Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2: September 2016
Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2: September 2016
Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2: September 2016
net/publication/309379078
CITATION READS
1 8,004
4 authors, including:
Emmanuel Oleka
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
6 PUBLICATIONS 19 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Gerald Kelechi Ijemaru on 26 October 2016.
i
Fundamentals of Engineering
Analysis 2
(Revised Edition)
G.K. Ijemaru
O. Akinsanmi
F.O. Ajayi
E.U. Oleka
ii
Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2
(Revised Edition)
(For B.ENG., B.E., B.Sc., (Science & Engineering), and other various Engineering &
Competitive Examinations).
Gerald, K. IJEMARU
B.Eng., R.ENG, MNSE, MIEEE, MICTD, MSc. (UK)
Department of Electrical & Electronics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
Olaitan, AKINSANMI
B.ENG., R.ENG, MNSE, MSc., PhD. (Nig.)
Department of Electrical & Electronics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
Felix, O. AJAYI
B.ENG., R.ENG, MNSE, MSc. (Nig.)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
Emmanuel, U. OLEKA
B.ENG., R.ENG, MNSE, MSc (Nig.)
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Nigeria
iii
Published By:
VITAL PUBLISHING & PRINTING COMPANY
@ 08033229194 and 08027330612
Email:nnumulovitalis@yahoo.com
All rights strictly reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or reprinted, or transmitted in any
form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or stored in a retrieval system of any
nature without the prior permission of the copyright holder (s).
ISBN: 978-6471-02-4
The authors of this book have taken all possible care to ensure that its contents do not violate any existing
copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the authors
have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, the facts may be
brought to the notice of the publisher in writing for corrective action.
iv
DEDICATION
&
To our beloved families for their love, patience & unflinching support
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and thanks to the following respected
personalities: Prof. Engr. B.A. Alabadan, who is the current Dean of Faculty of Engineering,
Federal University Oye-Ekiti for his unwavering encouragement, Prof. Engr. O. Amu, the
former Associate Dean and currently Coordinator and Administrator (C & A) Ikole Campus
Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Professor Kenneth Ang Li-Minn (Australia) and Professor Seng
Kah Phooi (Australia) for their constant support, Prof. Engr. I.I. Eneh, Prof. Engr. S. Ndubisi,
Dr. Engr. A.M. Zungeru (Botswana), Dr. Engr. Adeleke, Dr. Engr. I. Adeyanju, Engr. K.O.
Olusuyi, Engr. A.K Babarinde, Engr. T. Ofusori, Engr. G.D Obikoya, Engr. H.U. Ezea, Engr.
K. Adebusuyi, Mr. I.K. Njokuocha, Mr. E.T. Ngharamike, Miss E. Peter, and a host of others
too numerous to mention here. We appreciate you all for being there for us.
Special thanks to Mrs Martina Mbemeneh, Rev. Fr. N. Ijemaru, Mr. & Mrs Y. Adesanya, Barr.
B.C. Ijemaru, Rev. Sr. A.O. Ijemaru, Mr. U.C. Ijemaru, Barr. & Mrs. C. Agbo, for their constant
inspiration and support.
We also acknowledge the various supports of our beloved ones, in the persons of Mrs Peace
Gerald Ijemaru, Mrs Fatima Jummai Akinsanmi, and Mrs Alice Felix Ajayi
We are indebted to all the Engineering students of Federal University Oye-Ekiti [2011-2016]
for their strong motivation and quest for solution to mathematical problems, without which this
book would not have come into existence.
Lastly, we express our heartfelt thanks to the publisher Vital Publishing & Printing Company
for publishing this book in such a beautiful get-up and well in time.
vi
Preface to the Revised Edition
We feel very happy in presenting the revised and precise edition of this book to the students. This book has
been revised exhaustively based on the syllabus for first semester Engineering Mathematics and in
accordance with the global demands of the students of Engineering and Sciences.
We have added a topic known as “Modelling of Engineering Systems.” This chapter essentially deals with
modelling of engineering problems leading to a First-Order Differential Equation. A number of questions
have also been added in this edition, especially questions from the previous and latest semester examinations,
which form the last chapter of the book.
Literal errors, which have been accounted and brought to our observation, have also been rectified.
Ultimately, the book which is now seemingly error-free and teach-yourself, is a gift to the students. However,
we are open to any constructive suggestions and criticisms from the students and the teachers for the
improvement of this book.
The book is an outgrowth of many lectures taught by the authors at various Engineering disciplines in the
institutions of higher learning, and is essentially developed to serve as a semester course in Engineering
Mathematics I (ENG 201) for the Engineering students of Federal University Oye-Ekiti.
While presenting the topics in the book, the authors have ensured that much emphasis was laid on the
fundamental theory and problems of Engineering Analysis. The topics, no doubt, are the fundamental tools
used in Engineering analysis and applications. To this end, therefore, the authors have made extensive use
of the mathematical tools by ensuring that each chapter of the book is presented with myriads of examples
and exercises in order to afford the reader the much fundamental rudiments of the topic.
The book – Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2 consists of thirteen chapters.
Chapter 1 introduces Polynomial Equations in one variable, and discusses the various methods of solution
such as remainder theorem method, factor theorem method, reduction to simpler factor, change of variable
method & rationalization method.
