Our lady of Fatima university

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Math and Physics Department
Pampanga Campus

SASA211

Finding the Center

ENGR IMELDA E RAGMAC
 MEASURE OF UNGROUPED AND USE EXCEL IN
CENTRAL TENDENCY GROUPED DATA FINDING THE
MEAN CENTER
MEDIAN
MODE

Learning Outline
 WEEK 7: Unit expected outcomes;

1. Perform efficiently and honestly the

computations of measures of central tendency.
2. Analyze and interpret data confidently,
accurately, and independently using central
tendencies.
3. Use excel to find the center of the data set
 Finding the average grade of
students, the average daily sales of
a department store or restaurants,
or the average salary per month of
employees in an organization are
common procedures that we do
occasionally. Without us knowing it,
we have been doing statistical tasks
and procedures at different times.
Average is a term which can be
associated with central tendency
or central location.
 In this unit, you will find out how to calculate statistical
quantities which summaries the important characteristics of data.
Definition of Terms for
Mean, Median and
Mode
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
Also known as arithmetic mean
or also known as the average.
It is generally considered the best
measure of central tendency and
the most frequently used one.
However, there are some
situations where the other
measures of central tendency are
preferred
It is the midpoint of an array of numbers or
observations. Arranged them from lowest to
highest and find the midpoints. It is sometimes
called as a measure of location as it tells us
where the data are.
It is the value which occupies the middle
position when all observations are arranged in
ascending to descending order. It divides the
frequency distribution exactly into two halves.
Fifty percent of the observations in a
distribution have scores at or below the
median.
 It is the observation that appears the
most number of times in a distribution.
 It is defined as the value that occurs most
frequently in the data. Some data sets do
not have a mode because each value
occurs only once. On the other hand,
some data sets can have more than one
mode. This happens when the data set
has two or more values of equal
frequency which is greater than that of
any other value.
 Graph 1: Relative Position of the Various Measures of Central
Tendency

All three measures are identical in a normal distribution. As mean is always pulled toward the extreme
observations, the mean is shifted to the tail in a skewed distribution. Mode is the most frequently occurring score
and hence it lies in the hump of the skewed distribution. Median lies in between the mean and the mode in a
skewed distribution.
Measures of Central Tendency for
ungrouped data deals with
the data you first gather from an
experiment or study. The data is raw,
it's not sorted into categories,
classified, or otherwise grouped.
An ungrouped set of data is basically
a list of numbers.
 RECITATION
I. Find the mean of the following data:
(a) 24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 25, 32, 39, 44, 40
(b) Given then table below:
 RECITATION
II. Find the median in the following data:
(a)24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
(b)24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
(c) Given the table below:
 RECITATION
III. Find the mode in the following data:
(a) 24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
(b) 24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
(c) Given the table below:
 Measures of Central Tendency for
Grouped data is data that has been
bundled together in categories. Histograms
and frequency tables can be used to show
this type of data.

The mean and median can be estimated

from tables of grouped data. The class
interval which contains the most values is
known as the modal class.
Symbol Definition
𝑥 The sample mean
X The class mark
F The frequency of a class
fx Frequency times the class mark
𝑓𝑥 Summation of x

N Total frequency
𝒇𝒙 Formula for Mean of Grouped Data
𝒙=
𝑵
 Daily Rentals Beginning 06/07/2020 Example:
Stated Class Limits Frequency (f) Class Mark or Fx
(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐) midpoint (x)
Paula needs to estimate
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙= this year’s tape rentals
𝟐
50-59 2 54.5 109 for a bank loan
60-69 3 64.5 193.5 application. She will
70-79 5 74.5 372.5 use tape rentals
80-89 3 84.5 253.5 summarized table with
90-99 2 94.5 189 a frequency
Total N = 15 𝑓𝑥 = 1,117.5 distribution to estimate
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 average daily rentals
MEAN 𝒙= = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓 for the year.
𝟏𝟓
Formula for Median of Grouped Data and its Important Symbols

