Emerging Technology

Overivew of IoT Unit-I Part-1

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with
a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low
or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able
to transfer data over a network. Organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more
efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making
and increase the value of the business.

How IoT works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors,
sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other
edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these
devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another.
The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the
devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices largely
depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data collecting
processes easier and more dynamic.
Characteristics of IoT
1- Unique Identity
2- Dynamic Nature
3- Self Adapting
4- Self Configuring
5- Heteroginity
6- Integrated to information n/w

Why IoT is important

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their
lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT provides
businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into everything
from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.
IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on waste and
improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, as well as offering
transparency into customer transactions.

As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will continue to pick up
steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep them competitive.

IoT benefits to organizations

The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are industry-specific, and
some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of IoT enable businesses to:

 monitor their overall business processes;

 improve the customer experience (CX);

 save time and money;

 enhance employee productivity;

 integrate and adapt business models;

 make better business decisions; and

 generate more revenue

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses and gives them the tools to
improve their business strategies.

Generally, IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations, making use of
sensors and other IoT devices; however, it has also found use cases for organizations within the
agriculture, infrastructure and home automation industries, leading some organizations toward digital
transformation.
IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall,
humidity, temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that would help automate farming
techniques.

The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is also a factor that IoT can help with.
Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or changes within structural buildings, bridges and
other infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such as cost saving, saved time, quality-of-life workflow
changes and paperless workflow.

A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and manipulate mechanical and electrical systems
in a building. On a broader scale, smart cities can help citizens reduce waste and energy consumption.

IoT touches every industry, including businesses within healthcare, finance, retail and manufacturing.

Pros and cons of IoT

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

 ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;

 improved communication between connected electronic devices;

 transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and

 automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the need for
human intervention.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

 As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between devices, the
potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.

 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even millions -- of IoT
devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.

 If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.
 Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from different
manufacturers to communicate with each other.

Sensor:

Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or optical

signals. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.)
into a signal which can be measured electrically. Let’s explain the example of temperature. The mercury in the glass
thermometer expands and contracts the liquid to convert the measured temperature which can be read by a viewer on
the calibrated glass tube.

Criteria to choose a Sensor

There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as given
below:
1. Accuracy
2. Environmental condition – usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
3. Range – Measurement limit of sensor
4. Calibration – Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes with time
5. Resolution – Smallest increment detected by the sensor
6. Cost
7. Repeatability – The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same environment

Classification of Sensors
The sensors are classified into the following criteria:
1. Primary Input quantity (Measurand)
2. Transduction principles (Using physical and chemical effects)
3. Material and Technology
4. Property
5. Application

There are different types of sensors available in the market which is used for different applications like to collect the
data from the environment. In an IoT ecosystem, there are two main things we have to consider like the internet &
the physical devices such as actuators & sensors. The sensor and network connectivity in the IoT mainly located in
the bottom layer. The main function of this is to collect the information. This bottom layer in the IoT is a very
important part, and it includes connectivity of network to next layer like the gateway & network layer.

The main function of these sensors is to gather information from the surroundings. The connection of these to IoT
can be done directly otherwise indirectly once the conversion of signal & processing is done. All the sensors are not
similar because different IoT applications need different kinds of sensors. For example, the interfacing of digital
sensors with a microcontroller with the help of SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface). Although for analog sensors,
either ADC otherwise Sigma-Delta modulator can be applicable for changing the data into SPI o/p.

Types of IoT Sensors

The different types of IoT sensors available in the market. Here is the IoT sensors list with its working is
discussed below.

