http://www.docstoc.

com/docs/3716531/merchant-banking

1. Q: Explain the functions of Merchant Banking.

Functions

Merchant banking is a service oriented industry. Merchant banks all over the world carry out the same
set of services. Merchant banks in India carry out the following functions and services specifically.

1. Corporate Counseling

2. Project counseling

3. Pre-investment Studies

4. Capital restructuring

5. Credit Syndication

6. Issue Management and underwriting

7. Portfolio Management

8. Working Capital Finance

9. Acceptance Credit and Bill discounting

10. Mergers, Amalgamations and Takeovers

11. Venture Capital

12. Lease Financing

13. Foreign Currency Finance

14. Fixed Deposit Broking

15. Mutual funds

16. Relief to Sick Industries

17. Project Appraisal

Each of these functions is detailed briefly below.

Corporate Counseling

The set of activities that is undertaken to ensure the efficient running of a corporate enterprise is known
as corporate counseling. It may include the rejuvenating of old line companies and ailing units, and
guiding the existing units in identifying the areas or activities for growth and diversification. The
merchant banker guides the clients on various aspects like Locational factors, organizational size,
operational scale, choice of product, market survey, cost analysis, cost reduction, allocation of
resources, investment decision, capital management and expenditure control, pricing, etc.

Following are the activities which form part of corporate counseling:

1. Providing guidance in areas of diversification based on the Government’s economic and licensing
policies.

2. Undertaking appraisal of product lines, analyzing their growth and profitability and forecasting future
trends.

3. Rejuvenating old-line companies and ailing sick and units by appraising their technology and process
assessing their requirements and restructuring their capital based.

4. Commissioning of diagnostic studies.

5. Assessment of the revival prospects and planning for rehabilitation through modernization and
diversification and revamping of the financial and organizational structure.

6. Arranging for the approval of the financial institutions/banks for schemes of rehabilitation involves
financial relief, etc.

7. Providing assistance in getting soft loans from financial institutions for capital expenditure, and the
requisite credit facilities from the bank.

8. Monitoring of rehabilitation schemes.

9. Exploring possibilities for takeover of sick units and providing assistance in making consequential
arrangements and negotiations with financial institutions/banks and other interests/authorities
involved.

Project counseling

Project counseling relates to project counseling and is part of corporate counseling. The study and
analysis of the project viability and the steps required for its effective and efficient implementation are
broadly the subject matter of project counseling.

Following are the activities forming part of the Project counseling:

1. Undertaking the general review of the project ideas/project profile.

2. Providing advice on procedural aspects of project implementation.

3. Conducting review of technical feasibility of the project on the basis of the report prepa red by own
exerts or by outside consultants.
4. Assisting in the selection of a Technical consultancy Organization (TCO) for preparing project reports
and market surveys, or review of the project report or market survey reports prepared by TCO.

5. Assisting in the preparation of project report from a financial angle, and advising and acting on various
procedural steps including obtaining government consents for implementation of the project.

6. Assisting in obtaining approvals/licenses/permissions/grants, etc from government agencies in the

form of letter of intent, industrial license, DGTD registration, and government approval for foreign
collaboration.

7. Providing guidance to Indian entrepreneurs for making investment in Indian project in India and in
Indian joint ventures overseas.

8. Identification of potential investment avenues.

9. Carrying out precise capital structuring and shaping the pattern of financing.

10. Arranging and negotiating foreign collaborations, amalgamations, mergers, and takeovers.

Pre-Investment Studies

Pre-investment studies relate to the activities that are concerned with making a detailed feasibility
exploration to evaluate alternative avenues of capital investment in terms of growth and profit
prospects. Some of these activities are as follows:

1. Carrying out an in-depth investigation of environment and regulator factors, location of raw material
supplies, demand projections and financial requirements in order to assess the financial and economic
viability of a given project.

2. Helping the client in identifying and short-listing those projects which are built upon the client’s
inherent strength with a view to accentuate corporate profitability and growth in the long run.

Capital Restructuring Services

Merchant bankers assist the corporate enterprise in structuring their capital in such a way that it would
minize the cost of capital and maximize its return on capital invested.

Following are the services covered:

1. Examining the capital structure of the client company to determine the extent of capitalization
required.

2. Preparing a comprehensive memorandum for the controller of Capital issues, and securing consent
where the capitalization takes place through issue of bonus shares.
3. Suggesting an alternative capital structure conforming to legal requirements, viz., extent of
capitalization on reserve and quantum of disinvestments by ‘offer for sale’ and/or fresh issues of
corporate securities such as equity share, and preference share in the case of FERA/FEMA companies.

4. Preparing a memorandum covering valuation of shares and justifying the level of premium applied
for.

Credit Syndication

Credit syndication relates to activities connected with credit procurement and project financing, aimed
at raising Indian and foreign currency loans from banks and financial institutions, are collectively known
as ‘credit syndication’.

Activities covered under credit syndication are as follows:

1. Estimating the total cost of the project to be undertaken.

2. Drawing up a financing plan for the total project cost which conforms to the requi rements of the
promoters and thei r collaborators, financial institutions and banks, government agencies and
underwriters.

3. Preparing loan application for financial assistance from term lenders/financial institutions/banks, and
monitoring their progress, including pre-sanction negotiations.

4. Selecting institutions and banks for participation for financing.

Credit syndication services overlap with the act ivies of project counseling and project finance. But the
loan syndication also incluses the preparation of applications for financial assistance from financial
institutions/banks.

Issue Management and Underwriting

Issue management and underwriting concerns with the activities relating to the management of the
public issues of corporate securities, viz. equity shares, preference shares, and debentures of bonds, and
are aimed at mobilization of money from the capital market.

Following are some of the popular services provided by merchant bankers in this regard:

1. Preparation of an action plant.

2. Preparation of budget for the local expenses for the issues.

3. Preparation of CCI application and assisting in obtaining consent/acknowledgement.

4. Drafting of prospectus

5. Selection of institutional and broker underwriters for syndicating/underwriting arrangements.

6. Selection of issues Houses and advertising agencies for undertaking pre and post-issue publicity.

7. Obtaining the approval of institutional underwriters and stock exchanges for publication of the
prospectus.

Portfolio management is making decisions for the investment of cash resources of a corporate
enterprise in marketable securities by deciding the quantum, timing and the type of security to be
bough.

The services covered are as follows:

1. Undertaking investment in securities.

2. Undertaking investment for non-resident Indians, on both repatriation and non-repatriation basis.

3. Undertaking review of Provident fund investment, Trust investment, etc.

4. Safe custody of securities in India and overseas.

5. Providing advice on selection of investments.

6. Carrying out a critical evaluation of investment portfolio.

7. Collecting and remitting interest and dividend on investment.

Working Capital Finance

The finance required for meeting the day-to-day expenses of an enterprise is known as ‘Working Capital
finance’.

1. Assessment of working capital requirements.

2. Preparing the necessary application to negotiations for the sanction of appropriate credit facilities.

3. Assisting, co-coordinating and expediting documentation and other formalities for disbursement.

4. Advising on the issue of debentures for augmenting long -term requirements of working capital.

Acceptance Credit and Bill discounting

Acceptance credit and bill discounting connotes the activities relating to the acceptance and the
discounting of bills of exchange, besides the advancement loans to business concerns on the strength of
such instruments, are collectively known as ‘Acceptance Credit and Bill of discounting.

In order that the bill accepting and discounting takes place on sound lines, it is imperative that the firm
involved command a good reputation and financial standing.

Merger and Acquisition

This is a specialized service provided by the merchant banker who arranges for negotiating acquisitions
and mergers by offering expert valuation regarding the quantum and the nature of considerations, and
other related matters.

The various functions that form part of this activity are as follows:

1. Undertaking management audit to identify areas of corporate strength and weakness in order to help
formulate guidelines and directions for future growth.

2. Conducting exploratory studies on a global basis to locate overseas markets, foreign collaborations
and prospective joint venture associates.

3. Obtaining approvals from shareholders, depositors, creditors, government, and other authorities.

4. Monitoring the implementation of merger and amalgamation schemes.

5. Identifying organizations with matching characteristics.

Merchant bankers provide advice on acquisition propositions after careful examination of all aspects,
viz, financial statements, articles of associations, provisions of companies act, rules and guidance of
trade chambers, the issuing house associations, etc.

There are many reasons for the recent trend towards mergers and amalgamations, such as:

 Existence of excess unused manufacturing capacity of the purchasing company, which can be
utilized efficiently by taking over other units.
 Lack of manufacturing space with the purchase company. The best solution may be to buy the
controlling interest in another company having excessive manufacturing space or capacity.

Venture Financing

Venture capital is the equity financing for high-risk and high-reward projects. The concept of venture
capital originated in the USA in the 1950s, when business magnates like Rockefeller financed new
technology companies. The concept became more popular during the sixties and seventies, when
several private enterprises undertook the financing of high-risk and high reward projects.

Lease Financing

Leasing is an important alternative source of financing a capital outlay. It involves letting out assets on
lease for use by the lessee for a particular period of time.

Following are the important services provided in regard to leasing:

1. Providing advice on the viability of leasing as an alternative source for financing capital investment
projects.

2. Providing advice on the choice of a favorable rental structure.

In India, leasing is a non-banking financial activity. Commercial banks like State Bank of India and Canara
Bank also provide lease financing by forming subsidiaries under the amended Banking Regulations Act of
1949.

Foreign Currency Financing

Foreign currency finance is the fund provided for foreign trade transactions. It may take the form of
export-import trade finance, euro currency loans. Indian joint venture abroad or foreign collaborations.
The main areas that are covered in this type of merchant activity are as follows:

1. Providing assistance for carrying out the study of turnkey and construction contract projects.

2. Providing assistance in applications to working groups, liaison with RBI, ECGD and other institutions. 3.
Providing assistance in opening and operating banks accounts abroad.

4. Providing assistance in obtaining export credit facilities from the EXIM bank for export of capital
goods, and arranging for the necessary government approvals and clearance.

5. Providing guidance on forward cover for exchange risk.

6. Assisting in arranging foreign currency guarantees and performance bonds for exporters.

Forms of Foreign Currency Loans

The various types of foreign currency loans are:

a) Euro-currency Loans

b) Financing Indian Joint Ventures abroad through:

1. Advice on the nature of client’s investment.

2. Financial structuring of the project

3. Syndication of Euro loans

4. Bank guarantees

5. Procuring euro-currency facilities in the form of management and syndication of Euro-currency loans,
bonds, floating Rate Notes (FRNs), floating Rate Certificates of Deposits (FRCDs), US commercial papers,
with the assistance of International Treasury Management Limited (ITM).

6. Providing advice on currency swaps and interest rate swaps.

7. Arranging deferred term export finance to Indian entrepreneurs by maintaining a quick liaison with
the export country’s Export Credit Agencies who offer fixed rate finance at concessionary interest rates,
in particular export credit agencies in the UK (ECGD), USA (EXIM Bank), Japan, Italy, Norway, East
Germany (HERMES), and who enjoy lines of credit from France (COFACE), Korea, Spain, Austria, Canada,
Denmark, and India.

c) Providing assistance in foreign collaborations through:

1. Helping locate foreign collaboration and joint venture partners abroad.

2. Providing advice on local laws, product risk, government regulations regarding shareholdings,
exchange restrictions, taxation, dividends, incentives and subsidies, etc.

