Stoichiometry

Moles and Mass in Reactions

Theoretical and Percent Yield
Limiting Reactants

In Your Textbook
Moles and Mass in Reactions: pp. 237 – 250
Limiting Reactants: pp. 252 – 256
Theoretical and Percent Yield: pp. 256 – 258
Assignment 1: Mole Relationships in Reactions.
The mole to mole ratio in which substance react and are formed is called the
stoichiometric ratio.

1. Balance the following equation. Sketch the atoms or molecules involved:

2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) ----- 2 H2O (g)

Why can the unit of moles be substituted for particles in a reaction?

Because a mole is a certain number of particles, the ratio

would be the same as the particle ratio. (1 dozen: 2 dozen is the same
ration as 1 particle; 2 particle)

If 2 moles of H2 reacts, how many moles of H2O are formed? 2 moles

If 4 moles of H2 reacts, how many moles of H2O are formed? 4 moles

If 1 mole of H2 reacts, how many moles of O2 react? 0.5 moles

2. This reaction is used to reduce iron from iron(III) oxide, and iron ore. Balance
and answer the following questions:

Fe2O3 (s) + 3 H2 (g) ------ Fe (s) + H2O (g)

(160 g) + 3(2 g) = 2(56 g) + 3(18 g)

State the Law of Conservation of Mass. Show mathematically that the equation
above does not lose or gain in mass.

Mass is not created or destroyed. The total mass of the products equals
the mass of the reactants that was started with.

166 g = 166 g in the reaction above

How many moles of Fe will be produced when 4.5 moles of H2 reacts? 3 moles

How many moles of Fe will be produced when 1 mole of Fe2O3 reacts? 2 moles
3. Ethanol (C2H5OH) burns in a combustion reaction. Write the balanced equation.

C2H5OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g)

46g + 3(32g) = 2(44g) + 3(18g)

Interpret the equation in terms of numbers of molecules and moles.

1 molecule of ethane reacts with 3 molecules of oxygen gas to produce

2 molecules of carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of water vapor.

Show that the balanced equation obeys the law of conservation of mass.

142g reactants = 142g products

Are the moles conserved?

No, they are not. Mass is, but not moles of molecules.

How many moles of carbon dioxide are formed when 3 moles of ethanol burn?
6 moles of CO2 formed.

To form 2.5 moles of water, how many moles of oxygen are reacted?
2.5 moles of oxygen reacted.

4. Methane (CH4) burns in a combustion reaction. Write the balanced equation.

CH4 (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

How many moles of carbon dioxide are formed when 4 moles of methane react?
4 moles CO2 formed

How many moles of methane burned if 6 moles of water are formed?

3 moles CH4 burned

If 22.4 liters of methane burn at STP, how many liters of carbon dioxide are
formed?
22.4L is one mole which would produce 1 mole of CO2 which would be
22.4L.

If 16.0 grams of methane burn, how many grams of water are formed?
16g is one mole
1 mole CH4 produces 2 moles H2O
 2 moles H2O = 2 x 18g = 36g
Assignment 2: Mass in Reactions.

1. Acetylene burns in air to for carbon dioxide and water:

2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ------- 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

How many grams of CO2 are formed from 25.0 grams of C2H2?

25.0g C2H2 x 1 mole C2H2 x 4 mole CO2 x 44.01g CO2 = 84.8g

26.04g C2H2 2 mole C2H2 1 mole CO2

2. If sufficient oxygen is available, carbon monoxide can be a product of the

combustion of butane:

2 C4H10 (l) + 9 O2 (g)  8 CO (g) + 10 H2O (g)

What mass of CO could be produced from 5.0 grams of butane?

5.0g C4H10 x 1 mole C4H10 x 8 moles CO x 28.01g CO = 9.6g

58.12g C4H10 2 moles C4H10 1 mole CO

3. Using the following reaction, what mass of sodium amide is produced when
15.5 grams of sodium reacts?

2 Na (s) + 2 NH3 (g)  2 NaNH2 (s) + H2 (g)

15.5g Na x 1mole Na x 2 mole NaNH2 x 39.01g NaNH2 = 26.3g

22.99g Na 2 mole Na 1 mole NaNH2

4. Heating CaCO3 yields CaO and CO2. Write the balanced equation. Calculate the
mass of CaO formed when 4.65 grams of CaCO3 reacts.

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

4.65g CaCO3 x 1mole CaCO3 x 1 mole CaO x 56.08g CaO = 2.61g

100.08g CaCO3 1 mole CaCO3 1 mole CaO
5. Calculating the number of grams of product produced give you the theoretical yield.
The theoretical yield is the amount of product that you should get assuming that
everything goes perfectly in the lab and every atom is recovered. The percent yield is
the ratio of the experimental yield (what was actually obtained) and the theoretical
yield (what should have been obtained).

