L1: PHONOLOGY Special Consonants - these are combinations of

consonant sounds
INTERNATIONAL PHONETICS ALPHABET (IPA)
/ŋ/ - sing, ring, ding, bing
Note: The symbol double back slash (//) is called
/ʃ/ - ship, sheep, shepherd, shield
virgule. All sounds are placed inside the virgules to
/ʧ/ - chip, cheap, chill, choice, cheer
represent how words are to be read based on its
/Ө/ - thought, think, thin, thine, thieves
transcription.
/ᶞ/ - breathe, bathe, brother, clothing
Vowels - these are vowel sounds used in English /ǯ/ - mirage, garage, beige, rouge
language.
L2: COMMUNICATION – FUNCTIONS, NATURE,
/i/ - lead, read, feel, deal, heel, team, keen AND PROCESS
/ɪ/ - lid, rid, fill, dill, hill, Tim, kin, sin, tin, live
/e/ - mate, bait, Kate, rate, date, late, fate COMMUNICATION
/Ɛ/ - met, bet, kept, rent, dent, Lent,  Communication is vital to our daily lives. We
/æ/ - bad, lad, Pam, cam, carry, Barry cannot live without communicating because we
/a/ - bard, lard, palm, calm, car, bar need to share thoughts, impart information,
/Ɔ/ - saw, law, raw, lawn, drawn, persuade others in our beliefs, and show our
/O/ - so, low, row, lone, drone, close love and affection.
/U/ - fool, pool, womb, food, Luke, tooth, shoot  According to Wood (2004), communication is a
/u/ - full, pull, woman, took, should systemic process in which individuals interact
/Ə/ - mud, nut, but, must, bust, bus, Russ with and through symbols to create and
interpret meanings (as cited in Agnaou, 2012).
Dipthongs - are combinations of two vowel
sounds. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
/aɪ/ - buy, bite, dine, time, grind, mice
/au/ - bough, bout, down, town, gown, pound, 1. Communication is a process – It is creative,
mouse continuing condition of life, a process that changes
/ƆI/ - boy, boil, Doyle, toy, oil, groin, point, moist as communicators' environments and
needs change.
Consonants - these are sample words and their
consonant sounds 2. Communication is systematic – The
components or elements of communication are
/b/ - baby, best, buy, bring linked to one another as parts of one system. The
/s/ - center, cellar, cigarette, cinema, absence of one can result to ineffective
/k/ - cake, come, cucumber, clean, cry, communication.
/d/ - day, dear, die, door, duty, admire
/f/ - fast, female, five, forest, fund, fry 3. Communication involves meaning – Meanings
/g/ - game, gap, get, go, gun, global are assigned, given, invented, not received. How
/h/ - hair, help, history, home, hunt you interpret a message is not the same with
/dǯ/- jacket. jar, jaguar how others do it.
/k/ - Kate, kind, kill, kilogram
/l/ - late, let, live, alone, close 4. Communication is symbolic – The words used
/m/ - make, men, mind, mother, must to communicate are already symbols. The
/n/- napkin, never, night, no, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture
/p/ - paper, person, pick, pour, and the like are another
/r/ - rain, red, read, real
/t/ - task, tell, time, tone, tune, hotel, /v/ - vast, vein,
vivid, voice, review
/w/ - wall, water, wore, wear
/j/ - yellow, boy, May
/z/ - Xerox, Xenon, xenophobia, xylophone
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS OF COMUNICATION
The process of communication happens as
components and elements work together. The 4. To facilitate emotional expression – It is the
success of communication depends on the unloading of emotions resulting to catharsis or
functionality of each element. relief. It is used in persuading people to change
their mind or behavior.
1. Sender - the source of the message
2. Message - any information or anything the 5. To effect social interaction – This function is
speaker wants to communicate utilized to make social relationships and is used to
3. Medium - any form in which the speaker form bonds, intimacy, relations, and connections
conveys the message. It may be a speech, with others
conversation, letter, email, etc.
4. Channel - mode, method, or means of sending L3: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
the message. It may be any of the senses, light and
sound waves in a face-to-face interaction, or digital MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
audio and video signals in a mediated Models of communication are conceptual models
communication. used to explain the human communication process.
5. Listener/Receiver - the recipient of the message
sent 1) Shannon and Weaver’s Model
6. Feedback - the receiver's response, verbally or  One- way process of communication.
nonverbally  Transmitter is the means of how
7. Context - is the situation or environment in communication is being delivered.
which communication takes place.  Signal refers to the perceived message.
8. Noise - is anything that impedes or distracts the  Destination connotes end of the
communication process. communication process.
 The receiver only gets the message without
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION a chance to give a feedback.