Symbol Definition
L Lower real limit of the median’s class
< 𝐶𝐹𝐵 Cumulative frequency before the median’s frequency
I Class interval (width)
𝑵 is the total number of data, it is used to determined the
𝟐 middle frequency
𝑵 Formula for Median of Grouped Data
− 𝑪𝑭𝒃
𝟐
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳 + (𝒊)
𝒇
 Steps in solving the median of grouped data:
Refer to the data below and 1. To determine the median class, calculate
follow the steps. 𝑵
the value of .
Daily Rentals Beginning 06/07/2020 𝟐
𝑵 𝟏𝟓
Stated Class Frequency (f) <Cumulative 2. From the given data, the value of = =
Limits Frequency (𝑪𝑭) 𝟐 𝟐
𝟕. 𝟓
(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 )
50-59 2 2 3. Next, look for the <CF that is nearest to,
60-69 3 5 but not less than 7.5
70-79 5 10 4. The median class, therefore, is the class
80-89 3 13
interval 70-79. The median is expected to be
90-99 2 15
Total N = 15
found in this interval.
Middle 𝑵 𝟏𝟓 5. The value of L = 69.5 ( the lower class
= = 𝟕. 𝟓
Frequency 𝟐 𝟐 boundary of the median class).
𝑵
− <𝐶𝐹𝒃
Median 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳 + 𝟐
𝒊 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟓 +
𝟕.𝟓 − 𝟓
𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓 6. The value of <CFB = 5 (cumulative
𝒇 𝟓
frequency before the median’s frequency)
and the class width or interval is i = 5.
7. The frequency of the median class is f = 5.
Formula for Mode of Grouped Data and its Important Symbols
Symbol Definition
𝑀0 Modal class or the class interval with the highest frequency
𝐿𝑀0 Lower class boundary of the modal class
∆1 Difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
above it
∆2 Difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
below it
𝑖 Class size
∆ Delta/ change or difference
∆1
𝑴𝟎 = 𝐿𝑀0 + (𝒊)
∆1 + ∆2

Formula for Mode of Grouped Data

 For the distribution in the data above, the
Refer to the data below and modal class interval is 70-79 (highest
follow the steps. frequency) hence,
Daily Rentals Beginning 06/07/2020
Stated Class Frequency (f) 𝑳𝑴𝟎 = 69. 5 (Lower class boundary of
Limits the modal class)
(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐) ∆1 = 5 – 3 = 2 (Difference between
the frequency of the modal class and
50-59 2
the frequency above it)
60-69 3
∆2 = 5 – 3 = 2 (Difference between
70-79 5
the frequency of the modal class and
80-89 3
the frequency below it)
90-99 2
i = 10 (Class Size)
Total N = 15
∆1 2 ∆1
Mode 𝑴𝟎 = 𝐿𝑀0 + 𝒊 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓 𝑴𝟎 = 𝐿𝑀0 + 𝒊
∆1 + ∆2
∆1 + ∆2 2+ 2
2
= 𝟔𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
2+ 2
 If you want to watch additional videos for more
information please see the link below!

Measures of Central Tendency

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn83BA7cRNM&t=345s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1HEzNTGeZ4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrGYheq0whk&t=9s
Please open your canvas for the following:
Our lady of Fatima university
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Math and Physics Department
Pampanga Campus

SASA211

Measures of Variation
ENGR IMELDA E RAGMAC
 WEEK 8: Unit expected outcomes

Range; Finding out Exploring Excel

what variation worksheet
Variance
is all about functions that
Standard calculate
Deviation variation

Learning Outline
 WEEK 4: Unit expected outcomes;

1. Perform efficiently computations of measures of

dispersion.
2. Analyze, compare and interpret data confidently,
accurately, and independently using measures of
dispersion.
3. Use EXCEL to find the variations
Events of nature vary form time. People keep on changing their location, motion, physical appearance, skin
reaction to different chemicals, height, weight, hair color, eye color, ideas, and even value in life. Usually, the
heights of a group of people with the same race tend to converge to a certain common value.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
The measure of variation will enable you to know how varied the
observations are, whether there are extremes values in the distribution,
or whether the values are very close to each other. If the measure of
variation is zero, it means that there is no variation at all and that the
observations are all alike, or homogeneous. Otherwise, they are
heterogenous.

