DESIGN 5: SPACE PLANNING 2

PLANNING AND
DESIGN
FUNDAMENTALS
OF AIRPORT
RESEARCH WORK
 PAGE 1

AIRPORT
According to Britannica, Airport also
called air terminal, aerodrome, or
airfield, site and installation for the
takeoff and landing of aircraft. An
airport usually has paved runways
and maintenance facilities and
serves as a terminal for passengers
and cargo.

International airports include customs

and international terminal.
Passengers can fly abroad through
direct or connecting flights. The
international airport can also be
used for domestic flights apart from
the international. These terminals are
two different terminals as domestic
and international terminals.

What Classifies an Airport as An

International Airport?
International airports can have different
features depending on the country.
However, some of these standards are
defined by aviation standards. It is
mandatory to include customs, security
checkpoints and international terminal
within these airports. Different from other
airports, international airports have duty
free shops, lounge sections, waiting areas,
airline company's offices, baby care
rooms, prayer rooms or tourism offices.
International airports are generally larger
than the airports only with domestic
terminals.
Airports are designed in accordance with
international airport standards defined by
IATA and ICAO. IATA and ICAO codes of
airports are defined also by these
centers.
 PAGE 2

BRIEF HISTORY
OF AIRPORTS
First Comes Flight

As you probably know, flight as we know it began on

December 17, 1903 when Orville Wright successfully
completed the first controlled, powered, and
sustained flight in Kitty Hawk, NC. While only 12
seconds in length, this flight event changed the face
of transportation. A few years later, the first
commercial airline flight was on January 1, 1914 in
Tampa Bay, FL in a flying boat biplane lasting 23
minutes, and a ticket only cost $5.00.

And Then the First Airport

Now, pilots in those days used just about

anything to land an aircraft on. It could be
pretty much any flat area of land, i.e., a
landing strip. Otherwise, a designated landing
strip was an all-dirt or cement strip. The first
official airport opened in 1908 in Albany New
York – by 1928 it had gone through a
reconstruction, which added 3 runways.
The early days of LGA or LaGuardia Airport.
About Us
WWI Means Airports & More Airports!

During WWI, aircraft were used as a way to not only

transport troops, supplies, and personnel, but was
also used in combat. As a result, hundreds of
manufacturing plants popped all over the U.S.
producing thousands of aircraft and resulting in
hundreds of military pilots that were trained.

Because of this, airfields often popped up near the

manufacturing plants in order to get the aircraft to
military bases. Before 1914, 3 military airfields had
been built, and by 1918, 980 official landing fields
existed. These airfields offered services such as
fueling, maintenance, and parking.
 PAGE 3
Post WWII

In a number of years, WWII had come and gone

leaving a surplus of military airports in the U.S. 986
airports had been built by the end of the war and
suddenly the military found that they didn’t need all
those airports anymore. More than 500 military
airports were then handed over to local
governments, or municipalities. Local government
ownership is still the most common form of
ownership today.
Eventually, the government realized that these
airports needed funding to keep them in repair and in
1946, the Federal Airport Act was passed to fund
$500 million in grants for airport construction,
improvement, and maintenance. This Act was very
important as airports didn’t have to fight the many
other government agencies for federal funding.

Pre Deregulation

Pre Deregulation (legislation that changed

how airlines competed) was a very important
time for airports. In 1970, there were 2 Acts
passed: Title I was the Airport and Airway
Development Act, and Title II was the Airport
and Airway Revenue Act.
Title I provided $250 million to establish and
improve the preexisting navigational facilities.
It also established minimum standards for
airports and issued operating certificates.

Deregulation

Deregulation was a purely capitalistic Act by

the government. There were two areas that
deregulation affected: one was Air Cargo
Freedoms and the other Airline Freedoms. Air
cargo operations could now raise or lower rates
at will, serve any market (previously restricted
to that of what the government mandated),
and could own and operate trucks. Airlines
could now freely enter and exit the market,
expand their routes were they wanted to (they
were mandated to certain routes by the
government), and could set their own airfares
(these had also been government-controlled).
 PAGE 4

Post-Deregulation
After deregulation, the structure of airlines
changed much. Airlines now based in one or two
major cities, or hubs. Routes, or spokes, served
many destinations from these main cities – this
helped to maximize aircraft productiveness and
enhance the number of passengers carried per
leg of a flight. The hub and spoke system would
pick passengers up from outlying, smaller
airports, taking them into hubs where they would
connect to their destination.

