Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Dreams can be pure make-believe. Dreams may also be based on goals that

can be realized. Fulfilling such dreams requires information and knowledge information about the

requirements for reaching goals, and knowledge of one’s strengths and limitations. Entering college

life is not easy for a student to choose what would be the best course that would really help in the

future. Choosing the right career path is becoming more and more important for young students

today. Students have to take into account many things when choosing a career and college major.

Many factors can influence a student’s decision, including parents, coaches, religious figures, or any

role models in a student’s life.

Decision-making is the logical way of setting one’s mind to choose amidst the possibilities

to satisfy man’s ease. This is true as stated that good decision-making is an essential skill for career

success generally, and effective leadership particularly. It is true that for an individual to be

successful, the person must possess good decision-making. Every day we make decisions, whether

big or small and these decisions can make huge impacts in our lives. As the person progresses, his or

her ability to decide improve, fun and games, some deal with people, others deal with future careers.

Some of the Motivational Factors in choosing course program include interest in field,

academic ability, familiarity, economic stability and influential people and etc. According to

Olaosebikan and Olusakin (2014) stated that, as a result, deciding on a career is a critical decision

that will affect an individual's entire destiny. The level to which potential jobs are investigated and

considered is referred to as career exploration. Exploring professional possibilities before committing

to one boost future career success and satisfaction. In comparison, study of Kazi and Akhlaq (2017)
an individual environment, talents, skills and academic achievements exert an influence on career

choice.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to determine the Motivational factors in choosing course program in Cronasia

Foundation College Incorporated.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Level of the Motivational factors in choosing course program in Cronasia

Foundation College Incorporated;

a. Interest in field;

b. Academic ability;

c. Familiarity;

d. Economic Stability; and

e. Influential people;

2. What is the level of Students’ Future Job Opportunities?

3. Is there is significant relationship between Motivational factors in choosing course

program and student’s future job opportunities?

Significance of the Study

On their time or even power they have. It helps to be more effective and efficient at the

Students. This study is beneficial to the following:

 To the Administration. It will help managers to know more about making difficult decisions

how to manage fantastic.

To the Student. It will help student to know more about in choosing course program in

entering college.

To Parents. The result of the study will help the parents of the respondents feel secured

because there are programs in the institution like the mentoring program that will help their children

cope and adjust with the adversities of college life.

To Teacher/Mentor. The result of the study will help the teachers/mentors provide

encouragement to think of ideas that will give proper guidance to the students/mentees. This may

also increase their competency.

To the Future Researchers the Future Researchers may be able to use the findings of the

study for further research and investigation particularly related to the Motivational Factors in choosing

course program since there are very limited local studies that can be found exploring this particular

subject or concern.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focus on the Motivational Factors in choosing course program. The respondents of

this study were Random Sampling 100 first year students from different courses of Cronasia

Foundation College Incorporated. The range of this study will be this school year 2021-2022.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the related literatures and studies, conceptual and theoretical framework and –

definitions of terms that is relevant to –this study.

Factors that Influence Students’ Choice

The choice of career is a delicate issue for students which requires caution and serious

considerations – factors affecting their choices. The kind of career the youths pursue can affect their

lives in many ways. Hence, the following studies revealed some of their factors affecting students’

decision in career selection.

Choosing a College Course

Choosing and deciding on what course to choose in college may be difficult and sometimes an

unpredictable process, but it is mainly seen from one perspective. Many would say that the main

factor or the main influence is the passion for a particular field, but there are few who know exactly

what they want to become when they graduate High school which lead us into thinking that there are

other significant motives (Procedia Economics and Finance, 2015).

Bucherer (2018) added that selecting college courses is the start of the binding process, where

students may not realize that the decisions, they make can affect their decision four years when they

are expected to graduate. Courses.com.ph mentioned that choosing a course is a tough decision to

make for teens and many college students become stuck with courses they don’t like or they are not

particularly interested in. The course the student will take will have a lot of say on the career they

eventually pursue so it is important to decide on a course best for them.

