CQ Amateur Radio - November 2021

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ANNOUNCEMENTS EDITORIAL STAFF
Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Editor
Jason Feldman, KD2IWM, Managing Editor
NOVEMBER Susan Moseson, Editorial Consultant
CONGRESS, ARIZONA — The Hassayampa Amateur Radio Klub will hold its HARKfest Tailgate Hamfest
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, November 6 at the North Ranch Escapees RV Park, 30625 S. Highway 89.
Kent Britain, WA5VJB, Antennas
Contact: Duane Grooms, KDØKYK, <djgrooms@yahoo.com>. Website: <www.harkaz.org>. Talk-in 146.620
(PL 162.2). VE exams, card checking. Stan Broadway, N8BHL, Emergency Communications
ENID, OKLAHOMA — The Enid Amateur Radio Club will hold the 2021 Enid Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Gerry L. Dexter, The Listening Post
Saturday, November 6 at the Garfield County Fairgrounds – Hoover Building, 305 East Oxford Avenue. Contact: Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB, Kit-Building
Bill Nokes, W5EIY, (580) 716-4788. Email: <nokes3139@gmail.com>. Website: <http://enidarc.org>. Talk-in Trent Fleming, N4DTF, VHF Plus
145.290-, 147.150+, or 444.825+. VE exams. Tomas Hood, NW7US, Propagation
PARSIPPANY, NEW JERSEY — The New Jersey Antique Radio Club will hold its Swapmeet from 8 a.m. John Langridge, KB5NJD, MF/LF Operating
to noon, Saturday, November 6 at the Parsippany PAL, 33 Baldwin Road. Contact: Richard Lee, (914) 589- Anthony Luscre, K8ZT, Ham Radio Explorer
3751 or Sal Brisandi (732) 308-1748. Website: <http://njarc.org>. Irwin Math, WA2NDM, Math’s Notes
LAWRENCEVILLE, GEORGIA — The Alford Memorial Radio Club will hold the Stone Mountain Hamfest Joe Moell, KØOV, Homing In
and 2021 ARRL Georgia State Convention from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday, November 6 and from 8 a.m. to 2 Steve Molo, KI4KWR, Awards
p.m., Sunday, November 7 at the Gwinnet County Fairgrounds, 2405 Sugarloaf Parkway. Website: Eric Nichols, KL7AJ, Analog Adventures
<http://stonemoumtainhamfest.com>. VE exams. Ron Ochu, KOØZ, Learning Curve
MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN — The Milwaukee Repeater Club will hold its 2021 Swapfest on Saturday, Jack Purdum, W8TEE, Microcontrollers
November 6 at the Elks Lodge, 5555 W. Goodhope Road. Contact: Karen, KC9WQJ, <kc9wqj@gmail.com>. Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR, Mobile/Radio Magic
Website: <http://mrc91.org>. Talk-in 146.910- (PL 127.3).
Scott Rought, KA8SMA, QRP
KAUKAUNA, WISCONSIN — The Fox Cities Amateur Radio Club will hold its 2021 Swapfest beginning 8
Don Rotolo, N2IRZ, Digital
a.m., Sunday, November 7 at the Starlite Club, W2091 County Road JJ. Contact: Anthony Mach, AB9IO, (920)
858-6300. Email: <hamfest@fcarc.club>. Website: <www.fcarc.club>. Talk-in 146.76 (PL 100). VE exams. Rob de Santos, K8RKD, Communications Horizons
MANITOWOC, WISCONSIN — The U.S. Cobia will air its special event station NB9QV from 1400-2100 UTC Bob Schenck, N2OO, DX
November 12th and 13th to honor Veterans Day weekend. Frequencies include 7.240+/- and 14.240+/- MHz. Tim Shoppa, N3QE, Contesting
QSL a #10 SASE to Fred Neuenfeldt, W6BSF, 4932 S. 10th Street, Manitowoc, WI 54220-9121. Website: Jason Togyer, W3MCK, Spurious Signals
<www.qrz.com/nb9qv>. Gordon West, WB6NOA, Short Circuits
ALPHRETTA, GEORGIA — The North Fulton Amateur Radio League will hold HamJam 2021 from 8:15 a.m. Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ, The Ham Notebook
to 1 p.m., Saturday, November 13 at the Metropolitan Club, 5895 Windward Parkway. Contact: Wes Lamboley,
W3WL, <weslamb@aol.com>. Website: <http://hamjam.info>. Talk-in 147.06+ (PL 100). AWARD MANAGEMENT
BROOKLINE, MISSOURI — The Nixa Amateur Radio Club will hold NARCFest 2021 from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., John Bergman, KC5LK, WAZ Award
Saturday, November 13 at The Barn House, 5484 W. Sunshine Street. Phone: (417) 501-4429. Email: <ham- Brian Bird, NXØX, USA-CA Custodian
fest@nixahams.net>. Website: <>. Talk-in 147.015+ (PL 162.2). VE exams. Steve Bolia, N8BJQ, WPX Award
FORT WAYNE, INDIANA — The Allen County Amateur Radio Technical Society will hold the 2021 Fort Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, CQ DX Award
Wayne Hamfest from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday, November 13 and from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., Sunday, November
14 at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum and Exposition Center, 4000 Parnell Avenue. Website: CONTEST MANAGEMENT
<http://fortwaynehamfest.com>. Talk-in 146.880-. VE exams. Andy Blank, N2NT, CQ 160 Meter Contest
HARAHAN, LOUISIANA — The Crescent City Amateur Radio Group will hold The Greater New Orleans John Dorr, K1AR, CQWW DX Contest
Ham Fest beginning 8 a.m., Saturday, November 13 at the VFW Hall, 1133 Hickory Avenue. Contact: Joe, JK Kalenowsky, K9JK, CQ VHF Contest
(504) 288-7084. Email: <joen5ozg@hotmail.com>. Website: <http://ccarg.org>. Talk-in 146.82 (PL 114.8). VE Ed Muns, WØYK, CQ RTTY Contests
exams John Sweeney, K9EL, CQ DX Marathon
MARANA, ARIZONA — The Oro Valley Amateur Radio Club will hold its Hamfest from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m., Joseph “Bud” Trench, AA3B, CQWW WPX Contest
Saturday, November 13 at the Marana Middle School, 11285 West Grier Road. Email: <hamfest@tucson-
hamradio.org>. Website: <http://tucsonhamradio.org>. VE exams, card checking. BUSINESS STAFF
MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA — The Montgomery Amateur Radio Club will hold its Hamfest 2021 from 8:30 Richard A. Ross, K2MGA, Publisher
a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, November 20 at the Alcazar Shrine Temple, 555 East Boulevard. Contact’: Lew Dorothy Kehwieder, Associate Publisher,
Nyman, (334) 354-1933. Email: <k_calhou@bellsouth.net>. Website: <http://w4ap.org>. Talk-in 146.84- (PL Advertising
123). VE exams. Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Associate Publisher,
NORFOLK, NEBRASKA — The Elkhorn Valley Amateur Radio Club will hold the 2021 Northeast Nebraska Editorial
Hamfest from 8:30 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, November 20 at the CHC Hall, 105 West Elm Avenue. Contact: Emily Leary, Sales Coordinator
Fred Wiebelhaus, KØFJW, (402) 992-7653. Email: <fwiebelhaus@outlook.com>. Website: <http://qsl.net/ Doris Watts, Accounting Department
evarc>.
BENSON, NORTH CAROLINA — The Johnston Amateur Radio Society will hold JARSFEST 2021 from 8 CIRCULATION STAFF
a.m. to 1:30 p.m., Sunday, November 21 at the American Legion Complex, 605 N. Wall Street. Phone: (919) Cheryl DiLorenzo, Customer Service Manager
628-9927 (7-10 p.m.) Email: <jarsmember@yahoo.com>. Website: <www.jars.net>. Talk-in 147.270+. VE
exams. PRODUCTION STAFF
BRAZIL, INDIANA — The Wabash Valley Amateur Radio Association will hold the WVARA Hamfest from 8 Elizabeth Ryan, Art Director
a.m. to noon, Saturday, November 27 at the Clay County 4-H Fairgrounds, 6550 North State Road 59. Contact: Dorothy Kehrwieder, Production Director
Andy Whitt, AC9SW, <whittafiii@gmail.com>. Talk-in 146.685 (PL 151.4). Card checking. Emily Leary, Production Manager
Hal Keith, Illustrator
Larry Mulvehill, WB2ZPI, Staff Photographer
DECEMBER
MESA, ARIZONA — The Superstition Amateur Radio Club will hold the Superstition SuperFest 2021 from A publication of
7 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, December 4 at the Superstition Springs Center, 6555 E. Southern Avenue. Email: CQ Communications
<chairman@superstitionsuperfest.org>. Website: <http://superstitionsuperfest.org>. Talk-in 147.120+ (PL 45 Dolphin Lane
162.2) or 449.600- (PL 100). VE exams, card checking, fox hunting, special event station K7A.
Northport, NY, 11768 USA.
TROY, MICHIGAN — The L’Anse Creuse Amateur Radio Club will hold its 49th Annual Swap & Shop from
8 a.m. to noon, Sunday, December 5 at the Balkan American Community Center, 1451 E. Big Beaver Road. CQ Amateur Radio (ISSN 0007-893X) Volume 77, No. 11,
Contact: Russ Price, N8HAR, <n8har1977@gmail.com>. Website: <www.n8lc.org>. T) or alk-in 147.08+ (PL Published monthly by CQ Communications, Inc., 45 Dolphin
100). VE Exams. Lane, Northport, NY, 11768, Telephone 516-681-2922. E-mail:
cq@cq-amateur-radio.com. Fax 516-681-2926. Web site:
PLANT CITY, FLORIDA — The Florida Gulf Coast Amateur Radio Council will hold the 46th Annual Tampa www.cq-amateur-radio.com. Periodicals Postage Paid at
Bay Hamfest and Electronics Show and the 2021 ARRL West Central Florida Section Convention from 1-6 Northport, NY 11768 and at additional mailing offices. Sub-
p.m., Friday, December 10 and from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday, December 11 at the Strawberry Festival scription prices (all in U.S. dollars): Domestic-one year $42.95,
Grounds-Expo Building, 301 N. Lemon Street (now Berryfest Steet). Website: <www.tampabayhamfest.org>. two years $77.95, three years $111.95; Canada/Mexico-one year
Talk-in 147.165+ (PL 136.5). VE exams, WAS / DXCC /IARU / VUCC card checking. $57.95, two years $107.95, three years $156.95: Foreign Air
Post-one year $72.95, two years $137.95, three years $201.95.
Single copy $6.99. U.S. Government Agencies: Subscriptions to
JANUARY CQ are available to agencies of the United States government
including military services, only on a cash with order basis.
ST CHARLES, ILLINOIS — The Wheaton Community Radio Amateurs will hold its 55th Annual Mid-Winter Requests for quotations, bids, contracts., etc. will be refused and
Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Sunday, January 16 at the Kane County Fairgrounds Expo Center, 525 S. will not be returned or processed. Entire contents copyrighted
2021 by CQ Communications, Inc. CQ does not assume respon-
Randall Road. Phone: (630) 923-5447. Email: <info@w9ccu.org>. Website: <www.w9ccu.org>. Talk-in 145.31- sibility for unsolicited manuscripts. Allow six weeks for change of
(PL 107.2). address.
COLLINSVILLE, ILLINOIS — The St. Louis & Suburban Radio Club will hold Winterfest 2022 from 8 a.m. to
4 p.m., Saturday, January 22 at the Gateway Convention Center, One Gateway Drive. Website: <http://win- Printed in the U.S.A.
terfest.slsrc.org>. Talk-in 146.970- (PL 141.3). VE exams. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to:
CQ Amateur Radio, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782
2• CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

HAM RADIO NEWS
Multiple Events Planned for Centennial of its former president and satellite pioneer, who died in late
“Transatlantic Tests” September (see next item for more on K3IO).
Next month will mark the 100th anniversary of the 1921
“Transatlantic Tests” that signaled the beginnings of interna- Milestones: K3IO, K7SZ, SKs
tional shortwave communications via amateur radio, and many Inaugural CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame member Dr. Tom
events and activities are planned to mark the occasion, includ- Clark, K3IO (formerly W3IWI), became a Silent Key on
ing an article here in CQ next month. September 28th at age 82. Clark was a leading authority on Very
The ARRL and RSGB (Radio Society of Great Britain) are joint- Long Baseline Interferometry, a key player in the development
ly sponsoring several events, according to the ARRL Letter. The of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and a pioneer in ama-
first will be the Transatlantic Centenary QSO Party on 160 meters teur radio digital and satellite communications. As a founding
between 0200 and 0600 UTC on December 12th, the date on member of TAPR (Tucson Amateur Packet Radio), the AMSAT
which ARRL’s Paul Godley, 2ZE, at a station set up in Androssan, News Service reported, Clark was a leader in developing the
Scotland, successfully received the signals of several amateur AX.25 digital protocol on which all amateur packet radio is based.
stations in North America. The first was 1BCG in Connecticut, He was also AMSAT’s second president and was instrumental
operated by members of the Radio Club of America. For the cen- in developing much of the hardware that flew on multiple ama-
tennial, the ARRL will have W1AW on Top Band and the RSGB, teur satellites. He spent his professional career at NASA.
along with the GMDX Group (see last month’s DX column) will Longtime CQ and Popular Communications columnist Rich
operate GB2ZE from Scotland. All participants will be able to Arland, K7SZ, passed away October 7th. Rich was also an
download a certificate and a special prize will be awarded to the authority on QRP (low-power) communication and authored sev-
first stations in both North America and the UK to contact both eral editions of the ARRL’s Low Power Communications book.
special event stations. He was CQ’s “Learning Curve” editor from 2010-2012 and a
In addition, the Crocodile Rock Amateur Group (CRAG) will longtime columnist for Popular Communications.
operate GB1002ZE from its base near Androssan between
December 1st and 26th, and all amateurs in the UK and Crown Antarctic Eclipse Festival: Hams Wanted!
Dependencies have been authorized during that time period to There will be total eclipse of the sun over Antarctica on December
add “/2ZE” after their callsigns. For information on additional activ- 4th, but the HamSCI citizen science group is asking amateurs
ities, visit <www.arrl.org/transatlantic> or <www.rsgb.org/transat- around the world to help collect data on changes it causes in
lantic-tests>. radio propagation. According to the ARRL Letter, it is expected
In addition, the Antique Wireless Association has been busy that the shadow of the moon crossing over Antarctica will gen-
refurbishing a replica of the transmitter used on the Connecticut erate traveling ionospheric disturbances, or TIDs, that will in turn
end of the Transatlantic Tests at 1BCG, and plans to have it on affect propagation. Hams and shortwave listeners with HF radios
the air December 11th from a location near the original 1BCG connected to computers are asked to collect Doppler-shift data
station. from WWV or other time-and-frequency standard stations
between December 1st and December 10th and report the data
to an internet site. Complete details and additional information
Bouvet DXpedition Garners Grants on the Antarctic Eclipse Festival are available at <www.ham-
The Norwegian group organizing the 3YØJ DXpedition to Bouvet sci.org/festivals>.
Island scheduled for next year has received grants from multi-
ple amateur radio organizations in support of its efforts. The Parks, Parks and More Parks
ARRL has donated $5,000 to Amateur Radio DXpeditions, the
The Parks on the Air organization, POTA, has announced the
trip’s sponsor, according to the ARRL Letter. This follows grants
addition of more than 1,000 parks to its list of accredited loca-
of $15,000 from INDEXA, 10,000 Euros from the German DX
tions. According to a report on Newsline, a small group of vol-
Foundation, and $100,000 from the Northern California DX
unteers has spent the last several months examining user
Foundation. This issue’s DX column (p. 81) contains a compre-
requests for new park accreditations and adding those that meet
hensive report on planning for the adventure by expedition co-
the criteria to the system list. The organization also announced
leader Ken Opskar, LA7GIA.
the formation of a formal help desk, staffed by a rotating group
Meanwhile, the Intrepid DX Group, which originally planned
of volunteers, to provide technical support to POTA participants.
this expedition but had to cancel it when “Braveheart” captain
The desk may be reached at <help@parksontheair.com>. For
Nigel Jolly, K6NRJ, put the vessel up for sale, reports that the
general information about the program, visit <parksontheair.
boat now has a new owner who has promised to continue to
com>; maps, spotting, leaderboards, etc. are at <pota.app>.
make it available for amateur radio DXpeditions from its future
base in Ushuaia, Argentina.
Radio Silence on the Far Side of the Moon
No, this isn’t science fiction. It’s about anticipated radio astron-
Covid Continues to Cause Cancellations omy activities from the dark side of the Moon. The AMSAT News
The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has prompted additional can- Service reports that the International Telecommunication Union
cellations. The ARRL Letter reports that the Japan Amateur has designated a “Shielded Zone of the Moon,” and the related
Radio League, JARL, has reluctantly decided to cancel the 2021 Space Frequency Coordination Group has proposed banning all
Tokyo Ham Fair, which is the world’s largest hamfest (yes, even radio transmissions in that region between 300 MHz and 2 GHz,
bigger than Dayton). In addition, AMSAT changed its October in order to protect radio astronomy. This proposed ban would
30, 2021 annual symposium and general meeting from in-per- affect Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) as well as
son to virtual. It was scheduled to be held on Zoom and any amateur satellites in lunar orbit, such as China’s Lunar-
livestreamed on YouTube. OSCAR-93 and -94. If approved, those satellites would not be
The AMSAT News Service also reported that the event had able to operate on the 435 or 1260-MHz amateur bands. The
been renamed the 2021 AMSAT Dr. Tom Clark, K3IO, Memorial proposed ban would also apply to satellites in Mars orbit, since
Space Symposium and Annual General Meeting in memory of Mars regularly passes through the shielded zone.
www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 3

CONTENTS
NOVEMBER 2021 • VOLUME 77 NUMBER 11
8 COVER: UCØB: WINNING

THE WORLD FROM
ZONE 18
By Leonid Lishnev, RAØAM
One of the towers at Central Siberia DX Club
24
station RWØA in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. On it is
a stack of two antennas containing three ele-
ments each for 20 and 15 meters, plus five ele-
ments on 10 meters. The upper antenna is 30
meters (98 feet) above ground while the lower
one is at a height of 23 meters (75 feet). The
tower, which is fixed on Europe and used for
search-and-pounce contest contacts, is sepa-
rated from the main antennas by 400 meters
(roughly 1,300 feet). The inset photo shows
Alexey Belov, RUØA, operating the 2021 CQ
WPX CW Contest from RWØA as part of the
UCØB multi-distributed team. See story on
page 8 and complete contest results on page
15. (Cover photos by Leonid Lishnev, RAØAM) 52
FOCUS ON: Record participation in CQ contests that began in 2020 continues well into 2021 with the running of the CQWW
WPX CW contest last March. It was also one of the first contests to feature the Multi-Distributed category, which produced
the highest score in 2021. You can read all about it on pages 8 & 15 and view the complete scores beginning on page 97.
Also read our review of a new Hex Beam from VHQ on page 24, as well as news of a brand-new meteor shower-the Arids-
on page 7.
FEATURES COLUMNS DEPARTMENTS

15 RESULTS OF THE 2021 CQ WORLD 42 MATH’S NOTES: Magnetic 48 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS:
WIDE WPX CW CONTEST Communications Experimentation Hurricane Ida — What Have We
By Bud Trench, AA3B By Irwin Math, WA2NDM Learned?
44 THE LISTENING POST: Want to Hear By Stan Broadway, N8BHL
24 CQ REVIEWS: THE VHQ HEX BEAM 77 AWARDS: The Future of Awards in
Afghanistan? Look For it at 7600 kHz
— A NEW ENGLAND SURVIVOR Amateur Radio — Part II
By Gerry Dexter
K1GUY and K5PA Examine the Latest By Steve Molo, KI4KWR
Innovation in a Long Line of 52 KIT-BUILDING: A Baker’s Dozen ...
Plus, Solving the Coax Conundrum 78 VHF PLUS: International VHF Activity
Hexagonal Beams (November 1962)
By Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB Adds Flavor & Challenges
By Ken Steiner, K1GUY &
By Trent Fleming, N4DTF
Gene Hinkle, K5PA 55 MICROCONTROLLERS: I’m Out
of Pins! 81 DX: Bouvet ... Try, Try, Again
30 CQ CLASSIC: Moxon on Quads By Dr. Jack Purdum, W8TEE By Bob Schenck, N2OO &
Multiband Quads: G6XN Presents 61 LEARNING CURVE: Capacitors: A Ken Opskar, LA7GIA
Practical Approaches for the Brief Primer
Construction of Two and Three Band 88 CONTESTING: A Deep Dive on
By Ron Ochu, KOØZ Topband ... And a Visit With
Quads Using One Loop and Reflector
64 HOMING IN: Rules for Foxhunting and N4CW /K1IMI
By L.A. Moxon, G6XN
a Recap of the 2021 CQ World Wide By Tim Shoppa, N3QE
38 ANNOUNCING: THE 2022 CQ Foxhunting Weekend 93 PROPAGATION: The Rise of a
WORLD WIDE 160-METER By Joe Moell, KØOV Solar Cycle
CONTEST 69 MOBILING: Mobiling Hodgepodge By Tomas Hood, NW7US
By Andy Blank, N2NT By Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR
40 ANNOUNCING: THE 2022 CQ

70 DIGITAL CONNECTION: Bright 2 ANNOUNCEMENTS
WORLD WIDE DX MARATHON Lights, Not-so-Big City ... A Simple 3 HAM RADIO NEWS
Short-Distance Communications Path
By John Sweeney, K9EL 6 ZERO BIAS
Using Light
By Don Rotolo, N2IRZ 7 NEWS BYTES
97 COMPLETE LINE SCORES OF THE
77 SPURIOUS SIGNALS
2021 CQ WORLD WIDE QPX CW 74 ANTENNAS: Retired but Not Dead —
CONTEST Ham Radio’s Role in Retirement 110 LOOKING AHEAD
By Bud Trench, AA3B By Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ 112 HAM SHOP
From QRP to QRO
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ADV1.4 QST
ZERO BIAS: A CQ Editorial
BY RICH MOSESON,* W2VU
Reimagining the Radio Club
R
adio clubs. Quick! Close your eyes (but remember to if they don’t call themselves clubs) without geographic
open them again). What is the image that came to boundaries. The “QRP Club 72,” for example, exists only on
your mind when you thought about “radio clubs?” Was Facebook, but it has over 1,000 members around the world
it a bunch of old men reminiscing about past sunspot cycles with a shared interest in low-power ham radio. And the “QRP
and complaining about new digital modes? Or was it an 14.060 MHz” Facebook group has over 2,000 members.
enthusiastic group working together on a kit-building project? Even some podcasts are turning into quasi-clubs. For
Was it a boring recitation of committee reports? Or was it example, W5KUB’s “Amateur Radio Roundtable” (on which
planning for the club’s next high-altitude balloon launch? Was yours truly does a monthly preview of each new issue of CQ)
everybody in the same room together? Or were members at runs a regular net on HF, and KØSTH’s “100 Watts and a
home on Zoom®, listening to a technical presentation from Wire” podcast sponsors group activities, such as its “CQ Fall
an expert 1,000 miles away? I could go on and on, but by Out” QSO party last month. Instead of in-person meetings,
now you should see the pattern. group members meet online (often on Facebook) and do the
Radio clubs are about as old as radio itself. Some hams, same sorts of things virtually that traditional clubs always did
even some of our leaders, believe clubs are relics of the 20th in person.
century and have outlived their usefulness. We strongly dis- Regardless of how we prefer to get together, humans are
agree. In our view, clubs have always been the glue that still social animals and we like to do things with other humans,
holds our hobby together, more than national organizations especially those who share our interests. But today’s gen-
and, yes, even more than magazines. They still are, but the eration of humans has new ways of getting and keeping in
nature of clubs is changing and we need to reimagine our touch. In order to thrive, our clubs need to meet them in
perceptions of what a club “is” to understand that clubs are their space.
still alive and well and important. Ham radio clubs continue to be the glue that holds our hobby
As most of us know, the traditional focal point of club activ- together. But we need to update our perspective of what a
ities has been regularly scheduled in-person meetings at a club looks like. We need to broaden our definition to include
specific physical location, sometimes supplemented by a any group with a common interest in one or more aspects of
club station and / or by events and activities that may take amateur radio, regardless of where, how, or whether they hold
place elsewhere or at different times. That model has been meetings. Some clubs are thriving in this new environment,
eroding for years (and not just in amateur radio), thanks to making the most of available technology (including our radios!)
the internet and a societal shift, especially among younger to provide challenging, interesting, and fun activities for cur-
people, from physical meetups to virtual. rent and prospective members. We look forward to sharing
The COVID-19 pandemic forced most traditional radio some of their success stories in future issues.
clubs to adopt a new virtual model on very short notice. Many
shifted from in-person gatherings to meetings online and / or Column Juggling
on the air. Some found a silver lining in the Covid cloud. We have a little bit of rearrangement in our lineup of columns
Virtual meetings provide opportunities to have guest speak- and columnists. Anthony Luscre, K8ZT, who has stewarded
ers from virtually anywhere, not just from your local area. our “Microcontrollers” column for the past several years, is
Many CQ columnists and other subject-area experts have refocusing his efforts on helping CQ readers discover new
appeared at club meetings well beyond their usual travel activities and opportunities within the hobby. His new “Ham
ranges, sharing their knowledge and expertise with a very Radio Explorer” column will debut next month. Jack Purdum,
diverse group of fellow hams. Nets and on-air club meetings W8TEE, is taking the reins of the Microcontrollers column,
have also ramped up, especially during Covid lockdowns, beginning in this issue. Jack is a leading authority on
but many have continued even after restrictions have been Arduinos and other microcontrollers and has written or co-
relaxed. written several books on the subject, including the ARRL’s
One club near me advertises on its website that it offers a recently-published Microcontroller Projects for Amateur
different activity every night, including nets, Zoom gather- Radio. We’re very pleased to have Jack joining our con-
ings and outdoor activities on weekends. This combination tributing staff and look forward to his insights and ideas right
of on-air, online, and in-person activities is keeping partici- here in CQ, where — like a radio club on paper — we like to
pation high, even without in-person meetings. share ideas and experiments, work on projects, and enjoy
An expanded online presence for clubs is also expanding the camaraderie of others who share our fascination with
their geographic reach, drawing in members and visitors from sending messages through the air.
well beyond their immediate local area. Of course, the con- Best wishes to each of you for a very happy, healthy, and
cept of regional clubs is nothing new, particularly those with safe Thanksgiving...and you can work off that extra turkey
a special interest, such as DXing or contesting. and stuffing by exercising your fingers on a key (or keyboard)
The internet is also multiplying opportunities for clubs (even during the CQ World Wide DX Contest CW weekend on
November 27th and 28th.
*Email: <w2vu@cq-amateur-radio.com> – 73, W2VU

NEWS BYTES
Introducing: The Arids Meteor Shower
A
stronomers are reporting the Earth was predicted to travel through All Sky Meteor Surveillance,” or CAMS,
debut of a long-anticipated new that stream 26 years later.” network stations in Chile and New
meteor shower, the Arids, which SETI Institute astronomer Peter Zealand.
began showing signs of activity in late Jenniskens named the shower the It is uncertain when the Arids might
September and peaked on October 7th. Arids because the meteors appear to become an annual event, like most
According to <spaceweather.com>, the originate from the constellation Ara, other meteor showers. The Inverse
meteors originated from comet 15P/ which is most visible in the Southern report notes that, “a newbie shower
Findlay, which ejected large amounts of Hemisphere. It was officially added to doesn’t necessarily become a regular
debris into interplanetary space on vis- the International Astronomical Union’s right away, and sometimes stays on
its to the inner solar system in 1995 and Working List of Meteor Showers on and off for a few years until scientists
2015 (the comet has a 6-year orbit October 1st, with meteors from the new are able to better predict its annual sur-
around the Sun and made another pass shower photographed by “Cameras for facing.”
through our cosmic neighborhood ear-
lier this year).
According to a report on <inverse.
com>, the SETI Institute tweeted out
the following information on September
30th: “The Arid shower has never before
been seen, but the event was predict-
ed by astronomers tracing the evolution
of meteoroids ejected by comet
15P/Finlay during its return to the inner
solar system in 1995. The stream of
particles ejected that year evolved to An Arids meteor as captured by the Cerro Tololo Chile station of NASA’s “Cameras
move in and out of Earth’s orbit until for All Sky Meteor Surveillance,” or CAMS, network, via <meteornews.net>.

Twenty-two operators in five cities … UCØB’s entry in the CQ WPX
Contest’s new Multi-Distributed category not only blew away the
competition in their category on the CW weekend but ended up with
the highest score in the contest, period. Here’s how they did it.
UCØB: Winning the World From

Zone 18
BY LEONID LISHNEV,* RAØAM
Editor’s note: At the time this was written, the UCØB team
members did not know their final score or final ranking in the
2021 CQ WPX CW Contest, whose results are published in
this issue.
F
rom our QTH in the geographic center of the Asian con-
tinent, statistics show that it is almost impossible to
achieve a competitive result in the CQWW and CQ
WPX contests. We were prompted to participate in this year’s
CQ WPX CW Contest by the emergence of a new category,
Multi-Distributed.1 We discussed and simulated how this can
be implemented in our situation — Asiatic Russia / WAZ Zone
18. Our club, the Central Siberia DX Club, has previous expe-
rience in similar operations running the R9HQ and RØHQ
headquarters stations in the IARU HF World Championship.
Multi-distributed is close in concept to “HQ” operations.
As a result, a team of radio stations located in five Zone 18
cities was organized to participate in the CQ WPX CW Contest:
Krasnoyarsk – RWØA (Photos A-D); Novosibirsk – RC9O
(Photos E-F); Tomsk – R8IZ (Photos G-I); Kemerovo – RT8U Photo B. Some of the antennas at RWØA … a 5-element 40-
(Photos J-K); and Prokopyevsk – UA9UR (Photos L-M). meter beam and stacked beams for 10, 15, and 20 meters.
DXLog was chosen as our logging program, using a cen-
tral server located in Kemerovo. For a week we tested the
* Email: <ra0am@mail.ru>
Photo A. Alexey, RUØA, at RWØA in Krasnoyarsk. Twenty-

two operators at stations in five Siberian cities operated
together as UCØB in the WPX Contest’s new “Multi-
Distributed” category. (Photos A-D courtesy RAØAM) Photo C. Author Leonid Lishnev, RAØAM, at RWØA.

