Abstract

Electronics converters such as DC-DC are widely used in electrical systems for various
applications such as charging, Electric vehicles, and various other electronics systems. Regulated
output waveforms are required to have a smooth operation of devices without any transient
behaviors.

A full-wave rectifier is also used in the industry for the conversion of AC to DC for various
applications. There are two types of rectifiers uncontrolled and controlled. In controlled rectifier
can control rectifier average voltage by changing the firing angle of the switching device. The
waveform generated by the controlled rectifier is based on load as well in the case of RL load the
waveform goes into a negative direction because of already store energy in the inductor.

Buck-Boost converters are used to provide the output voltage greater than the input voltage and
they can also provide the voltage below the input voltage based on the duty ratio. If we select the
duty ratio greater than 50% it will behave as a boost and if we set the duty ratio below then 50%
it can behave as a buck converter so it provides the versatile output voltage based on its design.
To design a buck-Boost converter we need to specify the filtering capacitor and an inductor to
limit the rate of change of current as well.

The capacitor of the converter regulates the voltage ripples while the inductor in the converters
controls the ripples in the current so a trade-off is being done in between the ripples and
component values to have an optimum size of the converter for a specific calculation.

Introduction
The conversion of DC power from one voltage level to another is carried out through DC-to-DC
converters. Level of power conversion range from low (DC applications, battery chargers, etc.)
to high DC power transmission applications. In practical DC to DC converters, a switching
technique is used such as Pulse width modulation. The voltage level may either be higher (Boost
DC-DC converter) than input voltage or lower (Buck converter) by storing energy into electric
field (capacitors) or magnetic field (transformers, inductors). They are low-cost, compact, and
efficient switch-mode DC-DC converter is good and ranges from 75% to 98%.
DC-DC converters are used widely for control of trolley cars, electric automobiles, mine haulers,
forklift trucks, marine hoists, regenerative braking.

DC-DC Buck-Boost converter

The DC-DC buck-boost converter is a type of switching converter operating by periodically
closing and opening an electronic switch. Here the term buck-boost means that the output
voltage can be larger than the input voltage and it can also be lower than the input voltage as per
the requirement and duty ratio settings. The basic circuit for buck-Boost is shown in figure 001
using Multisim.

Figure 01: Buck-Boost design in Multisim

Current and voltage relationships

The analysis will be carried out under steady-state conditions, the whole period for switching is
T, the switching on time is (1-D) T, and close till DT. Inductor current is supposed to be in
continuous mode means that it won’t decay to zero before the start of the next cycle, the
capacitor is supposed to be very high to make output voltage constant and filtered from the
harmonics Vo, and all the circuits are supposed to be ideal.

Closed switch
When the switch as shown in figure 1 is closed, the diode which connected the input side to
output is reversed biased hence remaining open in this reason the inductor is storing energy in
the form of the magnetic field. Using KVL the mathematical equation for analysis is given by:
Since the rate of change of inductor current is constant. So, the inductor current will increase
linearly during the closed switch period. The Change in the current of the inductor is given by

And solving for inductor current in switch close time we get

Open switch
As the switch is opened, the inductor will continue to flow and no instantaneous change occurs
because the inductor opposes the rate of change of current for a small time. The diode becomes
forward bias and gets close and inductor current flows in the same direction because of its stored
energy. As the output voltage is assumed constant, the inductor voltage is given by:

Solving for the current in the condition of the open switch is as follows.
The net change in inductor current is zero under steady-state conditions.

Now solving output voltage Vo:

The average power supplied by source and average inductor current is given by:

In continuous current mode, the current across an inductor for both minimum and maximum
value can be calculated by the following equations.

In designing the buck-boost converter, the inductance should be greater than the minimum value
which can be calculated by the following equation. But for the practical application, we always
chose the induction 25% more than the calculated Lmin for better regulation.

To calculate the capacitor required for the output voltage regulation we can use the following
formula that can use filtering purposes.
Procedure
The procedure followed is explained below:

Mobile charger. (DC to DC converter):

Data:
Input voltage = 12 V DC
Output Voltage Levels = 6V, 24V, 48V
Resistive load with average power = 6 Watts
We will be having 3 cases for 3 different voltage levels.
CASE 1:
Using a buck-boost converter, we will try to achieve 6V at the output.
Let us assume the switching frequency = 100 kHz. The switching device used in our project is
HEXFET Power Mosfet. There is a trad off between power efficiency and compactness of design.
By increasing switching frequency, the switching losses increase. So, we have to select an
optimal value for it.
Duty Cycle Required:
(D)
Vo=−Vs ×
(1− D)

The required output voltage is 6 V dc

(D)
6 V =−12V ×
(1−D)
D=0.33∨33.33 %
∅=119.88 °

V 2 62
R= = = 6-ohms
P 6
The suitable value for Inductor to be used is:
 (1−D)2 × R
L , min¿
2f
Putting the value of D = 0.33 and f = 100 kHz

(1−0.33)2 ×6
L , min¿
2( 100,000)
L , min¿13.46 µH

To get inductor current in continuous form, we have to assume the inductor value 25 % more
than the L , min.
L=13.46 µH*1.25
L=¿16.83 µH

Voltage waveform across each Circuit element:

Figure 2: Output waveform of Buck-Boost Converter

Figure3: Voltage across Inductor

Figure2: Voltage across Diode
 Figure 3:Voltage across Source Figure 5: Voltage across switching device

The value of the capacitor, if ripple is maintained below 5 %:

∆ Vo
Let’s take the ripple 4%; =0.04
Vo
D
C=
∆ Vo
R×
Vo( )
∗f

0.33
C=
6 ×0.04∗100,000
C=¿13.75 µF

Minimum and Maximum Current across Inductor:

For minimum current
VsD VsDT
I ( l ) , min ¿ −
R(1−D)2
2L

12∗0.33 12∗0.33∗0.00001
I ( l ) , min ¿ −
6(1−0.33)2
2∗16.83 µH

I ( l ) , min ¿-0.8804 A

For maximum current

 VsD VsDT
I ( l ) , max ¿ +
R(1−D)
2
2L

12∗0.33 12∗0.33∗0.00001
I ( l ) , max ¿ +
6 (1−0.33)
2
2∗16.83 µH

I ( l ) , max ¿ 1.47 A

Minimum and Maximum Current across Switching Device:

I , switching ( max ) =1.92 A
I , switching ( min )=−31.18 mA

Scaling = 1mV/1mA

CASE 2:
Using a buck-boost converter, we will try to achieve 24V at output.
Let us assume the switching frequency = 100 kHz. The switching device used in our project is
HEXFET Power Mosfet. There is a trad off between power efficiency and compactness of design.
By increasing switching frequency, the switching losses increase. So, we have to select an
optimal value for it.
Duty Cycle Required:
(D)
Vo=−Vs ×
(1− D)

The required output voltage is 24 V dc

( D)
24 V =−12V ×
(1−D)
D=0.66∨66.66 %
∅=240°

V 2 242
R= = = 96-ohms
P 6
The suitable value for Inductor to be used is:

(1−D)2 × R
L , min¿
2f
Putting the value of D = 0.33 and f = 100 kHz

(1−0.66)2 × 96
L , min¿
2(100,000)
L , min¿55.4 µH

To get inductor current in continuous form, we have to assume the inductor value 25 % more
than the L , min.
L=55.4 µH*1.25
L=¿ 69.36 µH
Voltage waveform across each Circuit element:

Figure 6: Output waveform of buck boos converter

Figure 7: Voltage across Diode Figure 8: Voltage across Inductor

 Figure 10: Voltage across Switching Device
Figure 9: Voltage across Source

The value of the capacitor, if ripple is maintained below 5 %:

∆ Vo
Let’s take the ripple 4%; =0.04
Vo
D
C=
∆ Vo
R×
Vo( )
∗f

0.66
C=
96 ×0.04∗100,000
C=¿1.71 µF

Minimum and Maximum Current across Inductor:

For minimum current
VsD VsDT
I ( l ) , min ¿ −
R(1−D)2
2L

12∗0.66 12∗0.66∗0.00001
I ( l ) , min ¿ −
96 (1−0.66)2
2∗69.96 µ H

I ( l ) , min ¿0.15 A

For maximum current

VsD VsDT
I ( l ) , max ¿ +
R(1−D)2
2L
 12∗0.66 12∗0.66∗0.00001
I ( l ) , max ¿ +
96 (1−0.66)
2
2∗69.96 µ H

I ( l ) , max ¿ 1.27 A

Minimum and Maximum Current across Switching Device:

I , switching ( max ) =1.36 A
I , switching ( min )=−75.04 mA

Scaling = 1mV/1mA

CASE 3:
Using a buck-boost converter, we will try to achieve 48V at output.
Let us assume the switching frequency = 100 kHz. The switching device used in our project is HEXFET
Power Mosfet. There is a trad off between power efficiency and compactness of design. By increasing
switching frequency, the switching losses increase. So, we have to select an optimal value for it.

Duty Cycle Required:

(D)
Vo=−Vs ×
(1− D)

The required output voltage is 6 V dc

( D)
48 V =−12V ×
(1−D)
D=0.8∨80 %
∅=288°

V 2 482
R= = = 384-ohms
P 6
The suitable value for Inductor to be used is:

(1−D)2 × R
L , min¿
2f
Putting the value of D = 0.33 and f = 100 kHz

(1−0.8)2 ×384
L , min¿
2(100,000)
L , min¿76.8 µH

To get inductor current in continuous form, we have to assume the inductor value 25 % more
than the L , min.
L=76.8 µH*1.25
L=¿96 µH

Voltage waveform across each Circuit element:

 Figure 11: output voltage of the buck-boost converter

Figure 12: Voltage across Diode Figure 13: Voltage across Inductor

Figure 14: Output across Source Figure 15: Output across Switching Device

The value of the capacitor, if ripple is maintained below 5 %:

∆ Vo
Let’s take the ripple 4%; =0.04
Vo
 D
C=
∆ Vo
R×
Vo( )
∗f

0.8
C=
384 ×0.04∗100,000
C=¿52.08 µF

Minimum and Maximum Current across Inductor:

For minimum current
VsD VsDT
I ( l ) , min ¿ −
R(1−D)
2
2L

12∗0.8 12∗0.8∗0.00001
I ( l ) , min ¿ −
384 (1−0.8)
2
2∗96 µ H

I ( l ) , min ¿0.125 A

For maximum current

VsD VsDT
I ( l ) , max ¿ +
R(1−D)
2
2L

12∗0.8 12∗0.8∗0.00001
I ( l ) , max ¿ +
384 (1−0.8)
2
2∗96 µ H

I ( l ) , max ¿ 1.125 A

Minimum and Maximum Current across Switching Device:

I , switching ( max ) =3.52 A
I , switching ( min )=−562.21mA
 Scaling = 1mV/1mA

Conclusion:

 Firing angle of the switching device can be used to control the average output voltage of the
controlled rectifier
 Due to energy store in the inductor the waveform of the output voltage goes in the negative
direction once the switching device is even turn off.
 when capacitor is connected in parallel with the load the Total Harmonic distortion in the source
current increases and power efficiency increases and ripple voltage magnitude decreases