Agenda

kVAh Billing - Extracting benefits through ● Back to Power Triangle Basics

Power Quality Improvement
● kVAh billing - The Why & What
22nd Sep 2021 ● Load Types & their impacts on kVAh billing
By ● Getting familiar with the new Power Triangle
Rajen Mehta ● kVAh Billing - Get on top to achieve maximum efficiency
● Leverage power of IIoT to optimise your network
Efficienergi Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
(B.E, M.S, CEE, F.I.E, ETD1/IS 17036
Committee Member) 2 3
© 2020 Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd

Reactive Power Fundamentals

Electrical System Deterioration Culprits
Lack of adherence ● Reactive power is used to develop the electrical environment to
By 2019, 770 million Mix of traditional
make the active power work, but isn’t directly utilized for work,
To uniform LED bulbs and 35 and modern loads hence called useless power
We offer expertise and tech applications that standards across million LED inside facilities
electrical streetlights
improve reliability and efficiencies of commercial installations deployed
electrical networks, while delivering safety and Solar Installed base Cities with
Over Half-Million AC
compliance Drives will be added expected to go up Metros to double (7
in the industry, by 10x; Wind by to 14) by 2021, 19
annually 2-3x in 2021; EVs More Cities in Plan

2017 2018 2020 2022

Harmonics to increase by ~ 50-60% by 2022, from the current levels with

adverse effect on other PQ indices too.

© 2020 Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Image Courtesy : MERC 6

 Reactive Power Fundamentals Generation to Consumer – Various costs kWh and kVAh Billing
allocation in Billing kWh = kW x Time kVAh = kVA x Time
● Types and Characteristics of electrical power can be best
explained with a Power Triangle Metering - kWh kWh = Active Power x Time kVAh = Apparent Power x Time
Fuel Cost Generation Cost Distribution Cost PF Penalties kWh = P x Time = No. of Units kVAh = S x Time = No. of Units
Reactive / Incentives
Power, Q EARLIER: NOW:
(inductive) Metering - kVAh 1kW power X 1hr = 1kWh = 1 Unit of consumption 1kVA power X 1hr = 1kVAh = 1 Unit of consumption
Real Power, Transmission Cost
P Power (kW or kVA)
Apparent Reactive
Power, S Power, Q Infrastructure Cost Demand Charges
(Capacitive)

Distribution
P = S cosθ
Metering
Fuel: Generation Plant
Energy is area under
the power function
Q = S sinθ
S = √ (P2+Q2)

Transmission Time

7 Image Courtesy : Mr. Tushar Mogre, APQI Partner Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 9

kVAh Billing - Overview kVAh Billing - Overview kVAh Billing - Overview

What Caused the shift from kWh to kVAh?
Typical Billing Components Fixed Charges kVAh Billing Details - Example - MSEDCL
Provide control in
hands of consumers to Overheads
Substantial T&D losses to ● Demand Charges
05 control their energy Asset Depreciation
Distribution Companies Cost of Finance
consumption Proportional to Contract ● Energy Charges In control of
Due to poor Power Factor Demand
● PF Incentives/Penalties (Not applicable for kVAh billing) consumer
(Leading & Lagging) & Harmonics
System Infra ● Early Payment Discounts
01 04
Maintenance & Upkeep
Extra system losses Statutory Charges Variable Charges ● TOD charges Partial Control
Excessive KVA capacity ● Wheeling Charges
Ambiguity of kWh blockage Tax, Duties, Energy Charges
Billing Demand Side Management Late Payment Charges Wheeling Charges ● Electricity Duty
Early payment discounts FAC, TOD, Incentives
PF penalties and Incentives Proportional to energy Proportional to energy ● FAC - Fuel Charge Adjustment Not In
consumption consumption in
were ambiguous 02 03 Audit for a Discom’s kWh/kVAh ● Bulk Discount control of
Not in correlation with Consumers revealed consumer
system losses & unfair ● Incremental Discount
63% of consumers were
● Duties and Taxes
overcompensating
Out of which 80% with
resonance