Photo D. Maxim, UFØB, was one of several younger oper- Photo E. Anatoly, RC9O, at his contest station in Novosibirsk
ators on the team. (Photos E-F courtesy RC9O)
shared computer network in the DXLog environment with the RWØA team in the MM (Multi-Operator Multi-Transmitter)
remote computers at the radio stations mentioned above. It category? You can play on the vast geographic spread of our
was necessary to check the stability of the network and to radio stations — 800 kilometers (approximately 500 miles)
learn what delays are possible with a log, in which there are from west to east and 400 kilometers (approximately 250
several thousand QSOs. miles) in the north-south direction. This significantly increas-
It was also necessary to optimize the main question of the es the time the team callsign is present on the bands, and
project: How to improve the result of the work of the distrib- lets us have three to four signals per band (of course, with
uted team, in comparison with the work, for example, of only the band online blocking) on all six bands at the same time,
Photo F. Some of the antennas at RC9O

which could not be realized by anyone from one QTH. On
the basis of this concept, the hourly schedule of work on the
air of all team members was developed and further followed.
Contest Time
We started the contest with three transmitters on RUN:
Photo H. One of the UCØB operators at R8IZ was Sergey,

Figure 1. Breakdown of contacts by continent. It is similar to
RU9I.
most results from Zone 18.
Photo I. Another op at
R8IZ was Wlad, R9IR,
wearing a t-shirt from
a previous group
operation as RØHQ.
Photo G. This quad is one of many antennas at club station Photo J. Moving to RT8U in Kemerovo, here are Serge and
R8IZ in Tomsk. (Photos G-I courtesy R8IZ) Serge, RT8U and RK9UE (Photos J-K courtesy RT8U)
10 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Photo K. We’re not sure what else RT8U is growing in this field, but it’s clear that his aluminum crop is doing very well!
UA9UR on 15 meters, RWØA on 20, RC9O on 40, and five

more S&P (search-and-pounce) transmitters operated from
Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk on the same bands with blocking.
RT8U was expecting a 10-meter opening in a hot start. There
was no DX possible on 80 at this time of the morning (7 a.m.,
local time).
The propagation at the start of the contest was not very
good. Despite our aggressive work with all possible trans-
mitters, only 257 QSOs were logged in the first hour. In the
second hour, according to the graph, we made a small
rearrangement in RUN and S&P positions, hoping for good
activity of stations from North America. This did not happen,
and in the second hour we made only 178 QSOs.
We worked according to the planned schedule, moving the
RUN stations from shack to shaсk according to the handicap,
taking into account the setup and its readiness in the field.
Ten meters closed at 1243 UTC. We made 433 QSOs there
during the first day. Fifteen meters “died” for an hour at 2200
UTC and then came to life again. Ten meters came to life a lit-
tle for an hour or so between 1700-1900 UTC, mainly with sta- Photo L. At UA9UR in Prokopyevsk, here are Boris, RW9USA,
tions in Europe, as well as a small bonus slipped in with QSOs and Gena, UA9UR. (Photos L-M courtesy UA9UR)

From MILLIWATTS
To KILOWATTS
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3CX400A7 4CX3500A 812A
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Photo M. Pretty as a picture … stacked beams at UA9UR. 3CX1200A7 4CX7500A 833C
3CX1200D7 4CX10000A 845
3CX1200Z7 4CX15000A 6146B
with D4Z and another Multi-Distributed with one transmitter for RUN and two 3CX1500A7 4CX20000B 3-500ZG
station on an almost empty band, in the for S&P. When the RUN station got very 3CX3000A7 4CX20000C 3-1000Z
middle of the night – PT5T. The surpris- slow, the S&P worked with three / four 3CX6000A7 4CX20000D 4-400A
es of summer band openings! transmitters at once. 3CX10000A7 4X150A 4-1000A
3CX15000A7 572B 4PR400A
The 20-meter band was open both Propagation on the second night did
3CX20000A7 805 4PR1000A
days, but the rates were still not very not offer too many surprises. There was
4CX250B 807 ...and more!
high. The peak rate on 20 was no high- no night opening on 10 meters, but 15
er than 115 QSOs/hour, even though was open almost until the end of the
there were three transmitters on the contest. Only in the pre-dawn three
band.
The 40-meter band was closed here
o’clock hour did everything fall silent on
21 MHz.
Phone: 760-744-0700
from 0100-0800 UTC, and the rest of Monday morning: 7,500 QSO in log and Toll-Free: 800-737-2787
the time it was also not very active, with 39 million points in the first approxima- (Orders only) 800-RF PARTS
tion. (Final score 35,176,680. – ed) The
the maximum rate not exceeding 120
QSOs/hour. Basically, we worked there team included 22 operators: RAØAM, Website: www.rfparts.com
Fax: 760-744-1943
888-744-1943
Email: rfp@rfparts.com
Table 1. Summary of
QSOs, multipliers and
points by band for
UCØB

RWØAR, RUØA, RVØAR, RZØAT, UFØB, RCØAK, UAØADX, That is a brief summary of the CQWW WPX CW Contest
RC9O, UA9PM, RA9P, R9IR, RU9I, RC9HC, RC9HB, RK9UE, performance in 2021 by the Central Siberia DX Club team,
RT8U, RX9UK, RW9USA, RV9UP, and UA9UR. UCØB. The aftertaste is great!
Table 1 shows our final results for the contest: The distribu- Thank you, as usual, to everyone who called and answered
tion of the number of QSO by continent (Figure 1) turned out us!
to be practically the same as usual for Zone 18 ... about 70% Notes::
of QSOs were with stations in Europe, followed by Asia, North 1. The Multi-Transmitter Distributed, or MULTI-DISTRIBUTED, cate-
America, South America, Oceania, and Africa. Table 2 shows gory in the WPX contests permits a maximum of six transmitted signals,
our rate by band and hour. one per band at any one time, from stations in different locations. All
equipment (transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, antennas, etc.) must be
A few more stats: located in same DXCC entity and CQ Zone, including remotely controlled
Number of QSOs by station QTH: RWØA – 2,457; RC9O equipment. Six bands may be activated simultaneously. (Source: CQ
– 1,859; R8IZ – 1,388; UA9UR – 1,039; RT8U – 738. WPX Contest rules)
Table 2. Combined rate of all UCØB stations by band and hour (UTC)

Results of the 2021 CQ World Wide
WPX CW Contest
BY BUD TRENCH, AA3B
“We really enjoyed being able to get together once again as a team at
one place in these weird CV-19 times.” –Wally, LZ2CJ, on behalf of the
LZ9W Contest Team
A
re we there yet? The age-old
question of weary travelers
everywhere. Where are we on
the journey to the return of contest nor-
malcy? We’ve certainly made progress.
CQWW WPX CW (WPX CW) 2021 par-
ticipation surpassed the record levels
set in 2020. This historic growth was
powered by a 46% increase in multi-
operator (multi-op) entries and 56%
increase in operators as compared to
2020. Further, multi-op metrics exceed-
ed pre-pandemic levels seen in 2019.
The surge in multi-op activity was not at
the expense of the single operator (sin-
gle-op) categories, as the number of
single-op participants was nearly
unchanged from last year, as shown in
Table 1. More good news — a review
of the WPX CW top scores clearly
demonstrates the resumption of con- Jozef, CR3DX (OM3GI), pushed two keyboards to win the Single-op, High Power
test expeditions. Now, if Cycle 25 would category
just kick in.
Speaking of Cycle 25, conditions
were lackluster for 2021. QSO counts
were down on all bands as compared
to 2020, with 10 meters seeing a 50%
hit due to the lack of Sporadic-E (Es)
skip. The reported QSOs total shown is
Table 2 is down by 10% from 2020.
Single Operator Jetsetters Table 1. 2021 vs. 2020 submitted logs and operator counts
The single-op log profile for 2021 shown
in Table 3 is nearly identical to that seen
in 2020. Single-op, All Band, Low
Power is by far the most popular cate-
gory in WPX CW. It’s interesting to note
that High Power entries tended to have
lower score reductions, and the split
between All Band and Single Band con-
testants was nearly identical for QRP
entries.
So how many rest stops did you take
during the trip? Total on-time prefer-
ences vary by power level; the average
on-times were 16 hours for High Power,
12 hours for Low Power, and 11 hours
for QRP. A total of 198 single-op
Email:<director@cqwpx.com> Table 2. 2021 activity level summary by continent

entrants went the full distance — 153 were All Band and 45 ond, followed by UW7LL. K3WW characterized his winning
were Single Band efforts. QRP effort and new North American record as a “casual QRP
OM3GI piloting CR3DX achieved top honors in the Single- effort gone wrong.” Despite battling local noise issues, LY9A
op High Power category and narrowly missed breaking the placed second in the QRP category and once again submit-
world record he set in 2015 (near the peak of Solar Cycle ted a log with outstanding accuracy. The top QRP score from
24), while 5B4AMM activated P3X for the first time in WPX Asia and third place overall went to UN4L.
CW and took second place. LZ5R (LZ5DB) had the most D4Z (IK2NCJ) dominated the 10-meter High Power com-
QSOs and highest 60-minute rate of any Single-op partici- petition from his mountaintop shack overlooking the Atlantic.
pant and placed third overall. R8CT broke the Single-op Low The results might have been closer if second place finisher
Power record for Asia and was first overall. Perennial Low IT9VDQ had not lost the six-element 10-meter Yagi at IB9T
Power contender 3V8SS (KF5EYY) was a very close sec- just three days before the contest. DLØMFL (DL2JRM) was
2020 CQWW WPX CW TOP SCORES

Single Op All Band QRP EA5IUY ...........................171,248 KØRF..............................242,730 KW1K...........................9,929,360
WORLD K3WW..........................3,095,565 VK2PW .............................80,419 KH6ND/NZ7 (KH6ND) ....109,220 NJ6G............................9,724,010
LY9A ............................2,539,920 KO4GBD...........................38,985 KW7Y...........................8,599,022
Single Op All Band High Power UN4L............................2,374,281 Single Op 1.8 MHz High Power
CR3DX (OM3GI)........21,569,807 DM2M (DK3WE) ..........2,253,700 Rookie K3PA...................................2,280 Multi-Multi
P3X (5B4AMM)..........18,357,884 IZ8JFL..........................2,050,268 Low Power ND7K .........................16,947,487
LZ5R (LZ5DB) ...........17,114,566 OK5MAX......................1,548,004 Single Op All Band Low Power NR6O.........................10,794,386
KP2M (KT3Y).............16,728,384 4I1EBC ...........................542,717 KQ1F (K1XM) ..............5,332,103 N1SOH ...........................703,800
ED8W (OM5RW) .......14,063,840 Single Op 28 MHz QRP
VA3OKG .........................521,964 KU2M...........................3,878,934 NN1AA............................593,681
RA3RA............................174,460 W4SSF ...........................421,006
YO8WW............................44,488 KO2Y (IZ3EYZ)............3,424,197
Single Op 28 MHz High Power YB1RKT..........................151,707 WF9A (LZ4AX) ............2,750,412 Multi-Distributed
D4Z (IK2NCJ) ..............1,513,803 OK1LV ..............................17,136
W9SN ..........................2,352,499 WW1X........................30,311,008
IT9VDQ...........................575,026 Classic NTØEE ........................4,066,848
SN2M (SP2XF) ...............521,703 Single Op 21 MHz QRP
High Power Single Op 28 MHz Low Power KZ1W...........................2,627,749
LZ2RS.............................162,134
KP2M (KT3Y).............16,728,384 NS3T...................................5,670
Single Op 21 MHz High Power HG3IPA (HA3JB) ............121,828 KQ2M.........................10,413,333
HG3C (HA3HX) ................70,308 Rookie
4Z4AK..........................3,140,149 P49Y (AE6Y) .............10,094,446 Single Op 21 MHz Low Power High Power
RL9Y............................2,935,309 ZL25NZ (ZL3CW) ........7,292,430 N5YT...............................107,877 KO4GBD...........................38,985
9A3XV..........................2,268,000 RZ9A (UA9BA) ............7,091,344 WB4TDH...........................82,170 KB2S.................................17,440
Single Op 14 MHz QRP
N8BJQ ..............................80,793
Single Op 14 MHz High Power EF3O (EA3O) ..............1,023,159 Classic
AA2A (N2KW).................487,461 Rookie
UPØL (UN9LW) ...........8,012,622 Low Power Single Op 14 MHz Low Power Low Power
YT3X............................7,277,406 DJ2SX.............................179,105
P4ØA (KK9A)...............4,638,045 NG1R (W1QK).............1,281,056 W4SSF ...........................421,006
DMØA (DK3DM) ..........7,117,876 MU2K (RL5D) ..............2,959,180 N8II ..............................1,144,090 KI2D..................................99,960
Single Op 7 MHz QRP
W9SN ..........................2,352,499 AA6AA ............................647,280 K4CBW .............................76,475
DM2DX ...........................670,500
Single Op 7 MHz High Power RA9AP .........................1,971,420 NR5TX ..............................57,477
OK6K (OK5IM)................643,860
SN3A (SQ2GXO).........9,673,800 LZ7J (LZ1CL)...............1,832,832 Single Op 7 MHz Low Power NA8Q ................................42,930
YO3FFF ..........................633,570
9A5Y (9A7DX) .............8,081,469 N3AC ...........................1,218,048
OK7W ..........................7,513,814 Tribander / Wires KM4FOC (WA1FCN) ......917,778 Classic
Single Op 3.5 MHz QRP
High Power WN4AFP.........................763,994 High Power
OL4W (OK1IF)................607,824
Single Op 3.5 MHz High Power EF8R (EA8RM)..........12,474,319 KQ2M.........................10,413,333
YT5YTT ..........................350,865
S53M (S57UN) ............1,794,960 RU8T (R8TT) ...............9,318,873 Single Op 3.5 MHz Low Power KR2Q ...........................3,989,237
S51Z ...............................233,568
HA1TJ..........................1,746,733 K2SSS .........................7,544,495 N7NWL .............................11,696 NO8DX (K8MR) ...........3,517,338
HG5A (HA5IW) ............1,602,894 MM9I (GMØOPS) ........6,632,280 K6EI ....................................6,708 WN2O (N2GC).............3,272,992
Single Op 1.8 MHz QRP
OL1A (OK1CW) ..............180,540 N3QE ...........................6,360,088 KY6AA ................................2,240 KR7O (N6TV) ..............3,265,654
Single Op 1.8 MHz High Power
DL1AOB............................48,750
VY2ZM............................488,816 Tribander / Wires Single Op 1.8 MHz Low Power Classic
HA1TI................................37,632
DR5X (DL8LAS) .............410,328 Low Power N1CGP ...............................2,117 Low Power
9A2KD ............................358,892 3V8SS (KF5EYY) ........7,946,778 W8WTS ..............................1,683 W9SN ..........................2,352,499
Multi-Single High Power
UF8T (RT9S) ...............6,527,260 WQ5L...........................1,809,004
ES9C .........................21,147,547
Single Op All Band Low Power UT4LW.........................5,093,501 Single Op All Band QRP NG1R (W1QK).............1,281,056
RL3A..........................20,359,070
R8CT ...........................8,148,119 YL1ZF ..........................4,680,009 K3WW..........................3,095,565 N8II ..............................1,144,090
9A7A ..........................17,211,152
3V8SS (KF5EYY) ........7,946,778 UR5LAM ......................4,354,812 N4IJ ................................607,851 NK4O ..............................736,005
RU1A .........................16,731,396
UW7LL.........................7,034,052 N7IR................................420,350
HG6N.........................14,928,375 Tribander / Wires
OM8A (OM3RM)..........6,916,842 W6JTI .............................361,437
UF8T (RT9S) ...............6,527,260 Multi-Single Low Power UNITED STATES W1FJ ..............................260,032 High Power
WP3C ........................10,276,651 K2SSS .........................7,544,495
Single Op 28 MHz Low Power VP5M ...........................9,771,384 Single Op All Band High Power Single Op 21 MHz QRP N3QE ...........................6,360,088
DLØMFL (DL2JRM)........348,059 YU5R ...........................8,353,065 AA3B..........................13,487,552 K2GMY ...............................2,940 KE2D ...........................3,746,640
LZ6E (LZ1GU) ................310,800 DP7D ...........................8,324,826 K1ZZ ..........................11,510,930 WE6EZ ...............................2,860 WR8AA (N4ZR) ...........3,189,410
RG4A ..............................208,861 RG5A ...........................7,418,322 KM1W (W1UE) ..........11,231,946 KR2AA .........................2,480,485
KQ2M.........................10,413,333 Single Op 14 MHz QRP
Multi-Two Tribander / Wires
Single Op 21 MHz Low Power WC1M..........................9,834,012 AA2A (N2KW).................487,461
OM7M ........................27,181,924 Low Power
TO1A (F6FVY).............2,650,095 W2VRK .............................99,012
OL3Z..........................22,302,826 Single Op 28 MHz High Power
ZW8T (PS8HF) ............1,040,429 KF4AV ..............................25,088 N1EN ...........................1,894,599
UA4M.........................20,901,622
IK6VXO...........................723,856 WN1GIV (N4BP).............269,864 Single Op 7 MHz QRP KM6Z ...........................1,853,460
HG7T .........................20,699,970 NA4W (K4WI) .................177,480 NC8C (W1NN) .............1,788,614
NE6M................................47,034
DM6V.........................18,400,732 KØVXU ...............................5,329 WA4PGM.....................1,329,120
Single Op 14 MHz Low Power W4ER .................................1,457
CN8KD.........................3,006,252 W3RGA........................1,175,944
Multi-Multi Single Op 21 MHz High Power
R5AJ ............................2,107,431 Multi-Single High Power
LZ9W .........................30,860,620 WB9Z..............................982,022
YU5M...........................1,900,821
YT5A..........................30,660,815
KR4Z (N4OX) .................942,390
K3JO..........................11,336,144
NA2U ...........................7,529,300
TRIATHALON
OL4A..........................24,554,400 RTTY + SSB + CW
Single Op 7 MHz Low Power AA1K...............................427,672 KT6V............................6,969,135
LN8W.........................24,512,415 P3X (5B4AMM)..........38,525,785
TM6M (F4DXW)...........5,092,261 ND3D ...........................6,803,730
ND7K .......................16,947,48c7 Single Op 14 MHz High Power AA3B..........................28,271,180
OL9R (OK6RA)............4,424,727 NX6T............................5,649,391
K3LR (N2NC)...............6,891,380 LY7Z ..........................24,866,038
IO4X (IK4ZGO) ............3,987,650 Multi-Distributed
K1KI .............................6,582,915 4X6FR........................21,206,040
UCØB ........................35,176,680 Multi-Single Low Power
KV2K (K2NG) ..............6,343,150 VC3T (VE3DZ)...........20,331,352
Single Op 3.5 MHz Low Power WW1X........................30,311,008 WY7M ..........................2,761,840
F1UVN (F1AKK) ..........1,312,158 PT5T ..........................23,236,390 WE5P..............................673,585
LY5I ................................929,760 OPØHQ .....................19,476,864 Single Op 7 MHz High Power KT3T ...............................110,815 COMBINED
4Z4KX.............................755,527 LY73BB......................16,334,400 K3UA (@K3LR) ...........6,517,119 KA9VVQ ...........................94,668 SSB + CW
NN3L (N3RS)...............6,063,858 NJ1F ...................................2,516 P3X (5B4AMM)..........31,708,447
Single Op 1.8 MHz Low Power Rookie NA6TT (N6CW) ...........2,430,864 VB3E (VE3AT)...........24,989,493
OK6Y (OK2PTZ).............328,000 High Power Multi-Two RM9I ..........................22,399,950
SNØR (SQ9IAU).............274,816 IR1N (IU1LCU) ............1,563,765 Single Op 3.5 MHz High Power NI4W..........................16,972,659 OM3GI .......................22,094,991
SO6C (SP6CIK)..............226,767 EI8KW.............................211,736 W3BGN...........................291,913 NS1DX.......................11,777,952 UW2M (URØMC).......21,916,824

the 10-meter Low Power winner and
RA3RA was first in the 10-meter QRP
category. The 15-meter High Power
race was very competitive between
4Z4AK and RL9Y; 4Z4AK won due to a
lower score reduction after log check-
ing. Congratulations to TO1A (F6FVY)
on his big win in the 15-meter Low
Power category. LZ2RS took the 15-
meter QRP category, operating from his
car at a portable (and scenic) location.
UPØL (UN9LW) earned first place in
the 20-meter High Power category by a
comfortable margin, followed by YT3X
and DMØA (DK3DM) who were sepa-
Table 3. Single-operator participants by continent rated from each other by only 2%.
CN8KD nearly doubled his 2020 score
to win this year in the 20-meter Low
Power category, as did EF3O (EA3O)
in the 20-meter QRP category. SN3A
(SQ2GXO) was the 40-meter High
Power champion. Number 4 in the 40-
meter High Power category was
ZL25NZ (ZL3CW) who was celebrating
25 years since emigrating to New
Zealand. ZL25NZ was also one of the
most frequently busted calls — dits rule.
The 40-meter Low Power winner was
TM6M (F4DXW) and all the top 10 in
this category were from Europe. The
first, second, and third place prizes in
Table 4. Single-op overlay entries by continent the 40-meter QRP category went to
DM2DX, OK6K (OK5IM), and YO3FFF
respectively, and their scores were
within a 5% range. YO3FFF’s operation
featured a homebrewed transmitter.
Europe was the place to be for 80
meters. The top 10 scores for each 80-
meter power level were dominated by
European entries, with S53M (S57UN),
F1UVN (F1AKK), and OL4W (OK1IF)
winning the High, Low, and QRP cate-
gories respectively. VY2ZM moved up to
Table 5. Multi-operator entries by continent the top slot in the 160-meter High Power
category after a second place finish last
year. OK6Y (OK2PTZ) dedicated 19
hours of operating time to conquer the
160-meter Low Power category. OL1A
(OK1CW) notched his seventh first
place in a 160-meter QRP category.
One in four single-ops also elected to
compete in an overlay category. The
most popular choice was the Tribander
/ Single Element (TB-Wires) overlay,
which was created to foster competition
between stations with antenna con-
straints. Next is the Classic overlay
which requires the use of only one radio,
no QSO alerting assistance, and scor-
Multi-op entries ROARED back in 2021

as exemplified by the KH6LC Multi-
Two Team of: Stan, AH6KO; Rob,
NH6V; and Lloyd, KH6LC (pictured
front to back).

John, P4ØA (KK9A), won the Low
Power Classic Overlay in both WPX
SSB and CW this year.
ing is based on the first 24 hours of oper-

ation. The rule changes introduced in
2021 were likely the major factor behind
the 45% growth in Classic overlay par-
ticipants as compared to 2020. It’s note-
worthy that High Power Classic overlay
participants had the smallest average
score reductions of any category in
WPX CW as shown in Table 4. A count
of 91 entrants achieved 24 hours of
operation. Finally, there is the Rookie
overlay which is designed to encourage
recent licensees to enter contesting.
EF8R (EA8RM) set a new world
record for TB-Wires High Power over-
lay despite the loss of his 80-meter 2021 CQWW WPX CW PLAQUE WINNERS AND DONORS
antenna and local noise problems. SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND
3V8SS (KF5EYY) took the TB-Wires WORLD - High Power: Steve Bolia, N8BJQ Plaque. Won by: CR3DX operated by Jozef Lang, OM3GI
Low Power overlay for the fifth time. The WORLD - Low Power: Caribbean Contesting Consortium Plaque. Won by: Oleg Usov, R8CT
WORLD - QRP: Bill Parker, W8QZA Plaque. Won by: Charles D. Fulp Jr., K3WW
Classic High Power overlay was won by
KP2M (KT3Y) who achieved 11 million USA - High Power: Martin Huml, OL5Y Plaque. Won by: Bud Trench, AA3B
USA - QRP: John T. Laney, K4BAI Plaque. Won by: Doug Snowden, N4IJ**
points in 24 hours. Congratulations to USA Zone 3 - High Power: Northern California Contest Club Plaque. Won by: WK7S operated by
P4ØA (KK9A) for winning the Classic Dave Hachadorian, K6LL
Low Power overlay in both WPX SSB USA Zone 3 - Low Power: Arizona Outlaws Contest Club Plaque. Won by: Willie L Baber, WJ9B
USA Zone 4 - High Power: Jerry Rosalius, WB9Z and Val Hotzfeld, NV9L Plaque. Won by: Greg Chapoton, NA8V
and CW this year. IU1LCU used con- USA Zone 4 - Low Power: Jerry Rosalius, WB9Z and Val Hotzfeld, NV9L Plaque. Won by: KO2Y operated by
test callsign IR1N for the first time and Matteo Marzilli, IZ3EYZ
USA Zone 5 - High Power: Steve Narducci, W9SN Plaque. Won by: Dave Sumner, K1ZZ**
achieved a personal record for the num-
ber of QSOs made in a contest. Andrea EUROPE - High Power: Ivo Pezer, E73A/9A3A Plaque. Won by: LZ5R operated by Milen Dimov, LZ5DB
was also the winner of the Rookie High EUROPE - Low Power: Vitor Santos, PY2NY Plaque. Won by: Yaroslav Oleynik, UW7LL
EUROPE - QRP: Bruce Olney, WY7N Plaque. Won by: Gediminas Lucinskas, LY9A
Power overlay. OK5MAX won the
Rookie Low Power overlay and operat- AFRICA: Chris Terkla, N1XS Plaque. Won by: ED8W operated by Manuel Angel Martin Brito, OM5RW**
ASIA: Rick Tavan, N6XI Plaque. Won by: P3X operated by Sergey Rebrov, 5B4AMM
ed the most hours of any Rookie oper- NORTH AMERICA* - High Power: Louisiana Contest Club Plaque. Won by: KP2M operated by Philip Allardice, KT3Y
ator. The top Rookie overlay score for NORTH AMERICA* - Low Power: Dick Green, WC1M Plaque. Won by: Noel Matos Sardina, CO8NMN
the U.S. belonged to W4SSF, who has NORTH AMERICA* - QRP: Dale Martin, KG5U Plaque. Won by: Jose De Jesus Enriquez Campos, CO6EC
SOUTH AMERICA: Andrew Faber, AE6Y Plaque. Won by: P44W operated by John Crovelli, W2GD
recently been a regular in CW contests. SOUTHERN CONE (CE CX LU) - Low Power: LU Contest Group Plaque. Won by: Oscar Vais, LU6OA
OCEANIA - High Power: Lloyd Cabral, KH6LC Plaque. Won by: Bernd Laenger, VK2IA
OCEANIA - Low Power: Wes Printz, W3SE/ZL3TE Plaque. Won by: Larry Arneson, 4D3X
Multi-Operator Wayfarers CANADA - High Power: Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC) Plaque. Won by: VC2W operated by
Multi-op activity was up overall as com- Victor Androsov, VA2WA
CANADA - Low Power: Contest Club Ontario Plaque. Won by: XM2Z operated by Pierre Loranger, VA2CZ
pared to 2020 with significant growth JAPAN: Wes Printz, W3SE/ZL3TE Plaque. Won by: Masa Okano, JH4UYB
observed in the number of Multi-Single ASEAN (3W 9M 9V DU HS V85 XU XW XZ YB): Champ C. Muangamphun E21EIC Plaque.
Won by: Ron Schiltmans, DU3T
High Power logs from North America
and Low Power logs from Europe, along SINGLE OPERATOR, SINGLE BAND
with the addition of the Multi-Trans- WORLD - 28 MHz: Oliver Droese, DH8BQA Plaque. Won by: D4Z operated by Luca Aliprandi, IK2NCJ
WORLD - 28 MHz Low Power: Six Stars Contest Station LS1D Plaque. Won by: DLØMFL operated by
mitter Distributed category. A study of Rene Matthes, DL2JRM
the multi-op metrics provided in Table 5 WORLD - 14 MHz: Gene Walsh, N2AA Memorial (by K2SS, K2TW, KR2Q, W2RQ, NN4X) Plaque.
Won by: UPØL operated by Vladimir Vinichenko, UN9LW
shows that score reductions are nearly WORLD - 7 MHz: Tennessee Contest Group Plaque. Won by: SN3A operated by Jerzy Smoczyk, SQ2GXO
constant at 11% in all categories. This WORLD - 3.5 MHz: Ranko Boca, 4O3A Plaque. Won by: S53M operated by Lang Renato, S57UN
suggests that a competitive advantage WORLD - 1.8 MHz: Dusko Dumanovic, ZL3WW Plaque. Won by: Jeffrey T. Briggs, VY2ZM
USA - 21 MHz: Charlie Wooten, NF4A Plaque. Won by: Jerry Rosalius, WB9Z
could be achieved by driving these USA - 14 MHz: Kansas City DX Club Plaque. Won by: K3LR operated by John R Golomb, Jr, N2NC
reduction percentages down to single USA - 7 MHz: Darin Divinia, WG5J Plaque. Won by: Phillip I Koch, K3UA @ K3LR
USA - 3.5 MHz: Wes Printz, W3SE / ZL3TE Plaque. Won by: Steven Sussman, W3BGN
digits. EUROPE - 21 MHz: Vince Weal, K4JC Plaque. Won by: Aleksandar Jugovic, 9A3XV
Two multi-op campaigns featured EUROPE - 14 MHz: Rafal Dunal, SQ9CNN Plaque. Won by: Miodrag Jakovljevic, YT3X
huge stations with competent operators EUROPE - 7 MHz: Hamradioweb.org Plaque. Won by: 9A5Y operated by Rc Jan Hus, 9A7DX**
EUROPE - 3.5 MHz: Ranko Boca, 4O3A Plaque. Won by: Felber Gyula, HA1TJ**
going head-to-head for 48 hours with
the very narrow margins for error. The OVERLAY CATEGORIES
WORLD - Tribander/Single-Element: Scott Wright, KØMD Plaque. Won by: EF8R operated by Juan Hidalgo, EA8RM
epic Multi-Single High Power battle USA - Tribander/Single-Element: Mike Polom, NE8P Plaque. Won by: Zeljko Zee Repic, K2SSS
between ES9C and RL3A was charac- USA - Tribander/Single-Element Low Power: Ron Sigismonti, N3RS Plaque. Won by: Michael D Adams, N1EN
terized as an “unprecedented thriller” by EUROPE - Tribander/Single-Element: Matija Brodnik, S53MM Plaque. Won by: MM9I operated by
John Dundas, GMØOPS
both teams. Online scoreboard post- WORLD - Rookie: Val Edwards, W8KIC Memorial by K3LR Plaque. Won by: IR1N operated by Andrea David, IU1LCU
ings showed frequent lead changes USA - Rookie: Chris Kantarjiev, K6DBG Plaque. Won by: Stan Swanson, W4SSF