1. To provide information – This function is used

for grabbing and sharing information.
 Downward flow – from superiors or elders to
the subordinates in the form of directives or
updates.
 Upward flow – from the subordinates or
family members to the superiors or elders in
the form of feedback and reports or
suggestions; and
 Horizontal Flow (peer to peer) – from
worker, husband to wife and vice versa,
sibling to sibling, or manager in the form of
data and reports.

2. To motivate – This is used to power up

references, desires, needs, wants, decisions, goals,
and strengths. It is the influence of a person's
behavior in the pursuit of goals and objectives.

3. To control or regulate – To exercise restraint or

direction formally or informally. This is used in order
to literally regulate or control behavior of people
and the nature or number of activities that they
engage in.
2) Weiner’s Interactive Model  It is the modified model of Shannon’s
 A two-way process of communication. model.
 Destination can become an information
source since it can provide a feedback.
 Delayed feedbacking is caused by the
processing of the information by new
source.
3) Schramm’s Model
 A circular type of communication.
 Contextual ideas play a major role in both
sides of communication.
 Overlapping circle means shared
knowledge of the sender and receiver.
 Noise is present in the entire process. It can
affect any of the components in the process.
4) Intermediary/Gatekeeper Model
 Communication is solely dependent on the
gatekeepers. The gatekeepers are the ones
who edit, amend, and fix the message
before it is released to the receiver of the
communication.
 Censorship is usually the main purpose of
this model.

L4: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Communication Breakdown – also known as

barrier or noise. It comes in different circumstances
and may cause misunderstanding between
and among communicators. It is anything that
disrupts effective communication

Verbal Communication

Strategy 1: Listening
Stop talking
Preparation
Remove distractions
Empathize
Avoid prejudice
Listen for the salient points
Listen to the tone

Strategy 2:
Clarification
Ensures
speaker’s
points
Reassures interests Skill 3: Keep Stress in Check
Reduces misunderstanding - Give yourself time to think
Emphasis for repetition - Pause to collect your thoughts
- Make one point and provide an example or
Strategy 3: Keeping the Stress in Check supporting piece of information
Thinking time - Speak clearly and audibly
Speak clearly - Summarize your response and stop talking
Be open-minded
Don’t be bias Skill 4: Asserting Yourself
Don’t feel the pressure - Value yourself and opinions
- Learn to express your needs and wants without
Strategy 4: Self-assertion violating the rights of others
Value yourself - Express negative thoughts in a positive way
Respect the speaker - Accept compliments graciously
Constructive criticism
Accept the compliments On Listening Skills
1. Informative Listening - the primary concern
Nonverbal Communication is to understand the message

Strategy 5: Positive Body Language 2. Empathic Listening - the primary concern is

Maintain eye contact to provide a shoulder to cry on
Smiling
Nodding in agreement 3. Appreciative Listening - this is listening for
Handshake Enjoyment
Composed posture
4. Critical Listening - this kind of listening
Effective Communication Skills involves skillful criticism for judgment

Skill 1: Becoming an Engaged Listener 5. Discriminative Listening - it involves the