Brokering Fixed Deposits

Following are the services rendered by merchant bankers in this regard:

1. Computation of the amount that could be raised by a company in the form of deposits from the public
and loans from shareholders.

2. Drafting of advertisement for inviting deposits.

3. Filing a copy of advertisement with the Registrar of Companies for registration.

4. Making arrangement for payment of interest amounts.

5. Providing advice to the company on the terms and conditions of fixed deposits, and deciding on the
appropriate rate of interest, keeping in view the prevailing capital and money ma rket conditions.

6. Helping the company of observe all the rules and regulation in the connection.

Mutual Funds

Mutual funds are institutions that mobilize the savings of innumerable investors for the purpose of
channeling them into productive investments in a wide variety of corporate and other securities.

Some of the services rendered by mutual funds are as follows:

1. Mopping up public savings.

2. Investing the funds in a diversified portfolio of shares and debentures belonging to well managed and
growing companies.

3. Earning investors a steady return on investments with an assurance of capital appreciation.

Relief to Sick Industries

Merchant bankers extend the following services as part of providing relief to sick industries:

1. Rejuvenating old-lines and ailing units by appraising their technology and process, assessing their
requirements and restructuring their capital base.
2. Evolving rehabilitation packages which are acceptable to financial institutions and banks.

3. Exploring the possibilities of mergers/amalgamations, wherever called for.

Project Appraisal

The evaluation of industrial projects in terms of alternative variants in technology, raw materials,
production capacity and location of plant is known as ‘Project Appraisal’.

Financial appraisal

Financial appraisal involves assessing the feasibility of a new proposal for setting up a new project or the
expansion of existing produc tion facilities.

Financial appraisal is undertaken through an analysis which takes into account the financial features of a
project, including sources of financing. Financial analysis helps trace the smooth operation of the project
over its entire life cycle.

Technical Appraisal

Technical appraisal is primarily concerned with the project concept in terms of technology, design, scope
and content of the plant, as well as inputs are infrastructure facilities envisaged for the project, Basically,
the project should be able to deliver a marketable product fro the resources deployed, a t a cost which
would leave a margin that would be adequate to service the investment, and also plough back a
reasonable amount into the project to enable the enterprise to consolidate its positions.

Economic Appraisal

Economic appraisal of a project deals with the impact of the project on economic aggregates. These may
be classified under two broad categories. The first deals with the effect of the project on employment
and foreign exchange, and the second deals with the impact of the project on net social benefits or
welfare.

2.Q:Briefly explain the regulator framework on merchant banking

Introduction

According to the SEBI,” merchant banker” means any person who is engaged in the business of issue
management either by making arrangements regarding selling, buying or subscribing to securities as
manager, consultant adviser or rendering corporate advisory service in relation to such issue
management.

The SEBI has brought about a number of regulative measures for the purpose of disciplining the
functioning of the merchant bankers in India. The objective is to usher in an era of regulated financial
markets and thereby pave way for the development of the capital market in India. The measures were
introduced by the SEBI in the year 1992 . The measures were revised by SEBI in 1997. The salient
features of the regulative framework of merchant banking in India are described below:
SEBI Regulations

1. Registration of Merchant Bankers

The relevant guidelines with regard to the registration of merchant bankers are as follows:

Application for Grant of Certificate

An application by a person for grant of a certificate shall be made to the Board in Form A. The
application shall be made for anyone of the following categories of the merchant banker namely:

1. Category I, to carry on any activity of the issue management, which will inter-alia consist of prepared
of prospectus and other information relating to the issue, determining financial structure, tie-up of
financiers and final allotment and refund of the subscription; and to act as adviser, consultant, manage
underwriter, portfolio manager.

2. Category II, to act as adviser, consultant, co-manager, underwriter, portfolio manager.

3. Category III, to act as underwriter, adviser, consultant to an issue.

4. Category Iv, to act only as adviser or consultant to an issue.

With effect from 9th December, 1997, an application can be made only for carrying on the activities
mentioned in category I. An applicant can carry on the activity as underwriter only if he obtains separate
certificate of registration under the provisions of Securities and Exchange Board of India (Underwriting
Regulations, 1993), and as portfolio manager only if he obtains separate certificate of registration under
the provisions of Securities and Exchange Board of India (portfolio Manager) Regulations, 1993.

Conformance to Requirements

Subject to the provisions of the regulations, any application, which is not complete in all respects and
does not conform to the instructions specified in the form, shall be rejected.

Furnishing of Information

The Board may require the applicant to furnish further information or clarification regarding matters
relevant to the activity of a merchant banker for the purpose of disposal of the application.

Consideration of Application

The Board shall take into account for considering the grant of a certificate, all maters, which are relevant
to the activities relating to merchant banker and in particular whether the applicant complied with the
following requirement.

1. That the applicant shall be a body corporate other than a non-banking financial company as defined
under clause (f) of section 45-I of the Reserve Bank of India Act, (2 of 1934) as amended from time to
time;
2. That the merchant banker who has been granted registration by the Reserve Bank of India to act as a
primary or Satellite Dealer may carry on such activity subject to the condition that it shall not accept or
hold public deposit;

3. That the applicant has the necessary infrastructure like adequate office space, equipments, and
manpower to effectively discharge his activities;

4. That the applicant has in his employment minimum of two persons who have the experience to
conduct the business of the merchant banker;

5. That the applicant fulfils the capital adequacy requirement as specified in the relevant;

6. That the applicant is a fit and proper person; and

7. That the grant of certificate to the applicant is in the interest of investors.

Capital Adequacy Requirement

According to the regulations, the capital adequacy requirement shall not be less than the net worth of
the person making the application for grant of registration.

Procedure for Registration

The Board on being satisfied that the applicant is eligible shall grant a certificate in Form B. On the grant
of certificate the applicant shall be liable to pay the fees in accordance with Schedule II.

Renewal of Certificate

Three months before expiry of the period of certificate, the merchant banker, may if he so des ires,
make an application for renewal in form A. The application for renewal shall be dealt with in the same
manner as if it were a fresh application for grant of a certificate. On the grant of a certificate the
applicant shall be liable to pay the fees in accordance with Schedule II.

Procedure where registration is not granted

Where an application for grant of a certificate under regulation 3 or of renewal under regulation 9, does
not satisfy the criteria set out in regulation 6, the Board may reject the application after giving an
opportunity being heard. The refusal to grant registration shall be communicated by the Board within
thirty days of such refusal to the applicant stating therein the grounds on which the application has been
rejected.

2. Explain the activities involved in Public Issue Management

Activities involved in Public Issue Management

There are several activities that have to be performed by the issue manager in order to raise money
from the capital market. Adequate planning needs to be done while chalking out an appropriate
marketing strategy. The various activities involved in raising funds from the capital markets are
described below:

Pre-issue Activities

1. Signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU):

Signing of MOU between the client company and the merchant banker-issue management activities,
marks the award of the contract. The role and responsibility of the merchant banker as against the
issuing company are clearly spelt out in the MOU.

2. Obtaining appraisal note:

An appraisal note containing the details of the proposed capital outlay of the project and the sources of
funding is either prepared in -house or is obtained from external appraising agencies, viz, financial
institutions/banks, etc.

3. Optimum capital structure:

The level of capital that would maximize the shareholders vale and minimize the overall cost of capital
has to be determined.

4. Convening Meeting:

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the issuing company is convened. This is followed by an EGM of
its members.

5. Appointment of financial intermediary :

Financial intermediaries such as Underwriters, registrars, etc have to be appointed. Necessary contracts
need to be made with the underwriter to ensure due subscription to the offer. Similar contracts, when
entered into with the Registrars to an issued, will help in share allotment related work.

6. Preparing documents:

As part of the issue management procedure, the documents to be prepared are initial listing application
for submission to those stock exchanges where the issuing company intends to get its securities listed,
MoU with the registrar, with bankers to the issue, with advisors to the issue and co-managers to the
issue, agreement for purchase or properties, etc.

7. Due diligence certificate:

The lead manager issues a ‘due diligence certificate’ which certifies that the company has scrupulously
following all legal requirements, has exercised utmost care while preparing the offer document and has
made a true, fair and adequate disclosure in the draft offer document.

8. Submission of offer document:

The draft offer document along with the due diligence certificate is filed with SEBI. The SEBI, in turn,
makes necessary corrections in the offer document and returns the same with relevant observations, if
any, within 21 days from the receipt of the offer document.

9. Finalization of collection centers:

In order to collect the issue application forms from the prospective investors, the lead manager finalizes
the collection centers.

10. Filing with RoC:

The offer document, completed in all respects after incorporating SEBI observations, is filed with
Registrar of Companies (RoC) to obtain acknowledgement.

11. Launching the issue:

The process of marketing the issue starts once the legal formalities are completed and statutory
permission for issue of capital is obtained. The lead manager has to arrange for the distribution of public
issue stationery to various collecting banks, brokers, investors, etc. the issue is opened for public
immediately after obtaining the observation letter from SEBI, which is valid for a period of 365 days from
the date of issue.

12. Promoters’ contribution:

a certificate to the effect that the required contribution of the promoters has been raised before
opening of the issue, has to be obtained from a Chartered Accountant, and duly filed with SEBI.

13. Issue closure:

An announcement regarding the closure of the issue should be made in the newspapers.

4Q: Explain the different methods of marketing securities

Methods of Marketing Securities

Following are the various methods being adopted by corporate entities for marketing the securities in
the New Issue Market:

1. Pure Prospectus Method

2. Offer for Sale Method

3. Private Placement Method

4. Initial public Offers (IPOs) Method

5. Rights Issue Method

6. Bonus Issue Method

7. Book-building Method

8. Stock Option Method and

9. Bought-out Deals Method

Pure prospectus Method Meaning

The method whereby a corporate enterprise mops up capital funds from the general public by means of
an issue of a prospectus, is called ‘Pure Prospectus Method’. It is the most popular method of making
public issue of securities by corporate enterprises.

Features

Exclusive subscription: Under this method, the new issues of a company are offered for exclusive
subscription of the general public.

Issue Price: Direct officer is made by the issuing company to the general public to subscribe to the
securities as a stated price.

Underwriting: Public issue through the ‘pure prospectus method’ is usually underwritten. This is to
safeguard the interest of the issuer in the event of an unsatisfactory response from the public.

Prospectus: A document that contains information relating to the various aspects of the issuing
company, bes ides other details of the issue is called a ‘Prospectus’. The document is circulated to the
public. The general details include the company’s name and address of its registered office, the names
and addresses of the company’s promoters, manager, managing director, directors, company secretary,
legal adviser, auditors, bankers, brokers, etc.

Advantages

The pure prospectus method offers the following advantages to the issuer and the investors alike:

Benefits to investors: The pure prospectus method of marketing the securities serves as an excellent
mode of disclosure of all the information pertaining to the issue. Bes ides, it also facilitates satisfactory
compliance with the legal requirements of transparency, etc.

