Derivative As Rates of Change - Population Change: Word Problem

MANGALINDAN, Sophia Nicole STEM 11 – St.
Alypius
Derivative as Rates of Change – Population Change
The population growth rate is the rate of change of a population and

consequently can be represented by the derivative of the size of the population. If
P(t) is the number of entities present in a population, then the population growth
rate of P(t) is defined to be P′(t).
In addition to analyzing velocity, speed, acceleration, and position, we can use

derivatives to analyze various types of populations, including those as diverse as
bacteria colonies and cities. We can use a current population, together with a
growth rate, to estimate the size of a population in the future. The population
growth rate is the rate of change of a population and consequently can be
represented by the derivative of the size of the population.
Word Problem:
The current population of an alpaca colony is known to be 6,745; that is, P (0) =
6,745. If P' (0) = 250, estimate the size of the population in 3 days, where t is
measured in days.
SOLUTION:
P(3) = P(0) + 3P’(0)
P(0) = 6,745
P’(0) = 250
P(3) = 6,745 + 3(250)
P(3) = 6,745 + 750
= 7, 495
Derivative as Marginal Analysis of Profit, Revenue & Cost
In essence, marginal analysis studies how to estimate how quantities (such as

profit, revenue and cost) change when the input increases by 1.
While marginal analysis is an accurate approximation of how these quantities

change when the input increases by 1, you can also calculate the exact change.
In marginal analysis, you will usually be asked to find two things:
• an estimate of how much profit, revenue and/or cost changes when the nth
unit is produced or sold. Here, you use derivatives.
• the exact amount of how much profit, revenue and/or cost changes. Here,
you use the original function.
In other words, we can either estimate (get close to), or get the real quantity,
that adding 1 unit results in.
Word Problem:
For a company that sells clothes, the total cost of producing x is given by the
function
𝐶(𝑥) = 3520 + 93𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2
and that all x clothes are sold when the price is equal to p(x) = -2x + 35. Estimate
the marginal cost of producing the 6th unit
SOLUTION:
6th unit = 5
𝐶(𝑥) = 3520 + 93𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2

𝐶(𝑥) = 93 − 0.10𝑥
𝐶(5) = 93 − 0.10(5)
𝐶(5) = 93 − 0.05
= 92.5
Derivative as Concavity and Points of Inflection
The second derivative of a function may also be used to determine the

general shape of its graph on selected intervals. A function is said to be concave
upward on an interval if f″(x) > 0 at each point in the interval and concave
downward on an interval if f″(x) < 0 at each point in the interval. If a function
changes from concave upward to concave downward or vice versa around a point,
it is called a point of inflection of the function.
In determining intervals where a function is concave upward or concave

downward, you first find domain values where f″(x) = 0 or f″(x) does not exist. Then
test all intervals around these values in the second derivative of the function. If f″(x)
changes sign, then (x, f(x)) is a point of inflection of the function. As with the First
Derivative Test for Local Extrema, there is no guarantee that the second derivative
will change signs, and therefore, it is essential to test each interval around the
values for which f″(x) = 0 or does not exist.
Geometrically, a function is concave upward on an interval if its graph

behaves like a portion of a parabola that opens upward. Likewise, a function that is
concave downward on an interval looks like a portion of a parabola that opens
downward. If the graph of a function is linear on some interval in its domain, its
second derivative will be zero, and it is said to have no concavity on that interval.
Word Problem:
Find the points of inflection of f(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8 and identify:
A. Where is f(x) concave up?

B. Where is f(x) concave down?
SOLUTION:
f(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8
f’(x) = 3x2 – 12x – 4
f’’(x) = 6x – 12
6x – 12 = 0
6𝑥 12
=
6 6
x=2
DETERMINING CONCAVITY
- +
f’’(0) = 6(0) – 12 = -12
f’’(6) = 6(6) – 12 = 24
DETERMINING POINT OF INFLECTION
f(2) = 23 – 6(2)2 – 4(2)+ 8
= 8 – 24 – 8 + 8
= -16
Point of Inflection: The Point of Inflection is (2,-16)
A. Where is f(x) concave up?

f(x) is concave up on (2, +∞)
B. Where is f(x) concave down?

f(x) is concave down on (-∞,2)
REFLECTION
In Derivative as Rate of Change, we use derivative by calculating the change

in population. Like in our word problem, we tend to calculate the population change
of the alpaca colony in span of 3 days. Given the population to be 6,745 that is
represented by P(0) and 250 as the estimate size of the population in a day that is
represented by P’(0). In addition, our given time is measured in 3 days. By using the
formula P(3) = P(0) + 3P’(0) wherein we get 3 from the given days, we’ll just have
to substitute P(0) from our given population, and P’(0) from our given estimate size
of population. Thus, we have P(3) = 6,745 + 3(250), we have to multiply 3 to 250
since our given time is 3 days and 250 is what our estimated population in a day.
From that, we concluded that 7, 495 is the estimated population of alpaca
community in 3 days. By using the calculation, we predicted the future population
from the present value and the population growth rate that can be represented by
the derivative of the size of the population.
Derivative as Marginal Analysis of Profit, Revenue, and Cost are used in

Economics, by mostly computing profits. Hence, to perform marginal analysis on
either profit, revenue, or cost, find the derivative function for the one quantity out
of either of the three that you are estimating for. In our example word problem, we
tend to estimate the marginal cost of producing the 6th unit. 6th unit is given as 5. As
you can see in the solution, the first thing we need to do is to find the derivative of
the given. Since 3520 is constant, its derivative is 0 that’s why we didn’t include it
anymore. Thus, the derivative of 93x is 93 and the derivative of 0.05x2 is 0.10x.
What’s left is 93 – 0.10x, we’ll substitute the x to the given unit, will come up to
93 – 0.10(5), then we solve. From that, we came up from the answer of 92.5 as our
marginal cost of producing the 6th unit. In line with that, we assume that derivative
plays a vital role in marginal analysis, without the derivative we cannot calculate the
given, may it be marginal analysis of profit, marginal analysis of revenue, and
marginal analysis of cost. They are all in need of derivative to come up with the
answer.
Lastly, Derivative as Concavity and Points of Inflection. This applying of
derivative may be seen as complex, but the computation is quite simple. Still, by the
use of derivative we can solve the problem. In our given example we are asked to
determine three things. First, the points of inflection, next is to determine the
concave up and down of f(x). Starting by first step, we have to find the x axis of the
given of f(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8, to identify it we have to determine the derivative of
each. The derivative of x3 is 3x2, 6x2 is 12x, 4x is 4, and 8 is 0 because it is constant.
We don’t need to include 0, thus what’s left is f’(x) = 3x2 – 12x – 4, Now, finding the
first derivative isn’t complete, we must find the second derivative of what is left
before continuing further. The derivative of 3x2 is 6x, 12x is 12, and 4 is 0 since once
again, it is constant and we need not to include it, hence what’s left is 6x-12 = 0.
We’ll have 6x = 12 and just divide both sides by 6 and we came up to our x axis = 2.
Now that we have the x-axis we’ll move on in concavity. Notice that we used a
number line for us to have a guide in testing the digits lower and higher than 2. First
is lower than 2, we can choose any number but, in the solution, I chose 0 as a test
number, substitute it as x and we’ll get a negative result. Next is digits higher than 2,
I chose 6, substitute it as x and we’ll get a positive result. We can now conclude that
f(x) is concave up on (2, +∞) and f(x) is concave down on (-∞,2), But we are not done
yet, we must determine the y-axis for us to conclude the point of inflection. By
solving for y-axis, we just have to substitute the x-axis that we solved earlier into
the original given. Thus, we have f(2) = 23 – 6(2)2 – 4(2)+ 8, and by computing we
came up an answer of -16. We can now conclude that the Point of Inflection is
(2,-16). Notice how derivative is the main asset for us to determine Concavity and
Points of Inflection? Indeed, derivative has a lot of applications and important roles.

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MANGALINDAN, Sophia Nicole STEM 11 – St.

Derivative as Rates of Change – Population Change

The population growth rate is the rate of change of a population and

In addition to analyzing velocity, speed, acceleration, and position, we can use

P(3) = P(0) + 3P’(0)

P(3) = 6,745 + 3(250)

P(3) = 6,745 + 750

In essence, marginal analysis studies how to estimate how quantities (such as

While marginal analysis is an accurate approximation of how these quantities

In marginal analysis, you will usually be asked to find two things:

𝐶(𝑥) = 3520 + 93𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2

𝐶(𝑥) = 3520 + 93𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2

The second derivative of a function may also be used to determine the

In determining intervals where a function is concave upward or concave

Geometrically, a function is concave upward on an interval if its graph

Find the points of inflection of f(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8 and identify:

A. Where is f(x) concave up?

f’(x) = 3x2 – 12x – 4

f’’(0) = 6(0) – 12 = -12

DETERMINING POINT OF INFLECTION

f(2) = 23 – 6(2)2 – 4(2)+ 8

Point of Inflection: The Point of Inflection is (2,-16)

A. Where is f(x) concave up?

B. Where is f(x) concave down?

In Derivative as Rate of Change, we use derivative by calculating the change

Derivative as Marginal Analysis of Profit, Revenue, and Cost are used in

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