Gate - Civil Engineering

GATE – CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Prof.B.Jayarami Reddy
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Y.S.R. Engineering College of
Yogi Vemana University,
Proddatur, Y.S.R.(Dt.), A.P-516360.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
5/13/2020 1
8.1 Origin of soils
Previous GATE Questions

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01. Soil transported by wind are known as………… soils.
GATE CE 1995
Ans. Aeolian
Aeolian soil is formed due to soil transportation by wind.

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2. Match List-I (Type of soil) with List-II (Mode of transportation and deposition)
and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II
A. Lacustrine soils 1. Transportation by wind
B. Alluvial soil 2. Transportation by running water
C. Aeolian soils 3. Deposited at the bottom of lakes
D. Marine soils 4. Deposited in sea water
a. A1 B2 C3 D4 b. A3 B2 C1 D4 c. A3 B2 C4 D1 d. A1 B3 C2 D4
Ans. b
S.No Type of soil Mode of transportation and deposition
1. Lacustrine soils Deposited at the bottom of lakes
2. Alluvial soil Transportation by running water
3. Aeolian soils Transportation by wind
4. Marine soils Deposited in sea water
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03. Lacustrine soils are soils
a. transported by rivers and streams b. transported by glaciers
c. deposited in sea beds d. deposited in lake beds
Ans. d
Locus trine soils are silt and clay soils deposited in lake beds.

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04. Match list I with list II and select the correct answer
List I List II
A. Loess 1. Deposited from suspension in running water
B. Peat 2. Deposits of marine origin
C. Alluvial soil 3. Deposits by wind
D. Marl 4. Organic soil
a. A3 B4 C2 D1 b. A4 B3 C1 D2 c. A4 B3 C2 D1 d. A3 B4 C1 D2
Ans. d
S.No Type of soil Mode of deposition
1. Loess Deposits by wind
2. Peat Organic soil
3. Alluvial soil Deposited from suspension in running water
4. Marl Deposits of marine origin
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05. The collapsible soil is associated with
a. Dune sands b. Laterite soils c. Loess d. Black cotton soils
Ans. c
Collapsible soils –Loess.

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6. Soil deposit formed due to transportation by wind is termed as GATE CE 2020
a. Aeolian deposit b. alluvial deposit c. estuarine deposit d. lacustrine deposit
Ans. a
Explanation:
Source of Transportation Type of soil

Wind Aeolian soil
Rivers and streams Alluvial soil
Rivers near Oceans Esturine Soils
Lakes Lacustrine soil

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8.2 Basic definitions and Relations
Numerical Questions

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01. A soil sample has volume of 100 cm3 and weight of 196 g got reduced to 164 g
after oven drying. If the specific gravity of soil is 2.70, the void ratio is
a. 0.20 b. 0.32 c. 0.65 d. 0.84
01. c
Volume of soil sample, V = 100 cm
Weight of soil sample, W = 196 g
Weight of dry soil, Wd = 164 g
Specific gravity of soil, G = 2.70
Wd Ws 164
Dry density,  d     1.64 g/cm3
V V 100
Void ratio is given by
G w G w
d  e 1
1 e d
2.7 1
e  1  0.65
1.64
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02. A soil sample of weight 156 g and 80 cm3 volume is reduced to 130 g on oven
drying. If the specific gravity of soil sample is 2.64, the degree of saturation is
a. 18.2% b. 24% c. 60% d. 80%
02. d
Volume of soil sample, V = 80 cm3.
Weight of dry soil, Wd  Ws = 132 g
wG
Degree of saturation, S 
e
Ww 156  132
Water content, w    0.182  18.2%
Ws 132
Ws 132

Dry density, d    1.65g/cm3
V 80
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G w G w
d  e 1
1 e d
2.64 1
e  1  0.6
1.65
wG 0.182  2.64
S   0.8  80%
e 0.6

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03. A soil sample has a water content of 18%. The specific gravity of soil mass is 1.8
and the specific gravity of soil particles is 2.70. The void ratio of the soil is .
a. 0.50 b. 0.77 c. 0.84 d. 1.0
03. b
Water content, w = 12% = 0.12
Mass specific gravity of soil,Gm = 1.8

