ELECTRICITY A FRIEND or FOE!!!!

Electricity is so common in our homes and workplaces

that we normally don't think twice about using it. But
electricity kills and injures thousands of people every
year, so it's important to understand its hazards and
know how to avoid them.

Electricity poses two major hazards to people who work

with it. The most intense is arc flash, a violent release
of electrical energy that causes severe injuries and
fatalities. The second is shock, which can cause burns,
internal injuries, cardiac arrest and even be fatal.
 DURING THREE DAYS OF LEARNING JOURNEY,
WE SHALL :

A) Take A Peek into CEA Regulation-2010 and

CEA’s Technical Standard
B) Learn concept of Hazard Identification , Risk, Risk
analysis/matrix
C) Appreciation of Optimal Maintenance of Electrical
Equipment, Work Permit , Electrical Clearance, LOTO
Concept, Case Study.
D) Arc Flash Definitions, Tables from Standards ,
PPE selection .
 REGULATORY FRAME WORK
&
RISK ASESSMENT IN ELECTRICAL
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

CM SHARMA
Ex-GM Indian Oil Corporation
 Why the Regulations are needed

• Prevalence of different Stds

/guidelines
• Indian conditions are specific .
Electrical networks reach nook and
corners of country in ways giving rise
to safety hazards.
• Regulations are needed to give
country wide suitable road maps and
guidelines for Electrical Safety in
various systems and O&M of Static
and Rotary Equipment
 Central Electricity Authority ( CEA )
Electrical Safety Regulation and
Technical Standards
•These Regulations are called the Central Electricity
Authority ( Measures relating in Safety and Electric
Supply ) Regulations-2010 under Indian Electricity Act
2003 . These rules are meant to regulate measures
relating to safety and electric supply in India. The
Regulations replace Indian Electricity Rules 1956.
• CEA prescribes Regulations and Technical Standards
separately and both are available on website as well as
in hard print.
• Came into existence on 20th September 2010
Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Electrical Safety Regulation

SUMMARISED CONTENT

CHAPTER-II:

• Designating Personnel to operate and carry out the work on

electrical apparatus
• Inspection of designated officers and other safety measures.
• Electrical Safety Officer
• Safety measures of operation and maintenance of electrical
plant
• safety measures of operating and maintenance of
Transmission & Distribution systems
•Keeping of Records & Inspection therein
• Depositing of maps, Printed copies , Plan for area of supply to
be made and kept after for inspection
Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Electrical
Safety Regulation and Technical Standards
CHAPTER-III : GENERAL SAFTETY

REQUIREMENT
• Pertaining to Construction , Installation , Protection , O&M of
Electric lines and apparatus
• Service Line and apparatus on Consumer premises
• Switchgear on Consumer Premises
• Identification of Earthing and Earthed Neutral Conductor and
position of Switches and Switchgear therein.
• Earthed Terminal on Consumer premises.
• Accessibility of bare conductors.
• Danger Notices.
• Handling of Electric Supply Lines and apparatus .
• Supply to Vehicles and Cranes
• Cables for Portable or Transported apparatus
• Cables Protected by Bituminous compound
 Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Electrical Safety
Regulation

CHAPTER- VI : Safety Provision s for Electrical Installation

and Apparatus of Voltage exceeding 650 Volts

CHAPTER-VII : Safety Requirement for Overhead lines,

Underground Cables and Generating Stations

CHAPTER –VIII : Safety Requirements for Electrical Traction

CHAPTER-XI : Safety Requirements for Mines and Oil Fields

CHAPTER- XI : Miscellaeous
Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Electrical Safety Regulation

Under Sub- Regulations ( For Example : Sub Regulation 3 of Regulation-6) following

is covered :
Safety Measures of Operation & Maintenance of Electric Plants :
For Example :
1. Part-1 : Duration and Content of training in Thermal Power Plants , Hydro Electric
Generation Plants, Sub- stations and switchyards of generating stations.
2. Part-2 :Syllabus for Engineers and Supervisors for Operations & Maintenance of
Coal Based Plants
3. Part-3 : Syllabus for Engineers and Supervisors for Operation & Maintenance if
Diesel based Power generating Stations
4. Part-4 :Syllabus for Engineers and Supervisors for Operations & Maintenance of
Combined Cycle Gas Based Power generating Stations.
5. Part-5,6,7 : Specialised Syllabus for Engineers and Supervisors engaged on the
Mechanical Side of the Coal Based Thermal Power Station, Diesel based power
station , Specialised Syllabus for Engineers and Supervisors engaged in
Operation & Maintenance of Combined Cycle power generation in Gas Plants