Location of the School

 When choosing a university to study location is one of the most important according to Higdon

(2017), location plays a major role in your college experience. The state, the size of the city, and the

local community. Things like this are crucial to consider in order to make the right choice in choosing

your perfect college. Location of the school. Paying attention to the city and environment is a great

help for your educational experience.

Veloutsou, Lewis, and Paton (2015) support this claim and state that the location of the tertiary

institution as well as its surroundings will influence student’s tertiary institution choice. Similarly, a

study conducted by (de Jager, & du Plooy, 2017) assert that location of an institution is an important

factor for students in South Africa. further, a study by Kusumawati (2013) revealed proximity between

the location of campus and home is one of the highest importance to students since attending the

university nearby allow students to tighten better relationship with family as they able to increase the

frequency of contacting and visiting their family.

Reputation of Institution

Institutional reputation has a greater effect on tertiary education choice the students will not

only consider the programs offered when selecting a tertiary institution, but based on credibility and

reputation of a brand. The academic quality of the institution is related to the reputation of the

institution (Veloutsou et al., 2015). The reputation of the institution provides credibility to the

qualification obtained, thus making it easier for the graduate to gain employment. The university's

world rankings and reputations are also the most important factors to attract students (Mazzarol,

2016).

Teaching and Learning Materials

Pimpa (2017) study revealed that the learning materials provided on campus influenced

Students decision to study at a particular institution. This shows that the library, access to library

database, availability of printers, computer and internet access is important to students as it enhances

their learning. This finding is in line with de Jager and du Plooy (2017) study, that found that learning

materials are important for students in South Africa since most of the students do not have a suitable
quiet place in their homes to study and might use library facilities to study. Naidu and Derani (2016)

contended that the availability of self-cater in accommodation, electronic appliances, high-tech

learning, library and computers facilities as importance factor that influence students' tertiary choice.

Influences of family Members

Parental influence exists in career decision making amongst students and also there is an

interrelationship between father preference and mother preference; father preference and mother

occupation; father’s occupation and mother’s occupation; father’s occupation and career and mother’s

occupation and career. Autonomy in making career decision making amongst students is restricted to

parent’s preference, further this finding is limited to the present study area. (Kumar, 2016). Some

students think that parent’s decision matter in choosing the College Course. They think parent’s

decision is an important factor because it is their parents that send them to school and pay for their

tuition and some may say that their parents know what is best for them. According to Kala (2015)

found out in her research that those parents who agreed that it was effective to influence their child’s

course cited that they are responsible for paying for their college and university thus, their influence

on the career they will pick mattered. In addition to this, the study found out that the parents who

tended to entice their children to follow their career path limits the student’s ability to autonomously

select a career for themselves.

Parents’ aspiration influences students’ choice of programme. Ibrahim (2017) study revealed

that family members have the highest contributions in influencing students to the profession of

medical laboratory science due to the fact that family is usually who provided financial supports to

them. Similarly, Dagang and Mesa (2017), study identified strong influence of parents on their

children choice of programme in tertiary school. It is deeply rooted in the consciousness of the

Filipino people the respect for elders, hence the strong influence of parents on children decision. In a

Filipino family child are financially dependent on their parents, hence their submission to their parent’s

decision, thus explaining the moderate influence of others such as the peers, friends and relatives.

Another factor was affordability of tuition, followed by scholarship.

 Study by Pimpa (2017) found that parents do influence the choice of business major, those

who choose accounting as their majors were influenced. Additionally, students’ major choices can

also be influenced by the occupation held by their parents. Additionally, Kaneez and Medha (2018)

contended that parental influence has significant effect on the programme choice of their children.

Eremie and Okwulehie (2018) indicated that factors such as environmental, opportunity and

personality can influence the choice of career among secondary school students. In terms of

environmental factors, it revealed that family, socioeconomic status and peer groups have significant

influence of the students’ choice of career while in opportunity factors such as education and

mentorship also had influence to the choice of career as well as the personality factors such as the

students’ interest, values and skills in choosing their courses.