Gm     Gm . w
w
 1.8 10  18 kN/m3
 18
d    15.25 kN/m3
1  w 1  0.18
G w G w 2.7 10
d  e 1  e   1  0.77
1 e d 15.25
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04. If the mass specific gravity of dry soil sample is 1.8 and the specific gravity of
soil particles is 2.7 , then the void ratio is
a. 0.50 b. 0.64 c. 0.77 d. 1.0
04. a
Mass specific gravity of soil sample, Gm = 1.8
Specific gravity of soil particles, G = 2.70
For dry soil sample,  = d
 d
Gm     d  Gm . w
w w
G w G w G w
d  e 1  1
1 e d Gm . w
G 2.7
e 1  e   1  0.5
Gm 1.8

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05. A fully saturated soil sample with void ratio of 0.6 composed of the following
S.No Mineral Percentage of Specific
particles by weight gravity
1. Quartz 60 2.50
2. Mica 24 3.00
3. Iron Oxide 16 4.00
The specific gravity and bulk unit weight of soil respectively are
a. 2.78, 21.63 kN/m3 b. 2.78, 21.12 kN/m3
c. 2.86, 21.63 kN/m3. d. 2.86, 21.12 kN/m3.
05. B
s W
For the soil sample, G   s
 w Vs . w
Weight of quartz particles, Wq  0.60Ws
Weight of mica particles, Wm  0.24Ws
Weight of iron oxide particles,Wi  0.16Ws
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Wq
0.60Ws W
Volume of quartz particles, Vq   0.24 s
Gq . w 2.50 w w
W 0.24Ws w
Volume of mica particles, Vm  m   0.08 s
Gm . w 3.00 w w
W 0.16Ws W
Volume of iron oxide particles, Vi  i   0.04 s
Gi . w 4.00 w w
Ws Ws
VS : Volume of solids  Vq  Vm  Vi   0.24  0.08  0.04   0.36
w rw
Ws Ws
G   2.78
Vs . w 0.36 Ws .
w w
 :bulk unit weight of soil   G  S .e   w  2.78  1 0.6 = 21.12 kN/m3.

 1 e  1  0.6

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06. A soil sample consists of spherical grains of same diameter arranged in a cubical
array. The maximum void ratio is
a. 0.33 b. 0.50 c. 0.91 d. 1.0
06. c
Let d be the diameter of the spherical grains arranged in a unit cube.
Number of spherical grains in container  1 . 1 . 1  13
Volume of each spherical grain   d3 d d d d
6
1
Volume of soil solids,Vs  3 .  d 3


d 6 6
Volume of cube, V = 1×1×1 = 1 m3.
Volume of voids, Vv  V  Vs  1    0.91
6

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07. A soil sample consists of spherical grains of same diameter arranged in a cubical
array so that the void ratio will be maximum. If the unit weight of grains is
20 kN/m3, the dry unit weight is
a. 20 kN/m3 b. 18.2kN/m3 c. 13.33 kN/m3 d. 10.47 kN/m3.
07. d
Let d be the diameter of the spherical grains arranged in a unit cube.
1 1 1 1
Number of spherical grains in container.  . .  3
d3 d d d d
Volume of each spherical grain 
6
1 d3 
Volume of soil solids, Vs  3 . 
d 6 6
Vs : Unit weight of grains = 20 kN/m3.
 d : Dry unit weight of soil  Ws  Vs . s  π  20  10.47 kN/m3
V V 6

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08. An embankment of 1000 m3 of earth fill with void ratio of 0.60 is to be
constructed using the excavated soil from borrow pit having the void ratio 0.84.
The quantity of soil to be excavated from borrow pit is .
a. 1400 m3 b. 1183 m3 c. 1150 m3 d. 1000 m3
08. c
Volume of earth fill, V1 = 1000 m3.
Void ratio of earth fill,e1 = 0.6
Void ratio of borrow pit soil, e2 = 0.84
Volume of soil to be excavated from borrow pit V2 = ?
Vv
Void ratio, e 
Vs
Vv V  Vs V
1 e  1  v 
Vs Vs Vs

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V1
For soil in earthfill, 1  e1 
Vs
V2
For soil to be excavated from borrow pit. 1  e2 
Vs
VS is same for earthfill and soil excavated from borrow pit.
V2 1  e2

V1 1  e1
 1  0.84 
V2     1000  1150m 3
 1  0.60 

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09. An earthen embankment which is under construction is having a bulk density of
16.2 kN/m2 at water content of 8%. If the water content is to be raised to 12% at
the same void ratio, the quantity of water required to be added per cubic metre of
soil is .
a. 30 litres b. 60 litres c. 90 litres d. 120 litres
09. b
Bulk density of soil,  1  16.2 kN/m3
Water content, W1  8%
Volume of soil, V = 1 m3.
New water content, W2= 12%
1 16.2
Dry density   d 1    15 kN/m3
1  w1 1  0.08

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Weight of solids,Ws    d 1 .V  15 1  15 kN
Ww1
w1 
Ws
Weight of water, Ww  W1  Ws  0.08 15  1.2 kN

1
Ww1 1.2
Volume of water, Vw    0.12 m 3
= 120 litres.
1
 w 10
Similarly, Ww2  0.12 15  1.8 kN
Ww2 1.8
Vw2    0.18 m3  180 litres
 w 10
Required quantity of water added per cum of soil = 180 – 120 = 60 litres.

