CHEMISTRY-WPS Office

CHEMISTRY
1. Meaning of Chemistry
the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of
which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways in
which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes to
form new substances.
2. Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds.
It is the study of the chemistry of life and reactions occurring in living organisms.
An organic chemistry might study organic reactions, the structure and
properties of organic molecules, polymers, drugs, or fuels.
Inorganic Chemistry: Inorganic chemistry is the study of compounds not covered

by organic chemistry. It is the study of inorganic compounds, or compounds that
don't contain a C-H bond. A few inorganic compounds do contain carbon, but
most contain metals. Topics of interest to inorganic chemists include ionic
compounds, organometallic compounds, minerals, cluster compounds, and
solid-state compounds.
Analytical Chemistry: Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemistry of

matter and the development of tools to measure properties of matter.
Analytical chemistry includes quantitative and qualitative analysis, separations,
extractions, distillation, spectrometry and spectroscopy, chromatography, and
electrophoresis. Analytical chemists develop standards, chemical methods, and
instrumental methods.
Physical Chemistry: Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies

physics to the study of chemistry, which commonly includes the applications of
thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry.
Biochemistry: Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur inside
of living organisms. Examples of key molecules include proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, lipids, drugs, and neurotransmitters. Sometimes this discipline is
considered a subdiscipline of organic chemistry. Biochemistry is closely related
to molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics.
3. Definition of MATTER
Matter, which is anything that occupies space and has mass.
4. States of Matter (differences with drawings)
1. Solids
A solid’s particles are packed closely together. The forces between the
particles are strong enough that the particles cannot move freely; they
can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape and a
definite volume. Solids can only change shape under force, as when
broken or cut.
2. Liquids
A liquid is a fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but that
retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. The volume
is definite (does not change) if the temperature and pressure are
constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes
liquid because the pressure is higher than the triple point of the
substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still
important, but the molecules have enough energy to move around,
which makes the structure mobile. This means that a liquid is not
definite in shape but rather conforms to the shape of its container.
3. Gases
Gas molecules have either very weak bonds or no bonds at all, so

they can move freely and quickly. Because of this, not only will a gas
conform to the shape of its container, it will also expand to
completely fill the container. Gas molecules have enough kinetic
energy that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero, for
an ideal gas), and they are spaced very far apart from each other; the
typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than
the size of the molecules themselves.
5. Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without

changing the chemical nature of the substance.
Chemical Properties
the definition of a chemical property is that measuring that property must lead
to a change in the substance’s chemical structure.
6. Changes in Matter
Physical changes never change the identity of the matter, only its size, shape or
state.
Chemical changes occur when bonds are broken and/or formed between
molecules or atoms. This means that one substance with a certain set of
properties (such as melting point, color, taste, etc) is turned into a different
substance with different properties. Chemical changes are frequently harder to
reverse than physical changes.
7. Elements and Compound
An element is a pure substance. It cannot be broken down into other types of

substances. Each element is made up of just one type of atom.
A compound substance with a unique, fixed composition that consists of two or

more elements is a unique substance that consists of two or more elements
combined in fixed proportions. This means that the composition of a compound
is always the same. The smallest particle of most compounds in living things is
called a molecule.
8. Atoms and Molecules
atom, smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of
electrically charged particles. It also is the smallest unit of matter that has the
characteristic properties of a chemical element. As such, the atom is the basic
building block of chemistry.
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has

the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up
of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result
of the sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms. The atoms of certain
elements readily bond with other atoms to form molecules.
9. The Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table of chemical elements, often called the periodic table,
organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows (called periods) and columns
(called groups) according to increasing atomic number. Scientists use the
periodic table to quickly refer to information about an element, like atomic
mass and chemical symbol. The periodic table’s arrangement also allows
scientists to discern trends in element properties, including electronegativity,
ionization energy, and atomic radius.

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CHEMISTRY

Inorganic Chemistry: Inorganic chemistry is the study of compounds not covered

Analytical Chemistry: Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemistry of

Physical Chemistry: Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies

Matter, which is anything that occupies space and has mass.

4. States of Matter (differences with drawings)

Gas molecules have either very weak bonds or no bonds at all, so

Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without

7. Elements and Compound

An element is a pure substance. It cannot be broken down into other types of

A compound substance with a unique, fixed composition that consists of two or

8. Atoms and Molecules

A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has

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