Jacky, ZL25NZ (ZL3CW), celebrated
25 years in New Zealand with a special
call and big 40-meter High Power effort.
throughout the weekend. Both teams

achieved nearly identical numbers of
multipliers, but in the end, the ES9C
team prevailed. The second nail-bitter
was the clash of Multi-Multi titans LZ9W
and YT5A. Their results differed by less
than 0.7% and were likely determined
by the wrath of Murphy. The ND7K team
enjoyed WPX SSB operations so much
that they decided to put the band back
together again for WPX CW, plus a few
hired guns. As with WPX SSB, this team
took the top U.S. Multi-Multi honors.
Murphy also visited, but did not deter,
Multi-Single Low Power victor WP3C,
who experienced a loss of commercial
power followed by failure of their solar
MULTI-OPERATOR, SINGLE-TRANSMITTER
WORLD: Walter Skudlarek, DJ6QT memorial by Rhein-Ruhr DX Association Plaque. Won by: ES9C operated by ES5TV, panels. Second place went to the VP5M
ES2RR, ES7GM, ES2MC, ES4RD, ES4NY, ES5QA, YL3DW team, returning to operation for the first
WORLD - Low Power: Mike Goode, N9NS Memorial by Hoosier DX and Contest Club Plaque. Won by: WP3C time since the start of the pandemic.
operated by WP3C, WP3TT, N2GK
USA: Phil Allardice, KT3Y Plaque. Won by: K3JO operated by K1LZ, K3JO, VY2MA Radioklub KAPA used the 14-month
EUROPE: YO3ND 73rd Anniversary by Andy Ruse YO3JR/YR1A Plaque. Won by: RL3A operated by RAØI, RA1ZZ, pandemic standdown to rebuild and
RA3ATX, RA9USU, RL3FT, RN3DNM, RX3APM, UA3ASZ, UA4Z**
EUROPE - Low Power: LZ2PO Memorial by LZ9W Contest Team Plaque. Won by: YU5R operated by IV3CTS, YO8XXX, improve OM7M, which likely con-
YT2AAA, YT7AW tributed to their first-place Multi-Two fin-
NORTH AMERICA*: Rich Strand, KL7RA Memorial Plaque. Won by: VP5M operated by K4QPL, K4BAI, K2SX, KK4R** ish. Second place went to OL3Z. UCØB
ASEAN (3W 9M 9V DU HS V85 XU XW XZ YB): Champ C. Muangamphun E21EIC Plaque. Won by: 7A1A operated
by YB1AR, YB1ACN, YB1EGP, YB1AM, YB1PSI, YB1PEF, YB1CIR, YC1NMT is a special callsign used by the Central
Siberia DX Club who are known for their
MULTI-OPERATOR, TWO-TRANSMITTER
WORLD: UA1DZ Memorial by W3UA Plaque. Won by: OM7M operated by OK2BFN, OM2KI, OM4AZF, activation of IARU HF Championship
OM5RM, OM5ZW headquarter stations R9HQ and
USA: Florida Contest Group Plaque. Won by: NI4W operated by N4WW, K1MM, N4KM, KØLUZ, W4WF @N4WW RØHQ. Their headquarter station expe-
MULTI-OPERATOR, MULTI-TRANSMITTER rience likely contributed to the Multi-
WORLD: Steve Merchant, K6AW Plaque. Won by: LZ9W operated by LZ1ZD, LZ1PJ, LZ1FG, LZ2CJ, LZ2HQ, LZ1UQ, Transmitter Distributed category first-
LZ3UP, LZ4AE, LZ1BJ, LZ2YO, LZ2UU, LZ1PM, LZ1VS, LZ3FM
USA: Mori Young, KR5V Memorial by N5RZ Plaque. Won by: ND7K operated by N6WIN, N6MJ, KL9A, NN1C, W9KKN, place finish by this five-station,
W6PH, KN8U, N2IC, N6AN, N5ZO @N6WIN 21-operator team from Zone 18.
EUROPE: Jeff Demers, N1SNB Plaque. Won by: YT5A operated by YT1AD, YT1HA, YT2T, YT3W, YU1AU, YU1BV, Second place was earned by the
YU1KX, YU1YV, YU2FG, YU6DX, YU9DX**
WW1X crew, comprised of four stations
MULTI-OPERATOR, DISTRIBUTED located in Zone 5. The WW1X roster
WORLD: Sid Caesar, NH7C Plaque. Won by: UCØB operated by RAØAM, RWØAR, RUØA, RVØAR,
RZØAT, UFØB, RCØAK, UAØADX, RC9O, UA9PM, RA9P, R9IR, RU9I, RC9HC, RC9HB, RK9UE, RT8U, showed 14 members including three
RX9UK, RW9USA, RV9UP, UA9UR teenagers, and participants from five
ADDITIONAL AWARDS
countries.
WORLD - Contest Expedition: Phil Goetz, N6ZZ Memorial by Paul Goetz Plaque. Won by: ED8W operated by OM5RW**
CHINA - Single Operator, Any Category: LZ9W Contest Team Plaque. Won by: Ma Zhen, BA4MY
CHINA - Any Multi-op Category: Andrey Sachkov, LZ2HM Plaque. Won by: B1Z operated by BA1AAX, BD1RX, BA1AJ,
Bumps in the Road
BD1ES, BD1GO, BA1RB, BH3ERS, BG1DX, BG2CTX, BH1LHS, BH1XAL, BD1IIJ The WPX Committee wishes to express
our appreciation to the preponderance
COMBINED AWARDS
WORLD - Combined Score on SSB and CW: Yuri Blanarovich, K3BU Plaque. Won by: VB3E operated by
of participants who abided by the rules
Ron Vander Kraats, VE3AT** and submitted their logs per instruc-
USA - Combined Score on SSB and CW: Bill Fisher W4AN Memorial by KM3T Plaque. Won by: Bud Trench, AA3B tions. There were very few issues
EUROPE - Combined Score on SSB and CW: Bavarian Contest Club Plaque. Won by: UW2M operated by
Roman Tkachenko, URØMC encountered during our adjudication
WORLD - Combined Prefixes on SSB and CW: Norm Koch, WN5N Memorial by K2RED Plaque. processes. The largest area for
Won by: Andrius Ignotas, LY7Z**
CALIFORNIA - Combined Score on SSB and CW: Northern California Contest Club Plaque. Won by: Rich Cutler, WC6H
improvement is transmission by
CQ WPX Contest Triathlon Award - Combined Score on RTTY, SSB, and CW (min 500 QSOs per mode): DX-Lodge entrants on frequencies outside of their
Roatan (HQ9X) Plaque. Won by: P3X operated by Sergey Rebrov, 5B4AMM license authorization; an excessive
CALIFORNIA - Combined Score on RTTY, SSB, and CW: Northern California Contest Club Plaque.
Won by: Ed Radlo, AJ6V number of these QSOs will result in a
World - Club Score: CQ Magazine Plaque. Won by: Bavarian Contest Club warning or disqualification. Signal qual-
USA - Club Score: Marty Sullaway, NN1C Plaque. Won by: Potomac Valley Radio Club
ity remains a watch item, including the
* Applies only to North American stations outside the USA and Canada presence of harmonics. Please note
** Denotes awarded to runner-up in category that valid serial numbers must be
included by both QSO partners; 000 or
a random serial number is not appro-
priate. Finally, be advised that Classic

Figure 1. Single-operator on-time histogram
CLUB SCORES New Providence ARC .........................................................................5 ....................221,078

North Carolina DX And Contest Club .................................................5 ....................219,975
Arc Emcomm Srvc ..............................................................................7 ....................208,991
UNITED STATES Northern Arizona DX Assn..................................................................4 ....................201,040
Club # Entrants Score Hazel Park Amateur Radio Club.........................................................4 ....................147,777
Potomac Valley Radio Club ............................................................203 .............221,607,417 Pasadena Radio Club.........................................................................6 ......................97,251
Frankford Radio Club......................................................................143 .............188,117,607 Port Lavaca ARC ................................................................................5 ......................77,559
Yankee Clipper Contest Club .........................................................130 .............180,572,553 Alexandria Radio Club ........................................................................4 ......................22,542
Northern California Contest Club....................................................126 ...............95,538,940
Florida Contest Group ......................................................................69 ...............87,386,869 DX
Arizona Outlaws Contest Club..........................................................64 ...............49,994,260 Club # Entrants Score
Society Of Midwest Contesters.......................................................133 ...............41,742,272 Bavarian Contest Club....................................................................281 .............282,014,144
Southern California Contest Club .....................................................58 ...............38,465,909 Italian Contest Club ........................................................................207 .............240,088,036
Western Washington DX Club ..........................................................31 ...............29,214,926 Russian Contest Club .......................................................................97 .............206,248,739
Mad River Radio Club.......................................................................22 ...............28,629,023 Ukrainian Contest Club...................................................................168 .............186,316,989
Tennessee Contest Group................................................................37 ...............28,512,211 EA Contest Club ...............................................................................72 .............135,716,622
Willamette Valley DX Club................................................................52 ...............24,776,772 Contest Club Ontario ........................................................................76 .............114,119,866
Minnesota Wireless Assn .................................................................71 ...............22,805,080 Baltic Contest Club ...........................................................................26 .............110,134,713
Central Texas DX And Contest Club ................................................19 ...............15,409,208 Contest Club Serbia..........................................................................52 .............105,306,638
Big Sky Contesters ...........................................................................10 ...............15,295,179 Rhein Ruhr DX Association ............................................................107 ...............98,717,939
South East Contest Club ..................................................................29 ...............13,595,003 Araucaria DX Group .........................................................................55 ...............86,461,341
Kentucky Contest Group...................................................................20 ...............12,033,809 Kaunas University Of Technology Radio Club..................................63 ...............84,760,999
North Coast Contesters ....................................................................16 ...............11,113,841 HA-DX-Club ......................................................................................21 ...............72,345,908
Deep Dixie Contest Club ..................................................................11 .................9,442,691 Slovenia Contest Club ......................................................................30 ...............72,171,363
Grand Mesa Contesters Of Colorado ...............................................29 .................8,345,057 Lz Contest Team ................................................................................5 ...............63,591,212
Alabama Contest Group ...................................................................17 .................8,203,148 Croatian Contest Club ......................................................................42 ...............62,562,577
NE Maryland Amateur Radio Contest Society..................................30 .................8,193,554 Central Siberia DX Club......................................................................9 ...............58,764,309
Bay Area DXers ..................................................................................9 .................8,031,245 Contest Club Finland ........................................................................42 ...............57,188,701
CWOPS ............................................................................................11 .................7,807,492 Latvian Contest Club ........................................................................30 ...............52,427,485
Swamp Fox Contest Group ..............................................................20 .................7,142,198 Belokranjec Contest Club .................................................................15 ...............47,303,463
Iowa DX And Contest Club .................................................................4 .................6,284,237 Contest Club Belgium .......................................................................40 ...............44,808,600
Hudson Valley Contesters And Dxers ..............................................21 .................6,177,662 SP DX Club.......................................................................................60 ...............42,005,613
DFW Contest Group .........................................................................27 .................5,800,794 Belarus Contest Club........................................................................29 ...............39,398,558
Texas DX Society .............................................................................12 .................5,716,676 Ural Contest Group...........................................................................22 ...............36,819,745
Metro DX Club ....................................................................................9 .................5,467,824 VK Contest Club ...............................................................................25 ...............34,035,928
Niagara Frontier Radiosport .............................................................15 .................4,046,655 Milara Contest Club ............................................................................5 ...............32,333,605
Kansas City Contest Club.................................................................14 .................3,166,961 La Contest Club ................................................................................12 ...............31,575,321
Georgia Contest Group.......................................................................4 .................3,119,170 Orca DX And Contest Club...............................................................30 ...............29,168,046
North Texas Contest Club ..................................................................5 .................2,940,943 Maritime Contest Club ......................................................................17 ...............28,898,535
Silver Springs Radio Club...................................................................7 .................2,916,507 Clipperton DX Club ...........................................................................21 ...............25,660,939
Mother Lode DX / Contest Club..........................................................5 .................2,523,485 Contest Group Du Quebec ...............................................................14 ...............25,113,415
Order Of Boiled Owls Of New York ..................................................11 .................2,306,182 Rio DX Group ...................................................................................48 ...............23,550,370
Carolina DX Association ...................................................................17 .................1,735,674 Thracian Rose Club ..........................................................................43 ...............22,955,899
Northeast Wisconsin DX Assn............................................................6 .................1,542,761 West Serbia Contest Club ..................................................................8 ...............20,189,957
Spokane DX Association ..................................................................15 .................1,336,401 Czech Contest Club..........................................................................25 ...............20,030,496
Hilltop Transmitting Assn ....................................................................4 .................1,308,649 LU Contest Group.............................................................................38 ...............17,260,469
Milford Ohio Amateur Radio Club .......................................................4 .................1,212,324 Catalonia Contest Club.....................................................................21 ...............15,430,923
Portage County Amateur Radio Service.............................................9 .................1,188,665 Vytautas Magnus University Radio Club ..........................................14 ...............13,079,978
South Jersey Radio Association .........................................................8 .................1,123,816 Aripa DX Team ...................................................................................9 ...............12,291,705
Arkansas DX Association ...................................................................4 ....................958,652 Danish DX Group..............................................................................23 ...............12,166,629
West Park Radiops .............................................................................4 ....................918,853 Siam DX Group.................................................................................15 ...............12,056,769
Bristol (Tn/Va) ARC ............................................................................4 ....................909,577 Rsgb Contest Club..............................................................................7 ...............11,340,017
Rochester (Ny) DX Assn.....................................................................6 ....................790,755 Russian CW Club .............................................................................39 ...............11,296,112
Long Island CW Club..........................................................................5 ....................672,769 Vrhnika Contesters .............................................................................4 ...............11,027,153
The Villages Amateur Radio Club.......................................................8 ....................553,497 Yb Land DX Club ............................................................................103 ...............10,683,205
Silver Comet Amateur Radio Society .................................................5 ....................454,739 ARCK................................................................................................27 .................9,637,021
Oh-Ky-In ARS .....................................................................................7 ....................419,755 South Ural Contest Club ...................................................................14 .................9,326,597
Mississippi Valley DC / Contest Club..................................................4 ....................372,578 European DX Contest Club ................................................................5 .................8,936,020
Skyview Radio Society .......................................................................4 ....................309,713 5NNDXCC ........................................................................................18 .................8,733,110
Fort Wayne Radio Club ......................................................................4 ....................300,722 World Wide Young Contesters ...........................................................9 .................8,230,862
TX Emergency Amateur Communicators ...........................................4 ....................289,444 Chiltern DX Club ...............................................................................17 .................8,068,475
North Fulton Amateur Radio League ..................................................7 ....................279,816 Interest Group RTTY ..........................................................................6 .................8,057,863
Bolingbrook ARS ................................................................................5 ....................261,054 Bosnia And Herzegovina Contest Club ..............................................6 .................7,541,087
Orange County (NY) Amateur Radio Club..........................................6 ....................249,328 Crows Contest Team ..........................................................................4 .................7,263,641

Luca, D4Z (IK2NCJ), leveraged his mountaintop location to make his own 10-meter propagation.
Club # Entrants Score Club # Entrants Score

Radio Amateur Association Of Western Greece ................................6 .................6,792,388 CSA Steaua Bucuresti ........................................................................4 .................1,063,563
River Po DX Team..............................................................................4 .................5,779,203 Sao Paulo Contest Group...................................................................6 .................1,008,643
Teresina DX Group.............................................................................4 .................5,522,764 ZRHB Contest Club ............................................................................8 ....................938,418
Gipanis Contest Group .....................................................................10 .................5,381,692 German DX Foundation......................................................................6 ....................926,147
599 Contest Club ..............................................................................13 .................5,360,780 YYP Club ............................................................................................7 ....................922,469
CSA Steaua ........................................................................................5 .................5,220,092 Sky Contest Club ................................................................................5 ....................801,632
Associacao Dos Radioamadores Do Parana .....................................8 .................5,211,755 Unio Radioaficionats Valles Oriental ..................................................4 ....................765,796
Three A’s Contest Group ....................................................................5 .................5,103,631 UR-QRP-Club .....................................................................................5 ....................734,452
Stockport Radio Society Contest Group ...........................................12 .................4,728,359 Volyn Contest Group ..........................................................................5 ....................730,063
Csu Pitesti...........................................................................................7 .................4,727,685 LA2T Trondheimsgruppen Av NRRL ..................................................4 ....................710,237
Giresun Telsiz Ve Radyo Amatorleri Dernegi .....................................7 .................4,505,634 Krivbass ..............................................................................................5 ....................694,864
Yo DX Club .......................................................................................15 .................4,325,337 Tipalayo DX Club................................................................................4 ....................688,140
Ivanovo DX Club.................................................................................4 .................4,317,028 Sharp Ham Club .................................................................................5 ....................683,085
Ce Contest Group.............................................................................15 .................4,229,261 Veron A63 Friese Wouden .................................................................5 ....................617,209
Radiosport Manitoba...........................................................................7 .................4,180,736 UBRO .................................................................................................4 ....................603,035
Gmdx Group .......................................................................................8 .................3,972,117 Amsterdam DX Club ...........................................................................4 ....................577,408
Cs Petrolul Ploiesti..............................................................................9 .................3,909,361 Chilean Pacific DX Group ...................................................................5 ....................575,676
Okayama DX Club ..............................................................................6 .................3,888,900 Philippine Amateur Radio League ......................................................4 ....................572,422
Essex CW Amateur Radio Club..........................................................4 .................3,679,126 YB7-DX Club ....................................................................................20 ....................563,153
Radioclubul Radu Bratu......................................................................4 .................3,657,549 LA4O...................................................................................................7 ....................532,507
YU1ANO & YU1A Contest Team........................................................9 .................3,551,539 Grupo Tortugascw ..............................................................................4 ....................530,631
RU-QRQ Club...................................................................................14 .................3,503,144 Peterborough Amateur Radio Club.....................................................5 ....................529,139
Keymen's Club Of Japan ..................................................................31 .................3,426,348 Cockenzie And Port Seton ARC .........................................................6 ....................523,388
VU Contest Group ............................................................................16 .................2,972,948 Radio Club Venezolano ......................................................................6 ....................506,420
S51DSW .............................................................................................4 .................2,832,217 Saratovskaya Oblast Radio Club........................................................5 ....................488,830
CWJF Group.......................................................................................6 .................2,809,326 7A DX-Contest Club ...........................................................................7 ....................486,504
CDR Group .......................................................................................44 .................2,769,832 Orari Lokal Bekasi ..............................................................................4 ....................473,458
ALRS St. Petersburg ..........................................................................6 .................2,562,513 Grupo Dxxe.........................................................................................6 ....................468,780
Radio Club Venezolano Caracas........................................................9 .................2,525,639 Ham Society Of The Philippines .........................................................9 ....................467,989
Minas DX Group .................................................................................4 .................2,406,493 Little Gun Club ....................................................................................4 ....................403,913
JSFC...................................................................................................4 .................2,383,847 Gacw Grupo Argentino De CW...........................................................7 ....................390,405
YBDXPI.............................................................................................51 .................2,355,580 Cabreuvadx ......................................................................................33 ....................386,092
Csr Braila ............................................................................................4 .................2,332,867 Single Fighter DX Group.....................................................................5 ....................297,460
UA2 Contest Club ...............................................................................6 .................2,260,475 Radio Club Kvarner Rijeka .................................................................7 ....................294,910
Radio Club Bunschoten ......................................................................5 .................2,166,183 Pilsen Radioclub OK1RPL..................................................................4 ....................287,012
Russian Digital Radio Club .................................................................5 .................2,155,826 Papua Contest Club............................................................................4 ....................281,888
Vladimir Contest Group ....................................................................12 .................2,128,732 Cmdxgroup .........................................................................................6 ....................256,825
Santiago De Cuba Contest Team.......................................................5 .................2,086,922 Bahia DX Group..................................................................................5 ....................237,430
SK6AW Hisingens Radioklubb ...........................................................6 .................2,058,041 CWSP .................................................................................................7 ....................236,372
SK6AA Vasteras Radioklubb ............................................................11 .................2,016,722 Tall Trees Contest Group ...................................................................5 ....................235,172
Guara DX Group...............................................................................14 .................2,012,191 Falcons DX Group ..............................................................................5 ....................221,507
Union Francaise Des Telegraphistes..................................................5 .................1,975,948 599 DX Group...................................................................................17 ....................216,765
Admira Arad........................................................................................6 .................1,895,306 Hornsea Amateur Radio Club.............................................................6 ....................208,602
SKØQO Sodertorns Radioamatorer ...................................................4 .................1,868,242 Japan Contester's Club ......................................................................5 ....................207,917
ARKTIKA ............................................................................................9 .................1,813,053 YB6_DX Community.........................................................................17 ....................198,725
LA-DX-Group ......................................................................................7 .................1,758,808 Torbay ARS ........................................................................................5 ....................192,507
LKK LVIV Shortwave Club..................................................................7 .................1,693,472 West Borneo HF Radio Club ..............................................................9 ....................187,564
Fuchu Amateur Radio Club ..............................................................15 .................1,636,562 Ari Prato..............................................................................................4 ....................157,311
Spandau Dxers ...................................................................................4 .................1,611,606 Harwell Amateur Radio Society ..........................................................4 ....................118,039
Korea DX Group ...............................................................................12 .................1,583,637 Mumbai Amateur Radio Institute ........................................................4 ......................95,404
Mediterraneo DX Club ........................................................................7 .................1,561,921 Stratford-Upon-Avon & Amp; District Amateur Radio Society ............5 ......................72,019
Sharks DX Team ..............................................................................11 .................1,519,628 Veron A56 Waterland .........................................................................4 ......................57,565
CSM Craiova ......................................................................................8 .................1,510,614 Yogyakarta DX Contest ......................................................................4 ......................50,739
Norfolk Amateur Radio Club ...............................................................5 .................1,508,765 Orari Lokal Kediri ..............................................................................13 ......................40,395
Orari Lokal Bogor..............................................................................32 .................1,499,621 Edit14..................................................................................................4 ......................34,982
Novokuznetsk Radio Club ..................................................................8 .................1,422,170 SP9PGE .............................................................................................4 ......................33,933
Shakhan Contest Club........................................................................4 .................1,362,842 Just For Fun Contest Club..................................................................6 ......................24,587
Saskatchewan Contest Club...............................................................5 .................1,343,796 ABRA-Associação Beltronense De Radioamadores ..........................4 ......................24,173
The Barbeque Enthusiasts Amateur Radio Club ................................4 .................1,335,162 IFM-DX Team .....................................................................................4 ........................9,908
Scan International.............................................................................16 .................1,300,621
National Children's Palace..................................................................7 .................1,168,037 Club scores with 4 or more entries.
Japan Lid Club....................................................................................4 .................1,157,978
Lithuanian Contest Group...................................................................5 .................1,123,672

Contest call IR1N was used for the first time ever in WPX Paul, KQ1F (K1XM), clawed his way to the top in the U.S.
CW. Congratulations to Andrea, IU1LCU, on his Rookie High Low Power category. His faithful assistant, Ella, is not a CW
Power Overlay victory. op so she sat this one out.
overlay entries are inspected for evidence of assistance or On behalf of the WPX Committee, I want to thank each of
use of a second radio. the record number of participants who made this year so suc-
cessful. I am also grateful to the following volunteers for all
Until We QSO Again (dit dit) their important contributions to the administration of this pre-
So, are we there yet? After a lot of number crunching, my miere operating event: EA4KD; ES5TV; F6BEE; HA1AG;
assessment is that WPX CW outcomes suggest that con- IK2QEI; JH5GHM; K1AR; K1DG; K1EA; K3WW; K5ZD;
testing is progressing towards pre-pandemic norms, but there KR2Q; LA6VQ; LU5DX; N5KO; N8BJQ; OH6LI; PA3AAV;
is still a long way to go. The record turnout in WPX CW (and S5ØA; S5ØXX; WØYK; WZ7I; and YO3JR.
SSB) demonstrates that the world’s foremost “everyone The 2022 WPX dates are March 26th & 27th for SSB and
works everyone for points” operating event continues to grow. May 28th & 29th for CW. See you then! Safe travels.
One must wonder what improving conditions and relaxed – 73, Bud, AA3B
travel restrictions will bring! (Scores on page 97)
LY4A entered as Multi-Two in WPX CW 2021. The team consisted of (from left to right) Seated: LY2TS, LY2CO, LY3AB;
Standing: LY24A, LY2BKT.

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Antennas are a leading interest of many hams. This includes almost anything to
do with antennas from theory and design to over-the-air performance. Hams
seem to be always searching for improvement and, ultimately, the holy grail.
The hex beam (Photo A) is a true example of this interest. Here, K1GUY and K5PA
examine the latest innovation in a long line of hexagonal beams.
CQ Reviews:
The VHQ HEX Beam – A New England
Survivor
BY KEN STEINER, * K1GUY, AND GENE HINKLE, # K5PA
A
mateurs have a long history of
antenna experimentation, design,
and development. Today, we
stand on the shoulders of many giants in
the field of antenna development. Many
decades ago, Les Moxon, G6XN (SK),
started bending antenna elements and
developed what we now know as the
Moxon Antenna.1 Figure 1(a) shows how
a 2-element beam consisting of a driven
element and reflector has the end bent
at right angles, enabling a smaller anten-
na size and turning radius. The resulting
gain and front-to-back ratio for the radi-
ated signal do not significantly change.
The quest was to find an antenna that
had a smaller footprint without sacrific-
ing gain. For amateurs, this would mean
a lighter, smaller design, and hopefully
less costly, with gain nearly equivalent
to a full-size, 2-element Yagi for the
given band(s).
In the early 1990s, while dreaming of
a snowflake, Mike Traffie, N1HXA, took
the idea of creating a new antenna to Photo A. VHQ HEX Beam at co-author K1GUY’s QTH. (Photos by K1GUY)
the next level when he designed the
multiband hex beam antenna for 10-20 Cebik left us a treasure trove of anten- Traffie sold his HEX-BEAM® for over a
meters and began to market his HEX- na articles and pushed the early devel- decade and then decided to retire.
BEAM®.2 Figure 1(b) shows the Traffie opment of antenna modeling and inno- Others were encouraged to try and
wire configuration where the driven ele- vations. However, Mike Traffie proved improve on the initial design. Steve
ment and reflector are bent into the all the skeptics wrong with the suc- Hunt, G3TXQ (SK), published an arti-
shape of an M and W, what we call an cessful development and commercial- cle on the Broadband Hexbeam, and a
M over W (M/W) configuration. Many ization of his multiband HEX-BEAM®.4 new iteration, shown in Figure 1(c), was
were skeptical of the notion that you In fact, more recent EZNEC antenna born that gave a similar gain as the orig-
could nest multiple band elements over modeling proved that Traffie was right. inal HEX-BEAM® but with greater band-
each other without severely affecting While Cebik stated the interaction of the width. This Broadband Hexbeam con-
the overall performance. One such multibands would not let a multiband figuration has the driven element and
skeptic included a great mentor of the hex beam work well, Traffie found a reflector bent into the shape of an M and
author, the renowned L.B. Cebik, way! Additionally, Traffie was able to U, respectively, what we call an M over
W4RNL (SK), who made this remark nest his bent elements in such a way as U (M/U) configuration. It became the
during a telephone conversation.3 to avoid significant interactions. gold standard for a new generation of
As time passed, more and more ama- hex beams that were available com-
* < hrhkenneth@gmail.com> teurs came on the air with the Traffie mercially at far less cost than the origi-
# <k5pa@arrl.net> HEX-BEAM® and the hobby noticed. nal due to less expensive support arms

and hardware. For over a decade, many amateurs have been authors and others revealed that the hex beams failed due to
building and buying commercially available broadband hex a weak center post and its base support. As the weather buffs
beams. They were relatively inexpensive and arguably per- the beam, the base starts to bend due to the weakness of the
formed as well as or better than an equivalent 2-element Yagi. center post, typically made of 1-1/2-inch square cross-section,
But refinement has not stopped with the Broadband Hexbeam. 1/16-inch thickness, aluminum stock connected to a piece of
For simplicity, each of the antennas shown in Figure 1 is for hollow schedule 40 PVC pipe or similar material. This causes
a single band. When multiple bands are needed, each of the the hex beam to go out of balance, and places undue stress
individual antennas are “nested” together, as shown in Figure on the fiberglass support arms. As the center post continues
2 (the M/U configuration). These views of the six antennas to bend, the arms become over-stressed and snap. The hex
show the concentric antennas from the side and top views that beam then collapses on itself, as shown in Photo B, resulting
are separated in the vertical plane to reduce interaction. Also, in a useless antenna and a mess as well. This is a well-dis-
all antennas are connected to the same coaxial feedline shown cussed topic in the hex beam forum.5
at the center (tiny dot with circle) of the configuration. This fig-
ure is from the EZNEC model of the antenna. The large arrow A Better Approach, the VHQ HEX Beam
shows the direction of maximum radiation. Snow, wind, and storms have destroyed two of the author’s
The early Broadband Hexbeam was a great design. previous hex beams, and, like many other amateurs, the
However, these antennas were prone to mechanical failure in search was on for something that would avoid costly replace-
regions that have severe weather. Direct observation by the ment, as well as the repetitive cost of a tower climber. The
Figure 1. Moxon and hex beam wire configurations. (Illustrations by K5PA, except as noted)
Figure 2. Six-band hex beam showing nested wires (top view).