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10. A fully saturated soil sample has water content of 24% and bulk unit weight of
19.6 kN/m3. If the degree of saturation is reduced to 80% without change in the
void ratio, the bulk unit weight of soil sample is .
a. 20.39 kN/m3 b. 19.6 kN/m3 c. 18.84 kN/m3 d. 15.68 kN/m3
10. c
Degree of saturation, S1 = 100%
Water content, W1 = 24%
Bulk unit weight,  1 = 19.6 kN/m3.
Degree of saturation, S2 = 80%
Bulk unit weight, 2 = ?
1 19.6
Dry unit weight  d   = 15.81 kN/m3.
1  w1 1  0.24

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W1G G 10
S1   15.81 
1 e 1  0.24G
G = 2.55 e = 0.24 × 2.55 = 0.612
 G  S .e 
   w
 1 e 
 2 G  S2e

 1 G  S1e
2.55  0.8  0.612
2  19.6 =18.84 kN/m3.
2.55  1 0.612

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11. A fully saturated soil sample has a water content of 27% and bulk unit weight of
19.2 kN/m3. The specific gravity of soil solids is
a. 2.56 b. 2.60 c. 2.70 d. 2.72
11. a
Degree of saturation, S = 100%
Water content, W = 27%
Bulk unit weight,  = 19.2 kN/m3.
 19.2

Dry unit weight, d    15.12 kN/m3
1  w 1  0.27
wG
s e  0.27G
e
G G 10
 d  w  15.12 
1 e 1  0.27G
G = 2.56
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12. An embankment of earthfill is to be constructed at a void ratio of 0.68 from 1000
m3 of borrow pit soil having void ratio 1.1. The quantity of earthfill is
a. 618 m3 b. 800 m3 c. 1250 m3 d. 1618 m3
12. b
Volume of earthfill, V1 = ?
Void ratio of earthfill, e1 = 0.68
Volume of soil excavated from borrow pit, V2 = 1000 m3.
Void ratio of borrow pit soil, e2 = 1.1
V1 1  e1

V2 1  e2
1  0.68
V1  1000  800 m3
1  1.1

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13. A sampling tube of 38 mm internal diameter was used to extract a soil sample
from the test pit. The length of the extracted sample is 100 mm, weight of 210 g
and water content of 20%. If the specific gravity of soil is 2.7, then the void ratio
is
a. 0.50 b. 0.75 c. 0.8 d. 1.0
13. b
Length of the soil sample, L = 102 mm
Diameter of soil sample, d = 38 mm

Volume of soil sample,V   38 100  11.34 104 mm3
2
4
W 210
Bulk density of soil,    1.85 g/cm3
V 113.4

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Water content, w = 21%
 1.85
Dry density of soil, d    1.54 g/cm3
1 w 1  0.20
G w G w 2.7 1
d  e 1   1  0.75
1 e d 1.54

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14. A soil sample with porosity of 36% has degree of saturation of 50%. If the
specific gravity of soil solid is 2.70, then dry unit weight, bulk unit weight,
saturated unit weight and submerged unit weight respectively are (kN/m3)
a. 19.85; 21.17; 22.5; 12.5 b. 19.85, 22.5, 21.17, 12.5
c. 17.31; 19.11; 20.9; 10.9 d. 17.31; 20.9; 19.11; 10.9
14. c
Porosity, n = 36%
Degree to saturation, S = 50%
Specific gravity of soil solids, G = 2.7
n 0.36
Void ratio, e    0.56
1  n 1  0.36
G w 2.7 10

Dry unit weight, d    17.31 kN/m3
1  e 1  0.56

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wG
S
e
S .e 0.5  0.56
Water content, w    0.104  10.4%
G 2.7
Bulk unit weight,    d 1  w 
 17.311  0.104 
 19.11 kN/m3
Ge  2.7  0.56 
Saturated unit weight,  sat    
 w    10  20.9 kN/m 3
 1 e   1  0.56 
Submerged unit weight,     sat   w =10.9 kNm3