In Total, there are Part –XXVII covering training aspects ( including

assessments) of O&M Engineers engaged in Mechanical, Electrical,
Instrumentation activities in various Power Generaration and Distribution
activities. Similarly other subregulations of main Regulations are categorised
into parts to give clear idea to the syllabus maker /assessor /planner of training
of engineers and supervisors.
 Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Technical Standards
Regulations
These Standards may be called Central Electricity Authority ( Technical Standards for
Construction of Electrical Plants and Electrical lines ) Regulations -2010
Coverage :
CHAPTER-II ( A,B,C,D) : Technical Standard for Construction of All Types of Thermal
Generating Plants.
CHAPTER-III : Technical Standards for Construction of Hydro Electric Generating
Stations.
CHAPTER-IV : Technical Standards for Construction of Sub- Stations & Switch Yards (
covering various Voltage Systems , Distribution)
Chapter-V : Technical Standard for Construction of Electric Lines

Schedule-1 ( See Regulation 10(10) ) : List of Electric Protection Functions for

Thermal Generating Units
Schedule -2 ( See Regulation 12(3) ) : Design Requirements for Ash Handing
System
Schedule-3 ( See Regulation 33(7) ) : The Minimum load for continuous operation
of various types of T
Turbines
Schedule-IV : ( See Regulation 37 (12 )-f ) : Minimum Protections to Be Provided for
Hydro Electric Generating Stations.
Schedule-V ( See Regulation 43 (4) –c ) : Protection Details for Transmission Lines,
Transformers, ,Reactors and Bus Bars
Schedule-VI ( See Regulation 44) : Technical Details of HVDC Terminals/Stations
 Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Electrical
Safety Regulation
CHAPTER-III : GENERAL
SAFTETY REQUIREMENT ( Contd:)
• Street Box
• Service Line and apparatus on Consumer premises
• Distribution of different circuits
• Accidental Charging
• Provision applicable to Protective equipment
• Displaying Instruction s for Resuscitation of personnel suffering
from Electric Shock
• Precautions to be adopted by consumers , Owner, Occupier ,
Electrical Contractor , Electrical Workmen and Supplier.
• Periodical Inspection and Testing of Installation.
• Testing of Consumer’s Installation .Installation & Testing of
Generator Units.
CHAPTER- IV
Safety Provisions for Electrical Installation and Apparatus of
Voltage not exceeding 650 Volts
Central Electricity Authority ( CEA ) Electrical
Safety Regulation and Technical Standards
CHAPTER-III : GENERAL SAFTETY

REQUIREMENT
• Pertaining to Construction , Installation , Protection , O&M of
Electric lines and apparatus
• Service Line and apparatus on Consumer premises
• Switchgear on Consumer Premises
• Identification of Earthing and Earthed Neutral Conductor and
position of Switches and Switchgear therein.
• Earthed Terminal on Consumer premises.
• Accessibility of bare conductors.
• Danger Notices.
• Handling of Electric Supply Lines and apparatus .
• Supply to Vehicles and Cranes
• Cables for Portable or Transported apparatus
• Cables Protected by Bituminous compound
UNDERSTANDING RISK ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
 What is a Hazard

⚫ A hazard is a situation in the workplace that has the

potential to harm the health and safety of people or to
damage plant and equipment.

⚫ It could involve a Task being performed a Chemical or the

Equipment being used…
 What is Risk
Risk & Risk assessment
Likelihood or probability of hazard being
realized over a specific period of time combined with an
consequence of an resultant accident
Risk = Frequency Hazard occurrence X Severity of the
Hazard
A risk is the likelihood of a substance, activity or
process to cause harm. A risk can be reduced and the
hazard controlled by good management
 RISK

Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to

individual.

Another thing to consider is that people’s perceptions

change as familiarity increases the perception of a
hazard and its risks change.

Crossing a rail line you may not consider risky

 Voluntary and Involuntary Risks

Voluntary Risks are hazards associated with

activities that we decide to undertake (Chosen), e.g.
driving a car, motorcycle, climbing a ladder, smoking
a cigarette etc.

Involuntary Risks are hazards associated with an

occurrence that happens to us without our consent or
knowledge (Imposed), e.g. acts of nature (floods,
earthquakes etc.).
 RISK CONTROL

The control of risk is essential to secure and maintain a

healthy and safe workplace which complies with the relevant
legal requirement.

Controls include actions that can be taken to reduce the potential of

exposure to the hazard, or the control measure could be to remove the
hazard or to reduce the likelihood of the risk of the exposure to that
hazard being realised
 WHY INCIDENTS OCCUR
The types of barriers which collapse when hazard
becomes an event (injury, loss of facilities or injury or
fatality incident/accident).