VHQ HEX beam was found while listening to a local VHF net stock. Compare this to other manufacturers’ 1-1/2-inch
one evening.6 Indeed, this beam was developed by a local square, 1/16-inch thickness material. To reinforce the
amateur and machinist, David Lavoie, K1NH (formerly K1VHQ strength of the lower portion of the post, it is mated to the
— thus the antenna’s name <www.vhqhex.com>), as he, too, base assembly via a solid 1-1/2-inch piece of insulating fiber-
had lost his hexagonal beam to a storm. A visit to his machine glass as a dowel. The dowel sits inside the base assembly
shop showed firsthand how his new VHQ HEX beam was made from solid billet aluminum that was milled by a CNC
being manufactured and how it was possible for him to offer machine. These parts are then mated to the fiberglass arms.
a lifetime guarantee, something unheard of until now. An engineering model for the center post was created to
The VHQ HEX beam center post is made of 2-inch square study the failure modes of previous designs and to determine
cross section, 1/4-inch thickness aircraft grade aluminum how well the new design performed. Figure 3 shows a detailed
drawing for the model of the center post. Shown is the VHQ
HEX beam center post model, but a competitor’s center post
was also modeled to measure how much force could be exert-
ed prior to breakage. The bottom of the center post was mount-
ed to a solid base for support. Then a force was applied to the
tie ring at the top of the competitor’s center post, and the force
was increased until breakage occurred at 180 pounds of force.
The bottom of the center post flared out and broke. The amount
of deflection at the top of the center post was measured as
3.25 inches when it failed. Next, the VHQ HEX beam center
post had a force applied to create the identical deflection of
3.25 inches, and no destruction occurred. Furthermore, the
force required to create the same deflection was 1,000 pounds
owing to the robustness of the design.
The results clearly show the increase in cross-section and
thickness of the newly designed center post, and the solid
fiberglass dowel provides more than six times the strength
compared with earlier designs.
The VHQ HEX beam wire elements consist of heavy-duty
12-gauge Flex-Weave™ clear-coated wire, P/N FW12CR,
with a breaking strength of 170 pounds. Compare this to the
16-gauge wire that has been the common practice. Addi-
Photo B. K1GUY’s prior hex beam after ice storm.
Figure 3. Center post modeling to test robustness. (Illustration

Photo C. K1GUY’s VHQ HEX beam surviving an ice storm. by K5PA, adapted from original drawing by K1GHC)

Figure 4. EZNEC antenna model showing typical beam pattern (30-foot height).
tionally, the center post has standoffs model is available at the co-author’s tion angle is shown in Table 1. Note, the
mounted to support the coax cable amateur radio website for those wishing last line is the height of the antenna (30
away from the center post. Multiple fer- to change parameters to investigate var- feet for this model) in terms of wave-
rite cores surround the coax to provide ious configurations.10 length. The maximum gain occurs at
an effective common-mode balun. As expected, the beam pattern is like lower elevation angles at higher fre-
These practices help maintain a sym- a 2-element beam centered in each quencies, resulting in better DX perfor-
metrical beam pattern.7 band. For example, Figure 4 shows the mance. This is because the height, in
All hardware is marine grade quality, 20-meter band azimuth and elevation terms of wavelengths, is increasing at
yielding lasting performance even under beam patterns. There will be slight vari- the same time. So, the conclusion is that
poor weather conditions. The spreader ations across each band as the fre- to achieve a lower elevation angle; the
arms also have aluminum insert sup- quency is changed. A summary table for antenna height should be increased.
ports to provide added strength and the gain, front-to-back ratio, and eleva- This is something you probably already
durability. All these improvements have
resulted in a proven, rugged antenna
design, yielding much better perfor-
mance over prior designs.
Photo C shows the author’s VHQ HEX
beam surviving a late winter ice storm
this year. All the elements are wrapped
in snow and ice, yet the full assembly
maintains its shape. It came back to life
once the storm passed, which is a true
testimony to the design’s robustness. Table 1. EZNEC model for gain, front / back ratio, and maximum gain by band.
Modeling and Measurements

EZNEC+ v6.0.33 with AutoEZ v.2.0.25 Why All These Different Names for the Hex Beam?
modeling software was used to charac- Here is a quick glossary to provide some perspective.
terize the beam patterns and impedance Hex beam – As used in this article, the hex beam is a generic term for a nest-
matching for the hex beam.8,9 The nested set of wire elements held in place by insulated spreader arms to provide sin-
ed elements of the G3TXQ Broadband gle or multiband performance like a 2-element beam.
Hexbeam antenna, whose wire model HEX-BEAM® – This is a registered trademark of Mike Traffie, N1HXA, for the
was shown previously in Figure 2, was hex beam he manufactured and sold.
adapted to the VHQ HEX beam config- Broadband Hexbeam – This refers to the name given by Steve Hunt (SK),
uration by adding the 6-meter element G3TXQ, for his wideband hex beam design.
and running beam patterns and VSWR VHQ HEX – This is the design by David Lavoie, K1NH (formerly K1VHQ), for
curves across all bands (including 2- his rugged, wide band hex beam. VHQ HEX beam is an abbreviation for the
meters). This EZNEC / AutoEZ antenna Very High Quality HEX beam. <www.vhqhex.com>

Figure 5. EZNEC antenna model showing VSWR, all bands (20-6 meters) and 2 meters.
realized but is demonstrated by this model. The author’s hex environments. Many New England hams have lost their
beam is located at a height of 95 feet, where there are dual lighter-duty hex beams to the severe weather.
peaks that include a low angle and higher angle, providing For example, George Carmichael, K1GHC, lost his lighter-
excellent DX and local coverage. The adage, “the higher the duty hex beam in a storm and decided to install the VHQ HEX
better,” is certainly true whereby the elevation pattern will beam after listening to his local net. He finds the VHQ HEX
give increased gain at lower angles. beam is “built like a tank,” with a robust center post, 12-gauge
Figure 5 shows the VSWR curves across each band in the elements, and marine grade fittings. The lifetime guarantee
EZNEC model. The model shows a good match, less than on the assembly was a huge selling point after his prior expe-
2.0:1 VSWR, across each band. The 6-meter band is slight- riences. George found it easily survived one of the worst win-
ly higher due to the broader range of frequencies covered. ter storms. He also found significant improvement in gain and
The beam pattern and VSWR are frequency-dependent, lower VSWR across the bands compared with his prior hex
so some adjustments are necessary to optimize the desired beam. Even under poor propagation conditions, he finds he
performance. Fortunately, for a production antenna like the can work more DX than before.
VHQ HEX beam, all dimensions have been optimized and Over-the-air performance and long-haul DX are testimo-
elements pre-cut to the optimal length at the manufacturing ny as to why the hex beams are still a favorite. The com-
facility, eliminating assembly errors. parison of a resonant dipole at 80 feet compared with the
VHQ HEX beam clearly shows the performance you can
Performance easily hear and see on the S-meter. Comments are rou-
The VHQ HEX beam has performance specifications like a tinely heard on how strong the author’s signal is, even under
2-element, horizontally polarized beam antenna. This holds poorer band conditions.
true across the six ham bands from 20-6 meters. On 2- A unique feature of the VHQ HEX beam is its ability to work
meters, the 6-meter element reacts as a horizontally polar- both 6 and 2 meters as well as the HF bands. Even with the
ized dipole but has the advantage of being at the elevation “dipole-like” performance on 2-meters, amateurs such as Ken
of the hex beam. The full specifications for the antenna can Burstall, WB8PKK, have been able to work repeaters a hun-
be found on the manufacturer’s website (refer to Ref. 6). dred miles away with just an Anytone model 878 radio that’s
VSWR measurements were made for the VHQ HEX beam running 6 watts!
on the author’s 95-foot tower using a RigExpert® Zoom AA- With a lifetime guarantee, the VHQ HEX beam is destined
230. The measurements were like those shown on the VHQ to provide years of service without worrying about repeat
HEX beam website. Simply put, the VHQ HEX beam displayed tower climbs and replacements. This antenna is here to stay
improved SWR across all bands, as shown in Figure 6. on the K1GUY antenna farm.
Experiences with the VHQ HEX Beam Summary

The new VHQ HEX beam sets a new level of ruggedized con- The authors would like to thank Ken, WB8PKK, and George,
struction and refinement to the hex beam. Its design with K1GHC, for sharing their experiences with their VHQ HEX
heavy-duty craftmanship has let it withstand the winter here beam. They all wanted to share their excitement with such a
in New Hampshire and would do the same in other similar high-quality product. Neither the authors nor our contributors

have any pecuniary interest in the VHQ HEX beam manu- Notes:
facturer. We would also like to thank Jim Millner, WB2REM, 1. <https://tinyurl.com/5pccdetx>
for his text edits and advice. 2. <www.hex-beam.com/description>
Our interest lies in providing background information on the 3. Personal communications between Cebik and the author
hex beam, explaining the modeling, construction, and perfor- 4. <http://karinya.net/g3txq/hexbeam>
mance. To that end, we have provided a series of web links 5. <https://groups.io/g/hexbeam/topics>
that will provide more in-depth information. We hope this arti- 6. <www.vhqhex.com>
cle further piques your interest in this class of antenna and, par- 7. <http://karinya.net/g3txq/hexbeam/eznec2>
ticularly, in the robust construction of the VHQ HEX beam that 8. <https://eznec.com>
is built to withstand a New England winter. The VHQ HEX beam 9. <https://ac6la.com/autoez.html>
retails for $1,550 and is available at <www.vhqhex.com>. 10. <www.k5pa.com>
Figure 6. Measured VSWR of VHQ HEX Beam mounted on 95-foot tower.

CQ CLASSIC
Moxon on Quads
This issue’s article on hex beams by K1GUY and K5PA (“CQ Reviews: The VHQ
Hex Beam – A New England Survivor”) traces the history of the design to British
antenna designer Les Moxon, G6XN (SK). We were delighted to find that, exactly
59 years ago, G6XN graced the pages of CQ with an article not about the Moxon
antenna but about multiband quads using only a single loop in each element. We’re
pleased to share that with you here, direct from the November 1962 issue of CQ,
which we note was an antenna and surplus special.
Multiband Quads
BY L. A. MOXON, G6XN
The Quad antenna may be used for multiband operation without reverting to individual
loops for each band. G6XN presents some practical approaches and the necessary data
for the construction of two and three band quads using only one loop and reflector.
THE quad is reputedly a one-band antenna and, whereas end remains a point of low voltage on all bands thereby
dipole-type beamelements are commonly made to work on removing another objection to the use of resonant feed-
several wavebands, the normal “multiband” version of the ers. This also allows, if required, the connection with
quad uses separate loops for each band. This seems to be acceptable matching on each band, of a long non-resonant
due to a misunderstanding about the properties of loops. feeder. One of the author's arrangements uses another
Some years ago the author made a rough theoretical property of loops to obtain tri-band matching without the
estimate of the gain of a 14 mc quad and got a figure of
6.5 db. For the same beam energized at 21 mc the cal- use of long resonant lines. This enables a 21 mc loop to
culated gain was also about 6.5 db, and this led to the be resonated at 14 mc with a minimum of loading, thus
design of a reversible two-band beam with loops 17' keeping losses and the inevitable restriction of bandwidth
square, open wire stubs 36' long, and matching on both to a minimum.
bands, without retuning, into 100 yards of untuned line.
This beam, centered on VK, has given consistently good Facts About Loops
results over a long period and reports, relative to other Figure 1 shows a loop plus a tuning stub, which togeth-
phone stations, have been, if anything, better on 21 mc er resonate at frequencies in the region of 7, 14, 21 and
than on 14 mc. Later developments have included sever- 28 mc with a voltage node at each end of the system. The
al kinds of three-band arrays. The two band system resonant frequencies depend, to some extent, on how much
described above turns into a bi-square at 28 mc; the mount- of the wire is in the loop and how much in the stub, and
ing of two quads at right angles on the same pole or tree are not in exact harmonic ratio, but this can be ignored
gives all around coverage by beam switching; and the use for the moment.
of a colinear pair of quads gives increased gain plus elec-
trical beam rotation. We also discovered that loops can Figure 2 shows the current distributions round the loop
be distorted into a wide variety of shapes, such as trian- when this contains 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1 1/2 or 2 wavelengths of
gular, without noticeably affecting their radiating prop- wire. For a loop 17' square this corresponds to excitation
erties. Comparisons have been made between three modes at 7, 10.5, 14, 21 and 28 mc respectively. The 1 1/2 wave-
of operation, namely with a parasitic reflector, a para- length case, fig. 2(d), is a particularly interesting one,
sitic director, and both elements driven. being that of a typical 14 mc quad operating at 21 mc or
As multiband beam-elements, loops have two main elec- a slightly oversize 21 mc quad at 28 mc. The arrows indi-
trical advantages over dipoles. Firstly the radiation resis- cate not only the direction of current flow but also the rel-
tance is higher which means there is less objection to the ative magnitude of field which each segment of the loop
use of long resonant feeders or stubs, and secondly if the is capable of producing, a small arrow being worth only
feeder or stub is made the right length as in fig. 1 its lower 29 percent of a large one. Note that although some of the

Fig. 1—A loop and stub ation “off the ends” and a rough estimate suggests that
arrangement that will about 25 per cent of the power may be wasted in this
resonate at 7, 14, 21
and 28 mc. A low
mode. With a two-element beam, however, radiation in
impedance feeder may these unwanted directions tends to cancel, and in practice
be connected at point d the front-to-side ratio has appeared to be well up to nor-
and a 600 ohm line may mal standards.
be attached at point e. Next in order of interest is the case of fig. 2(b) which
shows the situation for 14 mc excitation when the loop is
reduced in size to 12' 6" so that at 28 mc it operates as
described above; at 21 mc it is slightly oversize and at 14
mc it is well below normal size. Note that three sizes of
arrow have been used, their relative value in terms of field
strength being 8, 29, and 92. Most of the radiation takes
place from the top part of the loop which should give a
useful increase of effective height, but because the dimen-
sions are small fractions of a wavelength, the radiation
arrows cancel each other, most of them add up to produce pattern approximates to that of a doublet or short dipole
radiation in the usual direction for quads, that is to say, and the possible gain from a close-spaced pair is about 5
at right angles to the plane of the loop. Because the three db. The radiation resistance is about 35 ohms for a single
current loops which produce most of the radiation are sep- loop, or 12-15 ohms when a reflector is added, these fig-
arated by appreciable fractions of a wavelength, the loop ures being about twice those for 21 mc dipoles operating
has a slight tendency to look like a multi-element array at 14 mc so that, other things being equal, loops provide
and the gain should be noticeably greater than that of a more bandwidth, easier matching and fewer losses.
dipole provided there is no wastage through radiation in Figure 2(a) shows that a 14 mc loop, when used at 7
other directions. Further inspection shows that although mc radiates not only in the quad mode, but also as a “small
there is some upward radiation, this is less than that of a loop” giving vertically-polarized radiation in the plane of
dipole; in addition there is some vertically polarized radi- the loop. The radiation resistance is very low, in the region
Fig. 2—Current distribution in loops of various sizes at different frequencies. The arrow lengths represent different field strengths,
the smallest being 8, the next 29 and the longest 92. Illustrations (a), (c), (d) and (e) represent normal 14 mc quad antennas excit-
ed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 mc respectively. Illustrations (b) and (d) represent slightly oversized 21 mc quads at 14 and 28 mc. Illustration
(f) has an insulator at the top.

of retuning when changing bands is ruled out and the job
must be tackled the hard way; in other words the anten-
na must be made to resonate and match to an untuned line
simultaneously on all bands. If the beam cannot be rotat-
ed, for example, because of tree-branches getting in the
way, the next best thing is to make it reversible and this
raises further difficulties if remote control is wanted. The
simplest method is to use tuned feeders of any length up
to say 40 or 50' with suitable tuning units. Instead of tun-
ing units, the feeders can be made the “right length” as
in fig. 1 which, as already indicated, is a first step towards
all-band matching to an untuned feeder. The second step
is to bring the resonances into exact harmonic ratio; for
two bands this is easy and the method shown in fig. 3 for
a 14/21 mc beam has given good service at G6XN over
L1, L2 —2 turns, 1 3/8 " diam., spaced about 1 " .
many years. The tuned circuits resonate at about 17 mc
L3 —3 turns, 1 3/4 " diam., spaced about 1 1/4 ".
and have the effect of increasing the feeder length by 18
C1, C2 —500 mmf
inches at 14 mc and decreasing it by 13 inches at 21 mc.
C3 —250 mmf
The tuned circuit of fig. 3b is used in place of a short-
ing bar and if adjusted to give maximum gain on either
Fig. 3—Compensating circuits for a 14/21 mc version of the frequency should be found correct for both.
antenna shown in fig. 1, assuming 16'8" loops. In (a), a high It was originally expected that, due to increase of radi-
impedance feeder may be attached at e with a shorting bar at
d, or a low impedance feeder may be used at d. An alternate ation resistance with frequency, the required length of stub
arrangement for the reflector is shown in (b). e d would be the same for both bands but, although a
length of 3' 4" was found to give tolerable matching in
each case, the optimum was about 15 per cent less at 21
of 5 ohms, and it is doubtful whether a pair of loops could mc and correspondingly greater at 14 mc. This implies a
be made to give useful gain as a beam. Fed in parallel, radiation resistance of about 70 ohms on both bands so
however, the two loops should give fairly efficient all- that better matching would be obtained by replacing the
round radiation. open wire feeder with a low impedance line connected at
Figure 2(e) shows the unsatisfactory state of affairs when d. Moreover, since lower radiation resistance means larg-
a 14 mc loop is fed at 28 mc. Nearly all the radiation is er currents in the loops and, other things equal, more gain,
now in the plane of the loop with a large upwards com- it seems likely that the gain at 21 mc has been underesti-
ponent which reduces the gain and may also reduce the mated. It will be noticed that at 14 mc the above arrange-
effective receiver sensitivity by increasing the level of the ment differs from a normal quad only by the inclusion of
background noise which, at 28 mc, comes mainly from half a wavelength of resonant feeder plus the compensat-
outer space. Although the two loops of a 14 mc quad can ing circuits. This increases the losses, but only by a very
be operated as a broadside array at 28 mc, the gain is rel- small fraction of a db, and roughly halves the bandwidth
atively small and the radiation is vertically polarized. On which still remains adequate from the standpoint of gain
the other hand, if the top of the loop can be open-circuit- and radiation efficiency.
ed by means of a relay, or tuning stub as in fig. 2(f), a
14 mc loop turns into a bi-square beam at 28 mc. As is Three Band Quad
well known, this has a gain of 4 db which can be increased The author's first attempt at producing a three-band
by a second loop, acting as reflector, to about 9 db. quad was also based on fig. 1, but the loop size was
For 3 band operation a spacing of 8' between loops has reduced to 12' 6" square. The exact length, abcd, for
been found satisfactory. With increase of spacing the gain 28 mc was found by taking 3/4 of the length previous-
falls off rapidly at 28 mc, whereas lower spacings may ly found correct for 21 mc, and then adding half a wave-
lead to critical operation and reduced efficiency at 14 mc. length to restore approximate coincidence of the three
resonances. Even so, the shorting bar had to be re-adjust-
Tuning and Matching ed on changing bands, as shown in fig. 4. This was
Having established that loops can be made to radiate inconvenient, and another drawback was the narrow
efficiently on two or more bands, there remain the prob- bandwidth and excessive losses estimated to be about 2
lems of tuning them to resonance, or to act as parasitic db, at 14 mc. However, even on 14 mc, DX phone
elements, and of matching them to the transmitter on each reports were mostly flattering and included two of “the
band. There are several ways of doing this, the choice only signal from Europe.” These experiments proved
being largely a matter of trading simplicity of initial adjust- that, with normal distances between shack and antenna,
ment for convenience of operation. The beams to be the use of tuned feeders would be a practical and sim-
described can all be tuned from ground level but if, as in ple method of obtaining multiband operation.
the author’s case, it is necessary to walk 100 yards from Triband matching, together with minimum losses and
the shack to get to the base of the antenna, the operation maximum bandwidth at 14 mc, was achieved as shown in

Band Distance of d up from P Distance of The method of adjustment on 14 and 21 mc was to excite
mc e from P the loops from another aerial and tune each in turn, for
Driven Reflector
maximum current, first at 14 mc using the shorting bar at
Element
d and then at 21 mc by altering the length of the stub ef,
14 at P at P 3'1" finally rechecking at 14 mc. The loop not being adjusted
21 3'3" 2'2" 6'1" was detuned by a suitable shorting bar so that no mea-
28 3'7" 2'2" 6'1" sureable current flowed in it. At 28 mc the stub eg was
adjusted to give the best value of v.s.w.r. Finally, with
one element driven, the other was tuned as reflector by
means of a feeder extension at a convenient height with a
shorting bar being moved along this extension to give max-
imum field strength in the desired direction.
From the positions of the shorting bar it was possible
to calculate a compact three band termination for the
feeder going to the reflector as shown in fig. 6. Beam
reversal was obtained by a 2 pole changeover relay as
shown, and the v.s.w.r. improved rather than deterio-
rated by leaving the reflector termination attached to the
driven element.
Cautions
Now for some words of warning. To obtain optimum
gain and a v.s.w.r. better than 3, simultaneously on all
three bands for both directions, required a lot of time and
Fig. 4—A bandswitched 3 band beam based on the antenna patience. The job would have been easier if more care had
shown in fig. 1. The length a b c d is approximately 72' long and been taken to make the two loops and their stubs exactly
the shorting bars at d and d' are adjusted for resonance at 14.12 the same. Small variations in the tuning of the loops make
mc. The location of the shorting bar is then referred to as P in
the table above and the location of the feeder and shorting bar large differences in the reflector terminations and there is
may be determined for each band. These figures are intended no certainty that the author's values would be optimum in
as a guide only. another installation. These terminations operate via the
mutual couplings to give vernier adjustment of loop tun-
ing and will not compensate for large errors in the adjust-
fig. 5 which was evolved from fig. 4 by subtracting 34' ment of the loops. A suggested alternative alignment pro-
of stub and arranging for an open circuit instead of a short cedure is to tune the loops for maximum gain as reflectors
circuit at 21 mc. The open circuit is provided by using the with the tuned circuits of fig. 6 replaced by a short cir-
2' 11" of excess length de, required for 14 mc, as an cuit at 21 mc and open circuits at 14 and 28 mc. The cir-
inductance and tuning it to resonance at 21 mc by a capac- cuits can then be adjusted to produce equivalent results
itance in the form of the stub, ef. By a lucky chance this
stub puts a short circuit nearly in the right place for 28
mc whereas at 14 mc it is not long enough to have any
appreciable adverse effect. There is no electrical contact
between the feeder and the loop, power being transferred
to the aerial through the mutual inductance formed by plac-
ing the end of the open-wire feeder close to the end of the
stub, cd. The overlap is 4' and the spacing roughly 3/4 in.
To achieve a sufficiently tight coupling it is necessary for
the inductance on one side or the other to form part of a
fairly high Q tuned circuit although the Q can and must
be low enough to allow adequate coverage of the amateur
bands. Due to the comparatively low radiation resistance
at 14 mc, the loop has just about the right Q for correct
matching with a reasonable value of overlap. At 21 mc f
ed constitutes a high Q resonator, appropriately damped
by the radiation resistance of the loop which presents a
parallel impedance of several thousand ohms at e. At 28
mc the Q of the aerial is too low to provide efficient cou-
pling, and this is resolved by adding the stub eg to the Fig. 5—A 3 band beam with simultaneous tuning and matching
main feeder, h e g being approximately λ /4 but adjusted on all bands. The main feeder overlaps the 9'9" stub for a dis-
to compensate for the slight residual error in the tuning of tance of 4'. The 6'3" stub is connected to the main feeder at xx
the loop. The stub eg has negligible effect at 21 or 14 mc. where the stub of ef is connected. Only one element is shown.

onating at 14 and 21 mc can be spaced a few inches apart
without serious interaction.
Three Band Compensating Circuit

Figure 7 shows the 3 band version of fig. 3. The short-
ing bar at d is first adjusted for resonance at 21 mc with
the stub eg disconnected. The stub is then connected and
its length adjusted for resonance at 28 mc. On 14 mc the
stub eg acts as a capacitance, thereby increasing the effec-
tive length of ed by about the right amount. The larger
the LC ratio of the 21 mc trap-circuits the greater the
lengthening effect on 14 mc so that the design can be rec-
tified, if, as might happen with a different installation, the
best positions of the shorting bar at d for 14 and 21 mc
fail to coincide. This matching arrangement can also be
used for a two-band system in place of the one previous-
ly described (fig. 3) and has the advantage that the sys-
Fig. 6—Feeder terminations for a 2 element reversible beam tem can be tuned to resonance on 14 mc by adjusting the
based on the antenna shown in fig. 5. The requirements are for length of eg (or an equivalent lumped capacitance) with-
and a short circuit on 21 mc. If switches or relays are used out affecting the 21 mc adjustment which must, however,
instead of the tuned circuits shown, the 28 mc reflector band-
width is widened from 0.25 to 0.5 mc. Inductor L1 consists of 5
be carried out first.
turns, 1" diameter, 1 " long and L2 is 6 turns, 13/4" diameter, A useful feature of all these beams has been the ability
13/4" long. Points xx should be short circuited in order to use to reverse them merely by changing over the main feed-
another beam mounted on the same pole. er from one element to the other without retuning, the ele-
ments having been first tuned up for maximum gain as
reflectors. Optimum adjustments for reflectors and radia-
without switching and the v.s.w.r. checked. Comparing tors do not always coincide exactly but it has usually been
the fig. 5 scheme with that of fig. 4, improved perfor- possible to reverse the beam in the above manner without
mance at 14 mc has been obtained at the expense of losing gain or making the v.s.w.r. worse than about 2 or
increased losses and narrower bandwidth on 21 and 28 3. The capacity of the reversing switch or relay with its
mc. For these losses to be negligible, thick wire must be leads tends to have a lengthening effect on the reflector
used for the stub f e d and all joints must be soldered and stub and the tendency for the optimum adjustments to coin-
taped. A calculated figure for the stub-loss at 21 mc is 0.5 cide can usually be improved by altering the lead lengths.
db for 12 S.W.G. wire, and the adverse effect of using
16 S.W.G. in the first experimental hook-up was very Practical Results
noticeable, particularly in terms of back-to-front ratio. The arrangement of fig. 3 was the first to be tried and
As compared with a full sized quad at 14 mc, voltages was fixed in an East-West direction. The mean height was
are much higher, and to avoid deterioration in wet weath- 45' and the spacing about 12'. The array was mounted at
er it is advisable to use good insulation and keep tree the top of a tree with its lower half partly buried in the
branches, etc., well away from high voltage points in the branches. Tested on 14 mc using another local station as
system. Bandwidth on 14 and 21 mc is only just adequate a yardstick, performance was roughly equal to that of an
and is not symmetrical. To cover the whole of each band earlier 4-element array which used two half-waves in phase
it is recommended that adjustments be made at about 14.12 with reflectors. Phone reports over the long route to VK
and 21.15 mc. Coverage on 28 mc is somewhat restrict- were about one S-unit down compared with results from
ed unless the reflector is retuned, which can be done, how- a former QTH where a steep ground-slope had provided
ever, at ground level by adjusting the termination shown an assisted take-off. Reports of “the best G signal” were
in fig. 6. received occasionally on 14 mc and more frequently on
21 mc. At this stage the method of beam reversal con-
Rotary Quad sisted of retuning the reflector to act as a director, which
Some thought has been given to a rotary version of the proved very inefficient. The current in a director was found
above beam. With 360° rotation, one feeder can be dis- to be less than half that in a reflector, and the gain appeared
carded but disposal of the stubs remains a problem. For to be at least 3 db less, although this was offset by the
the driven element the stub eg (fig. 5) can be replaced by advantage of having a slight ground slope in the reverse
a fixed capacitance. Similar replacement of ef is a possi- direction. The reason for the loss is that the mutual cou-
bility but increases the circulatory current in ed at 14 mc pling between loops is more inductive than that between
and may cause appreciable losses. Possibilities for the dipoles. Parasitic directors and reflectors only give equal
reflector, if disposal of stubs proves difficult, include sep- performance if the mutual coupling is non-reactive as in
arate loops for each band, or a two band loop plus a one the case of dipoles spaced about λ/8. Inductive coupling
band loop, and an experiment has shown that loops res- increases the current in a reflector making it more nearly

To improve performance on the short route to VK, the
beams were altered so that both elements were driven,
using a pet scheme which we wrote up some years ago1.
The two elements were tuned to resonance, connect-
ed in antiphase 8JK fashion, and fed about 2' off cen-
ter in the desired line-of-shoot. This worked quite well
and gave a very large front-to-back ratio on both bands.
Unfortunately, the optimum off center displacement was
not the same on both bands and the strain of having to
decide whether to accept a 1 db loss or walk 100 yards
to shift the feed-point proved too great. It was decided
that a large back-to-front ratio is of little use anyway,
because its holds over such a small angle that the chance
of an interfering signal being in that direction is just
about nil. Eventually, a parasitic reflector was used for
both directions with plug and socket connections for
beam reversal.
Tests with the smaller beams have been mainly in a
North-South direction, i.e. at right angles to the larger
Fig. 7—Compensating circuits for a 3 band beam using 14 mc ones, but for a short time one of the latter was replaced
loops. A recommended design is the use of 2 loops, as in (a),
spaced 8' to 10' as a reversible 14/21 mc beam with a separate by the beam shown in fig. 5. Results were comparable
28 mc reflector, shown in (B), spaced midway between the two except for a drop of about half an S-point on 14 mc. It
main loops. The lengths are as follows: cd, 36'; ed, 34'; ef, 22"; had been hoped that the extra effective height would
fg, 5'6". The inductors are each 6 turns, 1" diameter, 1 " long, make up for the theoretical drop of 1 or 2 db in gain,
resonated at 21 mc. but this just didn’t work out.
The beam of fig. 5 was first tried out using triangular
equal to that in the driven element, thus increasing the loops, the idea being to mount it on spreaders between
gain slightly, and front-to-back ratio considerably. Simi- two trees. During adjustments at ground level a number
larly a capacitive mutual impedance favors directors at the of phone contacts were made including ZS on 21 mc (QSA5
expense of reflectors. S7) and CN8 on 14 mc. After adjusting the stubs the loops
The next development was the erection of a second sim- were altered to a square shape with the diagonal vertical.
ilar array, the two being used as a collinear pair spaced The effect of this on the adjustments, and on the radiation
35' giving an additional gain of about 3 db. The two were resistance, was very small.
phased by connecting the feeders to opposite ends of an With a fig. 3 beam and a fig. 4 beam mounted at right
artificial line wrapped round a 2 pole, 6 circuit wafer angles on the same tree some very serious interaction was
switch as shown in fig. 8. This arrangement allowed the found at14 mc, but was removed by placing shorting bars
beam to be swung ±45° for a loss of up to 3 db, adjust- on the unused feeders some 3 or 4' up from the normal
ment being made for minimum signal strength on recep- position. The same trouble was found on replacing the fig.
tion followed by operation of the reversing switch. Theory 4 by the fig. 5 beam, but on this the position for the short-
requires unity v.s.w.r. in the feeders and predicts insuf- ing bars was much more critical and exactly λ/2 at 14 mc
ficient phase-shift on 14 mc and too coarse an adjustment from the antenna end of the feeder. The same position was
of phase on 28 mc. In practice, however, the arrangement satisfactory for all bands, the interaction on 21 and 28 mc
has been successfully used over many years with differ- being in any case small.
ent antennas, v.s.w.r.'s of up to 3, and differences in per- The most recent development has been the conversion
formance between the two antennas of up to 1 S-unit. It of one of the original 14/21 mc beams to a three-band
has usually been possible to obtain a gain of 1/2 to 1 S- beam in accordance with fig. 7, and the mounting of anoth-
unit from the pair. er similar beam at right angles to it on the same tree. These
The author is well aware that the gain should only have modifications have had no perceptible effect on the 14/21
been 2-3 db and that an S unit is supposed to be 6 db; in mc performance, subject to de-tuning of whichever beam
the course of long experience, however, it has been found is not in use. Without this precaution, interaction was so
that 3, or at most 4, genuine db are equal to one S-unit in bad at 14 mc that the reflector appeared completely dead,
average signal report, or anywhere between 6 and 20 db having no measurable current and no effect on field
if signals are “over S9”. Perhaps someone can explain strength readings! Checks on 28 mc have included good
this! Either way, we do not know how to improve much reports from VK, VQ and ZS and confirm that the beam
on this result short of buying a few more acres of land is operating in the intended mode, although the gain from
and erecting a great number of large rhombics. Results the reflector is rather poor, being in the region of 3 db
should, of course, improve over the years as the trees get
lMoxon, L. A., "Two Element Driven Arrays," QST, July, 1952,
taller, so perhaps by the year 1980 or thereabouts we may
get around to winning that DX contest! page 28.