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8.2 Basic definitions and Relations
Pervious GATE Questions

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1. A sample of 500 g dry sand, when poured into a 2 litre capacity cylinder which is
partially filled with water, displaces 188 cm3 of water. The density of water is 1
g/cm3. The specific gravity of the sand is GATE CE 2020
a. 2.72 b. 2.66 c. 2.55 d. 2.52
Ans. b
Solution:
Weight of sample , (Ws) = 500 g
Volume of sand (Vs) = 188 cm3
Density of water =  w  1 g / cm3
Ws 500
Density of sand =  s    2.66 g / cm3
Vs 188
 s 2.66
Specific gravity G =  = 2.66
w 1

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2. A soil has dry unit weight of 15.5 kN/m3, specific gravity of 2.65 and degree of
saturation of 72%. Considering the unit weight of water as 10 kN/m3, the water content
of the soil (in %, round off to two decimal places) is….. GATE CE 2020
Ans. 19.28
Dry unit weight of soil ,  m  15.5kN / m3
Specific gravity G = 2.65
Degree of saturation S = 72%
Unit weight of water ,  w  10kN / m3
Water content (w) = ?
G w 2.65  10
d   15.5   e  0.7097
1 e 1 e
wG w  2.65
S  0.72   w  0.1928  19.28%
e 0.7097

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3. A soil has specific gravity of its solids equal to 2.65. The mass density of water is
1000 kg/m3. Considering zero air voids and 10% moisture content of the soil sample,
the dry density (in kg/m3, round off to 1 decimal place) would be…. GATE CE1 2019
Ans. 2094.8
Solution:
Specific gravity of soil solids, G  2.65
Mass density of water,   1000kg / m
3
Soil contains zero air voids, na  0 and Se 1

Moisture content, w  10%
Dry density of soil,  d  ?
wG 0.1  2.65
S 1  e  0.265
e e
G w 2.65  1000
d    2094.8kg / m
3
1 e 1  0.265
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4. The porosity ( ) and the degree of saturation ( S ) of a soil sample are 0.7 and 40%
respectively. In a 100 m3 volume of the soil, the volume (expressed in m3) of air
is….. GATE CE1 2016
Ans. 42
Solution:
Porosity,   0.7
Degree of saturation, S = 40%
Volume of soil, V = 100 m3
Volume of air, Va = ?
Vv
n .  0.7  100  70m3
 Vv .nV
V
Vw
S  Vw  S .Vv  0.4  70  28m3
Vv
Va  Vv  Vw  70  28  42m3

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5. A 588 cm3 volume of moist sand weights 1010 gm. It dry weight is 918 gm and
specific gravity of solids, G is 2.67. Assuming density of water as 1 gm/cm3, the void
ratio is …. GATE CE2 2015
Ans. 0.71
Solution:
Volume of moist sand, V  588m3
Weight of moist sand, W  1010 gm
Dry weight of sand, Wd  918 gm
Specific gravity of solids, G  2.67
Density of water,  w  1gm / cc
Void ratio, e  ?
W 918
Dry unit weight of sand,  d  d   1.561gm / cc
V 588
G w
rd   1.561  2.67  1  e  0.71
1 e 1 e Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
5/13/2020 36
6. If the water content of a fully saturated soil mass is 100% the void ratio of the
sample is … GATE CE2 2015
a. less than specific gravity of soil b. equal to specific gravity of soil
c. greater than specific gravity of soil d. independent of specific gravity of soil
Ans. B
Explanation:
Degree of saturation, S  100
Water content, w  100%
 1  1 G 
wG
S eG
e e