Benefits to issuers: The pure prospectus method is the most popular method among the larger issuers.
In addition, it provides for wide diffusion of ownership of securities contributing to reduction in the
concentration of economic and social power.

Drawbacks

The raising of capital through the pure prospectus method is fraught with a number of drawbacks as
specified below:
High issue costs: A major drawback of this method is that it is an expensive mode of raising funds from
the capital market. Costs of various hues are incurred in mobilizing capital.

Time Consuming: The issue of securities through prospectus takes more time, as its requires the due
compliance with various formalities before an issue could take place.

Offer for Sale Method

Meaning

Where the marketing of securities takes place through intermediaries, such as issue houses,
stockholders and others, it is a case of ‘Offer for sale Method’.

Features

Under this method, the sale of securities takes place in two stages. Accordingly, in the first stage, the
issuer company makes an en-block sale of securities to intermediaries such as the issue houses and
share brokers of an agreed price. Under the second stage, the securities are re-sold to ultimate investors
at a market-related price.

The issue is also underwritten to ensure total subscription of the issue. The biggest advantage of this
method is that it saves the issuing company the hassles involved in selling the shares to the public
directly through prospectus.

Private Placement Method

Meaning

A method of marketing of securities whereby the issuer makes the offer of sale of individuals and
institutions privately without the issue of a prospectus is known as ‘Private Placement Method.’

Features

Under this method, securities are offered directly to large buyers with the help of share brokers. This
method works in a manner similar to the ‘Offer for Sale Method’ whereby securities are first sold to
intermediaries such as issues houses, etc.

Advantages

Private placement of securities offers the following advantages:

1. Less expensive as various types of costs associated with the issue are borne by the issue houses and
other intermediaries.

2. Placement of securities suits the requirements of small companies.

3. The method is also resorted to when the stock market is dull and the public response to the issue is
doubtful.
Disadvantages

The major weaknesses of the private placement of securities are as follows:

1. Concentration of securities in a few hands.

2. Creating artificial scarcity for the securities thus jacking up the prices temporarily and misleading
general public.

3. Depriving the common investors of an opportunity to subscribe to the issue, thus affecting their
confidence levels.

Initial Public Offer (IPO) Method

The public issue made by a corporate entity for the fi rst time in its life is called ‘Initial public Offer’ (IPO),
Under this method of marketing, securities are issue to successful applicants on the basis of the orders
placed by them, through their brokers.

When a company whose stock is not publicly traded wants to offer that stock to the general public, it
takes the form of ‘Initial public offer’. The job of selling the stock is entrusted to a popular intermediary,
the underwriter. The underwriters charge a fee for their services.

Stocks are issued to the underwriter after the issue of prospectus which provides details of financial and
business information as regards the issuer.

The issuer and the underwriting syndicate jointly determine the price of a new issue. IPO stock at the
release price is usually not available to most of the public. Good relationship between, the broker and
the investor is a pre-requisite for the stock being acquired.

Full disclosure of all material information in connection with the offering of new securities must be
made as part of the new offerings. A statement and preliminary prospectus (also known as a red
herring) containing the following information is to be filled with the Registrar of Companies:

1. A description of the issuer’s business.

2. The names and addresses of the Key company officers, with salary and a 5 year business history on
each.

3. The amount of ownership of the key officers

4. Any legal proceedings that the company is involved in

The essential steps involved in this method of marketing of securities are as follows:

1. Order: Broker receives order from the client and places orders on behalf of the client with the issuer.

2. Share Allocation: The issuer finalizes share allocation and informs the broker regarding the same.
3. The Client: The broker advises the successful clients of the share allocation. Clients then submit the
application forms for shares and make payment to the issuer through the broker.

4. Primary issue account : The issuer opens a separate escrow account (prima ry issue account) for the
primary market issue. The clearing house of the exchange debits the prima ry issue account of the
broker and credits the issuer’s account.

5. Certificates: Certificates are then delivered to investors. Otherwise depository account may be
credited.

Rights issue Method

Where the shares of an existing company are offered to its existing shareholders. It takes the form of
rights issue. Under this method, the existing company issues shares to its existing shareholder sin
proportion in the number of shares already held by them.

The relevant guidelines issued by the SEBI in this regard are as follows:

1. Shall be issued only by listed companies.

2. Announcement regarding rights issue once made, shall not be withdrawn and where withdrawn, no
security shall be eligible for listing up to 12 months.

3. Underwriting as to rights issue is optional and appointment of Registrar is compulsory.

4. Appointment of category I Merchant Bankers holding a certificate of registration issued by SEBI shall
be compulsory.

5. Rights share shall be issued only in respect of fully paid share.

6. Letter of Offer shall contain disclosures as per SEBI requirements.

7. Issue shall be kept open for a minimum period of 30 days and for a maximum period of 60 days.

8. A ‘No complaints Certificate’ is to be filed by the Legal Merchant Banker’ with the SEBI after 21 days
from the date of issue of the document.

9. Obligatory for a company where increase in subscribed capital is necessary after two years of its
formation of after one year of its first issue of shares, whichever is earlier (this requirement may be
dispensed with by a special resolution).

Advantages

Rights issue offers the following advantages

1. Economy: Rights issue constitutes the most economical method of raising fresh capital, as it involves
no underwriting and brokerage costs.
2. Easy: The issue management procedures connected with the rights issue are easier as only a limited
number of applications are to be handled.

3. Advantage to shareholders: Issue of rights shares does not involve any dilution of ownership of
existing shareholders.

Drawbacks

The method suffers from the following limitations:

1. Restrictive: The facility of rights issue is available only to existing companies and not to new
companies.

2. Against society: the issue of rights shares runs counter to the overall societal consideration of
diffusion of share ownership for promoting dispersal of wealth and economic power.

Bonus Issues Method

Where the accumulated reserves and surplus of profits of a company are converted into paid up capital,
it takes the form of issue of bonus shares. It merely implied capitalization of existing reserves and
surplus of a company.

Issue under Section 205 (3) of the companies Act, such shares is governed by the guidelines issued by
the SEBI (applicable of listed companies only) as follows:

SEBI Guidelines

Following are the guidelines pertaining to the issue of bonus shares by a listed corporate enterprise:

1. Reservation: In respect of FCDs and PCDs, bonus shares must be reserved in proportion to such
convertible pa rt of FCDs and PCDs. The shares so reserved may be issued at the time of conversion(s) of
such debentures on the same terms on which the bonus issues were made.

2. Reserves: the bonus issue shall be made out of free reserves built out of the genuine profits or share
premium collected in cash only.

3. Dividend mode: the declaration of bonus issue, in lieu of dividend, is not made.

4. Fully paid: The bonus issue is not made unless the partly paid shares, if any are made fully paid-up.

5. No default: The Company has not defaulted in payment of interest or principal in respect of fixed
deposits and interest on existing debentures or principal on redemption thereof and has sufficient
reason to believe that it has not defaulted in respect of the payment of statutory dues of the employees
such as contribution to provident fund, gratuity, bonus, etc.
6. Implementation: A company that announces its bonus issue after the approval of the Board of
Directors must implement the proposal within a period of 6 months from the date of such approval and
shall not have the option of changing the decision.

7. The articles: The articles of Association of the company shall contain a provision for capitalization of
reserves, etc. if there is no such provision in the articles, the company shall pass a resolution at is
general body meeting making provision in the Articles of Association for capitalization.

8. Resolution: consequent to the issue of bonus shares if the subscribed and paid-up capital exceeds the
authorized share capital, the company at its general body meeting for increasing the authorized capital
shall pass a resolution.

Book-building Method

A method of marketing the shares of a company whereby the quantum and the price of the securities to
be issued will be decided on the basis of the ‘bids’ received from the prospective shareholders by the
lead merchant bankers is known as ‘book-building method’.

The option of book-building is available to all body corporate, which are otherwise eligible to make an
issue of capital of the public. The initial minimum size of issue through book-building route was fixed at
Rs.100 crores.

The book-building process involves the following steps:

1. Appointment of book-runners: the first step in the book-building is the appointment by the issuer
company, of the book-runner, chosen from one of the lead merchant bankers. The book-runner in the
forms a syndicate for the book building. A syndicate member should be a member of National Stock
Exchange (NSE) or Over-the-Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI). Offers of ‘bids’ are to be made by
investors to the syndicate members, who register the demands of investors.

2. Drafting prospectus: The draft prospectus containing all the information except the information
regarding the price at which the securities are offered is to be filed with SEBI as per the prevailing SEBI
guidelines. The offer of securities through this process must separately be disclosed in the prospectus,
under the caption ‘placement portion category’.

3. Circulating draft prospectus: A copy of the draft prospectus filed with SEBI is to be circulated by the
book-runner to the prospective institutional buyers who are eligible for firm allotment and also to the
intermediaries who are eligible to act as underwriters.

4. Maintain offer records: The book-runner maintain a record to the offers received. Details such as the
name and the number of securities ordered together with the price at which each institutional buyer or
underwriter is willing to subscribe to securities under the placement portion must find place in the
record. SEBI has the right to inspect such records.
 5. Intimation about aggregate orders: The underwriters and the institutional investors shall give
intimation on the aggregate of the offers received to the book-runner.

6. Bid analysis: The bid analysis is carried out by the book-runner immediately after the closure of the
bid offer date. An appropriate final price is arrived at after a careful evaluation of demands at various
prices and the quantity.

7. Mandatory underwriting: Where it has been decided to make offers of shares to public under the
category of ‘Net offer of the Public’, it is incumbent that the entire portion offered to the public is fully
underwritten.

8. Filling with ROC: A copy of the prospectus as certified by the SEBI shall be filed with the Registrar of
Companies within two days of the receipt of the acknowledgement card from the SEBI.

9. Bank accounts: The issuer company has to open two separate accounts for collection of application
money, one for the private placement portion and the other for the public subscription.

10. Collection of completed applications: The book-runner collects from the institutional buyers and the
underwriters the application forms along with the application money to the extent of the securities
proposed to be allotted to them or subscribed by them.

11. Allotment of securities: Allotment for the private placement portion may be made on the second
day from the closure of the issue. The issuer company, however, has the option to choose one date for
both the placement portion and the public portion.

12.Payment schedule and listing: The book-runner may require the underwriters to the ‘net offer to the
public’ to pay in advance all moneys required to be paid in respect of their underwriting commitment by
the eleventh day of the closure of the issue.

13. Under-subscription: In the case of under-subscription in the ‘net offer to the public’ category, any
spillover to the extent of under subscription is to be permitted from the ‘placement portion’ category
subject to the condition that preference is given to the individual investors.

Advantages of book-building

Book building process is of immense use in the following ways:

1. Reduction in the duration between allotment and listing

2. Reliable allotment procedure

3. Quick listing in stock exchanges possible

4. No price manipulation as the price is determined on the basis of the bids received.

Stock Option or employees Stock Option Scheme (ESOP)

A method of marketing the securities of a company whereby its employees are encouraged to take up
shares and subscribe to it is known as ‘stock option’. It is a voluntary scheme on the part of the
company to encourage employees’ participation in the company. The scheme also offers an incentive to
the employees to stay in the company.