Fig. 8—An artificial line for phasing two antennas is shown above. The line is wrapped around a 2 pole 6 position switch. Each
inductor is 6 turns, 3/8" diameter 1 1/4" long. The capacitors are formed from two 5" lengths of 72 ohm, 1/2" diameter coax wired
as shown in B, except for the first and last. These two are 2 1/2" each.
only. This is not surprising in view of gale damage which tricky for the novice. The beam of fig. 7 is comparative-
has caused uneven and excessive spacing. ly simple, and adjustment is less critical on all bands. With
either of these beams two can be mounted at right angles
Other Experiments on the same pole or tree, one of them two or three feet
As is well known, a Quad can be mounted with either below the other, and used to give all round coverage by
a diagonal vertical or the sides vertical, results being iden- beam-switching. An obvious improvement not yet tried
tical for the same mean height. This does not necessarily out is to connect the two beams in parallel for the 45°
apply to multiband operation and rough calculations indi- directions to prevent the performance drop which would
cated that a 14 mc Quad might be about 1 db worse at 21 otherwise occur. Elements of either of these types can be
mc with the sides vertical. This arrangement has been tried assembled to form multi-element arrays in any of the usual
and gave good results, but it was not possible either to ways. Another obvious but untried improvement is to
prove or disprove the suspected loss. mount a “28 mc only” reflector element midway between
From the fact that a square loop can be distorted into a the two triband elements; this gets over the difficulty that
triangular shape without upsetting it, one might argue, the minimum acceptable spacing for 14 mc is a little wide
why stop at a triangle? How about squashing it complete- for 28 mc and may simplify beam reversal since the ele-
ly flat? It then turns into a folded dipole which is also ment not being driven no longer has to turn into a reflec-
reputed to be a single-band antenna and like the quad, can tor on all three bands.
also be used as a two or three band antenna. A 14 mc fold- Finally, one of the main objects of this article is to stim-
ed dipole was tried on 21 mc and found to work equally ulate further experiments from which it is hoped that new
well, the v.s.w.r. in a 600-ohm feeder being rougly 3 on and better designs will emerge. While on the subject of
both bands, although it was more difficult to support and progress, a few words of warning may be in order.
down slightly in gain compared with a loop. A 28 mc fold- Accurate measurement of antenna performance is difficult
ed dipole, tuned and matched with a stub at 21 mc and and even a bad beam may work well in a good location.
only 24' high, produced a report of Q5 S8 from VS1. Some standard of comparison is necessary such as anoth-
A brief trial was made of a single loop at 7 mc. Although er antenna, at the same height if possible, or another sta-
c.w. DX was worked, results were poor and the loop tion willing to take part in three-way QSO’s and act as a
was later found to have excessive resistance. This would, yardstick, but findings should anyway be checked against
of course, have been much more harmful at the lower theoretical expectations and regarded with suspicion if they
frequency. do not fit. “Theory” does not mean pages of mathemati-
cal formulae, just a few simple rules and common sense,
Recommendations as I have tried to show in another article, “Evaluating
The resonant-feeder method can be applied to two or Aerial Performance,” Wireless World, February and
three-band quads having between 45 and 70' of wire in March 1958 which provides most of the theoretical back-
each loop, the efficiency of the larger loops at 28 mc being ground for the Quad experiments described above2. The
greatly increased by adding a stub or other form of open author's gain figure (6.5 db for the Quad is less than is
circuit at the top to turn them into a bi-square, as discussed usually quoted, but is supported by his own and other mea-
above. This is a good scheme for anyone who wants to surements, e.g. as reported by G3HRH/G3GOZ in the
try out the idea with a minimum of trouble, or who doubts R.S.G.B. Bulletin for April 1959.
his ability to tackle the more complex multiband match-
ing devices.
The small three band beam (fig. 5) is advised only for 2See also, p. 50, CQ, this issue—Ed.
use when space or pole-height is restricted, and may prove (This refers to the Nov 1962 issue—W2VU)

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Announcing:
The 2022 CQ World Wide 160-Meter Contest

CW: 2200Z January 28 to 2200Z January 30
SSB: 2200Z February 25 to 2200Z February 27
DEADLINES FOR LOG SUBMISSIONS ARE 5 DAYS!
I. OBJECTIVE • If the remotely operated station is located in another DXCC

For amateurs around the world to contact other amateurs entity, it is required to comply with all local country regulations.
in as many U.S. states, Canadian provinces, and countries
Operating time: Each contest is 48 hours long and starts
as possible utilizing the 160-meter band.
at 2200Z. Single operator stations may only operate 30 out
of the 48 hours. Multi-Operator stations may operate 40
II. BAND USE hours. Off times must be a minimum of 30 minutes in length
1810-2000 kHz in ITU Region 1. 1800-2000 kHz in ITU for all categories.
Regions 2 and 3. All entrants are encouraged to spread out (A) Single Operator: One person performs all of the oper-
as much as possible, obeying frequency restrictions and ating, logging, and spotting functions. Maximum operating
power limits for their own country. Any violations of the ITU time is 30 hours. QSO finding assistance is NOT allowed*
band use may result in disqualification. (See definition below). Only one transmitted signal is allowed
Please be aware and considerate of other users of data at any moment in time. Maximum power is 1,500 watts total
modes such as FT8 in the contest band segments. output.
(B) Single Operator / Low Power: Same as (A) with the
III. CATEGORIES exception that the output power shall not exceed 100 watts.
For Single Operator Assisted Only: The use of one and only Stations in this category compete with other Low Power sta-
one remote receiver located within 100 kilometers of the main tions only.
transmitter site is permitted, in addition to the receiver at the (C) QRP: Same as (A) with the exception that the output
transmitter site. WebSDRs are OK, but must be located with- power shall not exceed 5 watts. Stations in this category com-
in the 100-kilometer limit. The rule is designed to accommo- pete with other QRP stations only. Note: All QRP stations
date new technology, and for those who experience high noise may use QSO finding assistance.
levels at the transmitting site. Anyone found using a remote (D) Single Operator Assisted / High Power: Same as (A)
receiver outside the limit will be subject to disqualification. with the following exceptions: The use of QSO finding assis-
For all categories: The main site is defined as all transmit- tance IS allowed. The use of one and only one remote receiv-
ters, receivers, and antennas must be located on the same er within 100 kilometers of the transmitter site is allowed.
contiguous property. If the property is not contiguous, then (E) Single Operator Assisted / Low Power: Same as (D)
all equipment must fall within a 1,500-meter radius. All anten- with the following exceptions: Output power shall not exceed
nas must be connected by wires to the main station. This rule 100 watts.
applies to all entrants. (F) Multi-Operator: HIGH POWER ONLY. All rules apply
There is only ONE CQ Running frequency allowed for each as in Single-Op Assisted (except remote receivers ARE NOT
station. “Flip Flopping” between two (2) frequencies during allowed); however, more than one operator (person) is
the same time period (thus taking up two (2) frequencies) is involved in the operation. Maximum operating time is 40
unsportsmanlike and will result in disqualification. hours. Only one transmitted signal is allowed at any moment
The use of any so-called “Chat Rooms” via the internet or in time. Maximum power is 1,500 watts total output or the
similar means for communication between stations or oper- output power allowed by your country, whichever is less.
ators during the contest period is strictly prohibited. Do not *QSO FINDING ASSISTANCE: The use of any technology
arrange or confirm QSOs by any other means than the use or other source that provides callsign or multiplier identification
of the 160-meter band and the same mode as used in the of a signal to the operator. This includes, but is not limited to,
contest. Any such use may result in disqualification at the use of a CW decoder, DX cluster, DX spotting websites (e.g.,
discretion of the committee. The use of self-spotting is not DX Summit), local or remote callsign and frequency decoding
allowed in any category. technology (e.g., CW Skimmer or Reverse Beacon Network),
Remote operation for UNASSISTED entries is permitted or operating arrangements involving other individuals.
under the following conditions:
IV. EXCHANGE
• The use of any receiver located away from the main site RS(T) and state for U.S., province for Canada, and CQ
is strictly prohibited. Zone for DX. Note: Zones are location indicators only and do
• The use of a separate receiver at the remote control oper- not count for multipliers.
ator location is strictly prohibited.
• Any receiver not physically located at the main TX site is V. MULTIPLIER
strictly prohibited. This includes receivers linked via the inter- U.S. States: (48 contiguous states); U.S. District of
net or RF that are not located at the main TX site. Columbia (DC) (1)

ADVANCED SPECIALTIES INC.
Canadian Provinces: (14) VO1, VO2, Contest logs via the web upload tool Orders/Quotes 1-800-926-9HAM
NB, NS, PEI (VY2), VE2, VE3, VE4, found at: <https://cq160.com/logcheck>. www.advancedspecialties.net
VE5, VE6, VE7, VE8 (NWT), VY1 Paper / Disk logs: Paper logs or other
(YUK), VYØ. Note VO1 and VO2 are formats than Cabrillo are no longer BIG ONLINE CATALOG
separate due to tradition. accepted for submission. VX-6R
Triband
DXCC plus WAE countries: WAE: For hardship cases that require more Submersible
GM/Shetland (Shetland Islands), time for log submission, send an email to Hand Held
IG9/IH9 (African Italy – Lampedusa and <director@CQ160.com>. We will make FTM-300DR
Dual-Band Digital
Pantelleria Islands), IT, JW (Bear every effort to accommodate you if you
Island), TA1 (European Turkey), have a valid reason for delay. AMATEUR RADIO EQUIPMENT &
4U1VIC (Vienna International Center), Cabrillo formatted logs are received by ACCESSORIES • SCANNERS
Z6 (Kosovo). a log processing robot. If your log has ANLI • COMET • UNIDEN • YAESU
been submitted correctly, the robot will (201)-VHF-2067
VI. POINTS reply with a confirmation. If there is a 114 Essex Street, Lodi, NJ 07644
Contacts with stations in own country: problem with your log, the robot will send Closed Sunday & Monday
2 points. you an error message containing sug-

Contacts with other countries on gestions for how to fix your log. Read this
same continent: 5 points. email carefully. Most log submission
Contacts with other continents: 10 problems are minor and can be correct-
points. ed in one pass. Submit your log as many
Maritime mobile contacts count 5 times as needed. The last submitted log
points. There is no multiplier value for will be the version that counts for your
a maritime mobile contact. official entry. You can check the status
of your log at our web page Log Received
VII. SCORING tab. Other inquiries may be sent to
All stations — the final score is the <questions@cq160.com>.
result of the total QSO points multiplied
by the sum of all multipliers (states, VE XI. PENALTIES AND
provinces, DX countries). DISQUALIFICATION:
Logs will be cross-checked and penal-
VIII. AWARDS ties will be applied at the committee’s dis- ANTENNAS: Delta Loop HF,
Certificates will be awarded to all entries. cretion for contacts determined to be bad HGSW Beam, Multiband
They are downloadable and located or busted. The bad QSO is removed and Antennas, Cage Dipole,
Emergency Communications
here: <https://cq160.com/scores.htm> a penalty of two more equivalent QSOs Stealth Antennas, Single
Trophies will be awarded for top scor- is applied to the points only. No penalty Band Half-Wave HF Dipoles
ers in many categories. The trophies and should be applied for unique QSOs
donors for all categories can be found BALUNS & ANTENNA ACCESSORIES:
unless they are deemed excessive. A log
Antenna Accessories, Rope, Ends, EZ Hang;
here: <https://cq160.com/plaques.htm>. may be disqualified for violation of ama- Baluns & Line Isolators: Tower Accessories
If you are interested in sponsoring teur radio regulations, unsportsmanlike ACCESSORIES: Radios, Capacitors, Solar
a plaque, please contact us at: conduct, or claiming excessive unveri-
<questions@CQ160.com>. fied contacts. 3861 Mount Olive Church Road
Report file outputs showing final score Moravian Falls, NC 28654
(828) 738-6445 website: www.ni4l.com
IX. CLUB COMPETITION calculations will be available for all
Any club that submits at least three entrants after the results are published.
logs may enter the Club Competition. The decisions of the CQWW 160 Contest
The name of the club must be clearly Committee are final.
identified under club competition on the DC12 GO-BOX SERIES
summary sheet, or summary portion of XII. DECLARATION:
the Cabrillo log. Please ensure all By submitting a CQ 160 Meter Contest
entrants from your club use the same log, and in consideration of the efforts of
club name (spelled the same) in the the CQWW 160 Contest Committee to
Cabrillo entry. Most club names can review and evaluate that log, an entrant
be found here: <https://cq160.com/ unconditionally and irrevocably agrees MITY GO-BOX
clubnames.htm> that he / she has: 1) read and understood 9 to 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery
Non-compliance with this request the rules of the contest and agrees to be Powerpole Port - DVM - USB Charger
may result in your score not being cred- bound by them, 2) operated according to
ited to your club’s entry. all rules and regulations that pertain to
amateur radio for the station location, 3)
X. LOG INSTRUCTIONS: agreed the log entry may be made open
The deadline for log submissions is 5 to the public, and 4) accepted that the
days from the end of the contest. issuing of disqualifications and other MAX GO-BOX
For CW this is 2200z February 4, decisions of the Committee are official 12 to 50 Ah Bioenno LiFePO4 Battery
2022. and final. If an entrant is unwilling or Powerpole Port - DVM - USB Charger
For SSB this is 2200z March 4, 2022. unable to agree to all of the foregoing,
CHARGED - READY TO GO
The submission of Cabrillo logs is re- the entrant should not submit the entry
quired. Please submit CQWW 160 Meter or submit the entry as a Checklog only. (866) 747-5277

Announcing:
2022 CQ DX Marathon
January 1 – December 31, 2022
Log Deadline: January 5, 2023
ply with all local laws and regulations. If an entrant operates
2021 Logs Due January 5, 2022 from both a primary station and a remote station, separate
The 2021 DX Marathon ends December 31st, so please entries for each location may be submitted provided such
review your log and check for errors. The DX Marathon separate entries have different callsigns or a portable call-
website <www.dxmarathon.com> has all the information sign designator. Entries that include contacts made with the
on how to submit your 2021 log and contains many help- assistance of remote receivers and / or transmitters in addi-
ful hints on how to improve your score. The 2021 submis- tion to contacts from a primary station are not permitted.
sion deadline is January 5, 2022 at 2359Z.
Categories
Starting in 2022, the DX Marathon is pleased to There are three entry classes, “Formula,” “Limited,” and
announce a new Youth overlay for any operators aged 25 “Unlimited.”
or younger. Special Youth certificates will be awarded. See Formula: An entrant may choose one of two options in this
the new Youth section in the rules for complete details. class: (1) All contacts must be made with a maximum output
power of 5 watts, regardless of band or mode; or (2) the oper-
ator may run a maximum of 100 watts output to a simple
T
he CQ DX Marathon is designed to promote DXing antenna, such as a vertical or dipole (see the appendix below
activity throughout the year rather than only on contest for further rules on antennas used in either option for Formula
weekends and during DXpeditions. Because activity is Class). An operator in Formula Class must select QRP (5
not concentrated in specific time periods, credit is given for watts or less) or 100 watts and limited antennas at the begin-
contacts on all ham bands, including those not normally used ning of the year’s DX Marathon and may not switch between
for contesting (e.g., 60, 30, 17, and 12 meters). entry modes during the year. All contacts must be made with-
Scoring is simple: you score one point the first time you out the use of higher power or prohibited antennas to initial-
work a new country and / or a new zone during the year. Add ly secure the contact. Use of spotting nets such as a DX
the points up at the end of the year for your total score. There Cluster® is allowed. Details of antennas used in either option
are no multipliers. of Formula Class must be included on the official submission
Here are the complete rules: form to qualify for Formula Class. Formula Class entries with-
Activity period: The CQ DX Marathon is a yearlong activi- out antenna descriptions (type, height, and length, for exam-
ty, beginning at 0000 UTC January 1st and ending at 2359 ple) may be re-classified to Unlimited Class.
UTC December 31st. Each year’s event is separate. Limited: Limited Class entrants are allowed a maximum
Frequencies: Any authorized amateur frequency may be output power of 100 watts and simple antennas, such as ver-
used. Contacts through repeaters or satellites are not ticals or dipoles, plus small directional antennas such as
allowed for credit, nor are contacts with maritime or aero- Yagis and multi-element loop, hex, and quad-type antennas
nautical mobile stations. All contacts must be made entirely for the 6-, 10-, 12-, 15-,17-, and 20-meter bands, and single-
over amateur radio frequencies — i.e., Echolink-type con- element rotatable dipoles for the 30- and 40-meter bands.
tacts do not count. See the Appendix below for additional description of the
Modes: Any authorized amateur mode may be used, but Limited Class antennas that are allowed. All contacts must
three modes will be recognized in the DX Marathon — CW, be made without the use of higher power or prohibited anten-
Phone, and Digital. Except for single-mode submissions, nas to initially secure the contact. Use of spotting nets such
cross-mode QSOs are permitted but the mode used by the as a DX Cluster® is allowed. Details of antennas used in
DX station must be shown in the submission. Limited Class must be included on the official submission
form to qualify for Limited Class. Limited Class entries with-
General out antenna descriptions (type, height, and length, for exam-
Each entrant in the DX Marathon may submit one log each ple) may be re-classified to Unlimited Class.
year per operating location. Participants submitting logs for Unlimited: Any antenna or antennas may be used, along
single-mode or single-band entries must include only those with any power level for which the operator is licensed. Use
contacts in their submission. Logs submitted with multiple of spotting nets such as DX Cluster® is allowed.
modes or multiple bands will not be considered for single-
mode or single-band awards. Entries with two or more call- Scoring
signs will count as a single entry only if all contacts were Each country worked is worth one point. Each CQ zone
made by the same (single) operator at the same station using worked is worth one point. The total score is the sum of zones
the same antennas, and each callsign used is listed in the and countries worked on any mode and any authorized band.
comments section of the submission form. Remote opera- There are no multipliers of any kind. Each country and zone
tion is permitted if all transmitters, receivers, and antennas count only once. A single QSO may count for both a coun-
are at a single physical location. A remote station in a dif- try and a zone. If in the year you work 238 countries and 37
ferent country than the entrant’s country of license must com- zones, your score is 275. If you work all 40 zones and 150

countries, your score is 190. The CQ DX Countries List and each CQ zone; highest overall score in each country; high-
the CQ Zone List constitute the official lists. The lists are est overall score for each class in the U.S.; highest over-
available on the DX Marathon website. In the case of ties, all score in Unlimited, Limited, Formula 100-watt and
the operator whose last scoring contact was earlier chrono- Formula 5-watt classes in each U.S. callsign district; high-
logically will be judged the winner. Decisions of the DX est overall score in each Canadian callsign district. Plaque
Marathon Manager are final. winners are not eligible for certificates. Only one certificate
will be awarded per entrant. In the case of a participant
Submissions qualifying for more than one certificate, that participant will
Submissions must be made electronically via the DX receive a certificate for the highest level based on the above
Marathon upload web page, <www.dxmarathon.com/ order. In all cases, the rulings of the Marathon Manager
logupload.htm>. If the participant is not able to use the are final.
upload link submissions may be sent via email to Youth Overlay: In 2022 we are introducing a new Youth
<logs@dxmarathon.com>. A Microsoft Excel® template into overlay category. The Youth category for 2022 is open to
which contacts may be entered is available for download from anyone who was born on January 1, 1997 or later. Special
the CQ DX Marathon website at <www.dxmarathon.com>. Youth certificates will be awarded to the highest Youth score
The website also provides other options for those without in each of the six continents. To enter in the Youth overlay,
access to Excel®. Software is available to generate the DX the entrant must use the comments box at the bottom of the
Marathon submission form direct from an ADIF file. All sub- DX Marathon entry form and clearly state that it is a Youth
missions must be received by January 5, 2023. If your pri- entry and clearly state their date of birth. All Youth entries
mary callsign changed during the year, please enter your may be subject to age verification.
current callsign at the top of the DX Marathon entry form and
add previous (or contest) callsign(s) in the comments sec- Appendix
tion of the form. Formula Class antennas, option 1: Operators selecting the
Verification: QSLs are not required. The operator is expect- 5-watt option are limited to antennas on a single tower and
ed to claim contacts only from stations the operator has every whose height does not exceed 65 feet or 20 meters above
reason to believe are legitimate, and only to claim contacts ground elevation. Wire antennas may also be used but must
in which an accurate two-way exchange was clearly accom- meet the criteria of the 100-watt option and may be tower-
plished (see Appendix for further explanation). Scores will supported at only one point.
be adjusted by the DX Marathon committee for claimed con- Formula Class antennas, option 2: Antennas for opera-
tacts with pirates or any station not considered legitimate. tors choosing the 100-watt option must be either simple ver-
Submissions may be penalized or voided in cases of fraud ticals or wire antennas lacking significant gain. No arrays
or poor sportsmanship. Every QSO may be subject to veri- are allowed, whether vertical or horizontal. Wire antennas,
fication by the DX Marathon Manager. Decisions of the DX regardless of type, may not exceed 130 feet or 40 meters
Marathon Manager are final. in length, may not be higher than 65 feet or 20 meters above
Clubs: Clubs are strongly encouraged to use the frame- ground at any point of the antenna and may be tower-sup-
work of this contest for intramural and regional competitions. ported at only one point. The tallest point of vertical anten-
Please be sure to enter your club’s name on the submission nas used may not be higher than 65 feet or 20 meters above
form. ground. Yagis, quads, and rotatable dipoles may not be
Results: The final listing of official scores and winners will used in this category. There is no limit on the number of
be published in CQ magazine and / or the CQ website and antennas that may be used if each antenna meets the
the DX Marathon website. above criteria.
Limited Class Antennas: Antennas for Limited Class
Awards include all Formula Class option 2 antennas for use on all
Plaques: The DX Marathon will award plaques as follows: bands plus directional antennas such as Yagis and multi-ele-
Highest overall score in Unlimited Class; highest overall ment loop, hex, and quad-type antennas on the 20- through
score in Limited Class; highest overall score in Formula 6-meter bands. Directional antennas with no more than 3 ele-
Class, both 5-watt and 100-watt options; highest overall CW ments per band are allowed on the 20- through 6-meter
only, highest overall SSB only, and highest overall Digital bands. Boom length may not exceed 16 feet (5 meters) for
only scores; highest overall score for single-band entries for antennas with booms. Single-element rotatable dipoles are
the 10-, 12-, 15-, 17-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 80-meter bands; allowed for the 30- and 40-meter bands. Directional anten-
highest overall score for each of the six continents; and nas and rotatable dipoles must not be higher than 50 feet
highest overall CW scores in Europe and North America. (15 meters) above ground and all directional antennas must
Plaques for CW, SSB, band, and continent winners are be on a single tower or support.
awarded regardless of class and may only be awarded if the Contacts: Each contact for a claimed country or zone must
winning scores in those categories are at least 50% of the be a solid contact. The station claiming a contact with anoth-
score of the overall DX Marathon Unlimited Class winner. er station is expected to have had his or her callsign fully and
Entrants may receive only one plaque per year. In the case accurately received and transmitted by the other station, and
of a participant qualifying for more than one plaque, that par- to have copied his / her own call being correctly sent by the
ticipant will receive a plaque for the highest level based on other station. For example, K2MGA may not claim credit for
the above order. a QSO with a DX station who had his call as K3MGA, even
Certificates: Certificates are awarded to qualified partic- though in many cases the DX station would QSL the contact
ipants in this order: Highest overall score on the 160-, 60-, with the correction made (after receiving a card from K2MGA,
6-, and 2-meter bands; highest overall score for each of realizing the error, and correcting his / her log). For a con-
the three modes on each continent with the exception of tact to count, both stations must correctly copy both callsigns
CW in Europe and North America; highest overall score in completely.

MATH’S NOTES
BY IRWIN MATH,* WA2NDM
Magnetic Communications Experimentation
I
n our February 2020 column we described an old-fashioned cally shown in Figure 1 and is a magnetic (no “electro”) wave
method that early experimenters employed to try to build wire- transmission system. Recently, after reading about similar sys-
less transmission systems before electromagnetic waves tems used to communicate with miners underground or spe-
(radio) were commonly understood, developed and used. For lunkers in caves, we thought that this approach might be an area
those who don’t recall that column, what we described is basi- of interest that some of the experimenters in our midst might
wish to explore. As a result, this month we would like to describe
*c/o CQ magazine our suggestions for this in a little bit more detail.
Figure 1. Old fashioned “wireless induction

communications system
Figure 2. Simple magnetic signal transmitter

Figure 3. Simple magnetic signal receiver
As you can see from Figure 1, the system could actually be the transmitting coil being fairly low. As in the case of radio com-
thought of as a unique transformer with a very large primary and munications, simple bursts of CW can be easy to detect, espe-
secondary winding, an air core (many RF transformers use this) cially with weak signals under noisy conditions.
and a very large distance (or gap) between the two windings. 2. Moving on to voice communications, rather than just trans-
Although you may think that such a scheme is very inefficient mitting raw audio as in the past you could try to actually AM (ampli-
(and it certainly is to some extent), distances of almost 1,000 tude modulate) an audio carrier at say, 100 kHz with audio and
feet were actually reported to be reached with such a system, then detect it with a 100-kHz tuned amplifier followed by another
or so they say. In some instances, the experimenters actually audio amplifier driving a speaker or a pair of headphones.
tried to “tune” the windings (as shown) and in some cases not, 3. Finally, by changing the method of transmitting audio, you
but range was still limited. Regardless, it is important to note that might consider converting the audio to a pulse-modulated sig-
what actually passes between the two coils is a magnetic, not nal and then driving the primary coil as hard as the winding will
an electro-magnetic, field. By building such a device and exper- stand. Then you could detect the received pulses from the sec-
imenting, perhaps you can discover additional ways to use or ondary coil with a high-gain tuned amplifier followed by a com-
even improve on this technique. parator to detect the pulses, then decode them and see if that
As shown, the original system used simple audio applied to helps. Figure 2 shows a basic starting method you might wish
the primary and received by the secondary. The higher the audio to experiment with (or modify) for the transmitter. The final NPN
power applied to the primary and the greater the gain of the power transistor and its supply shown are chosen for the amount
amplifier connected to the secondary, the greater the distance of current you wish to pass through the transmitting coil. Figure
achieved. You can certainly try this if you wish, but to improve 3 shows a typical receiver. The gain of this would be adjusted
on this system here are my suggestions: as needed. Note that we have chosen 100 kHz as a carrier but
1. For a simple start (to “get your feet wet”) you might consider you can easily change the frequency by varying the resistor
using CW (Morse code). This can easily be done by connecting around the 555 modulator in the transmitter and around the 568
a simple oscillator (400 Hz to 1 kHz, for example) and telegraph demodulator in the receiver. Of course, you can and should also
key to a power amplifier and then the output of the amplifier to the experiment with various versions of the transmitting and receiv-
primary coil. At the receiving end you would connect the sec- ing coils as well.
ondary coil to a very high gain audio amplifier with a narrow band- Considering that distances of almost a quarter of a mile were
pass filter tuned to the frequency of the transmitting oscillator. The supposedly achieved in the past, it is possible that you can
output of this would then drive a pair of headphones or a small improve on this significantly but whether you can or cannot, you
speaker. Since the duty cycle of a Morse code signal is low, rel- should at least have a lot of fun trying.
atively high peak power can be used with the average power to – Best regards, Irwin, WA2NDM

THE LISTENING POST
BY GERRY DEXTER
Want to Hear Afghanistan? Look for It at 7600 kHz

~ You say you want to hear
Afghanistan while it dominates the
news these days? Don’t we all. Radio
TV Afghanistan (RTA) is shown in the
World Radio TV Handbook, but don’t
count on hearing it. By now it may not
even exist! It’s scheduled for 1530-1600
UTC in English and to 1630 UTC in Urdu
on 6100 kHz, which is a completely
inadequate time / frequency pairing for
listeners in North America. And despite
all this falderal, the Handbook shows no
listing for a “Radio Free Afghanistan”
under the U.S. or even any listing under
the target broadcasters ... so we are
completely up the proverbial creek.
However, something called Afghan
International TV is being noted by oth-
ers on 7600 kHz around 0230 UTC in
either Pashto or Dari, but sometimes
the broadcast airs just music loops. The
transmissions are supposedly originat-
ing via Armenia, though information on
any of this is, at this point, slight to say Opposition station Radio Ndarason International (RNI), based in N’djamena, has
the least. Late update: Afghan Inter- an address in Johannesburg. This shot shows a roundtable discussion in an RNI
national TV is noted by Mark Taylor at studio.
0054 UTC on 7600 kHz and a few oth-
ers are noting it up to 0230 UTC airing
area music. authorities are offering their salute with ALGERIA—Radio Algerienne on 6050
a commemorative stamp. 95 years? at 0404 with man and woman speaking in
~ Another new opposition broadcast- That’s nearly a full two decades older Arabic. (D’Angelo, PA) On 9535 via
er has shown up: Radio NUG, the Voice than CQ, which marked its 75th last France at 0517 with Islamic recitations,
year. SLBC dates way back to Radio Also on 7295. (Sellers, BC)
(of the) National Unity Government of ASCENSION—BBC-North Atlantic Re-
Myanmar has opened on 12000 kHz Ceylon, which old timers (like me) can
remember from the late ’70s / ’80s. lay on 6005 via English Bay at 0507 with
and/or 15300 kHz via an unspecified world news. (Sellers, BC) On 11810 at
site, nor is a time indicated other than 2151 on women’s rights. (D’Angelo, PA)
twice a day for half an hour. Listener Logs AUSTRALIA—Reach Beyond on 9610
Your shortwave broadcast station logs at 1313 in Punjabi with contact info,
~ Are things deteriorating at Radio are always welcome. But please ensure prayer, hymn, then into Tamil at 1315; on
Kuwait? They used to be steady on to double or triple space between the 9720 at 1343 in Nepali, then into Urdu at
15540 kHz, now they’ve deviated to just items, list each logging according to the 1346. (Sellers, BC) On 11900 at 1317 in
a hair below that. A month or two ago station’s home country and include your Tamil. (Taylor, WI) On 11905 via
they briefly went to using 15510 kHz for last name and state abbreviation after Kununurra at 1140-1155* with a man talk-
its English service to Europe at 1800- each. Also needed are spare QSLs, sta- ing non-stop in Burmese, instrumental
2100 UTC. tion schedules, brochures, pennants, music, man giving English station ID and
station photos, and anything else you off. (D’Angelo, PA)
~ Radio Vanuatu is also proving think would be of interest. The same AUSTRIA—Adventist World Radio on
unstable, lately showing up on 5040 6120 with a woman giving a long, religious
holds for you amateur radio operators
kHz. At this point the status of its third talk in Turkish. (D’Angelo, PA) On 7460
who also listen to shortwave broadcasts via Moosbrunn at 0507 in Kinyarwanda /
and fourth harmonics on 7 and 11 MHz ... I know you’re out there! You, too, are
is uncertain. Kirundi on Uganda; on 9630 with a man
also most welcome to contribute! talking, music bridge, and a preacher in
Here are this month’s logs. All times Hausa. (Sellers, BC)
~ The Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corp- are in UTC. If no language is mentioned BOTSWANA—Voice of America Relay
oration is marking its 95th anniversary English is assumed. on 5925 via Mopeng Hill at 0314 with
this year and the Sri Lankan postal English news, station ID at 0330.
ALASKA—KNLS via Anchor Point on (D’Angelo, PA) On 11995 at 0527 in
9580 at 1435 with an interview and music. Kinyarwanda-Kirundi with possible news,
*c/o CQ magazine (Sellers, BC) suddenly cut at 0530 then English sign off

with the Yankee Doodle instrumental. (Sellers, BC) On 15580
at 1918 on Uganda’s government. (Brossell, WI)
BRAZIL—(All in Portuguese –GLD)
Voz Missonaria via Florinapolis on 9665 at 2247 with religious
talks. (Brossell, WI)
Radio Nacional Amazonia on 11780 via Brasilia at 2115 with
apparent play-by-play of a sporting event. (Barton, AZ)
Radio Brasil Central via Goiania on 11815 at 2257 with talks.
(Brossell, WI)
CANADA—CFVP via Calgary at 0504 with woman doing a
comedy routine, poor reception, but a rare one here with Marti
missing. (Taylor, WI)
CFRX on 6070 via Toronto / Mississagua at 0509 on Covid-
19 booster shots. (Sellers, BC)
CHINA—China Radio International on 11610 via Kunming with
seeming AIR-like music; on 13640 via Jinhua at 2200 with man
and woman in long Japanese talks; on 15125 via Mali at 1701
with man and woman speaking in Swahili. (Barton, AZ) On 11945
via Kashi at 1251 in Malay; on 11975 via Mali at 2254 in
Sri Lankan postal authorities treated SLBC with a stamp Mandarin; on 11990 via Nanning at 0011 in Khmer; on 15335
commemorating its 95th anniversary. via Shijiazhuang at 1229 in Russian. (Brossell, WI)
Voice of the Strait on 4900 / 4940 via Fuzhou at 1138 in
Mandarin. (Taylor, WI)
Voice of Xinjiang on 6190 via Urumqi at 1256 in Mandarin.
(Taylor, WI)
Voice of Jinling on 6200 via Nanjing at 1256 easy-listening
music with a Chinese flavor. (Taylor, WI)
ENGLAND—BBC on 11660 via Woofferton at 0630 with news
in Hausa. (Sellers, BC) On 9900 via Sri Lanka at 1337 in Bengali.
(Brossell, WI)
GERMANY—Deutsche Welle on 9410 via Vatican at 0521 with
Radio Romania International uses three sites: Tiganesti, a sports report; on 11850 via France at 0637 with news in Hausa.
Galbeni, and Saftica, which is hardly ever reported. (Sellers, BC)