Temperature Sensor

The temperature sensor is used to detect the heat energy which is produced from an object otherwise
nearby area. These sensors are applicable for the Internet of Things (IoT), which includes from
manufacturing to farming. The main role of these sensors in manufacturing is for temperature monitoring
of machines. Similarly, in the agriculture field, these sensors are used to monitor the temperature of
plants, soil, and water.
Temperature sensors are thermistors, thermocouples, ICs (integrated circuits), and RTDs (resistor
temperature detectors). The applications of temperature sensors mainly include refrigerators, ACs, etc.
Smoke Sensor

Smoke sensors have been using in various applications like homes, industries, etc. These sensors are very
convenient as well as easy to use by the arrival of the Internet of Things. Also, by adding a wireless
connection to smoke detectors, the additional features can be enabled to increase security & ease.

Motion Sensor

The motion sensor is used for security reasons however these are also used in hand dryers, energy
management systems, automatic parking systems, automatic door controls, automated toilet flushers,
automated sinks, etc. These sensors are also applicable for the Internet of Things to check them with the
help of computer otherwise smartphone.

Humidity Sensors

Humidity sensors are used to monitor the level of humidity in the amount of vapor of water within the air.
Otherwise, it will influence the comfort of human & several industrialized processes. The units for
measurement humidity is RH (relative humidity), D/F PT (/frost point) & PPM (parts per million).

Pressure Sensor

The pressure sensors are used in IoT for monitoring devices and systems which are determined by force
signals. As the range of pressure is outside the threshold stage, then the device gives an alert to the user
regarding the issues that must be fixed. The best example of a pressure sensor is BMP180, which can be
used in PDAs, mobile phones; external device, GPS navigation devices, etc. These sensors are also
applicable in aircraft and smart vehicles to decide altitude & force correspondingly. In a motor vehicle,
TMPS (tire pressure monitoring system) can also be used for giving an alert to the driver while tire
pressure is extremely less & it could make unsafe driving situations.

Gas Sensor

Gas sensors are mainly used for detecting toxic gases. The most frequently used technologies are photo-
ionization, semiconductor, and electrochemical. There are different types of gas sensors are available
based on technical specifications & advancements to expand the connectivity of wired & wireless
arranged within IoT applications.

IR Sensors

Infrared sensors are mainly used to measure the heat which is produced by objects. These sensors
are used in the various applications of IoT like healthcare for monitoring the flow of blood, BP,
etc. These sensors are used in smartphones for controlling, wearable devices for detecting the
amount of light, detection of blind-spot within vehicles, etc.
Accelerometer Sensor

Accelerometer sensors are utilized in aircrafts vehicles, smartphones. Similarly, these are used in different
applications to identify the direction of an object, tilt, tap, shake, positioning, and motion, vibration, or
shock. Types of accelerometers are like capacitive, Hall-effect & piezoelectric.

Image Sensor

Image sensors are applicable in medical imaging systems, media house, thermal imaging devices, digital
cameras, night-vision equipment, sonars, radars, & biometric systems. These sensors are used in the retail
industry for monitoring the visiting count of the customers in the store with the help of network like IoT.
The applications of image sensors mainly include offices, corporate buildings for monitoring the
employees.

Proximity Sensors

Proximity sensors are used to detect the existence or nonexistence of a near object with no physical
contact. These sensors are classified into different types like capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic, magnetic,
and photoelectric. These sensors are frequently used for process monitoring, control, and object counters.
 Unit-1 Part-2
5 Layer Architecture of Internet of Things

 Perception Layer :
This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the perception layer, number of
sensors and actuators are used to gather useful information like temperature,
moisture content, intruder detection, sounds, etc. The main function of this
layer is to get information from surroundings and to pass data to another layer
so that some actions can be done based on that information.
 Network Layer :
As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer between perception and
middleware layer. It gets data from perception layer and passes data to
middleware layer using networking technologies like 3G, 4G, UTMS, WiFI,
infrared, etc. This is also called communication layer because it is responsible
for communication between perception and middleware layer. All the transfer
of data done securely keeping the obtained data confidential.
 Middleware Layer :
Middleware Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation,
processing, action taking capabilities. It stores all data-set and based on the
device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also
take decisions based on calculations done on data-set obtained from sensors.
 Application Layer :
The application layer manages all application process based on information
obtained from middleware layer. This application involves sending emails,
 activating alarm, security system, turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart
agriculture, etc.
 Business Layer :
The success of any device does not depend only on technologies used in it but
also how it is being delivered to its consumers. Business layer does these tasks
for the device. It involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and
how device can be improved, etc.

Key Components of IoT

1. Sensors or End Devices

For any IoT use case, the components of the endpoint are sensors. Sensors capture
electric pulse or analog signals which are passed through the IoT ecosystems.
Based on the use case and domains RFID, temperature sensors, light sensors,
electromagnetic sensors, etc. are used. For example, smartphones and smart
wearables are equipped with sensors like accelerometer, Gyroscope sensors, etc.
Data obtained from these IoT endpoints can be used in various domains like
Human activity recognition, medical stability, etc. Based on the use case and
precision requirements sensors can be chosen keeping the following parameters in
mind

 Accuracy of the input readings

 Reliability percentage of the inputs
 The purpose of the use case, for example, sensors required for a
temperature-dependent use case, will differ from use cases based on
motions.
  Industry grade IoT systems can be integrated with multi-technology, cross-
functional and cross-vendor products. Based on the complexity and
compatibility sensors are chosen for a particular use case.
2. Network or Connectivity Layer
In a typical IoT ecosystem, sensors are connected with computation layers and
intelligent layers via network or connectivity layers. IoT endpoints need to be
always connected with various other components seamlessly over the connectivity
layer. Based on the scale of the implementations IoT components can be connected
overs LANs, MANs or WANs. It can also be connected through telephony
networks like LTE (Long Term Evolution or popularly known as 4G Network) or
light-based technologies like Li-Fi (where light is used as a mode of
communication to maintain interconnections). For local use cases, Bluetooth and
Wi-Fi can also be used.
An IoT network consists of various network components like routers, gateways,
switches, various network protocols, etc. Based on the use case and domain proper
network infrastructure is needed to be chosen.
3. Security Layers
The heart of any industry-grade IoT user story is ‘data’. In a standard use case,
analog or digital signal is acquired by sensors and the signal is then converted to a
format on top of which AI/ML components can work. In the total flow of data,
proper security systems and methodologies need to be enforced. The data can be
compromised in any layers starting from the data acquisition to business insights
derivations. We can enforce proper security by using strong encryption in various
layers of communication, using proper firmware and anti-malware systems, etc.
4. Compute Engines
Industry grade IoT systems typically use multiple technology stacks inside an
umbrella. For example in insurance premiums can be calculated as a variable
component as per the driving pattern of the insurer. The data collected from smart
devices are converted and preprocessed to a format on which machine learning
models are developed. Customers can use any cloud partners of their choice or
develop their own infrastructure to execute a use case.
5. Technology and Governance Standards
Sensitive information flow over the various components of the IoT ecosystem. To
cope up with this the systems need to adhere to proper technique and governance
standard and KPIs

 Typical Technical standards: Wi-Fi, WAN, etc.

 Network Protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, UDP, etc.
 Data management standards: ETL, CAP (for distributed systems), etc.
  IoT systems need to follow the regulations and quality standards of
respective regulatory authorities and business standards.

6. Intelligent Insights and Actions

Most of the practical and industry-grade IoT use cases are intended to derive
business insights or actionable recommendations. The preprocessed data need to be
integrated with ML components and the trained models are deployed to the
production environment. The choice of the technology stack to develop the
intelligent business component is dependent on the compatibility with the in house
existing systems, the scale of the business, the complexity of the use case, and
precision and latency requirements of the domain, company partnerships, etc.
For example in the heavy manufacturing industry, the data obtained from various
machinery can be used to predict the fault of the machine which can help to reduce
manufacturing downtime and increase efficiency.