19
INCIDENT ANALYSIS
10% 11%
Incident AnalyIncident Analysis sis
2%
4%
EQUIPEMENT FAILURE
2%
DESIGN DEFICIENCY

STATIC ELECTRICITY/
LIGHTENING
SABOTAGE/PILFERAGE

HUMAN ERROR

OTHERS

71%
 The total procedure of Risk Control is
associated with

•Identifying a hazard,

•Assessing the risk,

•Putting in place control measures,

•Reviewing the outcomes.(i.e reduction of risk)

 Risk Assessment
Follow the five steps :

•Identify the hazards

•Decide who might be harmed and how
•Evaluate the risks and decide on
precautions / contro
•Record/Report your findings and
implement the actions/controls
•Follow the instructions and again see if
any other hazard is coming…
 What is Risk Assessment
In Risk Assessment the severity of the Hazard is
considered in conjunction with other factors
including the level of exposure and the numbers
of persons exposed and the risk of that hazard
being realized, e.g. a person being harmed.
There are a number of different methods used to
calculate the overall risk from basic calculations
using high, medium and low categories

It is important to ensure that the residual (or final) risk

following implementation of control measures is ‘as low as
is reasonably possible (ALARP). For a risk to be ALARP it
must be possible to demonstrate that the cost involved in
reducing the risk further would be grossly disproportionate
to the benefit gained…
 RISK ASSESSMENT

Any HSE policy requires to identify hazards,

assess the risks and implement controls to
protect all personnel involved in our activities and
to prevent environmental pollution
(RISK ASSESMENT IS PART OF COMPANY HSE
POLICY).

When a risk assessment or a job safety analysis is

to be carried out, it is normally done be a group of
people which should include those involved with
the work
When carrying out risk assessments it is normal to use a risk matrix to
determine the severity of the risk to people, the environment or plant

LIKLIHOOD
1 2 3 4 5
Happens several
Has occurred in Has occurred at
Has occurred in Happens several times per year in
world-wide the Installation /
SEVERITY PEOPLE ASSETS ENVIRON REPUT industry but not
Cairn India
location /
times per year in same installation
Asset Cairn or location or
in Cairn India operation
operation

5. Multiple fatalities
Extensive International
Or permanent
Damage
Massive Effect
Impact
5 10 15 20 25
Critical total disabilities

4. Single fatality
National
or permanent Major Damage Major Effect
Impact
4 8 12 16 20
Major total disability

3. Major injury
Localised Considerable
or health Local Damage
Effect Impact
3 6 9 12 15
Moderate effects

2. Minor injury
or health Minor Damage Minor Effect Minor Impact 2 4 6 8 10
Minor effects

1. Slight injury
Slight
or health Slight Damage Slight Impact 1 2 3 4 5
Low Effect
effects

1- 3 Low Risk Managed by routine procedures

4-6 Moderate Risk Specify Management Responsibilities
8-12 High Risk Needs Senior Management Attentions
15-25 Extreme Risk Detailed Action Plan Required

25
 Some Typical Electrical Incidents
Incident Probable Cause Human
Construction Interface
1. Two Construction Damaged Electrical Supply cable Casual approach to
workers electrocuted and non standard fuses used . Construction
near a pit while clearing Phase to Earth Fault remained material . Damaged
water due to rains sustained and passed on to an Earth Cable / Non
previous ( Indian GI wire passing through the water Standard fuses
Refinery) filled pit . Result : 2 fatalities used..

2. Two Construction The contact with live 11 KV bus bar Work Permit did
Workers Electrocuted in occurred due to metallic fumes not conceive this
11 KV Generator Cable during welding which was in possibility as no
Cellar. The work of GI progress in close proximity to live sectionalizing of bus
welding GI Trays for Busbars. bar or barrier was
cables was in progress ( Result : 2 fatalities prescribed.
Indian Refinery)
3. Electrocution of Testing Over confidence of a long Electrical Overconfidence
Engineer while checking Testing experience. Rather mocked that bus bar was no
specs of CBCT in 11 KV a maintenance engineer who live.
 Temporary
Earth Pit

1.Low Dia Pipe

2.Pit not as per any standard
3.Fastening Arrangement Improper
4.High Ohmic Resistance

rate
Poor Earth Strip Fastening to Earth Pit Pipe

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Armour sprouting out of sheath at two places

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Cable Armour cut before Termination

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

1.Plywood Board instead of metallic panel
2.Unarmoured wires lying around

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

 My Experience
1st Incident:
A likely fatality/ injury in HT panel during measurement of
Insulation Resistance of HT motor.
2nd Incident:
A likely flashover while switching on a transformer
Incidents would have caused:
•Fatality/ Injuries
•Burn out of switchgear-Plant Outage
•Financial Losses
•Trouble from Law /Statute enforcing bodies
•Sagging Morale of work force
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
 Work safe or it be a day of
reckoning!
Learnings
• Better communication required while
handling electricity
• Follow all steps for de-energisation of
equipment to be worked upon
• Adhere to established checks / practices

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

 Failure – A Teacher!

• Failure is the opportunity to begin

again more intelligently.
• A man can fail many times but he
isn’t a failure until he begins to
blame somebody.

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

 REQUIRED REMEDIES
• Competence Criteria of TPI during Construction
( Stage wise inspection till Commissioning )

• Categorisation of TPI as per Competence in

specific downstream sector

• Surprise Inspections by Regulator and ISO

Accrediting body for Evaluation
 Failure – A Teacher!

• Failure is the opportunity to begin again more

intelligently.
• A man can fail many times but he isn’t a
failure until he begins to blame somebody.

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

THANKS FOR PARTICIPATION