Hoai, Thi and Thanh (2016) in their study factors influencing student’s choice of accounting as

a major show that social norm has a great influence on students’ choice of major including advice and

orientation of acquaintances, friends, teachers, parents which had a significant influence on their

decisions in the selection of specific discipline. It also revealed some significant differences between

average level of male and female students through perceptions of input scores, major pressure and

suitability for the people good at math, job availability, average income and advancement opportunity.

In comparison, study of Kazi and Akhlaq (2017) an individual environment, talents, skills and

academic achievements exert an influence on career choice.

Malubay, Mercado and Macasaet (2015) noticed the primary factor affecting the decision of

freshmen students in taking up specified courses or programs is the economic factors that include

economic stable wages and in-demand jobs

In addition, which revealed that interest in subject has strong and positive relationship while

ease on grades, financial outcomes, and future job opportunities had minor impact on students’

decision for particular field and subject. Career defined as the occupational, commercial or industrial

activity that a person may adopt during his educational life or in some other part or till his death. It
also clarifies career as the application of a person’s cognition and capabilities, providing command

over profession, timely work expertise and a basis of developing and bettering business networks.

Individuals chose career planning to pursue the professional objectives, getting informed about

upcoming opportunities, their results and their timely evaluations It was also stated that the career

choice of the students was also influenced by the level of their social status, financial resources,

affordability and future employability, Ahmed, Sharif and Ahmad (2017).

Okiror and Otabong (2015) revealed that students’ choices were based on their perceived

availability of career and scholarship opportunities in a given department and the grade point

averages marks earned by the student at the time selecting the options.

Personal Interest

Personal interest is also a factor in students’ programme choice. Since there is no definite

direction for choosing a career, Perger and Takacs (2016) suggested the students to understand their

personal characteristics and associate them to their most compatible career. The way students

evaluate themselves in association with a personality trait is a factor influencing the type of career to

choose. Gwelo (2019) and Raveenther (2017) found that students' personalities influence their career

choices. Kemboi, Kindiki, and Migio (2016) have stated that an individual's personality plays a

significant role in their career choice in that they choose the career they prefer the most because it

describes their unique identity, and it matches their personality the best. Gwelo (2019) further adds

that students are more likely to choose a career that best suits their personality so that they can enjoy

learning and gain satisfaction. Dynan, Rouse and Easterlin (2016) further argued that student's

interest in programme influences their main choices.

Penedilla and Rosaldo (2017) stated that, in choosing a career, suitability to the interest of the

students is given importance. Students must know on what degree to pursue in college, a course that

interest them that at the same time fit their abilities so that it will not be hard for them to choose the

right career path. At some point, many students try to fit in a course or two based purely on personal
interest. While their majors may reflect their primary interest, most people are interested in more than

one intellectual pursuit. (Reynolds, 2019).

Environment

Many perspectives distinguish the influence of environmental factors on student career choice.

According to Raveenther (2017), environmental factors refer to complex physical factors which

include a source of advice, social and economic issues, political issues that students may face in their

daily lives. However, Kumazhege (2018) refers to different environmental factors. For example, home

location, religion, nature of businesses and services, location of an educational

institution, and socio-economic environment. Despite the differences, previous studies found out

the significant influence of the environment on career choices (Eremie & Ibifari; 2018,

Kumazhege, 2017).

Career and Employment Opportunities

Geiger and Ogilby (2018) studies revealed that job opportunities in the programme pursue

influence students ‘choice. A study by Pascual (2014) unraveled that students’ first consideration in

choosing a course in University is the availability of possible work. The study of Pascual (2014) is also

in line with Rababah (2016) study which revealed that opportunity and availability of jobs have an

influence on students’ choice of the major programme in the University.