Chapter 2 looks at polynomial equations in two variables, and considers problems like linear & non-linear
equations, homogeneous equations in two variables and symmetrical equations in two variables.
Chapter 3 explains equations in three variables and applications, and considers solutions to simultaneous
linear equations in three variables, equations involving products, using change of variable method and
homogeneous linear equations.
Chapter 4 & 5 introduce differential and integral calculus.
Chapter 6 explains applications of sequences and series, and covers areas such as limiting values, convergent and
divergent series, and alternating series.
Chapter 7 is devoted to first-order differential equations, and looks at the various methods of solution such as
direct integration method, separation of the variables method, homogeneous equations and integrating factor
method.
Chapter 8 introduces exact and inexact differential equations.
Chapter 9 looks at the linear and non-linear differential equations.
Chapter 10 briefly presents modelling of engineering systems leading to a first-order differential equation.
Chapter 11 discusses extensively second-order linear differential equations and the methods of solutions.
Chapter 12 explains exhaustively D-Operator method and its applications.
Chapter 13 presents a list of previous and latest examination questions across four sessions.
As you make your sojourn in the book, we wish you a happy stay!
vii
CONTENTS
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...v
Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii
Table of information…………………………………………………………………………………………………….xi
About the Authors………………………………………………………………………………………………………xii
4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
4.1 Differentiation from the first principle……………………………………………………………..34
4.2 Standard Differential Coefficients………………………………………………………………….36
4.3 Rules of Differentiation…………………………………………………………………………….38
4.4 Differentiation of Trigonometric/Logarithmic Functions…………………………………………..41
4.5 Differentiation of Implicit Functions……………………………………………………………….43
5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….......47
5.2 Standard Integrals…………………………………………………………………………………..47
5.3 Table of Integral Functions…………………………………………………………………………47
5.4 Integration of Algebraic Functions………………………………………………………………....48
5.5 Integration of Composite Functions………………………………………………………………...48
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
5.6 Integration of Functions of the form ∫ dx and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)dx…………………………….…52
𝑓(𝑥)
5.7 Integration by Partial Fractions……………………………………………………………………..53
5.8 Integration of Products – Integration by Parts……………………………………………………....55
viii
6. APPLICATION OF SEQUENCES & SERIES
6.1 Infinite Sequences & Series………………………………………………………………………..59
6.2 The Sum of the first natural numbers……………………………………………………………….59
6.3 The Sum of the sequences of the first n natural numbers……………………………………………60
6.4 The Sum of the Cubes of the first n natural numbers……………………………………………….60
6.5 Limiting Values…………………………………………………………………………………….61
6.6 Convergent & Divergent Series…………………………………………………………………….64
6.7 Tests for Convergence & Divergence of Series…………………………………………………….65
6.8 Alternating Series…………………………………………………………………………………..78
6.9 Absolute & Conditional Convergence……………………………………………………………...79
6.10 Interval of Convergence…………………………………………………………………………..81
ix
12. D-OPERATOR METHOD
11.1 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………….156
11.2 The Inverse Differential Operator…………………………………………………………….....157
11.3 Theorems on D-Operator method…………………………………………………………….…157
11.4 Solution of Differential Equations by D-Operator Method………………………………….….161
11.5 Further Problems on D-Operator Method……………………………………………………….164
11.6 Summary of the Rules to find the Particular Integral (P.I)……………………………………...167
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………..........................176
x
TABLE OF INFORMATION
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES
1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ;
2. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
3. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏3 ;
4. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏3
5. (𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏3 + 𝑏4
6. (𝑎 − 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏3 + 𝑏4
7. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏);
8. 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 2𝑎𝑏
9. 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 );
10. 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 );
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1;
2. sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃;
4. cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
5. sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B; ;
6. cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
7. tan(A + B) = 1−tan A tan B;
tan A − tan B
8. tan(A − B) =
1+ tan A tan B
9. If A = B = θ, sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃;
10. cos 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
11. tan 2𝜃 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
12. 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B);
13. 2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)
14. 2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B);
15. 2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)
xi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dr. Akinsanmi O. is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE). He is a member of the following organizations: Nigerian Society of
Engineers (NSE), Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), & Institute of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering (IEEE). He obtained his B.ENG. from the University of Ado-Ekiti, MSc and PhD from the famous Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria. As an Associate Professor, Dr Akinsanmi brought his wealth of experience to the fore in this revised edition
of the book, thus giving it a structure and form that is contemporaneous with acceptable global standards. Dr Akinsanmi has
several local and international referred journal publications as well as conference proceedings. His work experience started
with the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria before joining FUOYE. He has interest in Computational Electromagnetics. He has
other book titled ‘A Concise Approach to Electromagnetic Fields & Waves’ by Akinsanmi, O. & Ijemaru G.K.
Engr. F.O. Ajayi is a Lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE). He
obtained his B.Eng and M.Eng from FUT-Minna. He is a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) & Council for
the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He has several local and international publications.
Engr. E.U. Oleka is a Lecturer in the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom
State. He obtained his B.Eng. and MSc from Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT). He is a member of
the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) & Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He has several
local and international publications. He is currently a PhD candidate at North Carolina University, USA.
xii