Smart Cities

1. Smart Infrastructure

The global market for smart urban infrastructure in smart cities, include advanced
connected streets, smart parking, smart lighting, and other transportation
innovations. Here’s how they work:

 Smart Lighting: With smart lighting, city authorities can keep real-
time tracking of lighting to ensure optimized illumination and deliver
demand-based lighting in different zones. Smart lighting also helps in
daylight harvesting and save energy by dimming out sectors with no
occupancies For e.g. parking lots can be dimmed during work hours
and when a car is entering, it will be detected and appropriate sectors
can be illuminated, while others can be kept at diffused setting.

IIoT- the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) explained

IIoT stands for the Industrial Internet of Things or Industrial IoT that initially
mainly referred to an industrial framework whereby a large number of
devices or machines are connected and synchronized through the use of
software tools and third platform technologies in a machine-to-machine
and Internet of Things context, later an Industry 4.0 or Industrial
Internet context.

Today IIoT is mainly used in the scope of Internet of Things applications outside
of the consumer space and enterprise IoT market, as an umbrella term for
applications and use cases across several industrial sectors.

The Industrial Internet of Things or IIoT is defined as “machines, computers and

people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for
transformational business outcomes”.

Machine-to-machine communication and IIoT

In the pure machine-to-machine and Industry 4.0 context, the advantage of

the frameworks and systems that IIoT refers to, is that they can operate semi-
independently or with very minimal human intervention.

Such systems will increasingly be able to intelligently respond and even change
their course of action based on the information received through the feedback
loops established within the framework.

As mentioned a keyword here is machine-to-machine communication (M2M),

which is an element of the Internet of Things but also refers to specific
activities and to the initial stages of the Industrial Internet of Things.

The idea behind machine-to-machine communication is to reduce human

interventions as much as possible so that the highest level of automation could be
achieved. If we look at the concept of the Internet of Everything, this M2M
dimension of the Industrial Internet of Things happens within the sphere of the
things as you can see in the original depiction of the Internet of Everything by
Cisco.

The IIoT in this sense can be considered a movement towards ‘smart machines’
whereby the accuracy levels of the operations involved in the respective systems
are heightened to a level that cannot be achieved through human interventions.
 Industry 4.0

History

 Term used first in 2012 Hannwore Fair in Germany.

 Industry 1.0: Industries based on steam and water powered production
system around 1800.
 Industry 2.0: Industry based upon electricity between 19th and 20th century.
 Industry 3.0: Industries based on electronics and computers between 1970-
2000.
 Industry 4.0: Industries based on cyber physical system from 2000 towards.

Did not exist in 2006:

 Iphone, ipad, kindle, 4G, uber, android, Instagram, Snapchat, Whatsapp etc.

Time to reach 100 million customers-

 Telephone- 75 years
 Web- 7 years
 Facebook- 4 years
  Instagram- 2 Years
 Pokemon Go- 1 month

Industry 4.0 features:-

 Affect all level of production line and supply chain.

 Smart Factories, Industrial Internet of Things, Smart industry or Advanced
Manufacturing.
 Cyber physical production System.
 Companies shifting from mass production to mass customized production
system.
 Companies adapting to dynamic changes in business.

Today’s factory:
 Understanding the role of smart city and its components in the IoT era

Tokyo, the city with the world’s largest population density keeps growing and
boasting the largest number of people of all the cities in the world. Japan’s capital
is the largest urban area worldwide with a population of more than 38 million
people (38,050,000 people). In addition, more than 31 million people (32,275,000
people) live in Jakarta, Indonesia and around 26 million in Delhi, India. According
to forecasts, 60% of the world’s population will live in major cities by 2030.

