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    Unit Iv Classnotes

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    Kokila Padvi
    This document provides an overview of electromagnetics topics including: - Differential and integral calculus concepts such as gradient, divergence, curl and their applications - Gauss's law and how it relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge - The definition of electric field and electric potential

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    Unit Iv Classnotes

    Uploaded by

    Kokila Padvi
    27 views65 pages
    This document provides an overview of electromagnetics topics including: - Differential and integral calculus concepts such as gradient, divergence, curl and their applications - Gauss's law and how it relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge - The definition of electric field and electric potential

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    UNIT IV CLASSNOTES

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    This document provides an overview of electromagnetics topics including: - Differential and integral calculus concepts such as gradient, divergence, curl and their applications - Gauss's law and how it relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge - The definition of electric field and electric potential

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views65 pages

    Unit Iv Classnotes

    Uploaded by

    Kokila Padvi
    This document provides an overview of electromagnetics topics including: - Differential and integral calculus concepts such as gradient, divergence, curl and their applications - Gauss's law and how it relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge - The definition of electric field and electric potential

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    Unit IV

    Electromagnetics

    Dr. R. S. Chhatrala
    • Differential calculus: Physical significance of gradient, divergence and curl: properties, identities, equation of continuity:
    application.
    • Integral Calculus: Line, surface and volume integrals: Gauss–Divergence theorem, Stokes theorem.
    • Electric field in vector form, Gauss law: applications, Curl of E, Electric potential: Definition
    ρ
    This is the fundamental theorem for gradient; says that the integral (here a line integral) of a derivative (here the
    gradient) over some region (here over line) is given by the value of the function at the boundaries (a and b).
    • this theorem has at least three special names: Gauss’s theorem, Green’s theorem, or simply the divergence theorem.
    • Like the other “fundamental theorems,” it says that the integral of a derivative (in this case the divergence) over a
    region (in this case a volume, V) is equal to the value of the function at the boundary (in this case the surface S that
    bounds the volume).
    • Notice that the boundary term is itself an integral (specifically, a surface integral). This is reasonable: the “boundary” of
    a line is just two end points, but the boundary of a volume is a (closed) surface.
    As always, the integral of a derivative (here, the curl) over a region (here, a patch of surface, S) is equal to the value of
    the function at the boundary (here, the perimeter of the patch, P). The boundary term is itself an integral—specifically,
    a closed line integral.
    Geometrical Interpretation: Recall that the curl measures the “twist” of the vectors v; a region of high curl is a
    whirlpool—if you put a tiny paddle wheel there, it will rotate.

    Now, the integral of the curl over some surface (or, more precisely, the flux of the curl through that surface) represents
    the “total amount of swirl,” and we can determine that just as well by going around the edge and finding how much the
    flow is following the boundary (Fig. 1.31). Indeed, line integral of v, is sometimes called the circulation of v.
    Electric field in vector form,
    Gauss law: applications,
    Curl of E,
    Electric potential: Definition
    Gauss Law

    The flux through any surface enclosing the charge


    q, is q/ԑ0.

    In the case of a point charge q at the origin, the


    flux of E through a spherical surface of radius r is
    da=

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