Week 4 - Mathematical Relation and Function

GE6114
Math in the Modern World

Module 4- Mathematical Relations and Functions
Objectives:
1. Understand the mathematical language of relations and
functions.
2. Identify the relation as a function by applying the
properties.
The Language of Relations
and Functions
Relation
When two sets form a collection of ordered pairs
of (x,y) each of which coming from each set then it
is said that x R y.
x R y - binary relation R from set x to y

Relations
A relation in mathematics defines the relationship
between two different sets of information. If two sets
are considered, the relation between them will be
established if there is a connection between the
elements of two or more non-empty sets.
Example #1 (Relations)
In the morning assembly at schools, students are supposed to
stand in a queue in ascending order of the heights of all the
students. This defines an ordered relation between the
students and their heights.
Therefore, we can say, ‘A set of ordered pairs is defined as a
relation.’
Example #2 (Relation of sets)
This mapping depicts a relation from
set A into set B.
A relation from A to B is a subset of A

x B. The ordered pairs are
(1,c),(2,n),(5,a),(7,n).
For defining a relation, we use the

notation where, set {1, 2, 5, 7}
represents the domain. set {a, c, n}
represents the range.
Types of Relations
• Empty Relations
• Universal Relations
• Identity Relations
• Inverse Relations
• Reflexive Relations
• Symmetric Relations
• Transitive Relations
Sets and Relations
Sets and relation are interconnected with each other. The
relation defines the relation between two given sets. If there
are two sets available, then to check if there is any connection
between the two sets, we use relations.
For example, an empty relation denotes none of the elements

in the two sets is same.
Relations in Mathematics
In Maths, the relation is the relationship between two or more
set of values.
Suppose, x and y are two sets of ordered pairs. And set x has
relation with set y, then the values of set x are called domain
whereas the values of set y are called range.
Example: For ordered pairs = {(1,2),(-3,4),(5,6),(-7,8),(9,2)}
The domain is = {-7,-3,1,5,9}
And range is = {2,4,6,8}
Functions
When two quantities x and y are related so that for
some range of values of x the value of y is determined
by that of x then we say that y is a function (f) of x.
A function relates an input to an output.
It is like a machine that has an input and an output
and the output is related somehow to the input.
Types of Functions
Functions can be classified in terms of relations as follows:
• Injective or one to one function: The injective function f: P → Q
implies that, for each element of P there is a distinct element of
Q.
• Many to one: The many to one function maps two or more
elements of P to the same element of set Q.
• The Surjective or onto function: This is a function for which
every element of set Q there is pre-image in set P
• Bijective function.
Functions
All functions
are relations,
but not all
relations are
functions.
Input, Relationship, Output
We will see many ways to think about functions, but
there are always three main parts:
The input
The relationship
The output
Example of a Function
The common functions in algebra include:
• Linear Function
• Inverse Functions
• Constant Function
• Identity Function
• Absolute Value Function
Some Examples of Functions
x2 (squaring) is a function

x3+1 is also a function
Sine, Cosine and Tangent are functions used in trigonometry
Equality of Functions
Two functions are said to be equal if and only they
have the same set of ordered pairs (x,y).
How to Determine if a Relation is a Function?
We can check if a relation is a function either by graphically or by

following the steps below.
• Examine the x or input values.
• Examine also the y or output values.
• If all the input values are different, then the relation becomes a
function, and if the values are repeated, the relation is not a
function or When each input value of a function generates one
and only output, it is called a function. Here, the input values are
known as domain and output values are known as the range.
• Note: if there is repetition of the first members with an
associated repetition of the second members, then, the relation
becomes a function.
Determine whether the following ordered pairs of
numbers is a function.
R = (1,1); (2,2); (3,1); (4,2); (5,1); (6,7)
There is no repetition of x values in the given set of

ordered pair of numbers.
Therefore, R = (1,1); (2,2); (3,1); (4,2); (5,1); (6,7) is a
function.
Example: Is A = {(1, 5), (1, 5), (3, -8), (3, -8), (3, -8)} a function?
Solution: If there are any duplicates or repetitions in the X-value, the relation is not a
function.
But there’s a twist here. Look at the following example:
Though X-values are getting repeated here, still it is a function because they are
associating with the same values of Y.
The point (1, 5) is repeated here twice and (3, -8) is written thrice. We can rewrite it
by writing a single copy of the repeated ordered pairs. So, “A” is a function.
That Ends the MODULE 4!

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GE6114

Math in the Modern World

x R y - binary relation R from set x to y

A relation from A to B is a subset of A

For defining a relation, we use the

For example, an empty relation denotes none of the elements

x2 (squaring) is a function

We can check if a relation is a function either by graphically or by

There is no repetition of x values in the given set of

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