GUAM—Adventist World Radio on Sound of Hope (via Taiwan to China) on 0120 with Zeeky with ’60s / ’70s progres-
11955 via Agana at 2209 in Ngaju. 11530 at 1254 in Mandarin. (Brossell, WI) sive rock. Radio 48 (possibly) on 6930u
(Brossell, WI) Voice of Oromo Liberation (via Germany at 0140 with symphonic or movie music,
INDIA—All India Radio on 11650 via to Ethiopia) on 15420 at 1712 in Oromo. station ID from HFU. Wasteland Radio on
Bengaluru at 1423 in possibly Dari with (D’Angelo, PA) 6960u at 2341 with hard rock, blues,
Indian pop music, then possible news at Nippon No Kaze (via Japan to North SSTVs. (Taylor, WI)
1425. (Sellers, BC) Korea) on 9685 at 1505 with woman REPORTED IN EARLIER COLUMNS:
TWR India on 13690 via Armenia at speaking in Korean over soft music. X-FM, Radio Free Whatever, Mix Radio
1413 in Vasavi, then into Hindi at 1415, (Barton, AZ) Intl, Outhouse Radio, Wolverine Radio,
then opening in English at 1430. (Sellers, Voice of the Martyrs (via Uzbekistan to WTF Radio, Genix Radio, Mix Radio Intl,
BC) South Korea), on 9930 at 1222 with a man Ballsmacker Radio, WDOG.
JAPAN—Radio Japan on 7425 via and woman speaking in Korean. (Taylor, ROMANIA—Radio Romania Intl on
Vatican at 0440 beginning program on WI) 11975 via Galbeni at 1833 in Romanian,
Japanese landmarks; on 7435 via Vatican Radio Tamazuj (via France to Sudan) (Brossell, WI) On 15340 at 1340 with
with world news at 0435, also on 7355; on on 15400 in Arabic. (Brossell, WI) woman speaking in Romanian and pop
9490 via Germany at 0453 in Japanese PERU—Radio Tarma via Tarma on music. (Barton, AZ)
beginning news headlines at 0455, clos- 4775 at 1025 in Spanish with contempo- SAO TOME—Voice of America Relay
ing at 0500. (Sellers, BC) On 11740 at rary domestic instrumental music and a on 6080 at 0530 with station ID for
1246 in Thai; on 11815 via Yamata at 1206 male announcer. (Taylor, WI) “International Edition” program and report
in Japanese. (Brossell, WI) On 13610 via PHILIPPINES—Far East Broadcasting on Afghanistan; on 7265 via Pinheira at
Germany at 1445 closing in Burmese, on 9920 via Iba at 1229 with indigenous 0539 in French ending news followed by
several references to NHK, time pips, sta- music. (Taylor, WI) other African current event stories.
tion ID, then continuing in Japanese. Radio Liangyou on 9400 at 1232 with (Sellers, BC) On 11900 at 2116 with
(Barton, AZ) man and woman talking in Mandarin. woman speaking in French. (Brossell, WI)
MADAGASCAR—MWV / World Christ- (Taylor, WI) SAUDI ARABIA — On 9675 via Riyadh
ian Radio on 9765 at 2122 with hymns and FEBC / Radio Sama on 15260 at 1725 at 2019 in Turkish. (Brossell, WI)
talks in Portuguese. (Brossell, WI) with man doing interview in Arabic; on SINGAPORE—BBC-Far East Relay on
MALI—RTV Mali on 5995 at 0549 with 15510 via Woofferton at 1730 in Tigrinya, 15450 at 1235 on Covid-19. (Brossell, WI)
a local stringed instrument and vocals to HOA music, and a man with low-key talk. SOUTH KOREA—KBS World on 15575
past 0600. (Sellers, BC) (Taylor, WI) at 1322 in Spanish with world news.
MEXICO—Radio Educacion on 6185 PIRATES—Camelback Radio on 6925 (Brossell, WI) At 0200 with pop music and
via Mexico D.F. at 0604 with Spanish sta- upper sideband (u) at 2309 with a ’60s pop vocals. (Barton, AZ)
tion ID and instrumental music. (Sellers, number, SSTV/FAX, more progressive SRI LANKA—SLBC on 11905 at *0029-
BC) rock. (Hassig, IL). KIND on 6931u at 0004 0057* with drum IDS, woman giving sta-
NEW ZEALAND—RNZ Pacific on 5980 with mellow rock, Zeeky with more mel- tion ID, opening in Hindi and mainly
at 1311 with an interview on yachts arriv- low things. Iroquois Radio on 6930u at vocals. (D’Angelo, PA)
ing in Fiji. (Sellers, BC) On 7425 via 0048 with Zeeky and dog barks between SWEDEN—IBRA Radio / Radio Sama
Rangitaiki at 0607 and at 1130. (KB2DMD, songs. Fox News Channel on 6970 at on 15260 via Woofferton at 1716.
PA; Sellers, BC) At 0606 with program 0235 with woman doing news with an (Brossell, WI) On 15150 at 1849 with man
promo and weather; on 11725 at 0505 with idling ute on co-channel. Damn Skippy on and woman speaking in Arabic. (Taylor,
news, a promo, and weather. (Sellers, 6930u at 0011 with sea shanties and Irish WI) On 15510 at 1830 with man and
BC) At 0502 with news and time check. sea songs. Truth Radio International on woman speaking in Arabic mentioning
(D’Angelo, PA) 6925u at 0140 with W with R&B numbers, Afghanistan. (Barton, AZ)
NORTH KOREA—Voice of Korea on SSTVs. Radio Noid on 6925u at 2356 with THAILAND—Radio Thailand on 9390 at
9435 at 1350 with upbeat orchestra, then ’30s / ’40s jazz and big band music, 1230 sign on with theme, news. (Taylor,
closing announcements at 1355 with sked SSTVs. Goat Herder Radio on 6935u at WI) On 15590 at 0013 with English news,
of the next broadcasts to Europe and
North America; on 11735 via Kujang at
0632 in French with man and woman host-
ing a music program featuring a choir.
(Sellers, BC)
Korean Central Broadcasting Station on
15180 at 1226 with victory music and
Korean talk. (Brossell, WI)
OPPOSITION—Afghanistan Intl TV (via
Armenia to Afghanstan) on 7600 at 0053
with distinctive Afghan music. A co-chan-
nel ute got them after about 10 minutes.
(Taylor, WI)
Radio Ndarason Intl (via Ascension to
Chad) on 12050 with man and woman talk-
ing in Kanuri, brief instrumental music
between talk segments, group jingle sta-
tion IDs. (D’Angelo, PA) On 12050 via
Woofferton at 2055 with indigenous song,
station ID, man talking over flute, then
WEWN opened at 2100. (Taylor, WI)
Dimtse Woyane (via France to Ethiopia)
Texas Radio Shortwave incorporates five QSLs into one reply. Not sure I would
on 11570 at 0416 in Tigrinya. (D’Angelo,
PA) like that approach.

commercials, PSAs, station IDs, apparent VATICAN—Vatican Radio on 11620 at Just Sayin’
antenna switch at 0029. (D’Angelo, PA) 0629 switching from Arabic and coming Can it be November already? Guess so.
TURKEY—Voice of Turkey on 9770 via on with station ID and sign on in French.
And that means it’s time to remind you
Emirler at 0522 in Turkish with man host- (Sellers, BC) On 11900 at *2128 signing
to place your order for the 2022 edition
ing Turkish music program. (Sellers, BC) on in Baara. (D’Angelo PA) On 15565 in
On 15460 via Emirler at 1230 with head- French with choir music and sudden sign of the venerable World Radio TV
lines. (Brossell, WI) off at 1727. (Barton, AZ) Handbook (WRTH). It truly is the direc-
UNITED STATES—Voice of America ZAMBIA—Voice of Hope on 11680 via tory of global broadcasting. Now in its
on 12080 via Philippines at 1236 in Makeni Ranch at 0439 with a preacher, 76th year – just a year behind CQ, which
Korean; on 15165 via Thailand at 1304 in “Amazing Grace” program, website, is wrapping up its 77th – the WRTH can
Mandarin. (Brossell, WI) prayer, music to 0500 announcement, be ordered through your favorite ham
Radio Free Asia on 9800 via Germany at then a song to past the hour. (Sellers, BC) radio dealer, local brick and mortar
0110 and man and woman alternating bookstore, and Amazon (of course). In
speaking in Uighur. (Taylor, WI) On 11570 addition, Fred Osterman, though retired
via Kuwait in Tibetan at 1228; on 15225 via
As Time Goes By from Universal Radio, still sells radio
Tajikistan at 1310 in Tibetan. (Brossell, WI) ~ Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, books at <osterman@dxing.com> or
Adventist World Radio on 15490 via Kimbe, running 100 kilowatts with call him at (614) 866-4267.
Germany with a long monologue by man English on 3380 kHz. Heard at 0409
in Tigrinya, vocals, then off at 1659. UTC on September 27, 1995. Sign on Thanks For Your Logs
(Barton, AZ) was at 0301 UTC.
WRNO New Orleans in 7505 at 0247 With immense gratitude, I thank the fol-
with Bible teaching. (Taylor, WI) lowing reporters: William Hassig, Mt.
Overcomer Ministry on 5900 via Bul-
QSL Quests Pleasant, IL; Harold Sellers, Vernon,
garia at 0307 with Brother Stair. (Taylor, Radio Free Asia is marking 25 years of BC; Rick Barton, El Mirage, AZ; Rich
WI) service with a special QSL. RFA began D’Angelo, Wyomissing, PA; Mark
operation on September 29, 1996, with Taylor, Madison, WI; and Bob Brossell,
broadcasts in Mandarin and now reach- Pewaukee, WI.
es all of the captured countries of Asia UNTIL NEXT TIME – Keep on keepin’
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EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
BY STAN BROADWAY,* N8BHL
Hurricane Ida — What Have We Learned?
I
t started as a nondescript tropical formation off the north- through much the same process of readiness. One veteran
ern tip of South America. Something about it caught the was Mary Vernoy, WB5IOE (Photo B), who reports to the city
eye of Bobby Graves, KA5HAV, the director of the of Kenner, the largest city in Jefferson Parish and a north-
Hurricane Watch Net. Before going to bed on August 24th, ern suburb of New Orleans.
he noticed some global hurricane models that looked suspi- “I reported on the 28th of August, and I worked constantly
cious. Consulting with a meteorologist at the Canadian during the week until the morning of September 4 — eight
Hurricane Centre brought concurrence that this was not a days later. I stayed by the radio, I slept by the radio, they
good thing to see. Long-range forecasts predicted landfall brought me meals and I had two 4-hour breaks. I wound up
between Texas and Louisiana as a CAT3 hurricane — a with 141 hours in eight days. Our primary purpose was to
destructive storm with winds 111-129 MPH matching the communicate with Jefferson Parish.” Her dedication was an
strength of Hurricane Katrina almost exactly 16 years before. example of many hams in southern LA that week. (Parishes
“Seeing this system had a very strong potential of becom- are Louisiana’s equivalent of counties. See parish map in
ing a historic event, I immediately alerted our HWN member- Figure B. – ed)
ship as well as a very long list of government and non-gov- Graves activated the Hurricane Watch Net for a few hours
ernment agencies, numerous amateur radio nets and various Saturday evening in order to pre-log reporting stations in the
amateur radio news outlets, as well as ARRL Division affected area so the reporting database would flow smooth-
Directors & assistants, Section Managers & assistants, and
Section Emergency Coordinators for the states of Texas,
Louisiana, and Mississippi. Sure, this system was still in the
early stages of development, so, anything could change.
However, when many long-range models agree something
will be there days ahead, they are usually right. The question
was, how intense would that system be?” reported Graves.
The National Hurricane Center began issuing official advi-
sories on then-named Tropical Depression 9. The storm was
predicted to reach hurricane status while it moved across
Cuba, then gain additional strength as it moved across very
warm Gulf waters.
“So, on Friday, I placed the Hurricane Watch Net on stand-
by alert,” Graves continued. “This normally means a hurri-
cane is expected to affect land within the next 48 hours. We
had plans to activate late Saturday at 4:00 p.m. CDT (2100
UTC) on 14.325.00 MHz and 7.268.00 MHz. As it turned out,
this was the right plan of action.”
Graves’ actions were not the only being taken. Four days
prior to the historic landfall, Louisiana Section Emergency
Coordinator (SEC) Jim Coleman, AI5B (Photo A), began Photo A. ARRL Louisiana Section Emergency Coordinator
posting National Weather Service summaries on the (SEC) Jim Coleman, AI5B.
Louisiana ARES Facebook page. Around two days prior to
landfall, Coleman began a process starting amateur radio’s
activation for the storm:
• Began formal situation reports (SITREP)
• Determined the LA state level ESF-2 plan (ESF-2 is the
official communications segment of the response)
• Develop a state-level ARES ICS-205 (frequency plan)
• Begin conference calls with DECs (District Emergency
Coordinators), LA NTS (National Traffic System) manager,
LA ARES Emergency Net Manager, Delta Division leader-
ship, and ARRL HQ
• Place LA ARES on ALERT status
On Friday, Coleman issued frequencies to be used, with
the stated target of being operational by noon that Sunday.
One day prior to the wind arrival forecast of Sunday, August
29th, Coleman placed ARES on STANDBY status, contin-
ued the conference calls and SITREPs. Parish-level hams
in the southern Louisiana districts (Figure 1) were going
Photo B. Mary Vernoy, WB5IOE, Emergency Coordinator
* <n8bhl@cq-amateur-radio.com> for the city of Kenner, Louisiana. (Photo courtesy AI5B)

ly. The net activated for the storm the
following Sunday morning, August 29th.
And Then it Was Here

After doing $100 million damage in Cuba,
Ida made landfall in the same area of
southern Louisiana that had been struck
by the devastating Hurricane Katrina
exactly 16 years earlier. Ida was a
Category 4 hurricane with winds of 150
MPH as it struck the coast doing $18 bil-
lion in insured damage with $584 million
in agricultural damage. Unlike Katrina,
the levees remained intact for the most
part, reducing flooding damage that was
seen in the wake of Katrina. Ida brought
33 deaths in the Gulf Coast region.
Severe damage was reported across
coastal areas of Louisiana. An ane-
mometer in Grand Isle recorded a gust
of 148 MPH, and a gust of 172 was report-
ed in Port Fourchon.
Amateur Radio Worked

Jefferson Parish recorded major dam-
age. In Kenner, Vernoy established com-
munication with Jefferson Parish across
the river via amateur radio. In many
cases, hams’ response to a storm can
involve something other than operating
a radio. In this case, Vernoy and anoth-
Figure 1. The Louisiana ARES district map. (Courtesy LA ARES website) er ham climbed a ladder in the wind to
the second-story roof of their EOC to
repair a critical antenna before being
able to communicate. Unlike the era of
Katrina, the EOC was able to use a hard-
ened internet service, but amateurs
passed additional traffic such as situa-
tional reports, wind reports, and an
onsite report of water leaks from a pump-
ing station. Vernoy used the ARRL mes-
sage forms more as a way to record the
messages and keep them in logs.
“We had three curve balls,” said
Vernoy. “Jefferson Parish and the City
of New Orleans entered an agreement
to purchase WebEOC. The data was
stored on a server located in New
Orleans’ City Hall. In the middle of the
hurricane, the server caught on fire.
There went all their WebEOC informa-
tion.” Vernoy sent a copy of her logbook
to help reconstruct the records.
The second curve ball was the wind
damage to the antenna.
Their third curve ball was a big one.
“Entergy (the local power utility) at that
point was trying to fix things and they
found a cable that happened to be lying
under a fiber-optic cable that provided all
the internet communications to the City
of Kenner. The only way to fix the cable,
they claimed, was to cut the fiber-optic
Figure 2. Parishes in Louisiana are that state’s equivalent of counties. (from cable so they did. So that’s why we were
Louisiana state website, LA.gov) there eight days. Everything went down
as far as internet was concerned. We had

two sporadic cellphones. They had that and our VHF radio, and due to lack of power. It is located in a building with backup
that’s how we passed messages. They finally got their internet power that did not come on. The Department of Trans-
back Friday night.” portation district office at that tower location is still on emer-
Several repeaters were lost in the storm, many in the New gency generators. Antennas at EOC and Comms Trailer were
Orleans area. They had to switch from one to another as the not damaged. There were two hams who manned the radios
power dictated. “A lot of repeaters are more hardened than at the GOHSEP EOC (State of Louisiana EOC) for about 20
they were and they have better emergency power.” hours straight during the storm. I relieved them about 11:00
Monday morning and was by myself during the day. I did pass
Reports From the Field quite a few messages for St. Charles EOC. We had serious
Jaclyn Price, KA5LMZ, is the Emergency Coordinator for St. interference from the 146.79 MHz repeater at GOHSEP on
Mary Parish in Morgan City. Price reported they lost power the 146.805 MHz repeater. I was taking emergency traffic
for two days in the city. They do not have a city-level EOC, from St. Charles EOC and has to switch to the 146.79 MHz
but the radio club has three rooms in a building which acts repeater to have those hams stand by, which they did. I
as an EOC for communication. One member started there passed on quite a bit of information (not in ARRL message
Friday night and worked through until the end. Others worked form) to St. Charles EOC. One request was for ambulance
from their homes as power came on. transportation for two people from Luling to a medical shelter
“The morning after the hurricane hit here … they needed in Alexandria. Another request was for an interop # for St. John
some people at the hospital because they were starting to Parish. Other requests were for road closures and shelter infor-
evacuate a couple hospitals in the Bayou,” said Price. They mation. The St. John EOC was not on the air. Occasionally
worked for several hours until the evacuees arrived. we did speak to Conrad who would relay the message via his
One traditional service provided by amateur radio in such Sheriff office radio. The Terrebonne and LaFourche EOC did
situations is considered “health and welfare” messaging. For have an occasional ham on the repeater going direct to each
Price, the most convenient method of handling requests was other. Full-time operators in these EOCs would have very ben-
Echolink. “We had over 75 calls during this period on eficial. A total of three hams operated about 40 hours at
Echolink. People from all over the country calling, wanting to GOHSEP, Sunday night, Monday, and early Tuesday. Matt
know how it was here and what we’d heard about New Anderson, KD5KNZ, ASM, was monitoring the radio traffic and
Orleans. It gives people in other places a way to contact us was able to help over the phone.”
when they couldn’t find us on HF. Some people connected Further north in Coleman’s home territory of Washington
several times to see how we were, did we need any help.” Parish, his Emergency Manager used virtual access with a
The LaPlace, Louisiana, W5RAR repeater was in use over smaller core group at the EOC. There was widespread loss
a four-parish area, LaFourche, St. Charles, St John, and of power, and the P25 safety communication system lost its
Terrebonne. These four parishes had significant wireless sys- ability for trunking. They were able to use the “local repeater”
tem damage as well as 9-1-1 system damage in St. John mode but it significantly hampered safety communication.
Parish. St. Charles EOC would then transmit their WebEOC Their land-based internet system went down, cellular, and
requests via the LWARN 440-MHz RF-linked repeater system landline telephone service was disrupted. The local amateur
to WB5LHS at GOHSEP. The Region 3 DEC Miriam Barrett, repeaters were still on the air, and local HF, and Winlink ser-
KG5BNH, was assisting at the Terrebonne Parish EOC. vices were functioning. The parish does not have local
In Tangipahoa Parish the following frequencies were moni- WebEOC service, but it does interact with the state.
tored: Local 2-meter 147.000 (WB5NET Hammond), 146.610
(W5TEO Hammond), 442.275 (WB5BTR Greensburg), 80- On Everyone’s Mind: How Did it Compare
meter LA ARES nets, and SHARES day and evening fre- to Katrina?
quencies. The Tangipahoa Parish Emergency Operations There were similarities between the two storms, but there
Center in Amite was activated at 0800 hours on 8-29-2021, were also differences. The most obvious was tremendous
which included trained amateur radio operators staffing the flooding brought on by levee breaks during Katrina. In that
radio communication room. Prior to the weather conditions storm, many agencies lost everything because they hadn’t
deteriorating, a call was made for only radio checks on the been able to “harden” their systems (or thought they were
Tangipahoa Parish 147.000 repeater. Twenty hams called into hardened) against such intense damage.
for radio checks. Three amateur radio operators (KE5KMM, Coleman was there as an EC for Washington Parish. “We
W5TE, KE5GMN) rotated duties to monitor all radios (ham fre- lost every means of communication for three days. We lost
quencies, LWIN, CB, GMRS, SHARE, etc.). As weather con- internet, cellphone, landline, radio, TV, everything for three
ditions deteriorated, local repeaters lost power and were on days. The EOC had no amateur radio assets so it took me
battery backup. Two other local repeaters were lost when their three days to dig out from my house, get to the EOC with my
tower collapsed. With widespread power outages, formal personal radio equipment. I set up a high-powered VHF sta-
weather nets were not conducted to conserve the power for tion pointed toward Baton Rouge in order to get messages
emergency transmissions only. Battery backup was recharged from the EOC in Washington to the state EOC. I was suc-
/ reestablished on the W5TEO tower site as weather / road cessful in doing that. A State Senator used his ham radio to
conditions allowed. As of 9-6-2021, both repeaters were still talk to other officials (See QST, November 2006). Where
on battery backup. have we gone from there?”
John Mark Robertson, SM and DEC of Region 7 in the As an example of what’s improved across the Gulf region,
Shreveport area, reported 10 requests for health and welfare one email referred to the EOC inside concrete walls with 3-
information either by email, text, or cell phone and relayed inch thick windows and 1,000-pound doors. Probably
them to the appropriate agency and area. wouldn’t have seen that prior to Katrina. Coleman reports that
Elmer Tatum, N5EKF, reported that all Ascension Parish, amateur radio joined with much better-installed safety equip-
Louisiana Region 2’s ARC repeaters remained off the air. ment at Washington Parish. “We went from no assets to these
“The 145.310 MHz repeater and the 146.985 MHz repeater assets which give the EOC the capability of going from 2
sustained damage. The 147.225 MHz repeater is off the air meters to 440 MHz, to 1.2 GHz with D-Star, and HF, all

remotely controlled from the COML position. We also have nas to holding a position literally for days on end. Most nets
SHARES, GMRS, CB, from the COML position. They have became skilled at “repeater hopping” since repeaters were
Echolink, a D-Star dongle, and RMS Express on the network up and down with backup power fluctuation.
running Pactor-4. So, we went from nothing 15 years ago to
state-of-the-art from Katrina to Ida. The Key That Starts Everything
“Locally, we lost power, we lost internet, we lost landline tele- You may have heard me hint at this once or twice before:
phones, and we lost cellphones. So we lost the same things The most important key that starts this cooperation and suc-
we lost during Katrina — power, internet, land line, and wire- cess story? RELATIONSHIP. How many times have you
less. So what was the difference between Katrina and Ida? The heard someone say, “The time to exchange business cards
difference on the radio side was we had all these assets at our is NOT in the EOC!” Relationship-building starts months,
fingertips that we did not have before. Our P25 public safety even years, before it’s needed.
radios did continue to operate but they were not able to do any Mary Vernon in Kenner doesn’t need an ID card — every-
trunking. When we lost those four things what took care of com- one knows her. “I have worked three hurricanes for the City
munication back to Baton Rouge were three things: Number of Kenner. The first time we worked for them, we were pass-
one, 2-meter direct running high power and a beam at 400 feet. ing RG-8 cables out a window and using their flagpole to run
We’re running 100 watts to a 4-element Yagi at 400 feet so we up VHF, UHF, and HF antennas which sort of worked, and
can hit repeaters in Baton Rouge 90 miles away. That was one using our own radios. So we got the job done and they were
pathway we had. The second pathway is a linked set of five impressed because they lost comms a number of times. They
440 [MHz] repeaters between my EOC and Baton Rouge. kept coming to us.” Since then, the City of Kenner has sup-
Those repeaters are RF linked, that it the key. If they had not plied radios, run cables, provided a ham radio station.
been RF, the system would have gone down. The third path- Jackie Price is also very well-recognized in St. Mary Parish.
way was important to us because we maintain a large dish Her relationship is solid. She wasn’t even home; she was
satellite system. We use it for both internet and telephones. It staying at a daughter’s house when Parish Homeland
allowed the Incident Commander to maintain satellite internet Security knocked on the door and asked her to help with the
and satellite telephones. If this dish had blown off its pathway hospital evacuations reported earlier here. Their perfor-
we had the appropriate assets — 2 meters, 440, and HF to mance has brought parish benefits: In addition to rent-free
replace those comms with amateur radio comms. For WebEOC space for the club, the parish has provided three repeaters,
requests, we will use Winlink Pactor-4 IMS for that informa- antennas, and other benefits because the club has earned
tion.” [That would be on SHARES frequencies. – ed] its respect. They took it upon themselves to become the group
for St. Mary’s Parish, covering 70-80 miles. It’s been a strug-
So What Did This Teach Us? gle for seven or eight people but they continue!
Roberto Dabdoub, KB5AVY, reporting in last month’s CQ,
answered the “were we ready” question — well worth your Beyond Louisiana
time to study the answer. Ida wasn’t contained to Louisiana. Three residents of
Louisiana SEC Coleman looks from a COML perspective: Mississippi were killed and at least nine others injured as
Telephone, radio, internet, whatever … a broader perspec- heavy rains caused a portion of highway to collapse. Large
tive than just amateur radio. He plans to suggest replacing numbers were without power. Of course, Ida didn’t stop as it
their on-premise telephone switch with a cloud-based sys- crossed the Gulf. The post-tropical storm did what so many
tem, which offers satellite-based connection if all other forms hurricanes do after landfall; it continued to dump incessant
are down. He is also looking into replacing Raytheon remote rains in its wake. Flooding in the northeast caused approxi-
control with FLEX 6400 equipment. They will still use their mately 57 deaths overall, with $100 million in damage report-
Henry amplifiers but the change would give them more flex- ed in Pennsylvania alone. Our own Editor ,Rich Moseson,
ibility on voice, CW, even Winlink. W2VU, was right in the middle of New York – New Jersey
On a broader scale, we can learn that there is still the like- flooding [See last month’s “Zero Bias” editorial].
lihood in such magnitude of damage that no matter how hard- Lessons we can take from amateur radio operators, many
ened, other forms of communication will fail — at least par- veterans now of both Katrina and Ida, can be applied to our
tially. From reports on Friday, September 3, a week after the own preparedness. Power loss is assumed. Do you and does
storm, there were still parishes reporting significant wireless your repeater have dependable backup power? Do you have
outages: Ascention 38.6%, Assumption 21%, Jefferson supplies on hand to replace wind-blown antennas? Can you
49.8%, LaFourche 59%, Orleans 29.3%, Plaquemines offer your local agencies state-of-the-art services (voice is
73.4%, St. Bernard 41.7%, St. Charles 36.6%, St. Helena assumed, but can your people send digital forms?) Do you have
38.5%, St. James 75.8%, St. John the Baptist 40.7%, equipment that is at their disposal? Does your emergency man-
Tangipahoe 44.9%, and Terrebonne 48.1%. Non-function- ager even know amateur radio still exists and is ready to serve?
ing “Public Safety Answer Points” (PSAP) were still re-rout- Are your people trained in emergency procedures — net oper-
ed in Assumption, St. Charles, and St. Mary’s Parishes. ation, message handling, repeater locations, and radio pro-
What does that mean? It affords amateur radio a prime gramming, protecting themselves and family, and having basic
chance to fill in the gaps for served agencies whose com- gear and tools to set up, repair, and operate remotely?
munication is crippled. It means that although everything else
didn’t completely fail, we don’t have to wait for that point to Another Reminder
get involved and make a difference. We learned that even Hurricane Ida was another reminder, not just to the Gulf but
with today’s much better hardened communication systems to all of us, that there is still a valid place for trained amateur
(they, too, learned their lessons well) amateur radio offers radio operators. All else didn’t fail but even in a case where
some vital capabilities in emergencies: Rapidly adaptive nothing fails, simple overloading of existing systems with a glut
voice communication, digital communications capable of of messages and forms that need to be sent brings amateur
sending forms and requests and a cadre of dedicated oper- radio into the picture to serve as it always has. Our job is to
ators who can “make it happen” from repairing downed anten- be ready, and apply what we’ve learned!

