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    Central tendency refers to measures that indicate the central or typical value of a dataset. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the data. Each measure provides a different perspective on the central or typical tendencies in a dataset.

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    Assim. 2 Stat

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    Muhammad Khurram
    29 views5 pages
    Central tendency refers to measures that indicate the central or typical value of a dataset. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the data. Each measure provides a different perspective on the central or typical tendencies in a dataset.

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    Central tendency refers to measures that indicate the central or typical value of a dataset. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the data. Each measure provides a different perspective on the central or typical tendencies in a dataset.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    29 views5 pages

    Assim. 2 Stat

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Khurram
    Central tendency refers to measures that indicate the central or typical value of a dataset. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the data. Each measure provides a different perspective on the central or typical tendencies in a dataset.

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    Statistics

    Central Tendency:

    A measure of central tendency is a single value used to represent


    the “center” of a group of data. Different variables may possess
    different numerical characteristics. Such a value, usually
    somewhere in the centre and representing the entire data set. The
    tendency of the observations to cluster in the central part of the
    data set is called Central Tendency. Since a measure of central
    tendency the location or general position of the data set in the
    range of observation, it is also known as a measure of location or
    position.

    Why to Calculate Central Tendency:

    Statistics analyzes and interprets large sets of numbers. To make the lists
    of data more comprehensible, central tendencies are calculated. A
    measure of central tendency points the statistician toward a centralized,
    repeated, or average number. There are three different ways to calculate
    central tendency. Each reveals different information about the number
    set. Yet, each method uncovers an important value, and each is used
    extensively by mathematicians to make sense of data.
    Mean (Arithmetic Mean):
    To calculate the arithmetic mean of a set of data we must first add
    up (sum) all of the data values(x) and then divide the result by the
    number of values (n).Since _ is the symbol used to indicate that
    values are to be summed (see Sigma Notation) we obtain the
    following formula for the mean

    Formulas for Mean


    Group data :

    Mean = fx

    Ungroup data :

    Mean = x

    where

    X= is a observation

    N =is a number of observation

    Advantages:
     It is rigidly defined.
     It is easy to calculate and simple to follow.
     It is based on all the observations.
     It is determined for almost every kind of data.
     It is readily put to algebraic treatment.
     It is least affected by fluctuations of sampling.
    Disadvantages:
     The arithmetic mean is highly affected by extreme values.
     It cannot average the ratios and percentages properly.
     It cannot be computed accurately if any item is missing.
     The mean sometimes does not coincide with any of the
    observed value. 

    Characteristics:

     Takes all values in to account .


     Used in further Mathematical treatment .
     Sum of deviation from mean is always zero .
     Sum of square of deviation from the mean is minimum .

    Median:
    The median value of a set of data is the middle value of the ordered
    data. That is, the data must be put in numerical order first.

    Formulas for Median :

    Group data :

    X= l + h n –c
    f 2
    Ungroup data :

    X = n + 1 th term
    2
    Advantages:
     Not influenced by extreme scores.
     Good with ordinal data.
     Easier to compute than the mean.
     Considered as the typical observation.

    Disadvantages:
     May not exist in the data.
     Does not take actual values into account.
     It is amenable to mathematical treatment.

    Characteristics:

     Not affected by extremes.


     Computable for open end classes
     Useful with qualitative data
     Its is suitable for calculation of salaries.

    Mode:
    The modal value of a set of the data is most frequently occurring value.

    Formulas for Mode:

    Group data :

    X= l + fm – f1 h

    (fm – f1)+(fm – f2)

    Ungroup data :
    Most repeated value
    Advantages:

     It is easy to understand and simple to calculate.


     It is not affected by extreme large or small values.
     It can be useful for qualitative data.
     It can be located graphically.

    Disadvantages:

     It is not well defined.


     It is not based on all the values.
     It is stable for large values and it will not be well defined if
    the data consists of small number of values.
     It is not capable of further mathematical treatment.
     Sometimes, the data having one or more than one mode
    and sometimes the data having no mode at all.

    Characteristics:

     Most typical or representative value of distribution


     Not affected by extreme values.
     Value can be determined by open end distributions without
    ascertaining class limit.

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