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 10 Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 11 Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 12
 kVAh Billing - Load Types & Impacts Summary kVAh Billing : Factors kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits
Energy Billed (kVAh) is a combination of 6 factors

Highly inductive or Capacitive Loads – The loads that have poor Power Factor (Leading or Lagging)
1 2 3
Continuously Variable Load – The electrical loading that is continuously variable in nature. More abrupt the 1 2 3 Avoid Hasty actions
Plan for long term
In-depth Electricity Bill
analysis
Analyse SCADA/BMS
Energy/PQ Data
load changes, adverse is the effect on kVAh billing Loads and their Reactive energy Performance of based on assessment
nature (Unbalancing, consumed and Reactive Power
Unbalanced Loading – The loads that are Unbalanced in nature. It even affects, if the unbalance phenomenon
is continuously changing abrupt changes) supplied Compensation
Systems (RPC)
Harmonics Prone Load – The loads with higher level of Harmonic currents and / or Harmonic voltages

4 5 6 4
Comprehensive
5
Accurate solutioning
6
Solution
Severity of the Varying load Unintentional billing Monitoring of Energy considering existing installation/upgradation
Any of the above load types in your plant will necessitate action to optimise kVAh billing harmonics/ patterns & DERs errors due to + Reactive Power + systems & vendor and post installation
resonances (time of metering issues Harmonics + PQ + /technology neutral performance monitoring
day/week/seasonal) RPC analysis approach

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 13 Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 14 Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd

kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits
1 2
Avoid haste, avoid band-aids, Plan for long term Analysis of past 12 months of Electricity Bills secqr® - India’s First Online Harmonics & PF Assessment
• Variables affecting plant operations • Goldmine of data exists in your bills
Tool
Jointly Created by APQI and Efficienergi, To propagate a common
• Stock of existing systems affecting kVAh optimisation • Energy consumption/PF/Actual Demand/Billed Demand
patterns platform to monitor, measure and ensure PF & Harmonic
• Stock of existing processes for monitoring/controlling compliance assurance
• Potential Losses and/or realistic savings estimates
• Arrive at the impact that you currently foresee
• Focus on other factors affecting billing

• Estimate of investment vs. ROI

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd
 kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - Overview
Electricity Bill Analysis Electricity Bill Analysis - Case 1
More than 50 industries have already utilised the tool for their benefit
Conservative Estimates across India – 4.5 Lac Tons of CO2 savings Possible kVAh
Bills from kVARh
the last Significant
12 Savings
PF
months

● Data Collection :
○ Electricity Bills from the past 12 Months
○ Reactive Power Compensation System Details

● Data Analysis and Case Study :

○ Power Factor Compensation
○ Contract Demand Optimisation kWh
○ Maximum Demand Reduction
○ Gaining Financial Billing Incentives

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 23

kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits
Electricity Bill Analysis - Case 1 Electricity Bill Analysis - Case 1 3
Evaluate existing EMS/SCADA data

• Completeness of parameters

• Accuracy of the measurements being undertaken

• Historic data availability

• Locations of data being collected

• Decide on further study necessary or not

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd
 kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits
4
Remember this! (....before deciding
Deep Diving with secqr® in the kVAh Billing scenario of your Facility - EBA + PQ + PF + HST
Comprehensive Energy + Harmonics + Reactive Power on one quick solution...)
The increase in your billing amount could be because of one or more factors.
+ PQ + RPC monitoring ●
● The solutions required could also be one or more.
● Most importantly, solution can be decided only after a thorough understanding of the factors that
• Solve 5 problems with one action affect your system and increase the billing amount.
● A product/technology neutral approach will be valuable.
• Number of Locations / Duration / Simultaneous measurements

• Type and configuration of analysers to be deployed

(Inhouse/Remote??)
Benefits
● Improved PF and increased cost savings
• Beware - Switching off RPC’s may do more harm ● Improved Equipment performance
● Savings by selecting optimised solutions
• Finalise right monitoring strategy - Short and Continual Basis ● Savings by utilizing existing infrastructure