SEBI Guidelines

Company whose securities are listed on any stock exchange can introduce the scheme of employees
stock option. The offer can be made subject to the conditions specified below:

1. Issue at discount: Issue of stock options at a discount to the market price would be regarded as
another form of employee compensation and would be treated as such in the financial
statements of the company regardless the quantum of discount on the exercise price of the
option.
2. Approval: The issue of ESOP’s is subject to the approval by the shareholders through a special
resolution.
3. Maximum limit: There would be no restriction on the maximum number of shares to be issued
to a single employee.
4. Minimum period: A minimum period of one year between grant of options and its vesting has
been prescribed. After one year, the company would determine the period during which the
option can be exercised.
5. Superintendence: The operation of the ESOP Scheme would have to be under the
superintendence and direction of a Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors in which
there would be a majority of independent directors.
6. Eligibility: ESOP scheme is open to all permanent employees and to the directors of the
company but not to promoters and large shareholders.
7. Director’s report: The Director’s report shall make a disclosure of the following:

a. Total number of shares as approved the shareholders

b. The pricing formula adopted
c. Details as to options granted, options vested, options exercised and options forfeited,
extinguishments or modification of options, money realized by exercise of options, total
number of options in force, employee-wise details of options granted to senior managerial
personnel and to any other employee who received a grant in anyone year of options
amounting to 5 percent or more of options granted during that year.
d. Fully diluted EPS computed in accordance with the IAS
8. IPO:

SEBI’s stipulations prohibiting initial public offerings by companies having outstanding options should
not apply to ESOP.

Stock Option Norms for Software Companies

The relevant guidelines issued by the SEBI as regards ‘employees stock option’ for software companies
are as follows:

1.

Minimum issue

: A minimum issue of 10 percent of its paid-up capital can be made by a software company which has
already floated American Depository Receipts (ADRs) and Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) or a
company which is proposing to float these is entitled to issue ADR/GDR linked stock options to its
employees. 2.

Mode of Issue

: Listed stock options can be issued in foreign currency convertible bonds and ordinary shares (through
depository receipt mechanism) to the employees of subsidiaries of Info Tech Companies. 3.

Permanent employees

: Indian IT companies can issue ADR/GDR linked stock options to permanent employees, including
Indian and overseas directors, of their subsidiary companies incorporated in India or outside. 4.

Pricing:

The pricing provisions of SEBI’s preferential allotment guidelines would not cover the scheme. The
purpose is to be enabling the companies to issue stock options to its employees at a discount to the
market price which serves as another form of compensation. 5.

Approval:

Shareholders’ approval through a s

pecial resolution is necessary for issuing the ESOPs. A minimum period of one year between grant of
option and its vesting has been prescribed. After one year, the company would determine the period in
which option can be exercised.

Bought-out Deals Meaning

A method for marketing of securities of a body corporate whereby the promoters of an unlisted
company make an outright sale of a chunk of equity shares to a single sponsor or the lead sponsor is
known as ‘bought-out deals’.

Features

1. Parties:

There are three parties involved in the bought-out deals. They are promoters of the company sponsors
and co-sponsors who are generally merchant bankers and investors. 2.

Outright Sale:

Under this arrangement, there is an outright sale of a chunk of equity shares to a single sponsor or the
lead sponsor. 3.

Syndicate:

Sponsor forms a syndicate with other merchant bankers for meeting the resource requirements and for
distributing the risk. 4.

Sale price:

The sale price is finalized through negotiations between the issuing company and the purchaser, the
sale being influenced by such factors as project evaluation, promoters image and reputation, current
market sentiments, prospects of off-loading these shares at a future date, etc.

5.

Listing:

The investor-sponsor make a profit, when at a future date, the shares get listed and higher prices
prevail. Listing generally takes place at a time when the company is performing well in terms of higher
profits and larger cash generations from projects. 6.
OTCEI:

Sale of these share at Over-the-Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) or at a recognized stock exchanges,
the time of listing these securities and off-loading them simultaneously are being generally decided in
advance.

5.Q:Explain briefly the mechanism of underwriting Benefits/Functions

The financial service of ‘underwriting’ is found advantageous for the issuers and the public

alike. The function and the role of underwriting firms is given below:

Adequate Funds

Underwriting being a kind of a guarantee for subscription of a public issue of securities enables a
company to raise the necessary capital funds. By undertaking to take up the whole issue, or the
remaining shares not subscribed by the public, it helps a company to undertake project investments
with the assurance of adequate capital funds. Underwriting agreement assures the company of the
required funds within a reasonable or agreed time.

Expert Advice

Underwriters of repute often help the company by providing advice on matter pertaining to the
soundness of the proposed plan etc. thus enabling the company in avoid certain pitfalls. It is therefore,
possible for an issuing company to obtain the benefit of expert advice through underwriting before
entering into a n agreement.

Enhanced Goodwill

The fact that the issues of securities of a firm are underwritten would help the firm achieve a successful
subscription of securities by the public. This is because, intermediaries, of financial integrity and
established reputation usually do they. Such an activity, therefore, helps enhance the goodwill of the
issuing company.

Assurance to investors

Under writers, before underwriting the issue, satisfy themselves with the financial integrity of the Issuer
Company and viability of the plan. The underwriting firms assure this way, the soundness of the
company the investors are, therefore, assured of having low risk when they buy shares or debentures
which have been underwritten by them. There firm commitment towards fulfilling their underwriting
obligations helps creates confidence in the minds of the investing public about the company.

Better Marketing
Underwriters ensure efficient and successful marketing of the securities of the firm through their
network arrangements with other underwriters and brokers at national and global level.

Benefits to Buyers

Underwriters are very useful to the buyers of securities due to their ability to give expert regarding the
safety of the investment and the soundness of companies. The information and the expert opinion
published by them in various newspapers and journals are also helpful.

Price Stability

Underwriters provide stability to the price of securities by purchasing and selling various securities. This
ultimately benefits the stock market.

Indian Scenario

Underwriting, as an important type of financial service, became popular in the Indian capital market only
recently. It made its beginning in 1912 when M/s. Batliwala and Karni underwrote the shares of the
Central India Spinning and Weaving Co. Ltd. Underwriting, on a substantial scale, started in the Indian
Capital market only after World War I. The Tatas started the first

underwriting business in India in 1937, with the setting up of the ‘Investment Corporation of India ltd.’

Underwriting gained momentum and popularity after January 1955, with the setting up of he Industrial
Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI). Later, other development financial institutions such
as Life Insurance Corporation of India, Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) and Unit Trust of
India (UTI) started taking an active part in the underwriting of new issues, with IDBI being one of the
largest.

6.Q:Explain the different types of capital market instruments

Introduction

Indian capital market has been experiencing metamorphic changes in the last decade, thanks to a host
of measures of liberalization, globalization, and privatization that have been initiated by the
Government. Pronounced changes have occurred in the realm of industrial policy, licensing policy,
financial services industry, interest rates, etc. As a result of these changes, the financial services
industry has come to introduce a number of instruments with a view to facilitate borrowing and lending
of money of money in the capital market by the participants.

Types

Financial instruments that are used for raising capital resources in the capital market are know

as ‘Capital Market Instruments’,

The various capital market instruments used by corporate entities for raising resources are as follows: 1.
Preference shares 2.

Equity shares 3.

Non-voting equity shares 4.

Cumulative convertible preference shares 5.

Company fixed deposits 6.

Warrants 7.

Debentures and Bonds

Preference Shares Meaning

Shares that carry preferential rights in comparison with ordinary shares

are called ‘Preference Shares’. The preferential rights are the rights regarding payment of dividend and
the

distribution of the assets of he company in the event of its winding up, in preference to equity shares.

Types

1.

Cumulative preference share where the arrears of dividends in times of no and/or lean profits can
accumulated and paid in the year in which the company earns good profits.

2.
Non cumulative preference shares Shares where the carry forward of the arrears of dividends is not
possible. 3.

Participating preference shares Shares that enjoy the right to participate in surplus profits or surplus
assets on the liquidation of a company or in the both, if the Articles of Association provides for its. 4.

Redeemable preference shares Shares that are to be repaid at the end of the term of issue. The
maximum period of a redemption being 20 years with effect from 1.3.1997 under the Companies
Amendment Act, 1996. 5.

Preference shares with warrants attached The attached warrants entitle the holder to apply for equity

shares for cash, at a ‘premium’, at any time, in one or more stages

between the third and fifth year from the date of allotment.

Equity Shares Meaning

Equity shares, also known as ‘ordinary shares’ are the shares held by the owners of a corporate

entity.

Features

Since equity shareholders face greater risks and have no specific preferential rights, they are given larger
share in profits through higher dividends than those given to preference

shareholders, provided the company’ performance is excellent.

A strikingly noteworthy feature of equity shares is that holders of these shares enjoy substantial

rights in the corporate democracy, namely the rights to approve the company’s annual

accounts, declaration of dividend enhancement of managerial remuneration in excess of specified limits

and fixing the terms of appointment and election of directors, appointment of auditors and fixing of
their remuneration. Equity shares in the hands of shareholders are mainly reckoned for determining the

management’s control ove

r the company. Where shareholders are widely disbursed, it is possible for the management to retain
the control, as it is not possible for all the shareholders

to attend the company’s meeting in full strength.

Equity shareholders represent proportionate ownership in a company. They have residual claims on the
assets and profits of the company. They have unlimited potential for dividend payments and price
appreciation in comparison to the owners of debentures and preference shares who enjoy just a fixed
assured return in the form of interest and dividend.

Voting rights are granted under the Companies Act (Sections 87 to 89) wherein each shareholder is
eligible for votes proportionate to the number of shares held or the amount of stock owned.

Capital

Equity shares are of different types. The maximum values of shares as specified in the Memorandum of
Association of the company is called the authorized or registered or nominal capital. Issued capital is
the nominal value of shares offered for public subscription.

Par Value and Book Value

The face value of a share is called its Par value. Although shares can be sold below the par value, it is
possible that shares can be issued below the par value. The financial institutions that convert their
unpaid principal and interest into equity in sick companies are compelled to do it at a minimum of Rs.10
because of the par value concept even though the market price might be much less than Rs.10. Par
value is of use to the regulatory agency and the stock exchange. It can be used to control the number of
shares that can be issued by the company. The par value of Rs.10 per shares serves as a floor price for
issue of shares.

Cash Dividends

These are dividends paid in cash; a stable payment of cash dividend is the hallmark of stability of shares
prices.

Stock dividends

These are the dividends distributed as shares and issued by capitalizing shares reserves. While net
worth remains the same in the balance sheet, its distribution between shares and surplus is altered.