KIT BUILDING
BY JOE EISENBERG,* K0NEB
A Baker’s Dozen
Plus, Solving the Coax Conundrum
T
welve years ago, my first column addition to a well-equipped station or There are many less expensive tools
appeared in these pages, and radio club to make available to its mem- available at a lower cost to perform
now I begin my 13th year at the bers. As they are not cheap, these kits some of these tasks, but this set of tools
helm of the Kit-Building column. It has are a good idea for a group or club pur- performs many simultaneous and mea-
been an enjoyable journey bringing chase. The DXE-UT-KIT-CC1 <https:// sured cuts to prepare the cable. There
new kits, tools, and techniques to the tinyurl.com/snee4n2z> is a set of tools are also grippers supplied to help you
readers of CQ each month and I look used to prepare different thicknesses of hold the cable steady while turning the
forward to many more years of slinging coax for use with crimp type connec- cutting tools. The two supplied grippers
solder and playing with cool tools. So, tors. Because there is a specific set of are for RG-8X sized coax and for RG-
here’s to a happy beginning to my 13th dimensions that must be followed with 8/LMR sized cables. They let you hold
year with CQ magazine! these connectors, the kit includes dif- even very stiff and smooth cable tight-
One of the processes I encountered ferent sizes of stripping and preparation ly while turning the cutting tool. The cut-
during my station improvements last tools. When cutting coax cables to ting tools each have four blades in
year was the need to create varying length, normal diagonal cutters can them, three on one side and one on the
lengths and sizes of coax jumpers. With make a sharp point when cutting. The other. One side cuts the outer jacket in
the increase in station output power and cable cutter supplied in the kit makes a three places and all the way to the cen-
my antenna system’s power handling much cleaner and more even cut and ter conductor in one of those places.
capacity, I found myself in need of heav- does not form a sharp end that is not The other end has a single blade that
ier coax jumpers. I had purchased sev- flat. There is also a small set of sharp makes a vertical slit, allowing you to
eral pre-made jumpers, but found that flush cutters supplied to assist with trim- easily lift off the pieces of the outer jack-
option to be very costly if I needed more ming the braid and foil. et and dielectric around the center con-
than one or two, or to make changes as
more radios were added using coax
switches. When making your own
jumpers, there is almost a religious fer-
vor attached to the different methods of
preparing the coax as well as terminat-
ing the ends with coax connectors. Ever
since the PL-259 was invented, there
have been numerous methods devised
to attach them to the various types of
coax cable.
One group prefers to handle the braid
differently or to never use crimp con-
nectors, and another prefers to only use
crimp type connections. Each propo-
nent seems to have their own reasons
and experiences regarding this contro-
versial topic. And each method has its
points of difficulty that can only be con-
quered by very specialized tools. An
interesting combination of both meth-
ods and some great specialized tools
has been made available by DX
Engineering.
Cable Prep Kits

DX Engineering makes and sells two
very complete cable preparation and
crimping tool kits that would be a great
*7133 Yosemite Drive, Lincoln, NE 68507

email: <k0neb@cq-amateur-radio.com> DX Engineering coax crimp preparation kit includes two grippers, three cable
Hamfest Hotline #5855 preparation tools, a cable cutter, and a set of flush cutters.

ductor without needing to “nibble” at it. the connector. Once in place, the cen- Were you
It doesn’t take long at all to perform ter conductor is soldered just like in a first licensed
these two cutting processes while using conventional PL-259. The sleeve is 25 years ago
both the cutting tool and the gripper. then slid up to meet the connector and and licensed
Once the process is completed, the the crimping tool is used to perform a
connector sleeve is slid over the end, hexagonal crimp, securing the shield to today?
followed by the connector itself, leaving the outside of the finished connector.
the braid to neatly cover the bottom of So, the best of both worlds is accom- Then you should join the Quarter
Century Wireless Association, Inc.
To Join or Renew, Visit:
http://www.qcwa.org/join-renew.php
\For more information please contact
om@qcwa.org
HamTestOnline™ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ
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ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ĂŶĚŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͊
www.hamtestonline.com
DX Engineering crimp kit, including the same cable cutters and flush cutters as
in the coax preparation kit, along with heavy-duty crimping tool and extra dies for
crimping various sizes of lugs, Molex® pins, and Anderson PowerPoles®.
The cable ends are cut for preparation and the PL-259 connectors are ready.

plished with this method, having a soldered center conduc- and just the crimper tool by itself. The crimp kit also includes
tor and a high quality crimp made to the coax shield and the dies to perform crimps on lugs and Anderson PowerPole con-
connector. nectors. Different dies are needed to be able to crimp differ-
The crimp tool is not included with this kit, but can be either ent sizes of wires and lugs.
purchased on its own, or in another kit that is also designed When I was trying this set of cable tools for the first time, I
for crimping Anderson PowerPole® and other types of crimp used some very stiff Times Microwave LMR-400 low-loss
connectors such as lugs. This kit also includes the same large cable. I chose this cable as it was the most rigid and difficult
cable cutters and trimmers as the other kit and is available to prepare with just normal tools, like diagonal cutters and a
at <https://tinyurl.com/yr5bmxt6>. If you are mostly interest- knife, and found it to work easily with the preparation tools in
ed in just doing coax cables, you can purchase the first kit the kit. Once completed, I had an ideal cable to go from the
output of my SB-200 amplifier to the grounding bus that is
immediately behind the amplifier. If a more flexible cable is
needed, the Ultraflex type of LMR-400 can be used with the
same set of tools in the cable preparation kit.
A few cautions need to be followed when working with this
set of preparation tools. There are very sharp blades inside
the cable prep tools and they are spring loaded, so getting a
finger caught inside a tool can seriously injure you. The
blades are also removable and a number of spares are pro-
vided in the kit. There are also YouTube videos showing how
these tools are used at <https://tinyurl.com/4t6vjpms> and at
<https://tinyurl.com/39dmrdba>. The grippers also have a
very strong spring and a finger could get pinched if care is
not taken.
Building Time!
With the cold weather months upon us, be sure to have plen-
ty of kits on hand to make the cold days go faster. I hope to
see everyone again in Orlando for Hamcation in February!
– Until next time, 73 de KØNEB
The gripper and preparation tools for LMR-400 sized cable.
The connector is in place and the sleeve is ready for crimp-

ing. The center conductor can be soldered either before or
After performing the two preparation steps, the center con-
after crimping.
ductor is exposed and the braid is ready for trimming.
The braid and foil are trimmed and everything is ready for
the connector to be placed on the cable. The connector is crimped, soldered, and ready to go!

MICROCONTROLLERS IN AMATEUR RADIO
BY DR. JACK PURDUM, W8TEE
I’m Out of Pins!
Introducing Our New Microcontrollers Editor, employment in a little under a bazillion

new uses.
Dr. Jack Purdum, W8TEE
With this article, Dr. Purdum takes over A Problem
our quarterly column on the use of micro-
controllers in various ham radio projects As some of you know, my collaborator
and activities. You do not have to be a Al Peter, AC8GY, and I are working on
programmer to understand and, hopeful- a Software-Defined Transceiver (SDT)
ly, enjoy these columns. Jack lays the called the T41. The T41 is a 20-watt
groundwork of what’s going on using a SSB/CW transceiver based on the
fairly basic view. Many of the columns, Teensy 4.1 microcontroller with cover-
however, point to other areas you might age of the popular HF (80-10-meter)
want to explore. Just as many of you have bands. While not yet finished, the
moved from tube-radios to modern-day breadboard version is shown in Photo
radios packed with ICs, from CW to FT8, B. Although the display can be used as
and from FM to digital voice modes, the a touch screen display, we are not using
move from discrete circuits to a micro- this feature. Instead, we made the
controller is not much different. We want most-often used features accessible
everyone to view these articles as an New CQ Microcontrollers Editor Dr. via a bank of 16 push buttons seen on
expansion of another aspect of this won- Jack Purdum, W8TEE (Photo cour- the right side of Photo B. Why?
derful hobby we call ham radio. We hope tesy W8TEE) We moved away from a touch screen
all of you will read a few of these columns because the T41 doesn’t have enough
and see if they don’t tweak your interest. mass to be used with a single hand. That
By way of background, Jack is a retired professor of computer technology at is, one hand is used for “poking” the menu
Purdue University, and he previously taught at Creighton and Butler Universities. choice, but the other hand has to be hold-
He is the author or co-author of several programming books, including two edi- ing the rig so it doesn’t scoot across the
tions of Arduino Projects for Amateur Radio and, more recently, Microcontroller table. This is true even when rubber feet
Projects for Amateur Radio. He has previously written for CQ. are applied. However, with the push but-
Former Microcontrollers Editor Anthony Luscre, K8ZT, will continue as a ton matrix shown in Photo B, you can
Contributing Editor, shifting his focus to exploring the many nooks and crannies place four fingers on the top of the T41
of amateur radio. His goal is to help expand the horizons of newer hams who and use your thumb to push the desired
are still discovering different aspects of the hobby as well as experienced hams button. If you’re left-handed, switch the
who are looking for a change of pace. Anthony’s new column, “Ham Radio button matrix and the display locations.
Explorer,” will debut next month. — W2VU The T41 is an open-source project,
which means the hardware and soft-
ware are readily available. Indeed, we
designed the T41 for experimentation.
T
he Arduino Uno® was one of the ality by simply creating an “Arduino
first popular microcontrollers to sandwich” with the plug-ins. However, It uses six small PCBs that you can eas-
find its way into ham radio pro- the Uno’s popularity faded a bit with the ily swap out for your own design. The
jects. The Uno had a relatively large appearance of the Nano, mainly be- Teensy 4.1 microcontroller has a boat-
footprint, so Atmel created the Nano, cause the Nano was about the size of load of memory all scooting along at 600
which was electrically similar to the your first thumb joint, but had the same MHz. Currently, there are about 11,000
Uno, but with a much smaller footprint. performance and resource depth. lines of code, but we are using only
Photo A shows the two boards and their As the Arduino Integrated Program- about 2% of flash memory ... plenty left
approximate relative sizes. ming Environment (IDE) gained in pop- to experiment with. The 4.1 microcon-
Each has 22 digital pins, of which 8 ularity, more and more projects, or troller has 55 I/O pins, which means
can also be used as 10-bit analog pins, sketches, using these microcontrollers “leftovers” for more experimenting.
32K of flash memory, 2K of SRAM appeared. A quick internet projects Well, if we’re trying to encourage peo-
memory, and both were clocked at 16 search turned up over 1.2 million hits ple to experiment with the T41, is it smart
MHz. The Uno had a large following at for the Uno and more than 650,000 for to chew up 16 I/O pins for essentially a
the outset and one reason was because the Nano. Other manufacturers saw the push button menu system? Hint: No. It
it supported “plug-in” boards that could potential in this market and came out seems the more you play with these
be inserted into the header pins you see with more powerful microcontrollers, devices, the rarer an empty pin becomes.
on its edge in Photo A. The variety of such as the STM32 (Blue Pill), the
the plug-in boards made it easy to ESP32, and the Teensy families of Voltage Divider
enhance the microcontroller’s function- microcontrollers. (We will talk about all I know enough circuit stuff to ask ques-
of these in the future. –W8TEE) As the tions, so I asked Al if we could use a
performance capabilities of these voltage divider network to accommo-
* Email: <w8tee@cq-amateur-radio.com> microcontrollers grew, so did their date all 16 switches on a single T41

analog pin. (If you are unfamiliar with that voltage through a network of resis- log and digital values. The resolution, or
voltage dividers, a quick internet search tors. Nearly all microcontrollers have an granularity, of these analog pins
of “voltage divider” can provide a lot of analog pin that can be used to convert depends upon the number of bits they
details. –W8TEE) Simply stated, a volt- analog values (e.g., voltages) to digital use. Most microcontrollers have analog
age divider takes one voltage into the values (i.e., numbers). Analog pins can pins with 10-bit resolution. This means
network and makes one (or more) dif- use the built-in analog-to-digital con- they are capable of providing 1024 (i.e.,
ferent voltages available by passing verters (ADCs) to convert between ana- 210) different numeric values based
upon the value being read at the pin. We
decided this would be the way we would
handle the menu-processing switches.
Figure 1 presents a schematic of the
voltage divider network. It is little more
than 16 PC-mount normally-open (NO)
push-button switches, some resistors,
and a capacitor. Al liked the idea enough
that we incorporated it into the T41. The
push-button matrix can be seen on the
right side of Photo B and in Photo C.
Understanding the voltage divider
process from the schematic is pretty
simple. Near the top of Figure 1 is R1,
which is a 200-ohm resistor. If switch S1
is pressed, the 3.3 volts from the source
(i.e., the Teensy 4.1 is a 3.3-volt device)
passes through R1, through S1, and
then takes a straight shot to the analog
pin (out) on the Teensy. The result is a
voltage on the analog pin that is slight-
ly smaller than the 3.3-volt source volt-
age which is then converted to a digital
numeric value. Let’s assume that the
resulting value is 905. Now, note what
happens if the user presses S2. At this
point, both R1 and R2 come into the cir-
cuit, producing a higher resistance,
hence a slightly lower voltage than
before. As a result, the digital value after
the ADC conversion is also lower, per-
haps 846. You can follow the rest of the
switch presses to convince yourself that
each switch adds more resistance into
the circuit, resulting in a lower voltage
Photo A. The Arduino Uno and Nano microcontrollers. on the analog pin.
Photo B. The T41 Software Defined Transceiver (SDT) prototype. See text for discussion of the push buttons at the right.

Table 1. Actual Table 1
numeric values for
switchValues[0] = 905 switchValues[1] = 846 switchValues[2] = 791
each switch after
ADC conversion.
switchValues[15] = 5
I’ve written a short program1 that allows you to see the val- if you don’t have any programming experience, you’ll be able
ues associated with each switch. For my switch matrix, the to follow what the code in Listing 1 does.
resistor network produced the values shown in Table 1. First, I defined two symbolic constants. A symbolic constant
In the T41 code, I store each switch value in an array of 16 is simply an English-like word used to represent something
elements and then write them to EEPROM. Because EEP- in the program in an easier-to-understand form:
ROM is non-volatile memory, those values are then available
when the program is restarted. if (val < 1000) {
Al made a small PCB for the matrix, as shown in Photo C. or
The top left-most (yellow) button in Photo B is actually the if (val < UNPRESSED_SWITCH) {
right-most yellow button in Photo C (i.e., the PCB is laying
on its side). This yellow button is our Select button, while the Usually, it’s easier to understand what the code is doing if
left-most red button in Photo C is the frequency increment you use a symbolic constant rather than a “magic number”
button, which I tend to use a lot when tuning around a band. that, in isolation, means nothing. There are other reasons to
As you can see, I used SMD resistors and caps for the use symbolic constants and we will likely cover some of those
matrix, but you could do the same using perf board and in subsequent columns. I like symbolic constants and use
through-hole resistors and capacitors. I bought an assort- them a lot. You should, too!
ment of SMD caps and resistors and it turns out that the resis-
tors are all 1% values. I bought 25 of the switches with the Every program in the Arduino IDE must have the setup()
colored caps online for less than $5. So far, they have worked and loop() functions. The setup() function is always the first
flawlessly. function to execute when you start a program. setup() is used
to establish the “environment” in which the program runs. The
The Software first statement in setup() initializes the Serial object, which
Listing 1 presents a short program I wrote to see what the allows information from the microcontroller to be displayed
numeric values are for each switch press (see Table 1). Even on your PC via the USB cable. The number 38400 is the baud

Listing 1. Find the values associated with each switch
/*
Test resistor network values
Dr. Jack Purdum, W8TEE
CQ Magazine
*/
#define UNPRESSED_SWITCH 1000 // An open switch returns value greater than this
#define SWITCHES_ANALOG_PIN 39 // The analog pin that controls the 16 switches
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(38400);
pinMode(SWITCHES_ANALOG_PIN, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
int val;
val = analogRead(SWITCHES_ANALOG_PIN);
delay(150L); // Teensy is too fast!
if (val < UNPRESSED_SWITCH) { // Did they press a button?

Serial.print(“The value of pressed switch is: “); // Yep.
Serial.println(val);
}
}
Young Ladies’ Radio League,

Inc. Since 1939
For 75 years the Young Ladies’
Radio League, Inc. (YLRL) has
AlasKit Educational & Scientific Resources helped women find their voice in
Amateur Radio with members of
We have a large inventory of new all ages and interests.
and surplus genuine radio components,
from QRP to QRO. If you can’t find it, The YLRL sponsors a number
we probably have it! of certificates for both YLs and OMs. Members
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lab. If you have a need for a custom- YL-Harmonics is our bi-monthly publication
designed RF accessory, we can design
and produce these in single lot, or highlighting what women are doing in
small production quantities. We have Amateur Radio.
a strong relationship with a world-class YLRL gives out scholarships to YLs each year.
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For more information on the YLRL, the current
We also produce a wide range of training materials and
technical documentation. If you need a technical manual
dues amounts, weekly YL Net locations or how
written in clear, concise English, we can do that too. to join please go to our website at www.ylrl.org
Check out our website for more exciting projects in progress or contact the Publicity Chairwoman, Cheryl
at AlasKit Educational and Scientific Resources Muhr, NØWBV at n0wbv@earthlink.net. All
Potpourri o' Parts Mystery Box. For a mere $25, AlasKit is Officer information is also listed both on the
offering nearly a pound (13 oz) of electronics components. website and in each edition of the
We will include at least one rare/hard-to-find radio part, worth
the entire price of the box. What have you got to lose? First magazine and you may contact any
Class postage anywhere in the U.S. is included in the price. Officer as well.
AlasKit Educational and Scientific Resources wishes you With thanks to the OMs who
a grand 2021! encourage and support us.
www.alaskit.net • 907-371-7120
P.O. Box 56325 • North Pole, AK 99705 Visit us at www.ylrl.org
rate at which that information passes from your microcon- The first thing that happens in loop() is the definition of an
troller to the PC. (Other common values are 9,600; 19,200; integer variable named val. (Integer variables cannot have
and 115,200, although other baud rates are possible. fractional values; whole numbers only –W8TEE). The next
–W8TEE) The second statement in setup() uses a standard statement calls the analogRead() library function to read
Arduino pinMode() function call that says we want to use pin whatever value might be on the SWITCHES_ANALOG_PIN,
39 as a program input pin. This analog pin makes it possible or pin 39 of the Teensy. A function is nothing more than a
to read the voltage values from the resistor network shown small chunk of code someone wrote for you that performs
in Figure 1. some given task. In this case, it reads the analog voltage on
When all the statements in setup() have been executed, pro- pin 39 and maps it to a numeric value between 0 and 1023.
gram control immediately enters the loop() function. The loop() That numeric value is then assigned into val. Note that mul-
function is unusual because, when the last statement in loop() tiple expressions like we see in the statement:
finishes executing, program control loops back to the first
statement at the top of loop() and repeats all of the loop() state- val = analogRead(SWITCHES_ANALOG_PIN);
ments ... again. (Hmmm ... is that why they named it loop()? are processed from right to left. That is, the program performs
–W8TEE) This looping process continues until one of the fol- the call to analogRead() first, and then takes the value “pro-
lowing happens: 1) power is removed, 2) you perform a reset, duced” by that function call and assigns that value into val.
3) a component fails, or 4) the cows come home. We’ll assume Next, the code executes a function call to an Arduino-sup-
none of those conditions occurs for the moment. plied routine named delay(), which is designed to pause the
Figure 1. Schematic for push-button matrix.

Photo C. Finally, the if statement checks to
The normally- ensure we are reading a button press.
open (NO) push- If no button is pressed, the resistor net-
button matrix work will return a value close to 1023,
PCB. but always above UNPRESSED_
SWITCH (i.e., 1000). The two calls to
the Serial object pass information back
to your PC for display. The difference
between the print() and println() meth-
ods is that the latter is a “print line” (print-
ln()) method that moves the cursor to
the next line so any subsequent calls to
the print() method appear on a new line.
When the println() method finishes, pro-
gram control starts all over again at the
top of loop().
When I ran the program, the output on
my PC looked like:
microcontroller for so many millisec- contacts in the switch tend to vibrate The value of pressed switch is: 906
onds; 150 in this example. (The ‘L’ at and these can look like switch closures The value of pressed switch is: 847
the end of the 150 value is simply a to the Teensy. To the Teensy, glaciers The value of pressed switch is: 788
“memory-jogger” to remind the reader move faster than your fingers do. The The value of pressed switch is: 731
that this is a long int data type. (While delay prevents what the code thinks are
you could use a lowercase ell, ‘l’, don’t! multiple button pushes. This process of because I was pressing the switches
It looks too much like a 1-digit charac- delaying the processor while a switch in ascending order. Ta-Daa! This is
ter. –W8TEE). The reason for the delay “settles down” is called debouncing. (If exactly the sequence of values we
is because the Teensy 4.1 is so fast that you still see multiple messages printed hoped to see!
what seems to be a single button push from a single press, increase the delay I have also posted a program named
to you looks like multiple button push- to, say, 175, and see what happens PointerToFunctionExample.ino in the
es to the Teensy. This is because the –W8TEE). Files section of my website that shows
how you might actually use the push-
buttons to control a program. The key
to this second demo program is some-
thing called a function pointer. The fol-
lowing statement defines a function
HamCall ™ pointer:
int (*functionPtr[16])();
US and International
Callsign Database which can be verbalized as: “func-
tionPtr is an array of 16 pointers to func-
The most current and complete source for tions, of which each returns an int value.
over 2.5 million callsigns! Available on DVD Yeah, this seems like a mouthful, but
($50), USB ($54), and Download ($45).
it’s really easy to figure out such com-
HamCall.net 540-894-0907 plex data definitions if you use my
right-left rule for parsing complex data
definitions (see <https://tinyurl.com/
27s78f66>). If you look at the demo
code, you’ll see how easy it is to use
such pointers.
Conclusion
This article shows you how you might
conserve some pins that involve simple
button presses. You can use this tech-
nique with less / more than 16 switch-
es. All you would need to do is adjust
the voltage divider network. This poten-
tial pin savings come without adding
multiplexing circuitry and the code bur-
den is pretty light. Give it a try!
Notes:
1. I will be using my website: <https://
tinyurl.com/vrf6yyb4> for posting any pro-
grams or other information presented in
the column. It’s free to join.

LEARNING CURVE
BY RON OCHU, KOØZ
Capacitors: A Brief Primer
I
’d like to expand on what I’m calling my “Junk Box Series”
of columns. My first foray into the junkbox focused on resis-
tors. This month, let’s look at capacitors (Photo A). Just
like resistors, a healthy junk box cannot have too many capac-
itors. Let’s review from last month: Resistors impede, or
“resist,” current flow in a circuit. Resistors don’t care if cur-
rent flow is DC (direct current) or AC (alternating current).
Resistors will resist either one equally well.
Capacitors, on the other hand, will block DC current. But
under the right conditions, they will allow AC to flow Why?
Capacitors are frequency dependent.
Caps are Frequency Dependent Photo A. An assortment of commonly found capacitors.

Capacitors (“caps” in technician vernacular) will pass AC cur-
rent under certain conditions. Physicists and electrical engi-
neers call these “certain conditions” capacitance. According
to the Electronics Tutorials website: <https://tinyurl.com/
yzcx7w5p>, “capacitive reactance of a capacitor decreases
as the frequency across its plates increases. Therefore,
capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency ...
Also, as the frequency increases the current flowing into the
capacitor increases in value because the rate of voltage
change across its plates increases.”
Simply put, as a frequency gets higher a capacitor’s resis-
tance to that frequency will get lower. Theoretically, at some
frequency the capacitor’s resistance to it will become zero;
thereby, allowing the AC signal to flow unimpeded. This prin-
ciple is very important because combining it with inductance
creates a phenomenon called resonance. Just how is a
capacitor able to accomplish so much?
Plates & Storage Photo B. Chip caps do not have long wire leads to solder.
A capacitor has two leads. Each lead is connected to a metal- Chip caps are becoming more and more common in con-
lic plate (Figure 1). When a DC voltage is applied to the capac- sumer electronics as surface-mount devices.
itor, the current flow stops. However, the plate will charge to
the applied voltage value. One plate is positive and the other
is negative, thereby serving as a temporary voltage storage could do so much. A great website that animates capacitive
unit or battery. storage and AC can be found <https://tinyurl.com/3jnxhsa4>.
Electronic applications using capacitive DC blocking
abound. One of my favorites can be seen in Figures 2 and AC/DC
3, which are amplifier schematics. Figure 2 uses an NPN AC/DC the rock band? Wait, hold on a minute. I’m confused.
transistor and Figure 3 uses a vacuum tube. DC voltage is Didn’t the preceding paragraph read capacitors block DC but
applied to the transistor’s collector via an inductor coil. The allowed AC to pass through? Did I read that correctly? Yes,
problem arises as to how to get voltage to the transistor’s you did. Remember our friend capacitance? The properties
collector and not get the same DC voltage to the amplifi- of capacitance allow a capacitor to block DC while allowing
er’s output circuit (Ua), which could be another amplifier AC to flow.
stage or an antenna. Note the 20-pF (picofarad) capacitor
in series with the transistor’s collector and its output. The Air & Dielectric
amplified AC signal can pass through to the next stage As we’ve established, capacitors have two metal plates.
while blocking the DC voltage from reaching the transis- Some of these plates have a wire (lead) attached to each
tor’s output (Ua). plate; whereas surface-mount capacitors (chip caps) (Photo
Figure 3 is much the same. In this case, there is 2,000 volts B) don’t have wire leads so as to reduce stray capacitance.
DC on the tube’s plate. Capacitor C6 blocks the potentially In between a capacitor’s two metal plates can be air or a
lethal DC voltage from reaching the output while at the same material called dielectric. An entire course can be devoted to
time allowing the amplified AC signal to pass through. Neat, dielectrics. Suffice it to say, dielectric material is a poor con-
huh. Who’d think that two metal plates attached to wire leads ductor of electricity. Dielectric helps separate the metal
plates, reduce capacitor size, and affect a capacitor’s capac-
*Email: <ko0z@cq-amateur-radio.com itance properties. Air variable capacitors are commonly found

in antenna tuners and HF (high frequency) amplifiers (Photo a circuit can have some rather unpleasant results. Depending
C). An air variable capacitor works by turning a shaft moving on the circuit voltage, capacitor size and other factors, some
a series of rotatable metal plates between a series of sta- polarized caps can explode with a loud bang. The smell asso-
tionary metal plates. Capacitance is increased when the two ciated with burnt dielectric is unforgettable. A word to the
metal plates are fully intermeshed. Minimum capacitance wise: Ensure you identify the polarized capacitor’s leads
occurs when the plates are separated. Photo C shows an air before removing a bad one and soldering in its replacement.
variable capacitor at maximum capacitance. Polarized capacitors, also known as electrolytic capacitors,
are used primarily to filter and smooth rectified AC voltage in
Polarized Capacitors power supplies like the one in your shack (radio room), con-
Most capacitors don’t care which lead goes in first to be sol- verting household 110-volts AC to 13.8-volts DC.
dered. However, there are some capacitors that do care.
Polarized, or electrolytic, capacitors definitely care which lead Capacitance and Voltage Values
is soldered into which point in a circuit (Photo D) because Capacitors have capacitance, which is measured in Farads.
one lead is positive and the other is negative (Figure 4). Most ham radio applications see capacitor values in the pF
Soldering a negative capacitor lead into the positive side of (picofarad) and μF (microfarad) range. In addition to capac-
Figure 2. This circuit uses a 20-pF (picofarad) capacitor to block the 12V DC volt-
Figure 1. A capacitor has two metal age applied to the transistor’s collector from reaching the circuit output (Ua). At
plates. (All images courtesy of Wiki- the same time, the 20-pF capacitor allows an AC signal to pass on to the circuit’s
media Commons) output.
Photo C. An air variable capacitor. Both Figure 3. This circuit is much the same as Figure 2 but instead of a transistor, a
sets of plates are fully meshed so this vacuum tube amplifies an AC signal. Capacitor C6 passes the AC signal, but
capacitor is at maximum capacitance. safely blocks the 2,000-volts DC from the circuit output.

Figure 4. Schematic symbol for a
polarized (electrolytic) capacitor.
The positive lead is the anode and
the negative lead is the cathode.
Photo D. Electrolytic capacitors. Note the negative marking

indicating the capacitor’s cathode. Also note the values. The
top electrolytic capacitor has a value of 1,000 μF (micro-
farads) at 35-volts DC and the bottom one is 10-μF rated
Figure 5. Capacitors are used as electronic filters. This is
for 160-volts DC.
an example of a Pi-network.
value like resistors. Instead, seemingly cryptic numerals mark
a capacitor. For example, a common ceramic capacitor is
marked 104. The first two numerals are significant, in this case
10. The third numeral, 4, is the value 10 to the fourth power. In
other words, a 104 ceramic capacitor is 10 X 10,000 or 100,000
pF, which equates to 0.1 μF. This is just one example.
Other markings are associated with capacitors. Basically,
the older I get, the harder I find it is to remember all these
capacitor codes. So, I rely on the internet and have found a
few good websites for future reference. The website elec-
tronicnotes.com is a great reference for identifying capacitor
Fixed Polarized Variable marking codes <https://tinyurl.com/3avmjbaw>. Another
Capacitor Capacitor Capacitor
great web source for capacitor marking codes is <https://
tinyurl.com/sabw377z>.
Figure 6. From left to right, schematic symbols for a capacitor
a polarized (electrolytic) capacitor, and a variable Capacitor Sources
capacitor. Finding old junk electronics to cannibalize for parts is hard-
er to do these days. Occasionally, component grab bags at
itance values, a capacitor’s voltage rating is important. If a hamfests can be a good source. I’ve found online electronic
circuit’s voltage is high enough, an underrated capacitor can parts supply companies sometimes offer good deals on com-
arc over, resulting in its destruction. The takeaway is to monly used capacitors. Ebay and Amazon are other poten-
ensure the capacitor is rated for the circuit’s voltage. It’s per- tial sources as well estate sales, which may have compo-
fectly fine to have a higher voltage rated capacitor in a lower nents. [A note of caution on old capacitors: Many of them,
voltage circuit, but the converse is not okay. especially electrolytics, lose their capabilities over the years
and will fail if powered up after many years of non-use. We
Capacitor Uses recommend using new capacitors in any project that you take
Electrolytic capacitors are mostly used in power supply cir- on. – ed.]
cuits. We’ve looked at the DC blocking ability of capacitors.
Capacitors are also used to shape and filter audio as well as Schematic Symbols
radio circuits like the Pi-network in Figure 5. It is called a Pi- As your editor, I’d be remiss to not include a schematic sym-
network because the two capacitors joined by the inductor bol chart. Figure 6 depicts three commonly used capacitor
coil resemble the Greek letter Pi. symbols. The far left symbol is a common fixed-value capac-
Capacitors are also a vital component in phasing, which is itor such as the 104 ceramic capacitor. The middle symbol
an entirely different can of worms to tackle and beyond the is a polarized (electrolytic) capacitor like the ones found in
scope of this article. Capacitors can also be found in RF power supplies. The symbol on the right is a variable capac-
bypass circuits. Typically, a non-polarized capacitor with one itor like the one found in Photo C.
lead soldered to ground and the other to the positive side of Hopefully, this brief article gives you a bit better apprecia-
a circuit will bypass any unwanted RF to ground. Instead of tion of the important role capacitors and capacitance play in
RF bypassing to ground, capacitors can also be used to pro- electronic circuits. Filtering rectified AC voltage is an impor-
vide RF feedback for an oscillator circuit. Timing circuits also tant first step in ensuring your transmitted RF signal is clean.
utilize capacitors. I’ve only included a few of the more com- If you have a transceiver that allows you to shape your
mon capacitor uses, there are more that beyond the scope received audio, you are most likely changing capacitor val-
of this introduction. ues within the radio. It’s fun to shape received and transmit-
ted audio. Good luck with this aspect of your “junk box.” Thank
Identifying Capacitor Codes you for reading CQ magazine.
For the most part, capacitors don’t use color bands to indicate – Until next month, 73, Ron, KOØZ.