In this competitive era, students are highly concerned about their career. Employment

opportunity becoming one of the important criteria for selecting the Philippine Higher Education

Institution. Private Higher Education Institution at the same time may attract students and influence

their decision-making by promoting various statistics or testimonial from the alumni. Ramchandani et

al. (2018) highlighted that employment opportunities are part of the elements evaluated by students in

making their choice before entering Private Higher Education Institution. Earlier before that Sanchez

(2014) also commented that students will make decision based on their chances of employment and

exposure to the on-job study that may add more value to their education beside easier to get job after

graduation. Aydin (2015) supported the statement from Sanchez (2014) although the respondent of
the study was not similar. Based on all three research, it can be concluded that employment

opportunities are very important as part of the influence factor that may lead student decision-making

to enroll into their preferred Private Higher Education Institution. Every year, many of students enroll

in HEI for reasons related to future job prospects. More than 85% of first-year students rated the

ability to get employment opportunities as a very important factor in their decision to attend college

(Eagan et al., 2015). Regarding to research result by Jaradat and Mustafa (2017) they revealed the

employment opportunities indicate a strong effect on their majors’ selections with score means of

3.64.

Interest in the subject

Studies conducted in different countries different cultures can sum up with different

relationships among variables selected for the study; for example, in Kenya personality types and

interest in subject is a factor that impacts lot on making career choices by the students, but if we look

at this similar kind of study conducted in South Africa where demographics and culture are totally

different it, revealed that the financial factors impact on career choices of students, Abrahams et al

(2015).

In the process of making career choices, personality plays a significant role; productivity,

fulfillment and motivation are directly related to the individual. Lack of fit can be the most dangerous

cause of dissatisfaction and ends up in to the stress career failure. Rebecca J. et al (2016) conducted

a study on 399 students in Kenya which resulted in that there is a relationship between personality

types, and career choice. Most of the students were satisfied with the course they selected before

entering the university which indicates that suitable career choice for students would improve

satisfaction and success in their course of study and future employment. But on the other side, when

students make changes in their course section it indicated that the choices of subject selection did not

go in line with their future career choices. Consequently, it constructs probability of the status of the

relationship between personality types and career choice among undergraduate students in Kenya .

Peer Influence
 Students’ interactions with peers play a central role in how students think about

themselves (Yi-Hui, 2016). Yi-Hui (2016) revealed that students’ interactions with peers

of diversified interests, races and backgrounds have the potential to stimulate reflection,

knowledge and beliefs which may lead to new ways of thinking about the world, other peers and

eventually themselves. Kiuru (2018), study also revealed the importance of peer interaction in

Finland when he stated that the academic orientation typical of the peer group to which they belong

may potentially have a long-term impact on individual students’ study programs. A study by Okiror

and Otabong (2015) further, found that peer interactions influence students in choosing programme.

Kala (2015) stated that parents and peers are the closest people that students may confide in

regarding careers. Some students may influence other to follow their career path. In her research

entitled “Parental and Peer Influence on Career Choice” she found out that the fact that peers

influenced subject and class selection as well as library books and co-curricular activities implies the

need to sensitize students to choose friends who are positive in life and those with a clear vision of

their life goals. Students who choose the bad company end up ruining the rest of their career life

because of the influence of peers. The study concluded that most peers tend to influence career

choice of their fellow students unconsciously.

Pressure of Studies

Most students are paying their education expenses themselves so the pressure on them to get

good grades is immense. Even if it is not them paying, there are still massive social and educational

repercussions of not succeeding in the studies. Students should expect the studies to be much harder

than before, and at the same time, should focus more on learning rather than getting a good (Dagang

& de Messa, 2017).

Rababah (2016) family members and peers have an influence in the students’ choice of the

major including personal interests, gender, career opportunity and availability of jobs are some of the

factors that affect the students’ decision making in this matter.