Non Voting Equity Shares

Consequent to the recommendations of the ‘Abid Hussain Committee’ and subsequent to the

amendment to the Companies Act, corporate managements are permitted to mobilize additional capital
without diluting the interest of existing shareholders with the help of a new

instrument called ‘non

voting equity shares’. Such shares will be entitled to all the benefits
except the right to vote in general meetings. Such non-voting equity share is being considered as a
possible addition to the two classes of share capital currently in vogue. This class of shares has been
included to an amendment to the Companies Act as a third category of shares Corporate will be
permitted to issue such shares upto a certain percentage of the total Non

voting equity shares will be entitled to rights and bonus issued and preferential offer of shares on the
same lines as that of ordinary shares.

Convertible Cumulative Preference Shares (CCPS)

These are the shares that have the twin advantage of accumulation of arrears of dividends and the
conversion into equity shares. Such shares would have to be of the face value of Rs.100 each. The
shares have to be listed on one or more stock exchanges in the country. The object of the issue of CCP
shares is to allow for the setting up of new projects, expansion or diversification of existing projects,
normal capital expenditure for modernization and of meeting working capital requirements. Following
are some of the terms and conditions of the issue of CCP shares:

1.

Debt-equity ratio:

For the purpose of calculation of debt-equity ratio as may be applicable CCPS are be deemed to be an
equity issue.

2.

Compulsory conversion:

The conversion into equity shares must be for the entire of issue of CCP shares and shall be done
between the period at the end of three years and five years as may be decide by the company.

3.

Fresh Issue:

The conversion of CCP shares into equity would be deemed as being one resulting from the process of
redemption of the preference shares out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the
purposes of redemption.

4.
Preference dividend:

The rate of preference dividend payable on CCP shares would be 10 percent.

5.

Guideline ratio:

The guidelines ratio of 1:3 as between preference shares and equity shares would not be applicable to
these shares.

6.

Arrears of dividend:

The right to receive arrears of dividend up to the date of conversion, if any, shall devolve on the holder
of the equity shares on such conversion.

7.

Voting right:

CCPS would have voting rights as applicable to preference shares under the companies Act, 1956.

8.

Quantum:

The amount of the issue of CCP shares would be to the extent the company would be offering equity
shares to the public for subscription.

Company Fixed Deposits

Fixed deposits are the attractive source of short-term both for the companies and investors as well.
Corporates favor fixed deposits as n ideal form of working capital mobilization without going through
the process of mortgaging assets and the associated rigmaroles of documentation, etc. investors find
fixed deposits a simple avenue for investment in popular companies at attractively reasonable and safe
intrest rates.

Regulations
Since these instruments are unsecured, there is a lot of uncertainty about the repayment of deposits
and regular payment of interest. The issue of fixed deposits is subject to the provisions of the
Companies Act and he companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules introduced in February 1975, some of
the important regulations in this regard as follows:

1.

Advertisement:

Issue of an advertisement (with the prescribed information) as approved by the Board of Directors in
dailies circulating in the state of incorporation.

2.

Liquid assets:

Maintenance of liquid assets equal to 15 percent (substituted for 10% by Amendment Rules, 1992) of
deposits (maturing during the year ending March 31) in the form of bank deposits, unencumbered
securities of State and Central Governments or unencumbered approved securities.

3.

Disclosure:

Disclosure in the newspaper advertisement the quantum of deposits remaining unpaid after maturity.
This would help highlight the defaults, if any, by the company and caution the depositors.

4.

Deemed public Company:

Private company would become a deemed public company where such a private company, after inviting
public deposits through a statutory advertisement, accepts or renews deposits from the public other
than the members, directors or their relatives.

5.

Default:
Penalty under the law for default by companies in repaying deposits as and when they mature for
payment where deposits were accepted in accordance with the Reserve Bank directions.

6.

CLB:

Empowerment to the Company Law Board to direct companies to repay deposits, which have not been
repaid as per the terms and conditions governing such deposits, with a time frame and according to the
terms and conditions of the order.

Warrants

An option issued by a company whereby the buyer is granted the right to purchase a number of shares
(usually one) of its equity share capital at a given exercise price during a given period is

called a ‘warrant’.

Although trading in warrants are in vogue in the U.S.Stock markets for more than 6 to 7 decades, they
are being issued to meet a range of financial requirements by the Indian corporate. Both warrants and
rights entitle a buyer to acquire equity shares of the issuing company. However, they are different in
the sense that warrants have a life span of three of five years whereas, rights have a life span of only
four to twelve weeks (duration between the opening and closing date of subscription list). Moreover
rights are normally issued to effect current financing, and warrants are sold to facilitate future financing.
Similarly, the share, is usually

above the market price of the share so as to encourage existing shareholders to purchase it. On the
other hand, one warrant buys one equity share generally, whereas more than one rights may be needed
to buy one share. The detachable warrant attached to each share provides a right to the warrant holder
to apply for additional equity share against each warrant.

Debentures and Bonds

A document that either creates a debt or acknowledges it is known as a debenture. Accordingly, any
document that fulfills either of these conditions is a debenture, issued under the common seal of a
company, usually takes the form of a certificate that acknowledges indebtedness of the company.

Features

Following are the features of a debenture:

1.
Issue:

In India, debentures of various kinds are issued by the corporate bodies, Government, and others as per
the provision of e Companies Act, 1956 and under the regulations of the SEBI. Section 117 of the
Companies Act prohibits issue of debentures with voting rights. Generally, they are issued against a
charge or the assets of he company but at times may be issued without any such charge also.
Debentures can be issued at a discount in which case, the relevant particulars are to be filed with the
Registrar of Companies.

2.

Negotiability:

In the case of bearer debentures the terminal value is payable to its bearer. Such instruments are
negotiable and are transferable by delivery. Registered debentures are payable to the registered
holders whose name appears both on the debenture and in the register of debenture holders
maintained by the company. Further, transfer of such debentures should be registered. They are not
negotiable instruments and contain a commitment to pay the principal and interest.

3.

Security:

Secured debentures create a charge on the assets of the company. Such a charge may be either fixed or
floating. Debentures that are issued without any charge

on assets of the company are called ‘unsecured or naked debentures’.

4.

Duration:

Debentures, which could be redeemed after a certain period of time are called Redeemable Debentures.
There are debentures that are not to be returned except at the time of winding up of the company.
Such debentures are called Irredeemable Debentures.

5.
Convertibility:

Where the debenture issue gives the option of conversion into equity shares after the expiry of a certain
period of time, such debentures are called Convertible Debentures.

6.

Return:

Debenture have a great advantage in them, in that they carry a regular and reasonable income for the
holders. There is a legal obligation for the company to make payment of interest on debentures
whether or not any profits are earned by it.

7.

Claims:

Debentures holders command a preferential treatment in the matters of distribution of he final

proceeds of he company at the time of its winding up . There claim of preference and equity
shareholders.

Kinds

Innovative debt instruments that are issued by the public limited companies in India are described
below: 1.

Participating debentures 2.

Convertible debentures 3.

Debut-Equity swaps 4.

Zero-coupon convertible notes 5.

Secured Premium Notes (SPN) with detachable warrants 6.

Non-Convertible Debenture (NCDs) with detachable equity warrants 7.

Zero-interest Fully Convertible Debentures (FCDs) 8.

Secured Zero-interest Partly Convertible Debentures (PCDs) with detachable and separately tradable
warrants. 9.

Fully Convertible Debentures (FCDs) with interest (optional). 10.

Floating Rate Bonds (FRB) 1.

Participating debentures:

Debentures that are issued by a body corporate which entitle

the holders to participate in its profits are called ‘Participating Debentures’. These are

the unsecured corporate debt securities. They are popular among existing dividend paying corporate. 2.

Convertible debentures

a)

Convertible debentures with options. Are a derivative of convertible debentures that give an option to
both the issuer, as well as investor, to exist from the terms of the issue.

b)
Third party convertible debentures are debts with a warrant that allow the investor to subscribe to the
equity of a third firm at a preferential price viz-a-vis market price, the interest rate on the third party
convertible debentures being lower than pure debt on account of the conversion option.

3.

Debt-equity swaps:

They are offered from a n issuer of debt to swap it for equity. The instrument is quite risky for the
investor because the anticipated capital appreciation may not materialize.

4.

Zero-coupon convertible note:

These are debentures that can be converted into shares and on its conversion the investor forgoes all
accrued and unpaid interest. The Zero-coupon convertible notes are quite sensitive to changes in the
interest rates.

5.

SPN with detachable warrants:

These are the Secured Premium Notes (SPN) with detachable warrants. These are the redeemable
debentures that are issued along with a detachable warrant. The warrant entitles the holder to apply
and get equity shares allotted, provided the SPN is fully paid. The warrants attached it assured the
holder such a right. No interest will be paid during the lock-in period for SPN.

6.

NCDs with detachable equity warrants:

These are Non-Convertible Debentures (NCDs) with detachable equity warrants. These entitle the
holder to buy a specific number of shares from the company at a predetermined price within a definite
time frame.

7.
Zero interest FCDs:

These are Zero-interest Fully Convertible Debentures on which no interest will be paid by the issuer
during the lock-in-period. However, there is a notified period after which fully paid FDCs will be
automatically and compulsorily converted into shares.

8.

Secured Zero interest PDCs with detachable and separately tradable warrants. These are Secured Zero
interest Partly Convertible Debentures with detachable and separately tradable warrants.

9.

Fully convertible debentures (FCDs) with interest (Optional):

These are the debentures that will not yield any interest for an initial short period after which the
holder is given an option to apply for equities at a premium.

10.

Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs):

These are the bonds where the yield is linked to a benchmark interest rate like the prime rate in USA or
LIBOR in the Euro currency

market. For instance, the State Bank of India’s floating rate bond, issue was lined to

the maximum interest on term deposits that was 10 percent at the time. The floating rate is quoted in
terms of a margin above or below the benchmark rate. Interest rates linked to the benchmark ensure
that neither the borrower nor the lender suffer from the change sin interest rates. Where interest rates
are fixed, they are likely to be inequitable to the borrower when interest rates fall and inequitable to he
lender when interest rates rise subsequently.

1.

Explain the different types of merger. Merger

Types
Mergers are of different types as discussed below: 1.

Horizontal merger:

Where two or more companies that complete in the same industry

amalgamate, it is a case of ‘horizontal merger’. The objective of horizontal merger is to expand the
firm’s operations in the same industry through the substantial economies of

scale and through the elimination of competition. The merger of Tata oil Mills Ltd. With the Hindustan
Level ltd. Is an example of a horizontal merger. Under horizontal merger combination of two or more
firms that are engaged in similar type of production, distribution or area of business takes place. For
instance where two or more cement

manufacturing companies are combined, it makes the form of ‘horizontal merger’.

2.

Vertical merger:

A company is said to be adopting a vertical integration strategy where it seeks to participate in other
links in the value chain by remaining in the same industry by acquiring suppliers or production
technology, or acquiring sales or distribution capacity. Where two or more companies that operate in
the same industry but at different stage

s of production or distribution system amalgamate, it is a case of ‘vertical merger’. Vertical merger

happens by means of combination of two or more firms that

are engaged in different stages of operation, production or distribution. For instance, where a company
that manufactures laptops combines with a company that markets laptops, it is a case of a vertical
merger. Vertical merger may take the form of either a forward merger or a backward merger. A
backward merger happens where a manufacturing company joins with a company that supplier raw
material. On the other hand, a forward merger happens where a company that supplies raw material
joints hands with a company the manufacturers. 3.

