________________________________________________________________

Survey on Canteen Services in the School

Sample Question Strongly Moderately Neither agree Moderately Strongly


Disagree Disagree nor disagree agree Agree
1. The price of food is very affordable to
1 2 3 4 5
the student
2.
1 2 3 4 5
3.
1 2 3 4 5
4.
1 2 3 4 5
5.
1 2 3 4 5
6.

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 5


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan
SELF LEARNING KIT
GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

II. Read the following cases. Identify the type of correlation that exist between them.

1. A student who has incurred many absences got low grades.

2. Taller people have larger shoe sizes and shorter people have smaller shoe sizes.

3. The taller a basketball player is, the more he weighs.

4. As one exercises more, his body weigh becomes less.

5. As weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease.

6. If a train increases speed, the length of time to get the final point decreases.

7. The more time you spend running on a treadmill, the more calories you will burn.

8. A person’s telephone number is related to his IQ score.

9. If it is darker outside, more light is needed inside.

10. If a chicken increases in age, the amount of eggs it produces decreases.

11. If the sun shines more, a house with solar panels requires less use of other electricity.

12. The more money she saves, the more financially secure she feels.

13. If a car decreases speed, travel time to a destination increases.

14. If a car has more air, the car may use less gas per mile.

15. The warmer it is outside, the fewer layers of clothing one have to wear to be warm.

16. The more gasoline you put in your car, the farther it can go.

17.The more you take a bath, the more kittens die of unexplained death.

18. The longer hair grows, the more shampoo you will need.

19. The less time I spend marketing my business, the fewer new customers I will have.

20. The more hours you spend in direct sunlight, the more severe your sunburn.

Assessment

I. Differentiate positive correlation, negative correlation and no correlation . (15 points).

II. Direction: Read the following cases. Identify the type of correlation that exist
between them.

Cases Type of Correlation


1. A student who has incurred many absences got low grades.
2. Taller people have larger shoe sizes and shorter people have smaller shoe sizes.
3. The taller a basketball player is the more he weighs.
4. As one exercises more, his body weight becomes less.
5. As weather gets colder, air conditioning cost decrease.

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 6


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan
SELF LEARNING KIT
GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST QUARTER- WEEK 4

6. If train increases speed, the length of time to get to the final point decreases.
7. The more time you spend running on a treadmill the more calories you will burn.
8. A person’s telephone number is related to his IQ score.
9. If it is darker outside, more light is needed inside.
10. If a chicken increases in age, the amount of eggs it produces decreases.
11. If the sun shines more, a house with solar panels requires less use of other
electricity.
12. The more money she saves, the more financially secure he feels.
13. If a car decreases speed, travel time to a destination increases.
14. If a car tire has more air, the car may use less gas per mile.
15. The warmer it is outside, the fewer layers of clothing one have to wear to be warm.

Good Luck and God Bless…

16. The more gasoline you put in your car, the farther it can go.
17. The more you take a bath, the more kittens die of unexplained death.
18. The longer your hair grows, the more shampoo you will need.
19. The less time I spend marketing my business, the fewer new customers I will have.
20. The more hours you spend in direct sunlight, the more severe your sunburn.

REFERENCES:

 Uy, Cabauatan, De Castro and Grajo (2016), Practical Research 2

 Alegria M. Chico, Myrna D. Mitra, Ed.D. and Rey M. Revuelto, Ed. D. (2011)
,Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners ( Quantitative Research)

 Edisteo B. Bernardez, Ph.D. (2011), Methodology of Research and Thesis Writing

 Estela G. Adanza, Pedrito Jose U. Bermudo and Marietta B. Rasonable (2009)


Methods of Research: A Primer

Prepared by: Approved by:

FERDINAND S. NATIVIDAD REGINA C. BUENAVISTA

Subject Teacher School Principal

ST. JOHN ACADEMY OF BAYANIHAN INC. 7


NIA Road Bambang, Bocaue, Bulacan

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