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 29
Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd

kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits
5
Remote PQ Monitoring+Analysis+Reporting Demo Advanced PF cum Harmonic cum PQ Study - Case 2
Optimum solution prioritising considering existing
systems
I-Tdd% ~ 175% above • Solutions lie within your facility a lot of times
threshold as per IEEE 2.2 years
519-2014
Findings Return on • Evaluate collective effectiveness of existing solution, problems and
Investment new if any to be considered
secqr®
• Focus on overall solutions, specifications, best ROI & future service
support
Install Detuned PF and
33
Recommendation Harmonic Filter which would Rs. 3,81,204 p.a. of Savings • Side-effects of using the solution – Buy to solve the problem, not
individually cost Rs. 1,50,000 consolidated savings
and Rs. 6,80,000 approx.
perpetuate it

• Have a technology/vendor neutral mindset at this stage.

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd
 kVAh Billing - Compensation kVAh Billing - How to draw Benefits kVAh Billing - Way Forward
Equipment Key PQ Parameters
Some options available to choose from depending on end use application
6 Current Short Penalties charged for
Power Factor Focus Term fix poor PQ
For Inductive or Capacitive Reactive Load Solution installation & post performance verification
Harmonics
Usage of Fixed Inductors or Capacitors: For constant continuous Load without variation Higher Bills
Manually Switched Inductors or Capacitors: For Very slow Load variation Loss -
~0.5W/kvar
• Ensure complete ownership of the solution and performance Steady State
For Reactive Power Load Variation: Phenomenon
Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) system. : For slow variation in Load Power Disturbances
Real Time Power Factor Correction (RTPFC) system. : For fast variation in Load Loss - • Plan for minimal downtime for integration of the solution
Solid state Reactive Power compensator (STATCON) : For abrupt variation in Load Transients
~30W/kvar The Required PQ
Focus to achieve
For Harmonic Prone Loads: • Integrate post installation, performance monitoring strategy High Freq. Noise
good Energy
Harmonic Filters. (Active or Passive – selected dependent on merits / demerits)
Earthing and Quality
Usage of Detuned Reactors in APFC / RTPFC system if used for Load variation
Grounding issues
• Use power of technology - Ensure 24/7 compliance, don’t settle for
For Unbalanced Loads: Loss -
Passive Unbalance Compensator. : For Fixed Unbalanced condition ~10W/kvar anything else Power Quality Load Improved life-cycle and
Suitability and Long
Solid state Unbalanced compensator (STATCOM) : For Variable Unbalanced Loading
Compliance
Optimised energy utilization with
Term continuous and comprehensive
For Combination of Above type of Loads: Strategic fix PQ monitoring
Hybrid systems: APFC / RTPFC / STATCOM combination.
Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd 35 Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd

secqr®
Offerings Powered by: Efficienergi – Pioneer, Independent, Award Winning
The new standard for improving
electrical network health Rescuing Facilities stuck by electrical failures, Winner -  India Smart Grid
emergencies and high risk problems! 2015 Founded with a vision Foundation Award for Smart
to transform the way Tech of the Year 2018 & ICC
Startup Pad of the Year 2019
Electrical Networks are
Facilities

managed today

Greenfield Operational Expansion/Upgrade

Partners

● Design/EPC Consultants ● Facility Management Services ● Facility Management Services

● T&C Consultants ● Internal Maintenance Teams ● Maintenance and Projects Teams need to assure want to reduce risks? seeking urgent help need advanced Training for CII
● Electrical Contractors ● Electrical Contractors ●
●
Consultants
Electrical Contractors
compliance? to solve emergencies? remote monitoring ? Members

electrical audits for

Power System Studies Power Quality Audits electrical safety & power quality, electrical failures root world class power
Earthing Diagnostics and
Compliance Review standards compliance efficiency and reliability cause analysis and monitoring products
Site and Field Acceptance Advanced Diagnostics for
tests advisory with buy/lease plans
Studies /