Diagonal Merger:

A company is said to be adopting a diagonal integration strategy where it pursues an acquisition that
involves both horizontal and vertical elements. Under this merger strategy, content and intellectual
property ownership is combined with distribution technology and infrastructure, resulting in so entirely
new media industry. 4.
Forward merger:

In a forward merger, the shareholders of the target company exchange their shares for the shares of the
acquiring company and all of the assets and liabilities of the target company are automatically
transferred to the acquire.

5.

Reverse merger:

In a reverse merger, the shareholders of the acquiring company exchange their shares for shares of the
target company. It is a case of the acquiring company merging into the target company. Where a
prosperous and profit making company acquires a loss-making sick company with substantial erosion in
its net worth,

it is a case of ‘reverse merger’.

6.

Forward triangular merger:

In a forward triangular merger, a subsidiary company is formed by the parent company for the purpose
of engaging in the merger deal. A parent company funds a subsidiary formed for this purpose. The
stock of the parent company is transferred to the target company by the subsidiary. 7.

Reverse triangular merger:

In a reverse triangular merger, the parent company funds a subsidiary company with stock of the
parent. The shareholders of the target company exchange their stock for the stock of the parent
company, which is held by the subsidiary company. 8.

Conglomerate merger:

A company is said to be adopting a conglomerate merger strategy where it makes acquisitions across
different industries. Where several firms engaged in unrelated lines of business activity combine
together to for a new company,

it takes the form of ‘conglomerate merger’.

 A conglomerate takeover or merger involves the coming together of two companies in different
industries i.e. the businesses of the two companies are into related to each other horizontally (in the
sense of producing the same or competing products), or vertically (in the sense of standing towards
each other in the relationship of supplier and buyer, or potential supplier and buyer). A co generic
merger is said to take place where the companies that are getting merged are engaged in
complementary activities and not in direct competitive activities, amalgamate to form a new company.
The coming together of a car manufacturer with a scooter manufacturer is an example of a co generic
merger. Conglomerate takeovers or mergers may in turn be classified according to the purpose of the
domi

nant party. The dominant party may itself be a ‘fully

fledged conglomerate’

company, i.e. a holding company staffed by professional managers exercising management control over
a substantial number of subsidiaries in a wide range of industries. To dominant

party may be a ‘financial conglomerate’, i.e. the group may have been put

together largely on the basis of financial engineering by the holding company, usually be exchanging its
highly priced quoted securities (frequently in the form of convertible securities) for shares of companies
in a wide range of industries.

9.

Negotiated merger:

Where merger of two or more companies takes place after

protracted negotiations, it is a case of ‘negotiated merger’.

Under this type of merger, the acquiring firm negotiates directly with the management of the target
firm. The merging companies willingly reach an agreement for the merger proposal. Accordingly, of the
parties to the agreement fall to reach an agreement, the merger proposal will be terminated and
dropped out. The merger of ITC Classic Ltd., with ICICI Ltd., is an example of a negotiated merger. 10.

Arranged merger:

Where merger of a financially sick company takes place with another sound company as part of package
of financial rehabilitation under the initiative of a
financial body, it is a case of an ‘arranged merger’. Merger schemes are crafted in

consultation with the lead bank, the target firm and the acquiring firm. These are motivated mergers
and the led bank takes the initiative and decides the terms and conditions of merger. 11.

Agreed merger:

Where the directors of target firm agree to the takeover or merger, accept the offer in respect of their
own shareholdings (which might range from nil or negligible to controlling shareholdings) and
recommend other shareholders to accept

the offer, it is a case of ‘agreed takeover or merger’.

The directors may agree right from the start or after early negotiations or even after public opposition to
the bid (which may or may not have resulted in an improvement in the terms of the proposed offer). 12.

Unopposed merger:

Where the directors of the target firm, while making a deal with the acquiring firm, do not oppose the
offer or recommend rejection, it is a case of

‘unopposed merger’.

13.

Defended merger:

Where the directors of a target firm decide to oppose the bid, recommending shareholders to reject the
offer and perhaps taking further defensive

action, it takes the form of a ‘defending merger’. The decision to defend may be with

the intention of stopping the take over (which in turn may be prompted either by the genuine belief of
the directors that it is in the interests of the company to remain independent or by a desire of the
directors to protect their own personal positions) or persuading the bidder to improve its terms. 14.

Competitive merger:

Where a second bidder (and perhaps even a third bidder) comes

into the scene with a rival bid, it is a case of a ‘competitive merger’. This may be an
independent action on the part of the rival bidder or it may be at the invitation of the directors of the
target firm, who deciding that a takeover is inevitable, feel that the company comes under the control of
a bidder selected by them rather than the original bidder.

15.

Tender offer:

Where a bid is made by an acquiring firm to acquire controlling interest in a target firm by purchasing
the shares of the target firm at a fixed price. It is a case of

‘tender offer’. Under this type of merger, the acquiring firm directly approaches the

shareholders of the target firm and makes them sell their shareholdings at a fixed price. The offer prices
is generally fixed at a level higher than the current market price in order to induce the shareholders to
divest their holding in favor of the acquiring firm. 16.

Diversification:

Diversification

is a case of ‘conglomerate merger’. Diversification

consists of a company, deriving all or the greater part of its revenue from the particular industry,
acquiring subsidiaries operating in other industries for one or more of the following reasons. 17.

To obtain greater stability of earnings through spreading activities in different industries with different
business cycles or to diversify out of a static or dying industry. 18.

To employ spare resources, whether or capital or management 19.

To obtain benefit of

economies of scale, particularly in regard to “staff” functions (such

as personnel, advertising, accounting and financial) where there are some common factors. 20.
To make the company too large to be likely to be the object of a takeover or perhaps to make it a less
attractive object in the case of defensive diversification. 21.

To provide an outlet for the ambitions of management, here antimonopoly laws make

further acquisitions (or perhaps even growth) in the company’s own field impracticable.

Conglomerate takeovers and mergers do not usually raise anti-monopoly questions, but may do so
where it is feared that the firm may abuse its market power, such as by exerting pressure on firms from
which some companies in the group purchase supplies to place business with other companies in the
group, and it is also argued that a decision by a company to enter a new field by acquisition reduced by
one to number of potential competitors in that field in so far as the acquiring company might otherwise
have entered the field direct. Apart from categorizing mergers in the after and merger, takeovers and
mergers may also be classified according to the degree of cooperation between the boards of directors
of the two companies concerned.

2.Q:Explain the steps involved in M&A Following are the steps involved in M&A:

1.

Review of objectives:

The first and foremost step in M&A is that the merging companies must undertake the review of the
purpose for which the proposal to merge is to be considered. Major objectives of merger include
attaining faster growth, improving profitability, improving managerial effectiveness, gaining market
power and leadership, achieving cost reduction, etc. the review of objectives is done to assess the
strengths and weaknesses, and corporate goals of the merging enterprise.

2.

Data for analysis:

After reviewing the relevant objective of acquisition the acquiring firm needs to collect detailed
information pertaining to financial and other aspects of the firm and the industry. Industry centric
information will be needed to make an assessment of market growth, nature of competition, ease of
entry, capital and labour intensity, degree of regulation, etc. similarly, firm-centric information will be
needed to assess quality of management, market share, size, capital structure, profitability, production
and marketing capabilities etc. the date to be collected serves as the criteria for evaluation.

3.
Analysis of Information:

After collecting both industry-specific and firm-specific information, the acquiring firm undertakes
analysis of data and the pros and cons are weighed. Data is to be analyzed with a view of determine the
earnings and cash flows, area of risk, the maximum price payable to the target company and the best
way to finance the merger.

4.

Fixing price:

Price to be paid for the company being acquired shall be fixed taking into consideration the current
market value of share of the company being acquired. The price shall usually be above the current
market price of the share. A merger may take place at a premium. In such a case, the firm would pay an
offer price which is higher

that the target firm’s pre

-merger market value.

5.

Finding merger value:

Value created by merger is to be found so that it is possible for the merging firms to determine their
respective share. Merger value is equal to the excess of combined present value of the merged firms
over and above the sum of their individual present values as separate entities. Any cost incurred
towards the merging process is subtracted to arrive at the figure of net economic advantage of the
merging this advantage is shared between the shareholders of the merging firms.

3.Q:Explain the general obligation of portfolio managers as enunciated by the SEBI Following are the
general obligations of portfolio managers as enunciated by the SEBI: A.

Contract with Clients

Every portfolio manager shall, before taking up an assignment of management of funds or portfolio of
securities in writing on behalf of a client, enter into an agreement in writing with such client clearly
defining the interrelationship, and setting out their mutual rights, liabilities and obligation relating to
management of funds or portfolio of securities containing the details as specified in Schedule IV. The
agreement between the portfolio manager and the client shall, inter alia, contain the following: The
funds of all clients shall be placed by the portfolio manager in a separate account to be maintained by
him in a scheduled commercial bank (any bank included in the Second Schedule to the Reserve bank of
India Act, 1934 (2 f 1934) Notwithstanding anything contained in the agreement between a portfolio
manager and his client referred to in regulation 14 hereof, the portfolio funds can be withdrawn or
taken back by Portfolio client at his risk before the maturity date of the contract the following
circumstances: 1.

Voluntary or compulsory, termination of Portfolio management services by the Portfolio manager; 2.

Suspension or termination of registration of Portfolio manager by the Board; 3.

Bankruptcy or liquidation in case the portfolio manager is a body corporate; and 4.

Permanent disability, lunacy or insolvency in case the portfolio manager is an individual. The portfolio
manager shall not, while dealing with clients funds, indulge in speculative transactions, that is, he shall
not enter into any transaction for purchase or sale of any security, which transaction is periodically or
ultimately settled otherwise than by actual delivery or transfer of security. In the even of any dispute
between the portfolio manager and his clients, the client shall have the right to obtain details of his
portfolio from the portfolio manager.

Contents

The contents of agreement between the Portfolio Manager and His clients are as follows:

1.

Appointment

of Portfolio manager.

2.

Scope of services
to be provided by the Portfolio Manager subject to the activities permitted under SEBI (Portfolio
Managers) regulations, 1993, viz. advisory, investment management, custody of securities and keeping
track of corporate benefits associated with the securities. The portfolio Manager shall act in a fiduciary
capacity and as a

trustee and agent of the client’s account.

3.

Function, obligations, duties and responsibilities

(as discretionary and non-discretionary to be given separately) with specific provisions regarding
instruction for nondiscretionary portfolio manager inter alia:

a)

Terms in compliance with the Act, SEBI (Portfolio Managers) Regulations, 1993, rules, regulations
guidelines made under the Act and any other laws/rules/regulations/guidelines etc. b)

Providing reports to clients. c)

Maintenance of client-wide transactions and related books of accounts. d)

Provisions regarding audit of accounts as required under the SEBI (Portfolio Manager Regulations, 1993).
e)

Settlement of accounts and procedure therefore, including the provisions for payment of maturity or
early termination of contract. 4.