- Concentrate on the speaker ability to sense subtle changes in the speaker’s
- Avoid interrupting voice quality - rate, pitch, volume, force, and
- Set aside judgment or bias emphasis.
- Show interest
- Provide feedback L5: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Skill 2: Paying Attention to Nonverbal Signals Cultural Differences in practice and patterns
1) Eye Contact
In interpreting nonverbal:  Americans look directly in a person’s eyes.
- Be aware of both individual and cultural  Western countries can easily know if a
differences person is hiding something through glances
- Consider the nonverbal signals as a group, not as of the eyes.
single cues  In China, long eye contact is weird, and
oftentimes offensive.
In delivering nonverbal:  In Japan and Africa, eye contact is
- Use nonverbal signals that match your words disrespectful.
- Adjust your nonverbal to the context  In Arab & Latin countries, making prolonged
- Use body languages to convey positive feelings eye contact means you are interested
2) Facial Expressions
 Americans smile freely at strangers.
 Russians consider smiling impolite
Effective Communication Skills
3) Gestures
  In China, USA, Japan, and Middle East,  is a way of expressing the researcher’s
nodding indicates agreement while in India interest in a problem or a phenomenon
and Bulgaria interpret it oppositely.  it pinpoints exactly what you want to find out
 Bowing is predominantly done by Chinese, and gives your work a clear focus and
Korean, and Japanese. purpose. All research questions should be:
4) Touch
 In China, girls like touching each other’s Principles of Interpersonal Communication
hands. 1. It is inevitable and irreversible
 In Thailand, patting someone’s head is not 2. It is influenced and affected by culture and power
allowed. 3. It changes with technology
 In Latin America, touching is normal. 4. It involves rules. Guidelines and expectations
 Arab women do not normally handshake. control our manner of communication
5) Posture
 Resting feet on top of the table is accepted Characteristics:
in US culture, but not for Asians.  It involves at least two persons.
 Slouching means laziness for Asians and  It must have feedbacks.
Europeans.  Face-to-face is not prerequisite.
 Asian countries do not allow the soles of  It does not need to be intentional or planned.
their feet to be seen in formal gatherings.  It provides an effect.
 It does not need to involve words.
L6: TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXTS
Dyadic Communication – with at least two
Types of Speech Contexts participants (ex. conversation, dialogue, interview)
1) Intrapersonal Communication
 It is learned Small Group Conversation – with three or more
 It is organized members with a common purpose to achieve
 It is dynamic through interaction. (ex. panel discussion,
1. Self-image (physical, academic, social, and symposium, lecture panel, round-table discussion,
transpersonal) brainstorming session, the buzz session, meeting,
2. Self-esteem committee)
 Environment
 Perception of others 1. Conversation - is an informal dyadic face-to-
face communication using verbal and nonverbal
 Experience
symbols. A good conversation will lead you to
 Evaluation & Expectation
have informative, stimulating, and enjoyable
 Roles
communication; a bad one, on the other hand,
3. Self-awareness – Knowing yourself by personal
will bring boredom (Verderber, 2006).
viewpoint and others appraisals
2. Dialog - it involves two active participants or two
2) Interpersonal Communication – Interpersonal
groups interacting actively in a face-to-face
communication is a formal or informal
encounter.
interaction in the process of sending and
receiving information between two or more
3. Interview - it involves two parties—the
people.
interviewer and the interviewee—for the
purpose of gathering information

Interpersonal Communication
3) Public & Mediated Communication
1. Public Communication – is a process of Speech Style - The way how a speech or
exchanging messages among individuals utterance is being delivered. Also, when using a
or groups of individuals engaged in a specific speech style, communicative competence
public dialogue to deliver a message to a factors are always considered.
particular audience
Casual Style
examples are public speaking events, newspaper  Used in conversations between friends and
editorials, billboards, advertisements, and concerts. insiders who have something to share
 Slang and colloquial are common terms
Components: used
 Audience (general and specific) - general  A carefree way of communicating, and
audience refers to everyone who will hear the everyone can easily relate to.
speech; whereas, specific audience refers to
the sub-group of general audience whom you Intimate Style
may want to reach in particular.  An utterance done between two persons
 Occasion - can be affected by time and place who know each other very well.
 Purpose - (to inform and persuade)  Economy of words, high incidence of
nonverbal cues, easy participation
2. Mediated Communication – is any form  Completely private language used within
of communication using technology as a family of very close friends or group
primary channel.  Uses personal language codes
 Grammar is unnecessary
Mass Communication  Does not need complete language
 It uses technology to deliver messages to a  Certain terms of endearment, slangs or
large group of audience. expressions whose meaning is shared with
 Professional communicators can be a small subset of persons to person
television or news reporter, author, or  Lovers; Married couples
announcer and use technology to
disseminate information to distant places or Eg. Two lovebirds are showing to the public that
large audience they are really in love with each other.