Eventually, acts were passed for safety, noise

abatement, and capacity expansion. A Passenger
Facility Charge (PFC) was a result of the Aviation
Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1990. The
PFCs weren’t to be abused though, as they were
guided by 10 different guidelines as to what that
money could be used for. They were charged in
whole dollar amounts of $1, $2, or $3 per
passenger. The fees could only be charge twice
on each leg or a round trip. The money would go
back directly to the airport and used for safety,
security, reduction of noise, or enhancement of
competition between air carriers. These funds
were combined with the federal grant funds and
could only be used on a project that had PFC
application approved. In addition, different sizes
of airports have their federal funding reduced
depending on how much in PFCs they collect. Post 9/11

After 9/11, airport security changed dramatically. In 2001, the

Aviation and Transportation Security Act was passed
establishing the Transportation Safety Administration (TSA).
What was initially started to focus on all modes of
transportation ended up zeroing in on airport security, and
for good reason. The TSA were required to conduct
background checks on airport employees, screen all checked
baggage, and screen all passengers and carry-on bags – this
screening process also included scanning with certified
explosive detection devices.
 PAGE 5

MODERN
AIRPORTS
The largest airports in the world employ more
than 100,000 workers each. They are
immensely complex entities with regard to the
physical facilities that they comprise, the
organizations that are active within their
boundaries, and the services that are
provided in conjunction with their operation.

Physical facilities include runways, taxiways, aprons, and strips,

which are used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, for the maneuvering
and positioning of aircraft on the ground, and for the parking of aircraft in
order to load and discharge passengers and cargo. For the safe landing and
takeoff of aircraft, lighting and radio navigational aids are provided. These are
supplemented by airfield markings, signs and signals, and air traffic control
facilities. Support facilities on the airside of the field include meteorology, fire and
rescue, power and other utilities, aircraft maintenance, and airport maintenance.
Landside facilities are the passenger and cargo terminals and the access system,
which includes parking, roads, public transport facilities, and loading and unloading
areas.
 PAGE 6

TYPES OF AIRPORTS

There are two types of airports—towered and nontowered. These types

can be further subdivided to:

Civil Airports—
airports that are open to the general public.

Military/Federal Government airports—

airports operated by the military, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), or other agencies of the Federal Government.

Private Airports—
airports designated for private or restricted use only, not open to the
general public.

TOWERED AIRPORT
A towered airport has an operating control tower. Air
traffic control (ATC) is responsible for providing the
safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at
airports where the type of operations and/or volume
of traffic requires such a service. Pilots operating from
a towered airport are required to maintain two-way
radio communication with ATC and to acknowledge
and comply with their instructions. Pilots must advise
ATC if they cannot comply with the instructions issued
and request amended instructions. A pilot may
deviate from an air traffic instruction in an emergency,
but must advise ATC of the deviation as soon as
possible. NON TOWERED AIRPORT
A nontowered airport does not have an operating control
tower. Two-way radio communications are not required,
although it is a good operating practice for pilots to transmit
their intentions on the specified frequency for the benefit of
other traffic in the area. The key to communicating at an
airport without an operating control tower is selection of the
correct common frequency. The acronym CTAF, which
stands for Common Traffic Advisory Frequency, is
synonymous with this program. A CTAF is a frequency
designated for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory
practices while operating to or from an airport without an
operating control tower. The CTAF may be a Universal
Integrated Community (UNICOM), MULTICOM, Flight

Service Station (FSS), or tower frequency and is identified in appropriate aeronautical

publications. UNICOM is a nongovernment air/ground radio communication station that may
provide airport information at public use airports where there is no tower or FSS. On pilot
request, UNICOM stations may provide pilots with weather information, wind direction, the
recommended runway, or other necessary information. If the UNICOM frequency is
designated as the CTAF, it is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS

Provide a quality, Airport Use effective and innovative

and open space system that supports funding methods to build, maintain,
opportunities for active and passive operate, and promote the airport
recreation and conserves and
enhances significant environmental or Develop an attainable phased
historical development plan concept that will
resources and features. satisfy the needs of the airport in a
Developing the physical facilities of an safe, efficient, economical and
airport and future land used in the environmentally sound manner.
vicinity of the
airport Clearly identify the present and
future roles of the airport.
Incorporate features and
amenities into an airport that fit the
local context; contribute to Identify optimum landside uses, which
environmental sustainability; and are will enhance the economic benefits of
accessible, safe, and the airport and that are compatible
easy to maintain for the long-term. with airside development.
Establishing the techno-economic
and financial feasibility of the Develop realistic, phased
proposed development. This should development and maintenance plans
include environmental concerns of for the airport.
the airport operations as well
Providing a high quality and aesthetic
Establishing schedule of priorities for facility that can be marketed for aerial
the implementation of the phase tours and economic development.
development and improvement
proposed in the plan.
 PAGE 8

PRINCIPLES
OF DESIGN Movement

s the path the viewer's

eye takes through the
work of art, often to
focal areas.

Proportion

is the relationship of two or

more elements in a design and
how they compare with one
another. Proportion is said to
be harmonious when a correct
relationship exists between the
elements with respect to size
or quantity. Good proportion
adds harmony, symmetry, or
Rhythm Balance
balance among the parts of a
one of the key principles of design.
is a principle of design that
suggests movement or action. design, refers to the way Movement
Rhythm is usually achieved visual elements are arranged
through repetition of lines, so that their visual weight is the path the viewer’s eye
shapes, colors, and more. It harmonizes with the other takes through the work of art,
creates a visual tempo in elements in the design, and often to focal areas. Such
artworks and provides a path the composition gives an movement can be directed
for the viewer's eye to follow. appearance of properly along lines, edges, shape, and
distributed elements. color within the work of art.
 PAGE 9

PARAMETERS
IN DESIGN
Prior to starting the design, it is necessary to define the project's parameters and to
draw on the extensive research that has already been done. We've developed a brief
through discussions with the client and other stakeholders at this point. We conducted a
thorough site analysis, gathering as much information about the site, its surroundings,
and its context as possible. We'll also be on the lookout for ideas to help us develop our
concept. To move on to the next stage, we need to bring all of this information together.

Width - the building width is defined as Slope -This is the angle of the roof with
the distance from outside of eave strut of respect to the horizontal.
one sidewall to outside of eave strut of
the opposite sidewall.
MILESTONE
Length - The longitudinal length of the
End bay length - The distance from
outside of the outer flange of endwall
columns to center line of the first interior
building measured from out to out of end frame column.
wall steel lines.
Interior bay length - The distance
Height - Building height is the eave between the center lines of two adjacent
height which usually is the distance from interior main frame columns.
the bottom of the main frame column
base plate to the top outer point of the Design Loads - Design for snow loads,
eave strut. When columns are recessed earth quake loads, collateral loads, crane
or elevated from finished floor, eave loads or any other loading condition, if
height is the distance from finished floor required must be specified at the time of
level to top of eave strut. request for quotation.

LEGAL
Legal information – ownership,
RA 9053: Philippines Landscape Architecture Act
restrictions or covenants, council related
information, planning regulations and
of 2000 restrictions future urban development
RA 8981: PRC Modernization Act of 2000 plans.
RA 8749: Philippine Air Act
RA 8293: Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines
RA 7277: Magna Carta for Disabled Person
PD 458: Relative to Design and Construction of PD 757: National Housing Authority
Airports of 1974 PD 223: PRC
PD 1067: The Water Code of the Philippines PD 49: Intellectual Property
PD 984: Polution Control of 1976 PD 1152: The Environmental Code
PD 856: Sanitation Code of the Philippines
 PAGE 10

TECHNICAL
PROJECT DESIGN BRIEF
Following discussions with the client we
can begin to build an understanding of
the spatial requirements of the project.
These could include:

Room requirements, types of rooms,

how many rooms
Floor areas of rooms and spaces
Flexible spaces
Floor area standards to carry out
particular tasks
Spatial relationship requirements to

SITE
the site and context
Relationship between spaces

ANALYSIS
Many architects use the site as a starting point for
developing their proposal. Some of the factors that
will need to be studied include:
LOCATION
Where the site is located NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURES
actual features of the site such as trees, rocks,
ZONING AND SIZING topography, rivers, ponds, drainage patterns.
dimensional considerations such as boundaries,
easements, height restrictions, site area, access along MAN-MADE FEATURES
with any further plans. existing buildings, walls, surrounding vernacular,
setbacks, materials, landscaping and scale.
LEGAL INFORMATION
ownership, restrictions or covenants, council related
information, planning regulations and restrictions for CIRCULATION
future urban development plans. vehicle and pedestrian movements in, through and
around the sire. Consider the timing of these
NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURES movements, and duration of heavier patters.
actual features of the site such as trees, rocks, Future traffic and road developments should also be
topography, rivers, ponds, drainage patterns. considered.