Investment objectives and guidelines such as following:

a.
Types of securities in which investment would be made specifying restrictions, if any. b.

Particulars regarding amount, period of management, repayment or withdrawal c.

Taxation aspects such as Tax Deducted at Source, etc. if any. d.

Condition that the portfolio manager shall not lend the securities of the client unless authorized by him
in writing. 5.

Risk factors:

A detailed statement of risks associated with each type of investment including the standard risks
associated with each type of investment risk factors specific to the scheme as well as the attendant to
specific investment policies and objectives of the scheme are to be mentioned. 6.

Period of agreement:

Minimum period of any, and provision for renewal, if any. 7.

Conditions

under which agreement may be altered, terminated and implications thereof, such as settlement of
amounts invested, repayment obligations, etc. 8.

Maintenance of Accounts:

Maintenance of accounts separately in the name of the client as are necessary of account for the assets
and any additions, income, receipts and disbursements in connection therewith, as provided under SEBI
(Portfolio Managers) regulations, 1993.

9.
Terms of Fees:

The quantum and manner of payment of fees and charges for each activity for which services are
rendered by the Portfolio Manager directly or indirectly (where such service is outsourced) such as
invest management, advisory, transfer, registration and transaction costs with specific references to
brokerage costs, custody charges, cost related to furnishing regular communication, accountant
statement, miscellaneous expenses (individual expenses in excess of 5 percent to be indicated
separately). Etc. 10.

Billing:

Periodicity of billing, whether payment to be made in advance, manner of payment of fees, whether
setting off against the account, etc. type of documents evidencing receipt of payment of fees. 11.

Liability of Portfolio Manager:

Liability of Portfolio Manager in connection with recommendations made, to cover errors of judgment,
negligence, willful misfeasance in connection with discharge of duties, acts of other intermediaries,
brokers, custodian, etc. 12.

Liability of client

restricting the liability of the client to the extent of his investment. 13.

Death or disability:

Providing for continuation/termination of the agreement in the

event of client’s death/disability, succession, nomination, repres

entation, etc. to be incorporated. 14.

Assignment

conditions for assignment of the agreement by client. 15.

Governing Law:
The law/jurisdiction of country/State which governs the agreement are to be stated. 16.

Settlement of grievances/disputes and provision for arbitration:

Provisions to cover protection of act done in good faith, risks and losses, rederessal of grievances,
dispute resolution mechanism reference for arbitration and the situations under which such rights may
arise, may be made.

B.

Disclosures

The Portfolio Manager shall provide to the client the Disclosure Document as specified in Schedule V,
along with a certificate in Form C as specified in Schedule I, at least two days prior to entering into an
agreement with the client as referred to in sub-regulation (1). The disclosure document shall inter alia
contain the following: 1.

The quantum and manner of payment of fees payable by y the client for each activity for which service is
rendered by the Portfolio Manager in Schedule I, at least two days prior to entering into an agreement
with the client as referred to in sub-regulation (1). The Disclosure Document shall inter alia contain the
following: 2.

Portfolio risks;

3.

Complete disclosures in respect of transactions with related parties as per the accounting standards
specified by the institute of chartered accountants of India in this regard. 4.

The performance of the Portfolio Manager; and 5.

The audited financial statements of the Portfolio Manager for the immediately preceding three years.
The Portfolio Manager shall charge an agreed fee from the clients for rendering portfolio management
services without guaranteeing or assuring, either directly or indirectly, any return and the fee so charged
may be a fixed fee or a return based fee or a combination of both. The Portfolio Manager may, subject
to the disclosure in terms of the disclosure Document and specific permission from the client, charge
such fees from the client for each activity for which service is rendered by the Portfolio Manager directly
or indirectly (where such service is out sourced).

4.Q:Describe Depository receipts

Introduction

A receipt issued by a ‘Depository’ of a country against the deposit of shares issued by a

domestic company which is eligible for issue of foreign investors and is eligible for trading on an
overseas stock exchange, is known as

a ‘Depository

Receipt’ (DR), issue of a depository receipt

connotes issue of ordinary share to global investor, by keeping the share sunder the custody of

a ‘Domestic custodian Bank’.

A ‘Depository Receipt’ is a type of negotiable (transferable) financial security that is traded on a

local stock exchange but represents a security, usually in the form of equity that is issued by a foreign
publicity listed company. The DR, which is a physical certificate, allows investors to hold share is equity
of other countries. Depository receipts make it easier to buy shares in foreign companies because the
shares of the

company don’t have to leave the home State. When the depository ba

nk is in the USA, the instruments are known as American Depository receipt (ADR). European banks
issue European Depository receipts, and other banks issue Global Depository receipt (GDR). ADRs are
typically traded on a U.S national stock exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the
American Stock Exchange (AMEX), while GDRs are commonly listed on European stock exchanges such
as the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Both ADRs and GDRs are usually denominated in U.S.dollars, but
can also be denominated in Euros.

Working Mechanism

ADR is created when a foreign company wishes to list its already publicly traded shares or debt
securities or a foreign stock exchange. Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), however, can also issue a DR as
well, DRs can be traded publicly over the counter. Let us look at an example of how an ADR is created
and traded. Based on a determined ADR ratio, each ADR may be issued as representing one or more of
the Indian local shares, and the price of each ADR would be issued in U.s.dollars converted from the
equivalent Indian price of the shares being held by the depository bank. The ADRs now represent the
local Indian shares held by the depository, and can now be freely traded equity on the NYSE. After the
process, whereby the new ADR of the Indian company is issued, the ADR can be traded freely among
investor sand transferred from the buyer to the seller on the NYSE, through a procedure known as intra
market trading. The rights of the ADR holder are stated on the ADR certificate.

Pricing and Cross-trading

When any DR is traded, the broker will aim to find the best price of the share in question. Investor will
therefore compare the U.S. dollar price of the ADR with the U.S. dollar equivalent price of the local
share on the domestic market. If the ADR of the Indian company is trading at USD 42 per share and the
share trading on the Indian market is trading at USD 41 per share (converted from rupees to dollars), a
broker would aim to buy more local shares from India and issue ADRs on the U.S. market.

A U.S. broker may also sell ADRs back into the local Indian market. This is known as “cross –

border trading.” When this happens, an amount of ADRs is cancelled by the depository and the

local shares are released from the custodian bank and delivered back to the Indian broker who bought
them.

Benefits of Depository Receipts

The DR functions as a means to increase global trade, which in trade can help to increase not only
volumes on local and foreign markets but also the exchange of information, technology, regulatory
procedures, and market transparence. Thus, instead of being faced with impediments of foreign
investment, as it often the case in many emerging markets, the DR investor as well as the company can
be benefited from in

vestment abroad. Let’s take a closer a

look at the benefits: For the company A company may opt to issue a DR to obtain greater exposure and
raise capital

in the world market. Issuing DRs has the added benefit of increasing the share’s liquidity while

boo

sting the company’s prestige on its local market. Moreover, in many countries, especially

those with emerging markets, obstacles often prevent foreign investors from entering the local market.
By issuing a DR, a company can still encounter investment from abroad without having to worry about
barriers that a foreign investor might face.
For the investor buying into a DR immediately turns an investor’s portfolio into a global one. Investor’s
gain the benefits of diversification, while trading in their own m

arket under familiar settlement and clearance conditions. More importantly, DR investors will be able to
reap the benefits of these usually higher-risk, higher-return, without having to endure the added risks of
going directly into foreign markets, which may pose considerable difficulties in the for of lack of
transparency or instability resulting from changing regulatory procedures.

5.Q:Briefly explain the Credit Syndication Services Credit Syndication Services

Merchant bankers provide various services towards syndication of loans. The services vary depending
on whether loans sought or of long-term fixed capital or of working capital funds. Following are the
credit syndication services rendered by merchant bankers with regard to long-term loans:

1. Ascertaining promoter details

2. Ascertaining of cost details
3. Comparison of cost details
4. Identification of funding sources
5. Ascertainment of loan details
6. Furnishing beneficiary details
7. Making application
8. Project appraisal
9. Compliance for loan disbursement
10. Documentation and creation of security
11. Pre-disbursement compliance

Ascertaining of Promoter Details

This is the fundamental credit syndication service extended by merchant bankers, whereby attempts are
made to gain an understanding about the promoters, who are involved in the launch and running of the
project. Information is collected about the promoters, their knowledge, reputation, creditworthiness,
experience in trade or industry and relevance of such skills and competence, etc. For this purpose, the
merchant banker holds discussions with promoters. Information is also gleaned to know the extent of
contribution made by promotes to fund the project. The contributions may include the quantum of
preliminary expenses already incurred by them. Etc.

Ascertainment of Project Cost Details

Here, the merchant banker investigates about the project for which finance is to be arranged. Details
about the project are collected with the help of information given by the consultant in the project
report.

Merchant banks make an estimate of the capital cost of the project. This involves ascertaining the cost
details of different items of expenditure. Some of the important items of costs that need to be
ascertained by merchant banker are preliminary expenses connected with cost of promotion,
incorporation, legal expenses etc., as applicable to setting up of new units.

Comparison of cost Details

Here, the merchant banker investigates about the project for which finance is to be arranged. Details
about the project are collected with the help of information given by the consultant in the project
report. Merchant banks make an estimate of the capital cost of the project. This involves ascertaining
the cost details of different items of expenditure. Some of the important items of costs that need to be
ascertained by merchant banker are preliminary expenses connected with cost of promotion,
incorporation, legal expenses etc., as applicable to setting up new units. Cost details pertaining to
expansion, renovation, modernization of diversification programmes of existing units include cost of
fixed assets that include cost of acquisition of land, construction of building, roads, railway siding,
procurement of plant and equipment, furniture and fixtures of other miscellaneous fixed assets.

Comparison of cost Details

Another important function undertaken by merchant bankers is the comparison of the details of costs
with the benchmarks available in the same industry. Other aspects such as the geographical area, size of
scale of operations, etc. are also used for comparison. Adjustments are also made for inflationary
conditions which help capturing rising prices of different elements of cost.

Identification of Funding Sources

Identifying appropriate sources of capital required for financing the project is another function of a
merchant banker in his credit syndication services. Many factors determine the choice of capital funding
source. Most important among them are the nature of the project, and the quantum of the project
cost. Nature of a project helps determine the quantum of project cost. For instance, scale of cost
involved in a project would vary depending on whether the project is a small or medium or a large-sized
project. The sources of capital required for a project would be short-term, medium term, or long-term.
A brief description of each source of fund is attempted below:

Short term source:

Short-term funding source refers to funds required for a period upto one year short-term funds are
required for meeting the working capital requirements or special seasonal needs of a industrial unit the
popular sources of short-term funds are commercial banks, trade credit, public deposits, finance
companies and also customers.

Medium-term source:

Medium-term funding source refers to funds required for a period ranging from one to five years.
Medium-term funds are needed for permanent working capital, expansion or replacement assets, or
acquisition of balancing equipments. Such funding is made available by banks and financial institutions
loans. Medium-term loans are provided under the auspices of various lending schemes designed and
operated by the all-India financial institutions.