HOMING IN
BY JOE MOELL,* KØOV
Rules for Foxhunting and a Recap of the 2021 CQ Worldwide

Foxhunting Weekend
“W
hy were those radio direction finding (RDF) sets
impounded?” That was the question I received
in an email from Kirk Groeneveld, KC8JRV,
about my August column. He was referring to the photo of
receivers and antennas on a tarp at the start of the 80-meter
classic event of the USA ARDF Championships. Kirk won-
dered if they were there for inspection or calibration.
It is a good question that brings up the broad topic of rules
for hidden transmitter hunting. For high-profile contests in
Amateur Radio Direction Finding (ARDF), also called fox-
tailing and radio-orienteering, there may be participants from
many states and countries. It is important that each one has
a fair chance at winning medals and that everyone under-
stands how the event is run and scored. Since the first World
Championships in 1980, there have been detailed rules that
are written and approved by representatives of the partici-
pating nations through a committee of the International
Amateur Radio Union (IARU).
The procedures for classic ARDF competitions call for each
competitor to place his or her receiver into an impound area
upon arrival at the warm-up area near the start. The receivers
are not inspected by the organizers or judges. Individuals
can pick them up 10 minutes before assigned start time but
must not turn them on until their start signal is given and they
begin to run down the starting corridor and out onto the
course.
The purpose of impounding, like many of the other rules,
is to ensure fairness. No competitor should take any fox bear-
ings until he or she is “on the clock.” The pre-start impound-
ing facilitates this.
Rules, Rules, Rules

There are lots of other ARDF regulations designed to ensure Joe Perrigoue, K7KCE, and Liam are off to find the
uniformity and fairness as well as to minimize confusion. The 2-meter fox transmitters during the Foxhunting Weekend
latest rules for USA championships fill 32 pages. A summa- event at Hillcrest Park in Fullerton, California. (Photo by
ry can be found in my website1 and the complete rules are Joe Moell, KØOV)
available from ARRL.2
ARDF rules are regularly reviewed and revised. Changes start to give them information about the course. Of course,
often result from actual situations that have occurred during any such communication by radio, cell phone, or otherwise
events. For example, the latest versions allow for competi- is strictly forbidden and is immediately investigated by mem-
tors to pre-position their own spare receivers, batteries, bers of the jury overseeing the event.
headphones, or other components just beyond the starting One area of controversy in ARDF rulemaking concerns the
line in the starting corridor, plainly marked with the owner’s use of devices with GPS. Having a GPS map display on the
name. In case of a failure, the competitor can run back to the course would be an unfair advantage, of course. The USA’s
start and pick up a spare. There is no penalty, but all of this rules allow the carrying of cell phones for safety and GPS
time counts against the score. devices such as Fitbit for tracking and analysis, but the use
Despite these rules, does cheating occur? Fortunately, I of any such equipment for communication or navigation is
know of no such instances at the USA championships, but strictly forbidden.
there have been rare allegations at the multi-nation champi- For local ARDF practice and training sessions, there is no
onships elsewhere. Finishing competitors from some coun- need to closely follow all rules and procedures. At our annu-
tries have appeared to contact their teammates back at the al session at Hillcrest Park in Fullerton, California, during the
CQ Worldwide Foxhunting Weekend, there are no age / gen-
der categories, impounds, start / finish corridors, etc.
*P.O. Box 2508, Fullerton, CA 92837 Transmitters follow the standard IARU transmission
email: <k0ov@homingin.com> sequence and we start each competitor individually at 5-
Web: <www.homingin.com> minute intervals, but this is primarily to get them used to this

format, which they will encounter if they place in May, but there was a short- their Gray Owl site with a 2-meter hunt
go to the championships. course on-foot foxhunt and barbecue on on Saturday and 80 meters on Sunday.
Palomar Mountain in August. The Surrey Instead of having one course-setter
Events Are Resuming Amateur Radio Communications group each day, the Backwoods foxboxes
Some of the on-foot foxhunting groups held an 80-meter hunt at Crescent Park were given out to the hunters. Organizer
that have held Foxhunting Weekend get- in South Surrey, British Columbia on Joseph Huberman, K5JGH, wrote:
togethers in previous years did not do so August 28th. “Each person was assigned a region in
in 2021 due to lingering COVID con- The Backwoods Orienteering Klub’s which to set their transmitter and given
cerns. For instance, the annual San ARDF group in North Carolina had a full a briefing on thinking strategically in
Diego area ARDF session did not take weekend of radio orienteering in May at deciding where to set it. The results
were quite good with competitors
choosing different orders of finding and
there was even some friendly dis-
agreement on which route was prefer-
able. Everyone had been vaccinated at
least once, so we had a pizza lunch out-
side on the deck after the transmitters
were picked up on Sunday afternoon.”
Art Jury, KF7GD, learned on-foot fox-
hunting when he lived in southern
California. In March 2000, he came to
one of our sessions at Mile Square Park
in Orange County and took to the 2-
meter ARDF course with his son,
Arthur, riding in his backpack. On that
day, he had the best finish time in what
would today be called the M21 age cat-
egory. The photo of Art and Arthur is too
small to include in this article, but you
can see it on my website.3
Art now lives in Renton, Washington
and is an Elmer to the foxhunters in his
area. In July, he restarted the Pacific
Northwest T-hunters mail reflector4 and
began planning hunts with the Mike and
Key Amateur Radio Club (M&K-ARC).
Others soon joined in. Jay Jones, AE1J,
Newlyweds Stuart and Lisa Teramoto, KJ7OYF and KJ7OYE, had fun finding wrote an article with photos and detailed
transmitters at the first of a new series of on-foot foxhunts in Renton, Washington. instructions on how to build a tape-mea-
(Photo by Art Jury, KF7GD) sure Yagi for 2 meters in the M&K-ARC
newsletter, the K7LED Relay.
On August 21st, an antenna-building
workshop took place at Five Mile Lake
Park in Auburn. One week later was the
club’s first foxhunt at Phillip Arnold Park
on Renton Hill. Jim Kiniry, Jr., KE7JIM,
wrote that 21 people signed in and went
out to find four transmitters. There was
also a game of “leapfrog” where one
person hid a transmitter, the first to find
it hid it somewhere new, and so on.
Safe in Your Car

Social distancing during foxhunting is
easier when the hunters mostly stay in
their own vehicles. Nevertheless, there
were fewer mobile T-hunts than usual
on Foxhunting Weekend in 2021.
Severe COVID-related lockdowns pre-
vailed in Australia, so there was no
report from down under this year.
Many clubs began or resumed their
in-car RDF contesting during the sum-
Jay Jones, AE1J, helped the Washington State foxhunters build 2-meter mea- mer and fall months. One group that
suring-tape Yagis. He printed these unique element holders to make folding up hunted in May was the Edmonton Area
the antennas easy. (Photo by Art Jury, KF7GD) Fox Hunting League (EAFHL) in

Michael Baxla, KE8ICP, built a measuring-tape Yagi at a
workshop of the Athens County Amateur Radio Association A big foxhunt win deserves a big reward. This 20-inch tro-
and used it to win the club foxhunt in June. (Photo by Kirk phy went to the best team at a southwestern Missouri mobile
Groeneveld, KC8JRV) transmitter hunt. (Photo by Joe Moell, KØOV)
Alberta. Hunters started at Stratford School in west Murgas Amateur Radio Club in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Edmonton to hunt Sven Schumacher, VE6IDK. Sven was celebrated Foxhunting Weekend on May 15th with its 26th
successful in spreading out the finishers. The first took only Annual Foxhunt. Since 2016, this yearly event has been in
19 minutes to find him, but the last was out for an hour and memory of Robert Michael, N3FA (SK). Hider Joe Betz,
a half. KF3DI, said that he didn’t want to make it too difficult. It wasn’t
For most groups, the rules for their mobile hunts are rela- hard for winners Frank Bartalotta, N3TCS, and Ronald
tively simple. The signal must be heard at the starting point Zukosky, N3VTH, who found him in a record time of 18 min-
or in a certain area, there are stated boundaries and limits utes. A video of this hunt is on YouTube.7
on the type of road or distance from the road that the fox can
be, and so forth. But EAFHL has 37 detailed rules and the A Zootopia Trophy
scoring is a bit complex.5 All hunters must arrive at the start- KC8JRV, who wrote to ask about impounding receivers at
ing point 30 minutes ahead of time to register, then there is ARDF events, has been the prime mover behind a new series
a “shotgun start.” The hunter must transmit for 2 minutes, of mobile T-hunts in Athens and Hocking Counties in Ohio
then rest for 5 minutes, and give a “true clue” every half-hour. on Saturday mornings. Kirk organized a building session for
First to find is the winner. With at least a week’s notice, there measuring-tape Yagis in the parking lot of the Red Cross
can be special-rules hunts such as crossband-repeat, back- office in Athens. The first hunts were simple and when hunters
to-back, and tag-team. were getting close, the fox would reduce power to help them
Another group with detailed rules6 is the Motor City Radio continue to get bearings. Sometimes hunters would utilize
Club (MCRC) in Southgate, Michigan, which holds monthly the null in the rear of the Yagi as well as the forward lobe for
mobile T-hunts from May through October. They are gov- taking bearings. By September, they began using attenua-
erned by a list of 17 hider responsibilities, including notifying tors to knock down the signal when closing in. The winner is
police of hunts in their jurisdiction and distributing sealed the first to find the hider and gets to hold onto and display the
envelopes to the hunters with the fox’s hideout information. rotating trophy (a stuffed fox doll from the movie “Zootopia”)
If the envelope isn’t still sealed when a team arrives, its score until the next hunt.
doesn’t count. MCRC rules also include seven hunter respon- From some web surfing, I have discovered that other clubs
sibilities including admonitions to use common sense, stay are also getting into foxhunting, including the Lake Monroe
out of trouble, avoid risky situations, and obey all laws. Amateur Radio Society in Orlando, Florida; the Fort Wayne

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Radio Club in Indiana; the Pottstown Area Amateur Radio when they find one, they shoot the QR code on the foxbox
Club in Pennsylvania; and the Lewisville Amateur Radio to check in. In addition to name and callsign, they can input
Association near Dallas-Fort Worth airport in Texas. If you a note on the perceived difficulty of the hunt or any other com-
are in any of these groups, or other groups starting foxhunt- ments. The check-in log remains online for 5 days so all can
ing, please send me photos and stories. see who hunted and succeeded.8
Every year, I encourage clubs to try something different on As I described in August, mobile foxhunters in Connecticut
Foxhunting Weekend. Chris Owen, KC9CLO, Hunt and western Massachusetts are continuing their hunt-when-
Coordinator for the Ohio Valley Amateur Radio Club in you-can opportunities with unattended foxboxes in unusual
Indiana, did so in May. “This month’s hunt added some new public places. Now there are some traditional hunts also. In
concepts,” he wrote in the club newsletter. “The fox took the September, Mark Noe, KE1IU, put out a cluster of three QRP
mobile hunters to Scales Lake Park, where there were two 2-meter transmitters for the Radio Amateur Society of
more foxes. One fox was typical, with an audible tone. The Norwich (RASON). To help the hunters get close, he also
second produced a silent carrier, so it had to be hunted using transmitted and gave occasional clues on the input to a local
the signal meter on the radio. Both foxes were hidden in the repeater. The next day, Dave Tipping, NZ1J, organized a
woods, which removed the use of landmarks for taking bear- similar multi-fox mobile hunt in Wallingford.
ings. Everyone got some exercise and learned how to detect Thanks to all who are sending in stories and photos of your
a malicious signal if audio is not present.” local hunts. I also appreciate tips on where to find foxhunt-
The Central Vermont Amateur Radio Club has a fox trans- ing groups on the web and social media. The dates have
mitter in an ammunition can that is hidden unattended with- already been set for CQ’s Worldwide Foxhunting Weekend
in Washington County for 8 hours at a time. It transmits a in 2022, so clear May 14-15th on your calendar and plan a
short beep every 2 seconds and then sends CW identifica- hunt to remember.
tion each 20 beeps. On Foxhunting Weekend, Patrick Happy hunting!
Schlott, KC1DPM, put the box on top of Hubbard Park tower
in Montpelier. The winner of that hunt was Dillon Welch, Notes:
WS3RVO. 1. <http://homingin.com/intlfox.html#rules>
Foxhunters in the Richardson Wireless Klub get high marks 2. <https://tinyurl.com/36nyz4fk>
for technical innovation. Every Saturday morning in or near 3. <www.homingin.com/joek0ov/ardf2000.html>
Richardson, Texas, a fox begins transmitting on 144.500 MHz 4. <https://groups.io/g/pnwthunting>
5. <https://tinyurl.com/ar3tnmwf>
every few minutes. It continues until Sunday afternoon or until 6. <http://motorcityradioclub.roundtablelive.org/foxhunt>
the battery dies. There may also be another fox on UHF. 7. <www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S_35SWy764>
Individuals or teams hunt the foxes as time permits and 8. <www.kd4c.com/foxhunt-log>

MOBILING
BY JEFF REINHARDT,* AA6JR
Mobiling Hodgepodge
I
t’s been a few months since our last get-together, so in
this visit we’ll cover several different aspects of mobile
operations.
Antenna Mounts
We’ve devoted considerable space in this column to the chal-
lenges encountered when weighing the best way to mount
an antenna, or two, or three, on your vehicle. Newer multi-
band radios introduce the need for HF, VHF, and / or UHF
skyhooks. There’s an ever-expanding list of options but I
recently came upon some ideas that pertain mainly to pick-
up trucks, and why not, what with that particular form of vehi-
cle currently the most popular choice among buyers.
The advantage for hams is that pickups often offer a vari-
ety of sturdy mounting locations, including stake mounts at
all four corners of the bed, trailer hitches, substantial
bumpers, and more.
During some of my recent travels around southern
California I snapped some photos that caught my attention
(Photos A and B) and one of these choices might be work-
able for supporting HF, VHF, or UHF antennas.
The first item I saw was made by Thule <www.thule.com>
and I learned at the company’s website it makes roof and
bed racks for all types of vehicles, including sedans, wag-
ons, SUVs, and pickups. There’s an amazing array of choic-
es, some of which look ideal to support one or more anten-
nas, without the need to drill holes in the vehicle. However
— if using a rack to support your antennas, it would be smart
to route a ground strap between the rack and the vehicle’s
body or chassis.
Another provider is Backrack <www.backrack.com>, which
I noticed when I pulled up behind a utility truck at a traffic sig-
nal. What impressed me was the sturdy construction that
supported emergency lights, radio antennas, and protected
the rear window of the vehicle when loading or unloading
cargo. It may do more but I’m not an expert on this type of
equipment. The website offers a bevy of choices when it
comes to racks and related accessories.
For the record, I have no connections with or financial inter-
ests in either company but thought it might be useful to pass
along what I observed in the interest of expanding our col-
lective ideas on mounting antennas.
The Radio Supply

If you’re considering the purchase of a new radio, be it mobile,
handheld, or base, (or maybe asking Santa to bring one) you
may want to check with your favorite vendor(s) on their sup-
ply situation. While we’ve not heard of empty store shelves
yet, I overheard a ham saying his preferred rig was back-
ordered and awaiting arrival. That situation could be trace-
able to the backup in U.S. ports on both coasts. At the time
of this writing, over 70 container ships were anchored off-
shore at the Long Beach / Los Angeles port, waiting for a
berth to unload. When you consider large container ships
Photos A. and B. These aftermarket racks were noticed
while your author was driving about. Both examples appear
*5904 Lake Lindero Drive, Agoura Hills, CA 91301 sturdy and more than able to support antennas without
E-mail: <aa6jr@cq-amateur-radio.com> drilling holes in the vehicle. (All photos by the author)

Photo C. No, this isn’t Normandy on D-Day; it’s just a small part of the many ships waiting to be unloaded at the ports of
Long Beach and Los Angeles. Might there be shipments of ham radios or accessories in some of those containers? Similar
backups have been experienced on the east coast.
One of the enjoyable activities for mobile return to normal and allow such enjoyable and informative
events to resume.
operators is county hunting ... and it’s a great
pursuit on its own but also a terrific way to make Time For That Winter Tune Up
new friends As autumn fades into winter, consider this annual reminder to
give your mobile rig a thorough going over, from battery con-
can carry some 20,000 containers, that’s a lot of merchan- nections to the tip of the antenna. Be sure to include a look at
dise stranded offshore (Photo C). So, some patience may be the power connections to the radio, inspect the quick-discon-
required if your preferred radio or accessory is among the nect for any oxidation on the contact surfaces, the antenna
cargo that’s trying to make its way to your QTH. port for same, and the antenna itself for any rust or corrosion
More fallout from the shipping situation could be reflected brought on by the heating, cooling, and occasional rainstorms
in increased costs for just about anything that’s imported. of the spring and summer months. A checkup using an SWR
The expenses for moving containers are rising and air freight meter is also a smart practice as it can tip you off to problems
is an option but not a low-cost alternative. with coax cables and the antenna itself. We sometimes for-
There’s another factor that could be coming into play, and get that antennas are exposed to extreme conditions and they
that is the shortage of silicon chips that operate just about occasionally take impacts from items like tree branches or
everything these days, including household appliances, vehi- parking garage ceilings. I had one antenna fail due to a cracked
cles and yes, ham radios. It’s a classic “supply and demand” base that allowed water into the loading coil.
story with chip manufacturers hobbled by employee absen- An oft-overlooked area is the ground side of the antenna;
teeism and large orders that were cancelled, both items relat- be sure it has a reliable and corrosion-free connection to the
ed to COVID-19 impacts. As the large auto manufacturers vehicle’s body. Trunk-lip mounts are especially susceptible
learned, chip manufacturing can’t be turned on and off like to “iffy” ground connections, so be sure that type of mount
a light bulb, it will take time for new manufacturing capacity has a good “bite” into bare, rust-free metal. A ground strap
to come online and the backlogged orders filled. from the vehicle’s body to the trunk lid is a good additional
If there’s a bottom line here it might be, “If you see the radio measure, especially if one is operating HF frequencies from
you want is in stock and available, buy it now,” a trunk-lip-type mount.
County Hunters’ 2022 Convention Your Ideas Needed!

One of the enjoyable activities for mobile operators is coun- Please send photos and any tips you may wish to share on
ty hunting (see the awards section of CQ for more informa- your mobile installation. Each one is unique and your expe-
tion on this challenging endeavor) and it’s a great pursuit on riences may help another ham achieve a great mobile instal-
its own but also a terrific way to make new friends, pass the lation. Just send your photos and info to the email address
time while on the road or operating from home. And it’s a shown at the beginning of this column.
thrill to mark the milestones along the way to completing CQ’s
USA-Counties Award (USA-CA). On taking up this challenge, Emergency Operations
those in pursuit of contacts with all 3,077 qualifying counties, Kudos to all the hams who helped out during the weather
parishes, or zones can look for support from a number of dif- emergencies that plagued the southern and eastern states
ferent entities. Noteworthy among them is the Mobile this year. Once again, our dispersed resources, both base
Amateur Radio Awards Club, or MARAC. You can learn more and mobile, proved to be resilient and ready when needed
about it at <www.marac.org>, a website where you will find during and immediately after the storm events. Let’s hope
a wealth of information. 2022 provides a respite from the extremes we’ve recently
MARAC also holds a number of get-togethers throughout experienced.
the year at various locations across the U.S., but you may Nevertheless, winter’s storms can pack a punch practical-
want to make plans for its October 2022 conference in ly anytime, so be prepared and keep that fuel tank at least
Bozeman, Montana. Not only is that a beautiful part of the half full at all times.
country, but think of the contacts you’ll make traveling to and And when moving about in the winter months, there’s added
from the gathering. Sadly, with COVID-19 still making the security in knowing your mobile rig is ready and at your dis-
rounds, the prudent planner will stay informed as to the sta- posal any time you’re on the road. Here’s to a great new year
tus of any and all scheduled gatherings but hopefully, life will and many miles of Happy Mobiling! – 73, Jeff, AA6JR

DIGITAL CONNECTION
BY DON ROTOLO,* N2IRZ
Bright Lights, Not-so-Big City

A Simple Short-Distance Communication Path Using Light
T
his month we’ll take a look at a somewhat unconven- range, and capturing the light signal cannot be easier. While
tional kind of digital data link, using a 461-THz trans- I have not measured the ultimate range, I speculate it is at
mitter and compatible receiver. This has been done least a few hundred feet at worst.
before (including by me), so we’re not breaking any new The reasoning behind all this effort is twofold; First, to see
ground here, but if you like to play around and have a limited if a laser could be used to establish a short link between my
budget, the basic idea can be adapted to many different uses. house and the garden shed equipment I plan to house in
The short version is that it’s a laser link. The inexpensive there. Second, to show how a simple circuit can be used as
laser module that I used can be modulated at a higher fre- a communications link, perhaps for the next microwave con-
quency than I can easily measure, well above the audio test — not much competition on the 400-THz band. I was
inspired by an article in the April 2015 issue of CQ by Irwin
Math, WA2NDM, for a kilowatt optical transmitter. While the
*c/o CQ magazine publication month suggests something tongue-in-cheek, it
Email : <N2IRZ@cq-amateur-radio.com> did get me thinking.
Photo A. The proof-of-concept test setup. At left, held by the “helping hand,” is the laser module (about the size of a pencil
eraser, follow the wires) and at right is the big red LED (with a clear case, held by the alligator clip). Using nothing but the
TNC output driving the laser, the LED delivered a reasonable-fidelity 0.16-volts p-p signal as seen on the oscilloscope in
Photo C.

I’d had the idea of trying this since Going further, I remembered the loop- test packet is fed into the receive side
then, but — as with many of my ideas back test from the assembly process. In of the modem, and the yellow DCD LED
— it only came back to the surface when addition to generating a test tone, and green OK LEDs should light up if
I visited the website of American releasing the button generates — after the test packet is decoded.
Science & Surplus <www.sciplus.com> a brief delay — a test UI (Unnumbered So, I simply connected the big red LED
and happened to come across item Information) packet, lighting the blue to the RXA test point and ground and
#67267, a 5-mW, 5-volt DC, 650- TX-QUEUE and red TX LEDs on the pressed and released the TX test button
nanometer (nm) laser module, sold in a board. As I learned during the con- to fire off a packet. And, to my surprise,
pack of five for $5.95, did I really start struction process, if TXA is connected the DCD (Data Carrier Detect) and OK
to see the idea coming to life. When the to RXA, the transmitted audio for this LEDs lit up as they did during the loop-
USPS delivered them, I was like a kid
on his birthday, immediately cobbling an
old USB cable to deliver 5 volts to the
laser module and seeing what came
out. I’d like to say it was amazing, but in
reality it was just another laser pointer
of sorts.
Many years ago, when I was writing
for CQ VHF, I described a laser com-
munications system that used a rela-
tively inexpensive laser pointer. This
idea is similar, but the laser pointer had
some significant frequency-response
issues that were related to the capaci-
tors for the voltage input circuitry. These
modules have no such limitations, and
can operate at a frequency well above
audio, too high for me to measure.
My first step was to see if the NinoTNC
could drive the laser module directly. I
tried an A3 board first, connecting to pin
8 of the U1 output op-amp. Pressing the
Test TX button, it made the laser glow
but not very brightly. Then I tried an A4
board directly at the TXA test point,
which the specs say should be about Photo B. The connection points for the proof-of-concept laser drive signal on a
2.2-volts peak-to-peak (p-p), and got NinoTNC A4 board. Note the Data and DC settings on the Signals switch (top
much better results. I selected DC cou- center). For the final system, the DE-9 connector is used for both TXA and RXA.
pling — effectively bypassing C18 —
and data output level (as opposed to mic
level) using switch S3 and got a bit more
brightness on the laser.
You might not know this, but a plain
old LED makes a great light detector for
the same color light as the LED gener-
ates. While it is possible to get an LED-
type detector that is better optimized for
receiving purposes, it also is more
expensive and less likely to be in the
junk box, even if it’s slightly better at the
task. So, I chose a huge (10-millimeter)
red LED that I had in the junkbox. I tried
a couple, but the big LED was giving me
the best output voltage from the red
laser module I had, so I used it.
As a proof of concept, I then posi-
tioned the laser to point directly at the
big red LED and, spanning a distance
of about 2 feet, I pressed the TX test
button on the TNC (Photo A and B).
Pressing the TX test button generates The schematic of the op-amp circuit I used to drive the laser module. Adjust the
a test tone of about 1.25 kHz (when S1 bias potentiometer so the pin 1 output is least distorted, then adjust the output
“MODE” is set for 1,200 baud). Using level potentiometer to about 2.4-volts DC and less than 5-volts peak-to-peak, to
the scope connected to the LED, I mea- avoid overdriving the 5-volt laser module. The ratio of the 100k and 10k resistors
sured a recovered signal with a voltage sets the gain, in this case 10. None of the other values are particularly critical; try
of about 0.16-volts p-p (Photo C). using what’s in the junkbox first.

Photo D. My red retro-reflector. Far easier to use than a mir-
ror, however somewhat less efficient. The slight red glow at
the center is the laser beam, somewhat dim because the
photo was taken off-axis.
Photo C. Oscilloscope screens for the input (top) and output

waveforms for the proof-of-concept. The 2.21-volt p-p out-
put directly from the NinoTNC board was sufficient to drive
the laser, and the plain LED used as a receiver delivered
0.16-volts p-p with enough fidelity to decode the test packet
successfully. Don’t you just love when a concept test works
out so nicely?
Photo E. The receiver box. The big red LED is on the left,
at the crosshairs, and the 8-by-10-inch Fresnel lens is on
back test. This meant the received UI packet has been decod- the right. I saved the bag for the lens, it’s just lying in the box
ed successfully. The output of the LED, with no other circuit- for safekeeping. The LED was moved forward on a sepa-
ry, was enough for the receive section to operate. rate piece of cardboard until it was at the focal point for the
OK, we’re doing well, but that laser was way too dim for lens, then taped in place.
outdoor operations over 100 feet or more. Rummaging
through the junkbox, I uncovered some op-amps and I select-
ed a TL082 dual op-amp for the next step. I cobbled togeth- you decide to build this, set the drive level before connecting
er the circuit (Figure 1) and connected the input to the TXA the laser module, then adjust the bias and, if necessary, revis-
test point. And, of course, it didn’t work at all. it the drive level. I used the oscilloscope to make sure the drive
My first step was to properly adjust the bias potentiometer wasn’t higher than 5-volts p-p. Of course, I’d bought five laser
so the op-amp would deliver the test sine wave. While mon- modules, so burning one out wouldn’t have been a disaster.
itoring the big red LEDs output on the scope, I twiddled the A quick test at short range (inches) was successful, after
potentiometer until a reasonably nice waveform was seen. some minor tweaks to both the bias and drive levels. Now I
The next step was to adjust the laser module drive voltage was measuring the LED’s full output, about 1.4-volts p-p,
so that I didn’t burn it out. I chose to set the output level to roughly the same as when in an early test I pointed the laser
about 2.4-volts DC while holding the test TX button down, module — powered by 5-volts directly — at it.
producing what appeared to be a full-brightness level. Now that I was seeing (literally) some real transmit power,
I did get lucky that the drive voltage was inadvertently low it was time to increase the distance. Since I was still using a
enough when I started, because the op-amp — using a wall- single NinoTNC for testing, I needed to have the laser mod-
wart delivering about 16 volts like I used — can deliver quite ule and the big red LED next to each other. I thought about
a bit more voltage than the 5-volt laser module can handle. If mounting a mirror on the other end of the lab to reflect the

ceived laser light into a much smaller
spot, with the red LED right at that spot.
Using the gain from this “antenna”
greatly increases the range of the sys-
tem by increasing the (optical) signal
level at the LED.
So now the moment of truth: Will the
received signal over my 37-foot test dis-
tance light up the green OK LED on the
modem? Yup, it sure did. The oscillo-
scope says I have about a volt and a
half of signal — remember, this is direct-
ly from the LED, no other circuitry is
involved — and, although the sine
waveform is somewhat distorted, the
frequency of the waveform is what’s
most important, and it seems like it
works well.
With that success in mind, I moved the
op-amp from the proto-board to a piece
of perfboard, connected the detector
LED and laser with a couple feet of wire
each, and made a stable mounting for
the laser using a small piece of pink
foam mounted to a small tripod.
Photo F. The final transmit setup with the op-amp on perfboard and the laser (in One last test: I placed the reflector out
the pink foam) mounted to a small but stable photographer’s tripod. in the yard, about 135 feet from a win-
dow — meaning a round-trip of about
270 feet — and set up the system. I did
laser, which allowed for a link of 37 feet tion and angle were critical. Because I this at night, to ease laser aiming, which
in total, but it was difficult to align the couldn’t take measurements and make was a little fiddly with the tripod. Aligning
laser, mirror, and receive LED all at the adjustments while I was holding the the receive “antenna” took some time,
same time. LED, I decided to use an old cardboard as I had to monitor the received wave-
After several minutes of frustration, I box to get the height right, and some form’s amplitude with the oscilloscope.
hit upon the idea to use a retro-reflec- masking tape to hold things in place, but While I didn’t get the alignment perfect,
tor instead of a mirror (Photo D). A retro- it was somewhat unstable. Even then, and it was also somewhat unstable, I
reflector has a series of tiny cube the voltage from the LED was consid- did manage to get the green OK indi-
shapes arranged at an angle such that erably less than before, so I needed to cator to light twice, in about 30 tries. The
any light that hits it is bounced back in think on it. biggest issue was receive LED align-
exactly the same direction from whence Poking around the lab, I found one of ment stability, and the results, while
it arrived. