SHS Gr.12 Chap 9

Chapter 9
Gases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5RLChQZz-M
Properties of Gases
• Physical properties of gases are all similar.
• Composed mainly of nonmetallic elements with simple
formulas and low molar masses.
 Gas particles are relatively far apart(have extremely
low densities, highly compressible)
 Gases expand to fill their containers.
 Gas particles move about rapidly
• Two or more gases form a homogeneous mixture.

Properties Which Define
the State of a Gas Sample
1) Amount of gas (usually in moles)
2) Temperature
3) Volume
4) Pressure
 Having already discussed the first three, we need

to define pressure.
Pressure
• Pressure is the amount of force applied per unit area:
F
P=
A
• Atmospheric pressure is the
weight of air per unit of area.
Units of Pressure
30 psi?
• Pascals(Pa): 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(SI unit of pressure)
• mm Hg or torr
• Atmosphere(atm):
1.00 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.325 kPa
• Bar: 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa
The unit torr is used to credit the scientist,
Evangelista Torricelli(1608-1647), who
discovered the principle associated with the
barometer.
A device used
to measure
atmospheric
pressure
barometer
Manometer
The manometer is used to

measure the difference in
pressure between
atmospheric pressure and
that of a gas in a vessel.
Using a Manometer to Measure Gas Pressure
On a certain day, a laboratory barometer indicates that the atmospheric

pressure is 764.7 torr. A sample of gas is placed in a flask attached to an
open-end mercury manometer , and a meter stick is used to measure
the height of the mercury in the two arms of the U tube. The height of
the mercury in the open ended arm is 136.4 mm, and the height in the
arm in contact with the gas in the flask is 103.8 mm. What is the
pressure of the gas in the flask (a) in atmospheres, (b) in kilopascals?
Standard Pressure
• Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is

referred to as standard atmospheric pressure.
• It is equal to
1.00 atm.
760 torr (760 mmHg).
101.325 kPa.
Ideal-Gas Equation PV = nRT
Gas
Two assumptions made for ideal gas: Constant
1. The molecules of an ideal gas do V  1/P (Boyle’s law).

NOT interact with one another V  T (Charles’s law).
V  n (Avogadro’s law).
2. The combined volume of the
molecules is much smaller than
volume the gas occupies
(These assumptions are only valid at low
pressure and high temperature)
𝑃𝑉 1.000 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (22.414 𝐿) 𝐿 •𝑎𝑡𝑚

R= = = 0.08206
𝑛𝑇 1.000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (273.15 𝐾) 𝑚𝑜𝑙• 𝐾
Boyle’s Law (P1V1 = P2V2 = Constant = nRT)
In 1622, Robert Boyle, an English chemist, discovered the relationship between

pressure and volume in a gas.
 The volume of a fixed quantity of gas

at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the
pressure.
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝒏𝑹
Charles’s Law = = = Constant
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑷
Jacques Charles(1787) and Joseph Gay-Lussac(1802), both French scientists, independently
discovered the relationship between temperature and volume.
(PV = nRT)
• The volume of a fixed amount of gas
at constant pressure is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature.
• This means, if we compare two conditions: V1/T1 = V2/T2.
Avogadro’s Law (V = constant  n)
Amadeo Avogadro, an Italian physicist, developed his hypothesis in 1811.
• The volume of a gas at constant temperature and pressure

is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas.
(PV = nRT)
• Mathematically: V1/n1 = V2/n2
• Also, at STP, one mole of ANY gas occupies 22.4 L.
(Standard Temperature and Pressure)
(PV = nRT)
𝒏𝑹𝑻
V=
𝑷
Evaluating the Effects of Changes in P, V, n, and T on a Gas
Suppose we have a gas confined to a cylinder with a

movable piston that is sealed so there are no leaks.
How will each of the following changes affect
(i) the pressure of the gas,
(ii) the number of moles of gas in the cylinder,
(iii) the average distance between molecules:
(a)Heating the gas while maintaining a constant pressure;