 Khoo, Ban, Neng, Hooi and Joan (2015) showed that college students and non-college

students who were involved in this study agreed that parents are the most influential or important

person when choosing their choice of college or university and course of study because parents

perceive as their main source of finance and normally seek advice from them due to the perception

that parents have the relevant information or experience with regards to higher education, and hence,

parents are viewed as a credible source of advice.

Institution Rankings

Maniu and Maniu (2014) stated that reputation for a HEI is derived from ranking; its reflection

of good reputation is built by age, accreditation and competitiveness of admission and brand name.

They stated the institutions with a respectable identity would derive the institution to have a better-

perceived value to a target market than its rivals can provide. Ranking helps HEI to build up their

reputation and where they stand in education industry. Yusuf et al. (2017) indicated institution ranking

is something built based on a performance. Academic reputation is important for the Private Higher

Education Institution to manipulate the status as part of their marketing gimmick and competitive

advantage. Institution ranking at the same time to be used by the Private Higher Education Institution

to portray their outstanding level in the market. Students may aim to join the ranked university in order

to secure and satisfied themselves in the prominent universities. Migin et al. (2015) highlighted that

high ranking in market contribute to the elements of decision making by students during the enroll

process.

Institution Facilities

Institution facilities can be dividing to some parts, which are academic and non-academic.

According to Rachmadhani et al. (2018) facilities is referred as physical infrastructure that may benefit

the students in their learning process whether it is related directly to academic or promote the lifestyle

of the campus life. Institution facilities also not limited to soft skills services built in the study syllabus

that may defer from one PHEI to another or between academies program many facilities available at

the HEI to provide a conducive environment to student for physical aspects such as place, favorable

learning environment, recreation and sports, cleanliness, safe environment and campus social life
plays a vital role. All these factors act as an additional advantage for student decisions choice

(Garwe, 2016).

Economic Considerations

The economic situation denotes to the state in the local economy in which a person is going to

search for their careers (Meddour, Abdo, Majid, Auf, & Aman, 2016). It is true that economic growth in

the country is connected to the increment in employment rates and the increment in people's

spending capacity. A growing business will create more connections and more openings for

employment. This will naturally draw students to those growing fields. This is because they may see

great potential for their life growth and income. A study by Meddour et al. (2016) argued that

demographic culture was different in exposing the influence of economic factor towards student's

career choice. This is because abundant people crave to choose a career that could give them a

sound basis for a better standard of living (Cavus, Geri, & Turgunbayeva, 2015).

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework
 This Conceptual Framework of the study shows the relationship of the independent and

dependent variable. This Framework embodies the specific direction by which the research will have

to be undertaken by describing the relationship between specific variable identified in the study.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

MOTIVATINAL
FACTORS COURSE
 Interested field; PROGRAM
 Academic Ability;
 Familiarity;
 Economic Stability; and
 Influential People

Figure1. Conceptual Framework of this study

Definition of Terms

The explanation of the following terms would give enlightenment to the terminologies used in

this research: Conceptually and Operationally.

Academic ability. Conceptually, it is a degree of competence in educational activities (school)

in such subjects as Math, Science and English. Operationally, refers for having the ability in terms in

academic.

Course Program. It is program of school offering the course of students they want to pursue

or dream of. Operationally,

Crona sia foundation College Incorporated. Conceptually, is a private educational institution

duly recognized and registered by virtue of the laws of the Philippines. It is established to reach out to

the greatest number of Filipino youths who dare to challenge poverty through education.

Economic Stability. Conceptually, growth it is the absence of excessive fluctuations in the

macroeconomy. Operationally, it describes a country’s financial system that displays only tiny output

growth.

Familiarity. Conceptually, the quality of being well known; recognizability based on long or

close association. Operationally, something that familiar for you, friendliness or intimacy between

people.

Future. Conceptually, an expectation of advancement or progressive development or

something that will exist. Operationally, something that will happen in moment yet to come.

