Orola, Ma. Kristina M.

– Tourism Management – August 23, 2021 – Monday 4:00 PM-

5:00 PM
Philosophe Philosophical Views Similarities Differences
r on the self
Socrates “Know thyself” Socrates & John Socrates &
He claimed that once a Locke Descartes
person understands, all (For me, all can be
of life's essential like Socrates Their Differences
problems and obstacles because all the are Socrates asks
will vanish, and philosophers are questions to
everything will become seeking/knowing the yourself while on
simpler. Asking self.) Descartes you make
questions is one of his a move to know
techniques such as Because they both yourself more.
“Who am I?”, “What is focus on knowing
the purpose of my more about self-
life?”, or “What is identity. Socrates’
justice?”. All of this is way is to ask
predicated on the idea questions to
that people must be understand the self
able to identify these while on John-Lucke
basic concepts to move is to gain experiences
forward and act by their to know yourself.
self-definition.
Plato “The self is an Plato & Rene Plato & Immanuel
immortal soul & Descartes Kant
Idealism”
Plato has been one of People have a mind They’re different
the first philosophers to or soul, according to because Plato’s
believe in an enduring Plato and Descartes, Idealism is out of
self-symbolized by the that is somehow tied touch to reality while
soul. The soul is eternal to the body, but that on Immanuel Kant
and constitutes the the mind or soul can “We construct the
enduring self because it live independently of self” where, we build
continues to exist even the body. The mind- ourselves by our
after death. body argument is experiences.
The concept of Platonic introduced by
idealism holds that the Descartes, while the
reality around us is soul-body argument
simply a representation is presented by Plato.
of a higher truth.
Plato went on to say
that concepts are
objects of the intellect
that can only be known
by reason and that they
 are objective realities
that exist in their own
world. For example,
man is an illusion in our
world; the concept of a
man is the real man.
Even after death, the
soul still exists.
St. “The self is an St. Augustine & Plato St. Augustine &
Augustine immortal soul” Maurice Merleau-
St. Augustine proposed For me they have Ponty
that the past and future similarities on
are two separate idealism and future St. Augustine
entities that exist in the which both doesn’t Philosophical view
same way. Time past exist. It only exists in of self is more on
and time future are only our mind. one’s mind only. But
real for as long as they in Maurice Merleau-
exist in one's mind or Ponty they do an
consciousness. action in order to
On the other hand, time gain consciousness.
is a mental
characteristic that
humans measure within
their memories, rather
than just a feature or
property of the world.