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7. A certain soil has the following properties: Gs  2.71 n  40% and w  20% . The
degree of saturation of the soil (rounded off to the nearest percent) is ______
Ans. 81.3 GATE CE2 2014
Solution:
Specific gravity of soil solids, Gs  2.71
Porosity, n  40%
Degree of saturation, S  ?
n 0.4
Void ratio, e   0.667
1  n 1  0.4
wG 0.2  2.71
S
e
  0.813  81.3%
0.667
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8. In its natural condition, a soil sample has a mass of 1.980 kg and a volume of 0.001
m3. After being completely dried in an oven, the mass of the sample is 1.800 kg.
Specific gravity G is 2.7. Unit weight of water is 10 kN/m3. The degree of saturation
of the soil is : GATE CE 2013
a. 0.65 b. 0.70 c. 0.54 d. 0.61
Ans. C
Solution:
Mass of soil sample, W  1.980kg
Volume of soil sample, V  0.001m3
Density of soil sample,   1980 kg/m3
Dry mass of the sample, Wd  1.800kg
Specific gravity, G  2.7
Unit weight of water,  w  10 kN/m3
Degree of saturation, S  ? Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
5/13/2020 39
1.980  1.800
Water content, w   100  10%
1.800
Wd 1.980
d    1980 kg/m3  19.8 kN/m3
V 0.001
G w 2.7  10
d  18  e  0.5
1 e 1 e
wG 0.1  2.7
S S S  0.54
e 0.5

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9. The water content of a saturated soil and the specific gravity of soil solids were found
to be 30% and 2.70, respectively. Assuming the unit weight of water to be 10 kN/m3,
the saturated unit weight (kN/m3), and the void ratio of the soil are GATE CE 2007
a. 19.4, 0.81 b. 18.5, 0.30 c. 19.4, 0.45 d. 18.5, 0.452007
Ans. A
Solution:
Unit weight of water,  w = 10 kN/m3
Ge
Saturated unit weight,  sat   1  e 
w.G  
Void ratio, e 
S
Degree of saturation, S  1
Void ratio, e  wG  0.3  2.7  0.81
S
 2.7  0.81 
 sat  10 19.4 kN / m
3
 1  0.81  Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

5/13/2020 41
10. A saturated soil mass has a total density 22 KN/m3 and a water content of 10%.
The bulk density and dry density of this soil are GATE CE 2005
a. 12 KN/m3 and 20 KN/m3 respectively.
b. 22 KN/m3 and 20 KN/m3 respectively.
c. 19.8 KN/m3 and 19.8 KN/m3 respectively.
d. 23.2 KN/m3 and 19.8 KN/m3 respectively.
Ans. B
Solution :
Total density or bulk density,   22KN/m3
 22
 20KN/m3
Dry density, d  
1  w 1  0.1

5/13/2020 42
11. The ratio of saturated unit weight to dry unit weight of soil is 1.25. If the specific
gravity of solids ( Gs ) is 2.56, the void ratio of the soil is GATE CE 2004
a. 0.625 b. 0.663 c. 0.944 d. 1.325
Ans. B
Solution:
Saturated unit weight of soil   sat 
 1.25
Dry unit weight of soil   d 
Specific gravity of solids, Gs = 2.56
Void ratio, e = ?
Ge G w
 sat  . w ; d 
1 e 1 e
 sat G  e
 ; 1.25  2.56  e e  0.663
d G 2.56
5/13/2020 43
12. The void ratio and specific gravity of a soil are 0.65 and 2.72 respectively. The
degree of saturation (in percent) corresponding to water content of 20% is
GATE CE 2001
a. 65.3 b. 20.9 c. 83.7 d. 54.4
Ans. C
Solution:
Void ratio, e  0.65
Specific gravity,G  2.72
Degree of saturation, S ?

wG 0.2  2.72
S   83.7%
e 0.65
5/13/2020 44
13. A borrow pit soil has a dry density of 17 kN/m3. How many cubic meters of this soil
will be required to construct an embankment of 100 m3 volume with a dry density of
16 kN/m3. GATE CE 2000
a. 94 m3 b. 106 m3 c. 100 m3 d. 90 m3
Ans. a
Given data Property of soil Borrow pit soil Embankment
Dry density of soil  d 1  17 KN/m3  d 2  16 KN/m3
Volume of soil V1  ? V2  100 m3
W Ws    d .V
Density of soil solids,  s  s , d  , s V
Vs V s
Since is constant for a given soil,  d = constant
 d 1.V1   d 2 .V2 V1  d 2 16
 V1   100  94.11m3
V2  d 1 17

5/13/2020 45
14. A soil sample has a void ratio of 0.5 and its porosity will be close to
GATE CE 2000
a. 50% b. 66% c. 100% d.33%
Ans. D
Solution:
Void ratio, e  0.5
e 0.5
Porosity, n    0.333  33.3%
1  e 1  0.5

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15. A soil sample in its natural state has mass of 2.290 kg and a volume of 1.15x10-3.
After being oven dried, the mass of the sample is 2.035 kg. G for soil is 2.68. The
void ratio of the natural soil is GATE CE 1999
a. 0.40 b. 0.45 c. 0.55 d. 0.53
Ans. D
Method – 1
Specific gravity G   s ,  s 
Ws
w Vs
Unit weight of soil solids,  s  G.  w  2.68  9.81 = 26.291 kN/m3
Volume of soil solids,Vs  Ws 2.035  9.813  0.75 103 m3
 s 26.29110
Volume of voids, Vv  V  Vs  1.15 103  0.75 103
3
Vv 0.4  10
Void ratio, e   = 0.53 e  0.53
Vs 0.75  103

5/13/2020
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR 47
Method - 2
Mass of soil sample , M = 2.290 kg
Volume of soil sample, V  1.15  103 m3
Dry mass of the sample, Wd  2.035kg
Specific gravity of soil, = 2.68

Water content, w  W  Wd  100  2.290  2.035  100 = 12.53%
Wd 2.035
Dry unit weight of soil,  d  Wd  2.035 = 1769.3 kg/m3
V 1.15  103
G. w 2.68  981
d  1769.3 
1 e 1 e
e  0.53

5/13/2020 48
16. Principle involved in the relationship between submerged unit weight and saturated weight of
a soil is based on GATE CE 1999
a. Equilibrium of floating bodies b. Archimedes’s principle
c. Stokes’ law d. Darcy’s law
Ans. b
Equilibrium of floating bodies: If a body is floating over fluid which is in equilibrium, the
weight of the fluid displaced by a floating body is equal to the weight of the body.
Archimedes’s Principle: If a body is immersed in a fluid, wholly or partially, which is in
equilibrium, the upward buoyant force exerted on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body.
Stoke’s law: The sedimentation analysis is based on stoke’s law, in which terminal velocity
of a sphere falling through an infinite liquid medium.
Darcy’s Law: The rate of flow or discharge is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. i.e.q i
5/13/2020 49
17. If the porosity of a soil sample is 20%, the void ratio is GATE CE 1997
a. 0.20 b. 0.80 c. 1.00 d. 0.25
Ans. d
Explanation:
Porosity,n = 20%
0.2
Void ratio, e  n  = 0.25
1  n 1  0.2

5/13/2020 50
18. Which one of the following relations is not correct?
GATE CE 1996
Ge e wG
b.  sat . w c. n 
n
a. e   d. e
1 n 1 e 1 e S
where = e void ratio, n = porosity, w = water content, S = degree of saturation,

 sat = saturated unit weight of soil,  w = unit weight of water
Ans. A
Explanation:
The correct relations are
Ge
e
n
n
e
S
wG  sat  w
1 n 1 e e 1 e
e : Void ratio n : Porosity
w : Water content S : Degree of saturation
 sat : Saturated unit weight of soil  : Unit weight of soil.
w

5/13/2020 51
19. The void ratio of soil can exceed unity. True / False GATE CE 1995
Ans. True
Vv
Void ratio, e 
Vs
Void ratio can be more than unity.

5/13/2020 52
20. The void ratio of a soil sample is 1, the corresponding porosity of the sample is….
GATE CE 1994
Ans. 0.5
Explanation:
Void ratio of a soil sample, e  1
e 1
Porosity, n    0.5
1 e 11

5/13/2020 53
21. A saturated sand sample has dry unit weight of 18 kN/m3, the water content of the
soil is……… GATE CE 1991
Ans. 17.8%
Explanation:
  18 KN/m3
Dry unit weight of saturated soil, d
Unit weight of water,  w  10 KN/m 3
Water content of soil, w  ?
G. w 2.65 10
d  18  e  0.472
1 e 1 e
w.G
S 1
w 2.65 w  0.178 17.8%
e 0.472
5/13/2020 54
22. For sand of uniform spherical particles, the void ratios in the loosest and the
densest states are……..and…….respectively. GATE CE 1991
Ans. 0.91; 0.35
Explanation:
For uniform spherical sand particles,
Void ratio in the looset state
Void ratio in the densest state

5/13/2020 55

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GATE – CIVIL ENGINEERING

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Source of Transportation Type of soil

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

 :bulk unit weight of soil   G  S .e   w  2.78  1 0.6 = 21.12 kN/m3.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Weight of water, Ww  W1  Ws  0.08 15  1.2 kN

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Soil contains zero air voids, na  0 and Se 1

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

 1  0.81  Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Water content, w  20%

Since is constant for a given soil,  d = constant

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Specific gravity of soil, = 2.68

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

where = e void ratio, n = porosity, w = water content, S = degree of saturation,

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

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