The common measures of variation are the:

1. range
2.Variance
3. standard deviation
 The range is the simplest form of
measuring the variation of a
distribution. To get the range,
subtract the lowest score or
observation from the highest score.

• The range is simple to compute

and is useful when you wish to
evaluate the whole of a dataset.
• The range is useful for showing
the spread within a dataset and
for comparing the spread
between similar datasets.

FORMULA: Range (R) = HIGHEST OBSERVATION – LOWEST OBSERVATION

Illustrative Examples:
FORMULA: Range (R) = HIGHEST OBSERVATION – LOWEST OBSERVATION

Data 3: A group of scientists went on the mountain

range in Sierra Madre, Philippines to study the different
species of plants existing in that area. The ages of the
scientists are 34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, and 40. What is the
range of their ages?

Given: Highest Age = 56 and Lowest Age = 25

Solution: R = H – L = 56 – 25 = 31
Answer: therefore, the range of their ages is 31
Variance is another measure of variation which can be used instead of the range. The variance
considers the deviation of each observation from the mean. To obtain the variance of a
distribution, first square the deviation from the mean of each row score and add them together.
Then, divide the resulting sum by N or the total number of cases.
(Ungrouped Data)
(Grouped Data)
(Ungrouped Data)
 (Ungrouped Data)
Except when specified that the population variance is to be used, you
will always use the sample variance formula in the examples and
exercises throughout the book.

a) Ungrouped Data: Find the population and sample variances of the following distribution:
34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, and 40.
Solution:
𝟐𝟔𝟕
Step 1: Find the population mean: µ = 𝟕 = 38.1
Step 2: Complete the table.

POPULATION VARIANCE X (x - µ) (𝒙 − µ)𝟐

𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 34 4.14 17.14
𝝈 = = = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟕
𝑵 𝟕 35 3.14 9.86
45 6.86 47.06
Thus, the 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟕 56 17.86 318.98
Where in: 𝝈𝟐 = population variance 32 6.14 37.70
x = raw score 35 13.14 172.66
N = number of observations 40 1.86 3.46
μ = population mean N = 267 53.14 606.86
 (Ungrouped Data)
𝟐𝟔𝟕
ഥ=
Step 1: Find the population mean: 𝒙 = 38.1
𝟕
Step 2: Complete the table.

SAMPLE VARIANCE X (x - 𝒙ഥ) (𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ)𝟐

𝟐 (𝒙− 𝒙ഥ)𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝟔.𝟖𝟔 34 4.14 17.14
𝑺 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟒
𝑵−𝟏 𝟕−𝟏
35 3.14 9.86
45 6.86 47.06
Thus, the 𝑺𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟒
56 17.86 318.98
Where in: 𝝈𝟐 = sample variance
32 6.14 37.70
x = raw score
N = number of observations 35 13.14 172.66
𝑥ഥ= sample mean 40 1.86 3.46
N = 267 53.14 606.86
 (Grouped Data)
b.) Grouped Data: Compute for the population and
sample variances for the data in the table below.

IQ Scores
IQ Scores F X Fx x2 fx2 f(x - 𝒙ഥ)2
75-79 10 77 770 5, 929 59,290 1,876.9
80-84 12 82 984 6,724 80,688 908.28
85-89 25 87 2,175 7,569 189,225 342.25
90-94 34 92 3,128 8,464 287,776 57.46
95-99 19 97 1,843 9,409 178,771 754.11
100-104 15 102 1,530 10,404 156,060 1,915.35
Total: N = 115 10, 430 951,810 5,854.35

𝟏𝟎,𝟒𝟑𝟎
ഥ=
Mean: 𝒙 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟓
(Grouped Data)
Step 1: Complete the table if needed.
Step 2: Find the mean.
Step 3: Solve for Sample or Population Variance
The standard deviation, (σ) for a population and (s) for a sample, is the
square root of the value of the variance. In symbols and formula for
grouped and ungrouped data:

a. Population Standard Deviation (σ) σ= 𝜎 2

b. Sample Standard Deviation (s) s= 𝑠 2

Unless specified, the sample standard deviation will be used

in all the examples and exercises throughout the book.
a) Ungrouped Data: If the Population Variance is 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟕,
therefore, the value of population standard deviation is 𝝈 = 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟕 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟏

Ungrouped Data: If the Sample Variance is 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟒,

Therefore, the value of sample standard deviation is 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟔

b.) Grouped Data: If the Population Variance is 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎.91,

therefore, the value of population standard deviation is 𝝈 = 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒

Grouped Data: If the Sample Variance is 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟓,

Therefore, the value of sample standard deviation is 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟕
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
Compute for the population and sample variances for the data in
the table below.
Compute for the population and sample standard deviation for the
data in the table below.
(b)
(a)24, 32, 18, 40, 29,
37, 19, 29, 32, 39,
42, 40, 35, 22,30, 18
THANK
YOU!
Our lady of Fatima university
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Math and Physics Department
Pampanga Campus

SASA211

ENGR IMELDA E RAGMAC

 MEASURES OF OTHER POSITION

At the end of the chapter the students are expected:

Perform efficiently and honestly the computations of

measures of other position in the distribution.

Learning Outcomes
 QUANTILES

❖It is a score distribution where the scores

are divided into different equal parts.
There are three kinds of quantiles:
❖Quartile,
❖Decile and
❖ Percentile.
 QUARTILE
• A measure of position that divides the ordered
observations or score distribution into 4 equal parts.
 DECILE
• A measure of position that divides the ordered
observations or score distribution into 10 equal
parts.
PERCENTILE
• A measure of position that divides the ordered
observations or score distribution into 100 equal
parts.
QUARTILE, DECILE & PERCENTILE

Q2 = D5 =P50 = MEDIAN
FORMULA FOR UNDROUPED DATA
Solution

Given the following data:

87, 95, 77, 82, 90, 89, 78, 85 and 90.

• Step no.1, arrange the data in ascending order

EXAMPLES
Given the following data:
87, 95, 77, 82, 90, 89, 78, 85 and 90.

Find each of the following.

a. 1st Quartile

b. Second Quartile
EXAMPLES
Given the following data:
87, 95, 77, 82, 90, 89, 78, 85 and 90.

Find each of the following.

c. Fifth Decile

d. Seventh Decile

. Fifty-First Percentile
EXAMPLES
Given the following data:
87, 95, 77, 82, 90, 89, 78, 85 and 90.

Find each of the following.

e. Percentile 34, P34

E. Fifty-First Percentile
f. The percentile rank of data 89
a. First Quartile, Q1
B. SECOND QUARTILE
C. FIFTH DECILE
D. SEVENTH DECILE
e. FIFTY-FIRST PERCENTILE
EXERCISES
A company manufactures computer terminals. The following
data give the number of computer terminals produced at the
company for a sample of 15 days.

24 32 27 23 33 33 29 25 31 35 34 22 26 28 23
Calculate the values of the three quartiles.
a. Find the 3th quartile.
b. Find the 4th decile.
c. Compute the value of the 74th percentile.
d. Calculate the percentile rank of 25.
Our lady of Fatima university
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Math and Physics Department
Pampanga Campus

SASA211

· Normal distribution
ENGR IMELDA E RAGMAC
 WEEK 11: Unit expected outcomes

Meeting the Working with Understanding

normal standard Excel’s normal
distribution deviations and distribution-
the normal related
distribution functions

Learning Outline
At the end of the chapter the students are expected:

Interpret in standard deviation units any

particular score in normal distribution.

Learning Outcomes
 It is a symmetric
distribution where most of
the observations cluster
around the central peak and
the probabilities for values
further away from
the mean taper off equally
in both directions.
 The graphical
representation of
normal distribution is
called a Normal
curve.
Normal Distribution
• Examples of normal random variables:
➢heights of seedlings/human
➢size of things produced by machines
➢blood pressure of people
➢weights of newborns
➢scores for tests taken by a large
population
➢Error in measurements
➢IQ scores
➢Lifespan of Light Bulb
 Normal Distribution