MAN-MADE FEATURES UTILITIES

existing buildings, walls, surrounding vernacular, any electricity, gas, water, sewer and telephone service
setbacks, materials, landscaping and scale. that are situated in or near the site, along with distances,
depths and materials.
NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURES
actual features of the site such as trees, rocks, CLIMATE
topography, rivers, ponds, drainage patterns. all climatic information such as rainfall, snowfall, wind
directions, temperatures, and sun path – should be
SENSORY
considered during the different times of the year.
This addresses the visual, audible and tactile aspects of
the site, such as views, noise, and so on. These should
HUMAN AND CULTURAL
be considered in time frames and a positive or negative
The cultural, psychological, behavioral, and sociological
factor can be attributed to the condition.
aspects of the surrounding neighborhood. Activities and
patterns, density, population ethnic patterns,
employment, income, values and so on.
 DESIGN
PLANNING GUIDELINES
PLANNING GUIDELINES

AIRPORT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUNDS

Airport Terminal Design –

is a very complex in terms of the design procedures.
Architects Skills and long field of experience in design are
not the passport of being able to Design an Airport
terminal. Basic Principle and long list of studies and
requirements needed shall be considered from outside
the Terminal ( Ground or Air ).

THREE ELEMENTS OR PARTS OF AN AIRPORT

Three important considerations that may affect the

AIRSIDE
-The most secured part of an Airport and most highly
design process of a Terminal. These three elements
regulated . It is an area for aircraft movement and
are inter-connected to each other and will dictate the
operation.
design limitation of the project.
-Occupied 80% of the total land area of an Airport
AIRSPACE
The portion of the Atmosphere controlled by a country AIRSIDE Design Consideration:
above its territory, including territorial waters. Topography
Air Navigation path Existing Infrastructure
Air Traffic Airside may composed of the ff:
Military Airspace a. Runway
b. Taxiway
LANDSIDE c. Apron
d. Other Infrastructure
-The part of an Airport farthest from the
Runway and Aircraft movement o This are the structures and Facilities that
-The boundary of which the security check has a direct access to the Runway.
and customs, passport control and other o Control Tower
service facilities. o Hangar
Landside may composed of the ff: f. Train Station o Airline catering building
g. Parks and Re- o Rescue & Fire fighting building
a. Airport Terminal creational facilities o Maintenance building
b. Airline Company Office buildings h. Government Building o Cargo / Freight companies building
c. Hotels ( Aviation agency ) o General aviation Companies
d. Convention Center i. Shopping mall o Flying schools
e. Bus or Transportation Terminal j. Others o Military camp
 PAGE 12

SPACE REQUIREMENTS AND

ALLOCATION
DEPARTURE AREA - AIRSIDE INTERFACE

• Departure waiting lounge

o Seating area
o Kid’s play area

• Airport Lounge
• Departure gate
• Retail store
• Duty free tax store

ARRIVAL AREA - AIRSIDE INTERFACE

• Passenger Gates ( Airbridge

/ Stairs or Buses from remote
stand)
• Inbound Immigration
• Retail store
• Queuing space

GENERAL FEATURE
ILLUSTRATIONS /
DIAGRAMS / DRAWINGS

SINGAPORE
CHANGI
AIRPORT
 ILLUSTRATIONS /
DIAGRAMS / DRAWINGS

DUBAI
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
 ILLUSTRATIONS /
DIAGRAMS / DRAWINGS

CHENGDU
TIANFU
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
 PAGE 16

REFERENCES
DEFINING THE PARAMETERS OF THE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PROJECT - FIRST
IN ARCHITECTURE
HTTPS://TOAZ.INFO/ INTRODUCTION FOR AIRPORT TERMINAL DESIGN PREFACE
https://www.britannica.com/technology/airport
https://www.flypgs.com/en/travel-glossary/international-airport
https://blueskiestailwindsblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/a-brief-history-of-
airports/
https://www.flightliteracy.com/airport-categories/
https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/defining-the-parameters-of-the-
architecture-design-project/