Influential people. Conceptually, a person whose actions and opinions strongly influence the

course of events. Operationally,

 Interest in field. Conceptually, a domain of interest, spheres of interest, areas or topics that

one finds interesting. Operationally, a field wherein you are interested to achieve something or you

are interesting to that particular field.

Job Opportunities. Conceptiually, the opportunity of people who is looking for a job, we all

know that job is a work we seek to get some money for financial support. Operationally, any

established employment position which is currently vacant and left unfilled by a qualified worker.

Motivational factors. Recent educational research using the social cognitive approach has

identified several unique motivational elements. Operationally, motivational factors have come to light

in recent educational research from the social cognitive approach including: Intrinsic Goal Orientation,

Extrinsic Goal Orientation, Task Value, Control of Learning Beliefs, and Self-Efficacy for Learning and

Performance.

Performance. A completion of a task with application of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Performance means good ranking with the hypothesized conception of requirements of a task role.

Operationally, performance is giving all the best that you have to make others satisfied and impress in

your performance.

Student. Conceptually, a person formally engaged in learning, especially one enrolled in a

school or college. Operationally, a person who is studying at a school or college.

 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research instrument, the participants,

research locale and the data gathering procedure to be used.

Research Design

This study use quantitative method particularly in correlative-descriptive type of method

approach to determine the Motivational Factors In choosing Course Program in Cronasia Foundation

College Incorporated.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are random sampling were 100 randomly selected first year

college students from different courses in Cronasia Foundation College Incorporated. Random

Sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being

chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased representation of the total population.

Research Locale

In this time of the pandemic, we cannot do face-to-face surveys. The researchers have it online and

ensured that the respondents in Cronasia Foundation College Incorporated academic year 2021-2022 and

cooperate respectfully.

Research Instrument
 The researchers used the online method of survey questionnaires such as Google Forms.

Google Forms is survey administration software that allows collecting information from the

respondents through the survey. They contain information that can be automatically entered into

spreadsheets.

The survey questionnaires determined the Motivational Factors in Choosing Course Program

in Cronasia Foundation College Inc. academic year 2021-2022. In this part, the researcher used an

adopted survey questionnaire from the study of Nancy Pascual (2014) and JV Jane Oauno et,al.

(2019) to collect data about the Motivational Factors In Choosing Course Program in Cronasia

Foundation College, Inc. The researchers use a 5 -point Likert scale to describe the level of

effectiveness and efficiency of the survey.

Five Point Likert Scale

Range Scale Description

4.50- 5.00 5 Strongly Agree
3.50- 4.49 4 Agree
2.50- 3.49 3 Neutral
1.50- 2.49 2 Disagree
1.00-1.49 1 Strongly Disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

The method use by the researcher in gathering data was through a construct online survey

questionnaire. The researchers ask permission from the department head, program head and school

coordinator to conduct a research study. As soon as the permission was granted, the survey

questionnaires were administered, after which the researchers also gathered them.

Seeks or collects and synthesizes information from a variety of information and sources in an

objective, unbiased manner to reach a conclusion, goal, or judgment, and to enable strategic and

leadership decision making letter to administrator inside the school. We conduct survey through

online using Google Forms. Due to this pandemic we can’t allowed to conduct survey through face to
face. The following data will be sent link through messenger or email when conducted survey

questionnaire to the respondent and wherein the gather will be tally accordingly.

Statistical Treatment

To analyzed and interpret the data gathered by the researchers the following tools were used:

To determine the Motivational factors in Choosing Course Program in Cronasia Foundation

College Incorporated.

To determine the Student’s Future Job Opportunities in Cronasia Foundation College, mean

was used.

Formula:

To determine the significant relationship between Motivational factors in choosing course

program and student’s future job opportunities in Cronasia Foundation College, Pearson correlation

coefficient was used.

Formula:

Pearson correlation = r = Σ (xy) / sqrt [ (Σ x2) * (Σ y2)]

https://journal.evsu.edu.ph/index.php/tjertm/article/view/210/56