Predictive Maintenance
Tests

Third Party testing Energy Audits

for Critical Infrastructure Electrical Safety 20+ Electrical 15+ Electrical 150+ Facilities 500+ Reliability Seminar
Delivering Indian Delivering Master at Central Board of
Advanced Tests > Audits > rescued > parameters >
Site/Equipment Root Cause Analysis Power Quality Training class on Irrigation & Power
PQ/Electromagnetic studies perspective @China PQ/Reliability
commissioning Tests China
Copyright © 2020, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Copyright © 2020, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Conducted over 75+ Seminars and Training sessions for highly reputed organisations including CII, IESA, NPC, CBIP,
FICCI, Regulators and Discoms, Top Corporate etc
 Send your E-Bills Now! Factors Affecting the kVAh Factors Affecting the kVAh
Effect of Load Variation Effect of Unbalanced Loading
Watch secqr® in Action and get your Facility’s kVAh billing Summary
and Projections! kVA-B
kVA-Y
kVA-R kVAR-B
Contact Us: kVAR-R
kVAR-Y
Efficienergi Consulting Pvt. Ltd. R-Phase B-Phase
Y-Phase
1303, B Wing, O2 Twin Towers, Minerva Industrial Estate, Mulund Time Cycle 1 Time Cycle 2 Time Cycle 3 Time Cycle 4 Time Cycle 5 Power Vectors kW-R Power Vectors kW-Y Power Vectors kW-B
(W), Mumbai, 400080.
kVAh5CYC Meter recorded
+91 22 2591 2244 / 2592 2211 Metered kVA = kVA-R + kVA-Y + kVA-B
mkt@efficienergi.com kVAh5CYC Calculated as:
/ +91 95940 51711 kVARh kVAR-B Calculated kVA =
_____________ kVA-B __________________________

= √kWh2 + kVARh2 √ kW2 + kVAR2

/efficienergi http://efficienergi.com/secqr kVA-Y
kVAR-Y
One can see that
kVAh-meter > kVAh-calc
Under continuously kVAR-R kVA-R
+91 9136377319 kWh
changing Loading.
42 kW-R kW-Y kW-B

Copyright © 2021, Efficienergi Consulting Pvt Ltd Image Courtesy : Mr. Tushar Mogre, APQI Partner Image Courtesy : Mr. Tushar Mogre, APQI Partner

Factors Affecting the kVAh Factors Affecting the kVAh

Effect of Harmonics Effect of Harmonics
Current Vector Diagram
with D-PF and Power per AC cycle in presence of Harmonics:
PF concepts: Reactive Current Fundamental
kVAR-h kVA-t
ne Fundamental Plane (X-Y axis plane)
Pla kVAR-t (ind)
nt ) Cos Ø-f = IA-f / I-f kVA-h cos Ø-f = D-PF
u rre ne (ind)
la
io n C is p = D-PF
cos Ø-t = PF-t
t x kVAR-f
tor -Z a I-f (Displacement PF)
Dis (Y IR-f
____________________________________
2 2 2
(ind) kVA-f
D-PF > PF-t
I = √ IA-f + IR-f + I-h
Thus, I > I-f ∴ kVA-f < kVA-t
IR-h Ø-f Cos Ø = IA-f / I Ø-f
I Active Current Ø-t
Ø fundamental = PF
IA-f kW-h
= R-PF < D-PF kW-f
(RMS PF)
IA-h (Small approximation kW-t
IN PRESENCE OF HARMONICS kVAR-h kVA-h
I-h (Harmonics Distortion current) here)
Distortion Current Plane (X-Z axis plane) In One AC cycle
Distortion Current Harmonics
kW-h
(kw + kvar)
Image Courtesy : Mr. Tushar Mogre, APQI Partner Image Courtesy : Mr. Tushar Mogre, APQI Partner