Normal curves are not all identical, but they are all symmetrical!
 (1)
The normal distribution
is a mathematical model
represented by a bell-
shaped curve which is
symmetric with respect
to the mean.
 (2)
The mean, median, and
mode of the normal
distribution are equal.
 (3)
The normal curve
approaches, but never
touches, the x-axis, as it
extends farther and
farther away from the
mean.
x-axis
 (4)
The area under the
normal curve is
approximately equal to
one (1) or 100%.
 (5)
The standard normal
distribution has a mean
of zero (0) and a
standard deviation of
one (1).
 Areas under the Normal Curve

In general, we can determine the area in any specified region

under the normal curve and associate it with probability,
proportion, or percentage.
The area within one
standard deviation from
the mean is about 68%;
two standard deviations
from the mean is about
95%; and three standard
deviations from the
𝝁 − 𝟑𝝈 𝝁 − 𝟐𝝈 𝝁 − 𝟏𝝈
𝝁
𝝁 + 𝟏𝝈 𝝁 + 𝟐𝝈 𝝁 + 𝟑𝝈 mean is about 99.7%.
 The Normal Curve Areas

Computing
Normal
Probabilities
 Z = 1.62

Area = 0.4474
Normal Probability = 44.74%

3.
1.
4. Find
2. Multiplythethe
Determine
Determine intersection
the first
area
the of
of the
third the
2digit
digits value
ofof
z-valuethe
the by from
100%steps
z-value
z-value toand
and
1
getand
the2.
locate
locate itnormal
it on the
on theprobability.
left most row.
top-most column.
 Z = 2.79

Area = 0.4974
Normal Probability = 49.74%

3.
1.
4. Find
2. Multiplythethe
Determine
Determine intersection
the first
area
the of
of the
third the
2digit
digits value
ofof
z-valuethe
the by from
100%steps
z-value
z-value toand
and
1
getand
the2.
locate
locate itnormal
it on the
on theprobability.
left most row.
top-most column.
 Z = 3.0

Area = 0.4987
Normal Probability = 49.87%

3.
1.
4. Find
2. Multiplythethe
Determine
Determine intersection
the first
area
the of
of the
third the
2digit
digits value
ofof
z-valuethe
the by from
100%steps
z-value
z-value toand
and
1
getand
the2.
locate
locate itnormal
it on the
on theprobability.
left most row.
top-most column.
Find the area and the normal probability of the
following z-values.

GIVEN AREA PROBABILITY

1. 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 0.4131 41.31%
2. 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟔 0.4452 44.52%
3. 𝒛=𝟎 0 0%
4. 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 0.0359 3.59%
5. 𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖 0.4973 49.73%
 Situation Instructions

1 Between
zero and any
number
Look for the area of the
non-zero value in the
table.

(Example 1)
Find the probability
between zero and z=0.5
or 𝑃(0 < 𝑧 < 0.5).
 (Example 1)
Find the probability between zero
and z=0.5.

𝑷 𝟎 < 𝒛 < 𝟎. 𝟓
= 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟓%.
 Situation Instructions

2 Between
two values with
same sign.
Look for both areas in the
table and subtract the
smaller from the larger.

(Example 2)
Find the probability
between 𝑧1 = 1.27 and
𝑧2 = 2.3 or 𝑃(1.27 <
𝑧 < 2.3).
 (Example 2)
Find the probability between
𝑧1 = 1.27 and
𝑧2 = 2.3.

Subtracting the two

probabilities from the z-table,
P(𝑧1 ) = 0.3980 and 𝑃(𝑧2 ) =
0.4893.

𝑷 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 < 𝒛 < 𝟐. 𝟑 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟑%.

 Situation Instructions

3 Between a
negative and a
positive
Look for both areas in the
table and add them
together.

(Example 3)
Find the probability
between 𝑧1 = −0.13 and
𝑧2 = 1.3 or
𝑃(−0.13 < 𝑧 < 1.3).
 (Example 3)
Find the probability between 𝑧1 = -0.13
and 𝑧2 = 1.3.

Adding the two probabilities from the

z-table,
P(𝑧1 ) = 0.0517 and 𝑃(𝑧2 ) = 0.4032,

𝑷 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 < 𝒛 < 𝟏. 𝟑 = 45.49%.

 Situation Instructions

4 Less than a
negative value,
or greater than a
Look for the area in the
table and subtract from
0.5
positive value
(Example 4)
Find the probability
less than z = −1.43
or 𝑃(𝑧 < −1.43).
 (Example 4)
Find the probability less than z =-1.43.

Since the probability from the z-

table is 0.4236,
subtract it from 0.5.

𝑷 𝒛 < −𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 = 7.64%

 Situation Instructions

5 Greater than a
negative value, or
less than a positive
Look for the area in the
table and add 0.5
value.
(Example 5)
Find the probability
greater than
z = −1.63 or
𝑃(𝑧 > −1.63).
 (Example 5)
Find the probability greater than
z = −1.63 .

Since the probability from the z-

table is 0.4485, add 0.5.

𝑃 𝑧 > −1.63 = 0.9484 or

94.84%
5 Different situations that may arise when asked to Find
Normal Probabilities

1
Between Look for the area of the non-zero
zero and any number value in the table.
Between
2
Look for both areas in the table and
two values with same
subtract the smaller from the larger.
sign.

3
Between a negative and Look for both areas in the table and
a positive add them together.
Less than a negative value,
4 or greater than a positive
value
Look for the area in the table and subtract
from 0.5

5
Greater than a negative Look for the area in the table and add
or less than a positive 0.5
 Find the area and its normal probability of the
following z-values.

1. 𝐏(𝟎 < 𝒛 < 𝟏. 𝟔) 0.4452 or 44.52%

2.𝐏(−𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 < 𝐳 < 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔) 0.8313 or 83.13%
3. 𝐏(𝐳 > 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒) 0.0901 or 9.01%
4. 𝐏(𝐳 < −𝟐. 𝟓𝟑) 0.0057 or 0.57%
5. 𝐏(𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 < 𝐳 < 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏) 0.1275 or 12.75%
6. 𝐏(𝐳 < 𝟎. 𝟓) 0.6915 or 69.15%
7. 𝐏(𝒛 > −𝟏. 𝟐𝟏) 0. 8869 or 88.69%
Finding Z-Scores
Determine the for each of the
following 𝑥 values for a normal distribution
with 𝜇 = 16 and 𝜎 = 4.

a. 𝑥 = 13
b. 𝑥 = 24
c. 𝑥 = 16
a. Given: 𝑥 = 13, 𝜇 = 16 and 𝜎 = 4.
Solve: 𝑧 = ?

𝒙−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔
𝑧=
𝟒
b. Given: 𝑥 = 24, 𝜇 = 16 and 𝜎 = 4.
Solve: 𝑧 = ?

𝒙−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
𝟐𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔
𝑧=
𝟒
c.Given: 𝑥 = 16, 𝜇 = 16 and 𝜎 = 4.
Solve: z =?
𝒙−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟔
𝑧=
𝟒
Determine the z value for each of the
following x values for a normal
distribution with 𝜇 = 16 and 𝜎 = 4.

a. 𝑥 = 13
b. 𝑥 = 24
c. 𝑥 = 16
For continuous random variable that
has a normal distribution with mean
of 20 and a standard deviation of 4,
find the area under the normal curve:
a. From 20 to 28
b. From 18 to 30
c. Above 20
d. Below 28
e. Above 25
 GIVEN: Let 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖,
a. From 20 to 28 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒
GIVEN : Let 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎,
𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒
𝑥2 − 𝜇
𝑧2 =
𝜎
𝑥1 − 𝜇
𝑧1 = 28 − 20
𝜎 𝑧2 =
20 − 20 4
𝑧1 =
4 𝑧2 = 2.0
𝑧1 = 0
Area=0.4772
 GIVEN: Let 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎,
b. From 18 to 30 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒

GIVEN : Let 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖,

𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒 𝑥2 − 𝜇
𝑧2 =
𝜎
𝑥1 − 𝜇
𝑧1 = 30 − 20
𝜎 𝑧2 =
18 − 20 4
𝑧1 =
4 𝑧2 = 2.5
𝑧1 = −0.5
Area = 0.1915 + 0.4938

Area = 0.6853
 c. Above 20

GIVEN : Let 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
20 − 20
z=
4
𝑧=0
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.5 + 0.0000
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.5
 d. Below 28
GIVEN : Let 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟖, 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
28 − 20
z=
4

𝑧 = 2.0
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.5 + 0.4772
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.9772
 e. Above 25
GIVEN : Let 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟒
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
25 − 20
z=
4

𝑧 = 1.25
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.5 − 0.3944
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.1056
For continuous random variable that
has a normal distribution with mean
of 20 and a standard deviation of 4,
find the area under the normal curve:
a. From 20 to 28 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =0.4772
b. From 18 to 30 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.6853
c. Above 20 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.5
d. Below 28 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.9772
e. Above 25 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.1056
Example #3
A brisk walk at 4 miles per hour, burns an average of
300 calories per hour. If the standard deviation of the
distribution is 10 calories, find the probability that a
person who walks one hour at the rate of 4 miles per
hour will burn the following calories. Assume the
variable to be normally distributed.
a. More than 270 calories
b. Less than 318 calories
c. Between 270 and 318 calories
 a. More than 270 calories

GIVEN : Let 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎, 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
270 − 300
z=
10

𝑧 = −3.0
 0.5 + 0.4987

0.9987 𝑜𝑟 99.87%

Therefore, the probability that a person who walks

one hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour will burn
more than 270 calories is 99.87 %.
 b. Less than 318 calories.
GIVEN : Let 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖, 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
318 − 300
z=
10

𝑧 = 1.8
 0.5 + 0.4641

0.9641 𝑜𝑟 96.41%

Therefore, the probability that a person who walks

one hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour will burn
less than 318 calories is 96.41 %.
 c. Between 270 and 318 calories

GIVEN : Let 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎, GIVEN: Let 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖,

𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎

𝑥1 − 𝜇 𝑥2 − 𝜇
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 =
𝜎 𝜎
270 − 300 318 − 300
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 =
10 10
𝑧1 = −3.0
𝑧2 = 1.8
 0.4641 + 0.4987

0.9628 𝑜𝑟 96.28%

Therefore, the probability that a person who walks

one hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour will burn 270
to 318 calories is 96.28 %.
Example #3
A brisk walk at 4 miles per hour, burns an average of 300 calories per
hour. If the standard deviation of the distribution is 10 calories, find the
probability that a person who walks one hour at the rate of 4 miles per
hour will burn the following calories. Assume the variable to be normally
distributed.
a. More than 270 calories
Therefore, the probability that a person who walks one hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour will
burn more than 270 calories is 99.87 %.

b. Less than 318 calories

Therefore, the probability that a person who walks one hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour will
burn less than 318 calories is 96.41 %.

c. Between 270 and 318 calories

Therefore, the probability that a person who walks one hour at the rate of 4 miles per hour will
burn 270 to 318 calories is 96.28 %.
 ACTIVITY
In a job fair, 3,000 applicants applied for a job. Their mean age was
found to be 28 with a standard deviation of 4 years.
a. Draw a normal curve distribution showing the z-scores and the raw
scores.
b. How many applicants are below 18 years old?
 ACTIVITY
In a job fair, 3,000 applicants applied for a job. Their mean age was found to be 28
with a standard deviation of 4 years.
c. How many applicants are above 32 years old?
d. How many have ages between 20 and 30 years?
 CALCULATING
Z-SCORES IN EXCEL
How to Calculate Z-Scores in Excel

Suppose we have the

following dataset and
we would like to find
the z-score for every
raw data value:
How to Calculate Z-Scores in Excel

Step 1: Find the mean and standard

deviation of the dataset.
How to Calculate Z-Scores in Excel

Step 2: Find the z-score for the first raw data value.
Next, we’ll find the z-score for the first raw data value using the
formula z = (X – μ) / σ.
Cell C2 shows the formula we used to calculate the z-value in cell B2.
How to Calculate Z-Scores in Excel

Step 3: Find the z-scores

for all remaining values.
Now that we found the z-
score for the first value in
the dataset, we can simply
copy the formula we used in
cell B2 to the rest of the
data values.
We can do this by
highlighting the entire z-
score column, starting with
the first z-score we already
calculated:
How to Calculate Z-Scores in Excel
That’s all for
today!!!