Percent yield = experimental yield x 100%

Theoretical yield

What would be the percent yield if a student recovered 6.5 grams of product in the
lab, and theoretically should have made 7.2 grams?

6.5g x 100 = 90.%

7.2g

6. Fertilizer factories produce ammonia (NH3) by reacting hydrogen gas with

nitrogen gas at high temperatures. If the plant uses 1 kg of nitrogen and has an
experimental yield of 1.05 kg. Calculate the theoretical yield and the % yield for
the factory.

3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

1000g N2 x 1 mole N2 x 2 mole NH3 x 17.0g NH3 = 1214g

28.0g N2 1 mole N2 1 mole NH3

1050g x 100 = 86% or 90% with 1 sig fig

1214g

7. 25.0 grams of lead(II) nitrate reacts with excess potassium iodide in a double
replacement reaction. Calculate the theoretical yield of the precipitate that is
formed. If the experimental yield is 14.0 grams, what is the % yield?

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

25.0g Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mole PbI2 x 461g PbI2 = 34.8g PbI2
331.2g Pb(NO3)2 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 1 mole PbI2

14.0g PbI2 x 100 = 40.2% yield

34.8g PbI2
Assignment 3: Stoichiometry Practice with Grams, Liters, and
Molarity.

1. How many grams of water will be formed when 64.0g of oxygen combines with
hydrogen?
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (g)

64.0g O2 x 1 mole O2 x 2 mole H2O x 18.16g H2O = 72.6g H2O

31.9988g O2 1 mole O2 1 mole H2O

2. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 100.0g of ethane (C2H6)
undergoes combustion?
2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2 (g)  4 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)

100.0g C2H6 x 1 mole C2H6 x 4 moles CO2 x 44.009g CO2 = 292.7g CO2
30.07g C2H6 2 moles C2H6 1 mole CO2

3. How many grams of iron can be obtained by reacting 50.0g of iron(II) oxide with
hydrogen to produce iron and water?
FeO (s) + H2 (g)  Fe (s) + H2O (l)

50.0g FeO x 1 mole FeO x 1 mole Fe x 55.845g Fe = 38.9g Fe

71.844g FeO 1 mole FeO 1 mole Fe

4. How many grams of sulfur dioxide are produced by combining 350.0g of sulfur
with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide?

S (s) + O2 (g)  SO2 (g)

350.0g S x 1 mole S x 1 mole SO2 x 64.064g SO2 = 699.3g SO2

32.065g S 1 mole S 1 mole SO2

5. What is the theoretical yield of lead(II) sulfide will be obtained by reacting 3.31g
of lead(II) nitrate with hydrosulfuric acid in a double replacement reaction?
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + H2S (aq)  PbS (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq)

3.31g Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mole PbS x 239.27g PbS = 2.39g

331.2g Pb(NO3)2 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 1 mole PbS
6. How many liters of carbon dioxide will be formed when 144.0g of pentane
(C5H12) undergoes combustion?
C5H12 (l) + 8 O2 (g)  5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)

144.0g C5H12 x 1 mole C5H12 x 5 mole CO2 x 22.414L CO2 = 223.7L CO2
72.149g C5H12 1 mole C5H12 1 mole CO2
7. What is the theoretical yield of sulfur dioxide when 3.20g of solid sulfur reacts
with oxygen gas?
S (s) + O2 (g)  SO2 (g)

3.20g S x 1 mole S x 1 mole SO2 x 64.064g SO2 = 6.39g SO2

32.065g S 1 mole S 1 mole SO2

8. How many liters of HCl at STP could be produced by reacting 150.0mL of

hydrogen gas with excess chlorine gas?
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  2 HCl (g)

0.1500L H2 x 1 mole H2 x 2 mole HCl x 22.414L HCl = 0.3000L HCl

22.414L H2 1 mole H2 1 mole HCl

9. 200.0mL of 2.0M solution of potassium iodide are reacted with excess lead(II)
nitrate. What is the theoretical yield of lead(II) iodide solid?
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

2.0M = x moles KI = 0.40 moles KI

0.2000L soln

0.40 moles KI x 1 mole PbI2 x 461.01g PbI2 = 92g PbI2

2 mole KI 1 mole PbI2

OR: 0.2000L x 2.0 moles KI x 1 moles PbI2 x 461.01g PbI2 = 92g PbI2
1L solution 2 mole KI 1 mole PbI2

10. How many grams of calcium chloride can be produced by reacting 150ml of .25M
hydrochloric acid solution with calcium metal?
Ca (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  CaCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

0.25M = x moles HCl = 0.0375 moles HCl

0.15L soln

0.0375 moles HCl x 1 mole CaCl2 x 110.98g CaCl2 = 2.1g CaCl2

2 moles HCl 1 mole CaCl2
OR: 0.15L x 0.25 moles HCl x 1 mole CaCl2 x 110.98g CaCl2 = 2.1g CaCl2
1L solution 2 moles HCl 1 mole CaCl2
Assignment 4: Stoichiometry Problems Concerning Reactants:

1. The mixture of gasoline, and air in the carburetor of a car is very important to the
performance of the engine. How many moles of oxygen are required to
completely react with 6.14 moles of gasoline?

2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) ------ 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g)

6.14 moles C8H18 x 25 moles O2 = 76.8 moles O2

2 moles C8H18

2. Milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2, is used to neutralize excess stomach acid, HCl. If

0.583 grams of milk of magnesia is taken, how many grams of acid will be
neutralized? The reaction is a double replacement.
3.
Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) + 2 HOH (l)

0.583g Mg(OH)2 x 1 mole Mg(OH)2 x 2 mole HCl x 36.46g HCl = 0.729g

58.32g Mg(OH)2 1 mole Mg(OH)2 1 mole HCl

4. Aluminum is added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate to reduce the copper from

the ore. How much aluminum would be needed to react with 0.98 grams of
copper(II) sulfate? The reaction is a single replacement.

2 Al (s) + 3 CuSO4 (aq)  3 Cu (s) + Al2(SO4)3 (aq)

0.98g CuSO4 x 1 mole CuSO4 x 2 mole Al x 26.982g Al = 0.11g

159.61g CuSO4 3 mole CuSO4 1 mole Al
 5. Iron(III) chloride is reacted with potassium ferrrocyanide in a double replacement
reaction to prduce a deep blue pigment, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3. The unbalanced equation
for the reaction is as follows:

4 FeCl3 + 3 K4Fe(CN)6 -------- 12 KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

How many grams of iron(III) chloride would be needed to react 15.3 grams of
potassium ferrocyanide?

15.3g K4Fe(CN)6 x 1 mol K4Fe(CN)6 x 4 mol FeCl3 x 162.20g FeCl3 = 8.98g FeCl3
368.3g K4Fe(CN)6 3 mol K4Fe(CN)6 1 mol FeCl3

If you had 7.0 grams of iron(III) chloride, would that be enough? No, that is less
than 8.93g that you need.

What will happen?

The reaction will stop when you run out of FeCl3 and you will have K4Fe(CN)6
left over.

5. Sodium reacts with water (HOH). Write the equation to represent the reaction

2 Na (s) + 2 HOH (l)  2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

To react 2.10 grams of Na, how many grams or water is needed?

2.10g Na x 1 mol Na x 2 mol HOH x 18.01g HOH = 1.65g HOH

22.99g Na 2 mol Na 1 mol HOH

If I have 50 grams of water, is that enough? Yes, that is more than 1.65g
that is needed.

What will happen?

The reaction will continue until the Na is all reacted and then stop.

What will be left over when the reaction stops?

There will be water left over.
 Assignment 5: Limiting Reactant

1. The unbalanced equation for the synthesis of sodium amide (NaNH2) is as

follows:

2 Na (s) + 2 NH3 (g) ------ 2 NaNH2 (s) + H2 (g)

How much NH3 is required to react with 50.0 grams of Na?

50.0g Na x 1 mol Na x 2 mol NH3 x 17.03g NH3 = 37.0g NH3

22.9898g Na 2 mol Na 1 mol NH3

If you have 50.0 grams of NH3, is that enough? Yes

What is the limiting reactant? Why does it matter? The Na would run out and so
is the limiting reactant. I have to use the mass of Na to calculate a yield because
not all 50.0grams of the NH3 will be reacted (some will be left over at the end of
the reaction).

What is the theoretical yield of NaNH2?

50.0g Na x 1 mol Na x 2 mol NaNH3 x 39.01g NaNH2 = 84.8g NaNH2

22.9898g Na 2 mol Na 1 mol NaNH2

2. The fuel methanol, CH3OH, can be made directly from carbon monoxide, CO,
and hydrogen gas, H2.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

CO (g) + 2 H2 (g)  CH3OH (l)

How many grams of hydrogen gas are required to react 5.75 grams of CO?

5.75g CO x 1 mol CO x 2 mol H2 x 2.016g H2 = 0.828g H2

28.01g CO 1 mol CO 1 mol H2

If you have 10.0 grams of hydrogen gas, is that enough? What is the limiting
reactant?
Yes, you have way more than the 0.828g of H2 that you need. The CO is the
limiting reactant.