Rene “I think, therefor I Rene Descartes & Socrates

Descartes am.” Plato
One can always Their Differences
question things' People have a mind are Socrates ask
certainty, but the fact or soul, according to questions to
that one doubts are Plato and Descartes, yourself while on
unquestionable. This is that is somehow tied Descartes you make
what "I think, therefore I to the body, but that a move to know
am" means. The self is the mind or soul can yourself more.
real and not just live independently of
illusion, he said. It all the body. The mind-
begins with a thought. body argument is
Humans first consider introduced by
doing something before Descartes, while the
really doing it. For soul-body argument
example, I doubt that I’ll is presented by Plato.
be having a hard time
doing this activity, so I’ll
plan or make a way to
 make this easy. In
which us Filipino’s
make a word “Diskarte”
which is a derivative of
Descartes' surname,
which means "finding a
way to make things
possible."
John Locke “The self is John Lucke & Paul Churchland
consciousness” Immanuel Kant and Patricia
“Identity and Churchland
diversity” Because they both Their differences
Consciousness, stated that their are in Lucke
according to him, is the consciousness is
perception of what goes gained from our consciousness
on in a person's head experiences not on came from our
and personal identity is the brain itself. experiences, not on
found in one's the brain. In contrast
consciousness, not in to that, Paul
one's brain. In addition Churchland and
to that, “Tabula Rasa” Patricia Churchland
or “Blank Slate” means stated that, in order
that the persons to understand the
consciousness came “Self” we must study
from its life experiences the brain, not just
not from its brain itself. the mind.
David Hume “There is no self” David Hume & Paul Hume & Kant
“What we call a mind is Churchland and
nothing but a heap or Patricia Churchland In contrast to Hume,
collection of different Kant emphasized
perceptions.” I found them similar that the self is
The self, according to because Paul something real, but
Hume, is nothing more Churchland and it is neither an
than a complex Patricia Churchland appearance nor a
sequence of successive stated that “our thing in and of itself
impressions or beliefs and attitudes because it belongs
perceptions, and there are supported by our to a different
is no stable thing called feelings, which metaphysical class.
self. You won't find a include mental states
self if you're looking for like joy and
one; all you'll find is a sorrow, or anxiety
collection of individual and relief” in which
sensations such as you can see on the
happiness or misery, perception of Hume
hotness or coolness, that states “You won't
hunger or fullness, hate find a self if you're
 or love. looking for one; all
He opposed the you'll find is a
concept that one's collection of feelings
personal identity is such as happiness or
reflected in one's misery, hotness or
connection with a living coolness, hunger or
body (A is the same fullness, hate or love”
person as B). The
physical characteristics
of the body cannot be
cited. If A and B have
the same mind, they
are the same person.
Immanuel “We construct the Immanuel Kant & Kant & Hume
Kant self” John Locke
“Consciousness is In contrast to Hume,
formed by one’s inner Because they both Kant emphasized
outer sense.” stated that their that the self is
The self is responsible consciousness is something real, but
for organizing gained from our it is neither an
sensations and experiences not on appearance nor a
thoughts into a picture the brain itself. thing in and of itself
that makes sense to the because it belongs
person. to a different
He emphasized that metaphysical class.
humans can only gain
knowledge through
experience.
That’s why we construct
ourselves, not by the
brain but by our
experiences.
Paul “A radical claim that Paul Churchland and Paul Churchland
Churchland ordinary, common Patricia Churchland & and Patricia
and Patricia sense understanding David Hume Churchland & John
Churchland of the mind is deeply Lucke
wrong and that some I found them similar
all of the mental because Paul Their differences
states posited by Churchland and are in Lucke,
common sense do not Patricia Churchland consciousness
actually exist.” stated that “our came from our
For them, it is false to beliefs and attitudes experiences, not on
proclaim that folk are supported by our the brain. In contrast
psychology, or feelings, which to that, Paul
common-sense include mental states Churchland and
psychology, can explain like joy and Patricia Churchland
 people's mental states. sorrow, or anxiety stated that, in order
They stated in their and relief” in which to understand the
book, "Touching a you can see on the “Self” we must study
Nerve: The Self as perception of Hume the brain, bot just
Brain," that in order to that states “You won't the mind.
understand oneself, find a self if you're
one must study the looking for one; all
brain, not just the mind. you'll find is a
collection of feelings
such as happiness or
misery, hotness or
coolness, hunger or
fullness, hate or love”

Maurice “Consciousness Maurice Merleau- David Hume &

Merleau- cannot immaterial Ponty & Immanuel Maurice Merleau-
Ponty requires a body.” Kant Ponty
“I am my body.”
He sees humans as They have similarities It contrasts the
living creatures whose because both Philosophical view
subjectivity philosophers stated of David Hume
(consciousness) is that the mind gains “There is no self.”
actualized in the forms consciousness from By Ponty’s “I am my
of their physical experiences. body” because
involvement with the Hume stated that
world, rather than as mind is from the
disembodied minds collection of
(existing without a different
body). perceptions, which
is the self. While on
He sees human as a Ponty, it is the body
conscious being in itself, thoughts,
which they gain that emotions and
consciousness from experiences.
their experiences in the
world and that the mind
and body cannot be
separated from one
another.
Man’s living body,
thoughts, emotions and
experiences are all one