Kinds of Mass Media Informal Style

1. Newspaper - the oldest mass media and the
 A style used by friends who have shared
most reliable source of information
background knowledge.
2. Television - most widely used source of not
 Language used between friends
only news but of entertainment
 Often very relaxed and focused on just
3. News Magazine - is for formal and in-depth
getting the information out
study of events.
4. Internet - where most outrageous news  Slangs are quite often used in these
comes from. instances
 This style is used in informal situations and
Computer-mediated Communication – is a person- language
to-person interaction using networked computer  Relationship between speaker and hearer is
channels. It may either be synchronous or closed
asynchronous communication.  Casual conversations with friends and
family members; Chats; Phone calls and
messages

Eg. Mia and her friends spent their time at the

beach last summer.
Consultative Style
L7: SPEECH STYLES
  A normal conversation to a stranger.  This style is for all forms of media.
 Opposite of intimate style  It is for declamation and print. The listener is
 People who do not share common not allowed to question the speaker (writer).
experience or meaning  It is more characterized by writing than
 Used in semi-formal communication speech. It is here where careful
 Happens in two-way participation development of thought, logical planning,
 Speaker does not usually plan what he attention to stylistic features, rules of usage,
wants to say etc come into play.
 Speaker supplies background information  It uses the most complex grammatical
(he does not assume that he will be sentence structure and vocabulary known
understood easily) only to experts
 Listener responds with information sufficient  A very formal style not really intended to
only for understanding (he does not usually give message but to allow a reader to find
add or subtract) many meaning for oneself
 Sentences end to be shorter and  Does not require any feedback from the
spontaneous audience
 Doctor-patient; Teacher-student; Regular  Usually uses long sentences with good
conversation; Expert-apprentice grammar and vocabulary
 Prayers; Pledges; Oath; The Preamble
Eg. A tourist asked you where the famous Seven
Falls is located. Eg. You have read a newspaper so that you will be
informed of the current news happening in the
Formal Style country.
 This style intends to captivate the audience
to listen. L8: SPEECH ACTS
 Usually, the purpose is just to inform,
therefore, it is planned and prepared. Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary
 Used for imparting information Acts
 Well-organized and correct grammar and  In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance
diction defined in terms of a speaker's intention and the
 Speech or utterance are planned in effect it has on a listener. Essentially, it is the
advance action that the speaker hopes to provoke in his/
 Formal English is used in serious texts and her audience.
situations (reading a news or delivering a  Speech acts might be requests, warnings,
speech) promises, apologies, greetings, or any number
 Avoids using slang terminologies of declarations.
 Meeting; Interview; Court  Speech acts are an important part of
communication.
Eg. You are invited to become a guest speaker in  To determine which way a speech act is to be
an event because you are expert in Philippine interpreted, one must first determine the type of
studies. act being performed.

1. Locutionary act is the mere act of producing

some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain
meaning and reference. So this is merely an
umbrella term, as illocutionary and perlocutionary
acts can occur simultaneously when locution of a
statement happens.

e.g. “It’s hot in here.” (Literally, it is a statement of

Frozen Style fact)
2. Illocutionary acts, then, carry a directive for the
audience. It might be a promise, an order, an
apology, or an expression of thanks—or merely an
answer to a question, to inform the other person in
the conversation. These express a certain attitude
and carry with their statements a certain
illocutionary force, which can be broken into
families:

1. Directives (speakers try to get their listeners

to do something, e.g. begging,
commanding, requesting)
2. Commissives (speakers commit themselves
to a future course of action, e.g. promising,
guaranteeing)
3. Expressives (speakers express their
feelings, e.g. apologizing, welcoming,
sympathizing)
4. Declarations (the speaker's utterance brings
about a new external situation, e.g.
christening, marrying).

e.g. “It’s hot in here.” (the intention could be to get

someone to open the window-commisive)

3. Perlocutionary acts, on the other hand, bring

about a consequence to the audience. They have
an effect on the hearer, in feelings, thoughts, or
actions, for example, changing someone's mind.
Unlike illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts can
project a sense of fear into the audience.

e.g.“It’s hot in here.” (could result in someone

opening the windows)