Calculate the mass of methanol that can be produced? (The theoretical yield
5.75g CO x 1 mol CO x 1 mol CH3OH x 32.04g CH3OH = 6.58g CH3OH
 28.01g CO 1 mol CO 1 mol CH3OH
3. Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized using the reaction below:

C7H6O3 (s) + C4H6O3 (l) ------- C9H8O4 (s) + CH3COOH (l)

How much C7H6O3 is required to react 15.0 grams of C4H6O3?

15.0g C4H6O3 x 1 mol C4H6O3 x 1 mol C7H6O3 x 138.12g C7H6O3 = 20.3g C7H6O3
102.09g C4H6O3 1 mol C4H6O3 1 mol C7H6O3

If you have 15.0 grams of C7H6O3, is that enough? What is the limiting reactant?
No, 15.0g of C7H6O3 is not enough. You need 20.3g to react all 15.0g of C4H6O3.
So, you have to use the mass of the C7H6O3 to calculate the yield.

What mass of the excess reactant remains?

15.0g C7H6O3 x 1 mol C7H6O3 x 1 mol C4H6O3 x 102.09g C4H6O3= 11.1g C4H6O3
138.12g C7H6O3 1 mol C7H6O3 1 mol C4H6O3

15.0g C4H6O3 - 11.1g C4H6O3 = 3.9g of C4H6O3 would be left over.

What is the theoretical yield of aspirin?

15.0g C7H6O3 x 1 mol C7H6O3 x 1 mol C9H8O4 x 180.16 C9H8O4 = 19.6 C9H8O4
138.12g C7H6O3 1 mol C7H6O3 1 mol C9H8O4

If you had an experimental yield of 7.0 grams, what is your % yield?

7.0g C9H8O4 x 100 = 38% yield

19.6g C9H8O4
Assignment 6: More Limiting Reactant

1. 15.50g of lead(II) nitrate solution are reacted with 3.81g of sodium chloride
solution.

a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq)  PbCl2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)

b. Which reactant is the limiting reactant? NaCl

15.50g Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 2 mol NaCl x 58.44g NaCl = 5.46g NaCl
331.2g Pb(NO3)2 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 1 mol NaCl

You only have 3.81g NaCl instead of 5.46g, so NaCl will run out first!
c. Calculate the theoretical yield of lead(II) chloride. Use NaCl

3.81g NaCl x 1 mol NaCl x 1 mol PbCl2 x 278.106g PbCl2 = 9.06g PbCl2
58.44g NaCl 2 mol NaCl 1 mol PbCl2

2. A strip of zinc with a mass of 19.43g is placed in a beaker containing 425mL of

0.25M chromium(III) nitrate solution.

a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

3 Zn (s) + 2 Cr(NO3)3 (aq)  3 Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Cr (s)

b. Which reactant is the limiting reactant?

19.43g Zn x 1 mol Zn x 2 mol Cr(NO3)3 = 0.2042 mol Cr(NO3)3
63.546g Zn 3 mol Zn

0.25M = 0.2042 mol Cr(NO3)3 x = 0.8168L

x L solution

0.8168L of solution are needed; you only have 425mL (0.425L) so the solution is
the limiting reactant! (Cr(NO3)3)

c. What mass of chromium metal can be produced?

0.25M = x mol Cr(NO3)3 = 0.106 mol Cr(NO3)3

0.425L soln

0.106 mol Cr(NO3)3 x 2 mol Cr x 51.996g Cr = 5.51g Cr

2 mol Cr(NO3)3 1 mol Cr
3. When 125mL of 0.55M silver nitrate solution is reacted with 85.0mL of 0.25M
aluminum chloride solution, solid silver chloride is formed.

a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

3 AgNO3 (aq) + AlCl3 (aq)  3 AgCl (s) + Al(NO3)3 (aq)

b. Which reactant is the limiting reactant?

0.55M = x mol AgNO3 = 0.0688 mol AgNO3

0.125L soln

0.0688 mol AgNO3 x 1 mol AlCl3 = 0.0229 moles AlCl3 needed so…
3 mol AgNO3

0.25M = 0.0229 mol AlCl3 = 0.0917L of solution needed (91.7mL)

x L solution

You need 91.7mL of the AlCl3 solution to react all the AgNO3 solution.
You only have 85.0mL, so you don’t have enough. AlCl3 limits!

c. What mass of solid can be produced?

0.25M = x mol AlCl3 = 0.0213 mol AlCl3

0.0850L soln

0.0213 mol AlCl3 x 3 mol AgCl = 0.0638 mol AgCl

1 mol AlCl3

0.0638 mol AgCl x 143.32g AgCl = 9.14g AgCl

1 mol AgCl