Long-term source:

Long-term funding source refers to funds required for a period of more than five years long-term
funding is needed for undertaking the establishment of new units, for permanent investment, fixed
assets, modernization, major expansion, diversification or rehabilitation of the existing projects. The
chief source of long-term capital funds are debt funds and equity funds. In addition to domestic sources
available such as IDBI, ICICI, LIC, UTI, IRBI, SFCs, SIDCs etc., for securing long-term debt funds,
international capital market sources are also tapped for raising debt fund.

Ascertainment of Loan Details

Merchant bankers ascertain details of criteria followed by the term-lending institutions to entertain
projects for granting assistance. The objective is to pave way for the expeditious and favorable
considerations of the loan application by the development finance institutions. For this purpose,
merchant bankers hold preliminary discussions with the executives of the lending institutions. The
preliminary discussions help the merchant banker clear the clouds as regards various aspects of seeking
syndicated loan arrangements with the financial institutions. The merchant banker also discusses
matters connected with process of production, technical arrangements, plant capacity, professional skill
required, procurement of license/DGTD registration, import license in case of any import of capital
goods/raw material is involved, foreign collaboration, etc. Consultations are also held with the officials
of the development finance institutions on the status of Foreign Exchange Management Act compliance,
etc.

Furnishing Beneficiary Details

An important function of credit syndication is furnishing of information relating to the borrower-

beneficiary to the financial institution. The information is to be furnished in the application to be
submitted by the merchant banker to the lending agency as part of the credit syndication arrangements.
Following details are furnished by the merchant banker in this regard.

1.

General Information:

The purpose of furnishing general information is to enable the financing company to obtain a general
idea about the applicant company and its proposed project. The information to be furnished by the
merchant banker in this regard is stated below:

a.
Name of constitution, date of incorporation and commencement of business. b.

Nature of organization, viz, public/private/joint/cooperative sectors c.

Name of the business house/group to which it belongs. d.

Location of registered office/head office e.

Nature of concessions to which the project seeking financial assistance is eligible. f.

Nature of industry and product g.

Installed capacity, both existing and proposed h.

Nature of currency loans applied for (whether rupee loans or foreign currency loans) i.

License issued by the government for undertaking production. j.

Financial assistance applied for by way of underwriting for equity capital/preference capital/ debenture.

2.

Promoter Information:

Information about promoters is furnished by the merchant banker with the objective of helping the
lending agency to gain an understanding of the promoter, his activities, economic background,
credibility and integrity.
a.

Brief account of activities and past performance/other expansion programmes b.

Certified copies of Memorandum of Association. Articles of Association, audited balance Sheet and
Profit and Loss Account for last five years. 3.

Company Information:

The merchant banker has to furnish the following information as regards the company for loan
syndication arrangements to be made: a.

Brief history of the concern. b.

Schemes already executed in the case of existing company c.

Expansion/diversification plans in the case of an existing company d.

Nature, size and status of the project to assess the funds requirement in the case of a new company e.

List of subsidiaries (with percentage of holding s and nature of business)

f.Directors of the company, their names, age, address, qualifications, past experience, business or
industrial background, existing proposed shareholding in the company. g.

Certified copies of audited balance sheet and profit and loss account for the last five years with
proformas balance sheet and profit and loss account of a recent date.
h.Tax status of the company i.

Export of product (destination, export sales for past five years with export incentives available) j.

Insurance of fixed/other assets and risk covered and details of research and development activities of
the company.

4.

Project profile information:

Full information relating to the project for which financial assistance is sought is furnished by the
merchant banker. The type of information may pertain to plant capacity, nature of production process
to be employed, nature of technical arrangements available for the project, and other information as
specified below:

a.

Plant capacity information about the product-wise installed capacity/proposed capacity/ maximum
production envisaged, section wise capacities for major sections of the plant.

b.

Plant process:

Information about the technical process to be employed by the plant with a flow chart depicting
material process and results.

c.

Plant technical arrangements:

Details of technical arrangements made/proposed for implementation of the project, details of

collaboration, if any, with write-up on their activities, size, turnover, particulars of existing plant, other
projects in India and abroad along with copies of broachers as published by them for the last 3 years/
collaboration agreement/Government approval for collaborators/foreign technicians to be employed;
name of consultants manner of payment, brief particulars of consultants (bio-data of senior personnel,
names of directors), partners, particular of work done in the past and work on hand with copies of
published material of consultant/ agreements with them and Government approval for foreign
consultants.

e. Plant management:

Details of arrangements for executive management, particulars of proposed key technical /

administrative and accounting personnel (with proposed organization chart indicating lines of authority).

e.

Plant assets:

Details about various assets used by the borrowing firm are to be furnished by the merchant banker.
The details as regards land and building include location of plant/requirement of land, Locational
advantages of the land, details of the land area and cost, basis of valuation, mode of payment, date of
purchase, lease, previous owner and relationship with promoters/ directors, conversion of land to
industrial use, along with copies of sale/lease deeds/ soil test reports/Government order converting
land into industrial use/location map/site plan showing contour lines/internal roads/ power receiving
station/railway siding/tube wells, arrangements made proposed for constructions of buildings, etc.

f. Plant transport:

Arrangements proposed for carrying raw materials/ finished goods by own trucks/railway siding,
etc/private trucks should be furnished by the merchant banker.

g.

Other details:

In addition to the above, the merchant banker has to furnish information pertaining to the type and the
nature of raw materials used and the source of availability, whether domestic or foreign. Details as to
be demand, availability, tariff, cost, and the supply sources of utilities such as water, power, steam,
compressed air, etc. should be furnished.

5.

Project cost information:

Details of the estimated cost of the project should be provided to the lending institution. This includes
information as regards rupee cost/ rupee equivalent of foreign exchange cost/total cost for land or site
development/ buildings/ plant and machinery, imported/indigenous, technical know-how etc. to be
furnished.

6.

Project marketing information:

As part of the credit syndication exercise, it is incumbent on the part of the merchant banker to furnish
adequate information about the marketing arrangements made for the products of the borrowing unit.
Following are the information to be provided to the fund supplier in this regard.

a.

Brief profile of the products beings offered

b.

Scope of market for the products

c.

Price aspects of the product

d. Estimates of existing and future demands and supply of proposed product

e. Special and the outstanding feature of the product that would give the firm a competitive advantage.
 g. International CIF, FOB prices and landed cost of the propose product

h. List of principal customers and particulars of firms with whom such sale arrangements have
been made

h. Details of restrictions imposed by the Government as regards price, distribution, export, etc.

7.

Cash Flow information:

The merchant banker has to furnish details as to profitability and expected stream of cash flows and cost
of the propose project. For this purpose, it is essential that working results of operations, cash flow
statements and project balance sheet are given in prescribed form along with the basis of the
calculations.

9. Other information:

The merchant banker has to indicate as to how the purpose of the economic and national importance of
the proposed project will be realized. Besides, following are the other details to be furnished by the
merchant banker to the lending agency:

a. CIF/FOB international price of inputs to be imported/exported

b. Excise duty, export duty, export assistance (replenishment license, duty drawback, cash subsidy,
etc.)
c. Expected contribution to the growth, if any of ancillary industries in the region.
d. Government consent by way issue of letter of intent, industrial license, foreign exchange
permission, approval of technical financial collaboration, etc. In addition to the above, merchant
banker has to furnish a declaration stating that all the necessary details have been furnished and
that all the information so provided are correct.

6.Q:Write a note on electronic settlement of Trade Procedure

I.

For Selling Dematerialized Securities

The procedure for selling dematerialized securities in stock exchanges is similar to the procedure for
selling physical securities. Instead of delivering physical securities to the broker, the investor must
instruct his/her DP to debit his/her demat account with the number of
securities sold by him/her and credit broker’s clearing account. Procedure for selling securities

is as follows:

1. Investor sells securities in any of the stock exchanges linked to Depository through a
broker.
2. Investor gives instruction to DP to debit his account and credit the broker’s (Clearing
member proof) account.
3. Before the pay-in-day, investor’s broker transfers the securities to clearing corporation.
4. The broker receives payment from the stock exchange (clearing corporation).
5. The investor receives payment from the broker for the sale in the same manner as that is
received for a sale in the physical mode. II.

For Buying Dematerialized Securities

The procedure for buying dematerialized securities from stock exchanges in similar to the procedure for
buying physical securities. Investor may give a one-time standing instruction to receive credits in his/her
account or may give separate instruction each time in the prescribed format. The transactions relating to
purchase of securities are as follows:

1. Investor purchase securities in any of the stock exchanges connected to Depository

through a broker.
2. Broker receives payment from investors
3. Broker arranges payment to the clearing corporation
4. Broker receives credit of securities in clearing account and credit client’s account.
5. Investor receives shares in his account.

Demat of Debt Instruments

Debts instruments can also be held in demat form. Instruments like Bonds, Debentures, commercial
Paper, Certificate of Deposit, etc. irrespective whether these instruments are listed/ unlisted/ privately
placed or even issued to a single holder can be dematerialized. Commercial paper can also be kept in
demat form. As per RBI Monetary and Credit Policy 2001-2002, Banking And Financial Institutions,
Primary Dealers and Satelite Dealers are directed

to convert their outstanding investment in commercial paper in scrip form, into demat for latest by
October, 2001. The above entities have also been directed make fresh investment in commercial paper
only in demats form w.e.f. June 30, 2001.

Allocation

Any new instrument can be issued directly in dematerialized form without resources to printing of either
Letter of Allotment or Certificates. Securities will be directly credited into the demat account of the
investor by the depositories on receipt of allotment details from RTA/company. The investor need not
open separate demat account for demat of debt instruments.
Dematerialization

The procedure for dematerialization of debt instrument is the same as applicable for equity shares. In
order to dematerialize his/her certificates; an investor will have to first open a debt account with a DP
and then request for the dematerialization certificates by filling up a Dematerialization Request Form
(DRF) which is available with DP and submitting the same along with the physical certificates. The
investor has to ensure that the certificates handed

over to the DP for demat, are marked “surrendered for dematerialization” on the face of the

certificates.

Statement of holdings

A regular single statement of holding will reflect all the holdings in a particular demat account,
irrespective of type of instrument.

Safety system for Demat

Demat services in order to be carried out effectively requires the following safety system to be put in
place:

1. Strict norms for becoming a depository participant (DP), net worth criteria. SEBI approval, etc.
are mandatory.
2. DP cannot effect any debit or credit in the demat account of the investor without the valid
authorization of the investor.
3. Regular reconciliation between DP and Depositories.
4. Periodic inspection of Depositories of the office of DP and Registrar (RTA).
5. All investors have a right to receive their statement of accounts periodically from the DP.
6. In the depository system, the depository holds the investor accounts on trust. Therefore, if the
DP goes bankrupt the creditors of the DP will have no access to the holdings in the name of the
clients of the DP. These investors can transfer their holdings to an account held with another
DP.
7. Compulsory internal audit of operations of DP every quarter by practicing company secretary or
chartered accountant.
8. Various procedures for back up and safe keeping of data all levels.