The consequences: freshwater scarcity, pile of garbage, collapse of traffic and air
pollution. How can we cope with these challenges? One key is Smart City - the
networked and intelligent city. It stands for better quality of life and lower
consumption of resources. Here are five components of the smart city and their
impact in the IoT era:

1. Smart Infrastructure

 Cities must create the conditions for continuous development: digital

technologies are becoming increasingly important, urban infrastructures and
buildings must be planned more efficiently and sustainably
 CO2 emissions should be kept as low as possible for example investing in
electric cars and self-propelled vehicles
  Smart cities use intelligent technologies to achieve an energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly infrastructure
 Smart lighting should only give light when someone actually walks past
them like setting brightness levels and tracking daily use to reduce the need
of electrical power

2. The City Air Management Tool (CyAM)

 Siemens has developed a complete, cloud-based software-suite “The City

Air Management Tool”: Captures pollution data in real time and forecasts
emissions
 Forecasts up to 90% accuracy is possible to gain the emissions for the next
three to five days
 It is the prediction of air pollution with the measurement of the effectiveness
and the technologies that are used which make the City Air Management
tool unique
 The prediction is based on an algorithm that works with an artificial neural
network
 CyAM is a cloud-based software suite with a dashboard that displays real-
time information on the air quality detected by sensors across a city and
predicts values for the upcoming three to five days
 Cities can choose from 17 measures to simulate the next three to five days
(effects of the air quality for the upcoming three to five days)
 Consequences: Introduction of new environmental zones (low-emission
zones), speed limits or free public transport
 CyAM is based on MindSphere, Siemens' cloud-based, open operating
system for Internet of Things (IoT)

3. Traffic Management

 Challenge for large smart cities is to optimize traffic

 Los Angeles: As one of the busiest cities in the world, the city has
implemented an intelligent transport solution to control the traffic flow
 Pavement integrated sensors send real-time updates of traffic flow to a
central traffic management platform which analyses the data and
automatically adjusts traffic lights to the traffic situation within seconds
  It uses historical data to predict where traffic can go – everything without
human involvement

4. Smart Parking

 Intelligent parking solutions identify when a vehicle has left the parking area
 The sensors in the ground report via smartphone the driver, where they can
find a free parking space
 Others use vehicle feedback to tell precisely where the openings are and
nudge waiting cars towards the path of least resistance
 Smart Parking is reality today and does not require complicated
infrastructure and high investment making them ideal for a mid-size Smart
City

5. Smart Waste Management

 Waste management solutions help to optimize the efficiency of waste

collection and to reduce operational costs and better address the
environmental issues associated with an inefficient waste collection.
 Waste container receives a level sensor; when a certain threshold is reached,
the management platform of a truck driver receives a notification on the
smartphone. The message appears to empty a full container, which avoids
half empty drains.

Future IoT Applications

Here is a glimpse of futuristic IoT devices.

1. Vision Van of Mercedes-Benz

Vision Van of Mercedes-Benz is a van concept for urban areas and is characterized
by several innovative technologies on board such as an autonomous drone
delivery. The drone can deliver autonomously within a radius of ten kilometres.
Another advantage would be that the parcel carrier saves a lot of time – while
loading and delivering. As a contrast, manual-loading takes up to an hour and a
half and at one-shot loading it only takes about five minutes. The delivery on the
last mile is shortened by the automation technology in the hold and the drones
delivering parallel to the deliverer by up to 50%.

2. Smart Eye

The smart eye technology is very similar to Google’s most ambitious project – the
Glass. The smart eye is equipped with sensors, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to provide
options and accessibility features right in front of your eye but without causing a
distraction. This technology makes it possible to read messages, surf the internet
and more.

Conclusion

The future of IoT is unlimited. It provides solutions in all sectors including

manufacturing, fashion, restaurant, healthcare, education etc. Smart cities can share
a common smart city platform, which makes sense especially for small cities. The
cloud-based nature of IoT solutions for Smart Cities is appropriate by sharing a
platform based on open data. Small cities can form a common urban ecosystem. In
this way, solutions of small and large smart cities are networked and controlled via
the central cloud platform. Finally yet importantly, the size of a city is not an
obstacle on the way to becoming "smart". Cities in each group can benefit from
intelligent technologies.

Assignment No.1- Smart Cities

Last submission date- 01.05.2021

Subject- Name with branch

Email id;…………………………