(b) Reducing the volume while maintaining a constant
temperature;
(c) Injecting additional gas while keeping the temperature
and volume constant.
Density of Gases
Ideal-Gas Equation (PV = nRT)

If we divide both sides of the ideal-gas equation by V and by RT, we get
𝑛 𝑃
= n  M = m (moles  molar mass(g/mol) = mass)
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
If we multiply both sides by M, we get

𝑚 𝑀𝑃
=
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
and m/V is density, d; the result is:
𝑀𝑃 𝐿 •𝑎𝑡𝑚
d= (R =0.08206
𝑚𝑜𝑙• 𝐾
)
𝑅𝑇
Density & Molar Mass of a Gas
To recap:
• One needs to know only the molecular mass, the
pressure, and the temperature to calculate the
density of a gas.
𝑀𝑃
d=
𝑅𝑇
• Also, if we know the mass, volume, and temperature
of a gas, we can find its molar mass.
𝑚 𝑀𝑃
=
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑀=
𝑃𝑉
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• If two gases that don’t react are combined in a

container, they act as if they are alone in the container.
• The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum
of the pressures that each would exert if it were present
alone.
• In other words,
Ptotal = p1 + p2 + p3 + …
Pressure and Mole Fraction
• Because each gas in a mixture acts as if it were alone,
we can relate amount in a mixture to partial pressures:
• That ratio of moles of a substance to total moles is

called the mole fraction, χ.
• The end result is

Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Laws tell us what happens in nature.

Each of the gas laws we have
discussed tell us what is observed
under certain conditions.
The theory explains why these laws
are observed?
Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular Theory
PV = nRT
1) Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that are in
continuous, random motion.
2) The combined volume of all the molecules of the gas is
negligible relative to the total volume in which the gas
is contained.
3) Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules
are negligible.
At low pressure and high temperature

Effusion & Diffusion
Effusion is the escape of gas Diffusion is the spread of
molecules through a tiny one substance throughout a
hole into an evacuated space. space or a second substance.
How Fast Do Gas Molecules Move?
• The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
absolute temperature.
• Individual molecules can have different speeds of motion.
• The figure shows three different speeds:
vmp is the most probable speed (most molecules are this fast).
vav is the average speed of the molecules.
vrms, the root-mean-square speed, is the one associated with
their average kinetic energy.
KE=½ M (vrms)2
Graham’s Law
• At any given temperature, the average kinetic energy of
any molecule is the same. KE=½ M (vrms )2
So, ½ M 1(vrms 1)2 = ½ M 2(vrms 2)2
vrms 1 M2
=
vrms 2 M1
• Graham’s Law relates the molar mass of two gases

to their rate of speed of travel.
• The “lighter” gas always has a faster rate of speed.
References:
1. General Chemistry (Books I and II), McGraw-Hill Education (2016)
2. Laura Frost and Todd Deal, General, Organic, and Biological

Chemistry 2014(2nd Edition). Pearson.
3. Theodore E. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay.2014.

Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition). Pearson.

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Chapter 9

• Two or more gases form a homogeneous mixture.

 Having already discussed the first three, we need

The manometer is used to

On a certain day, a laboratory barometer indicates that the atmospheric

• Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is

1. The molecules of an ideal gas do V  1/P (Boyle’s law).

𝑃𝑉 1.000 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (22.414 𝐿) 𝐿 •𝑎𝑡𝑚

In 1622, Robert Boyle, an English chemist, discovered the relationship between

 The volume of a fixed quantity of gas

• The volume of a gas at constant temperature and pressure

Suppose we have a gas confined to a cylinder with a

(a)Heating the gas while maintaining a constant pressure;

Ideal-Gas Equation (PV = nRT)

If we multiply both sides by M, we get

• If two gases that don’t react are combined in a

• That ratio of moles of a substance to total moles is

• The end result is

Laws tell us what happens in nature.

At low pressure and high temperature

• Graham’s Law relates the molar mass of two gases

1. General Chemistry (Books I and II), McGraw-Hill Education (2016)

2. Laura Frost and Todd Deal, General, Organic, and Biological

3. Theodore E. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay.2014.

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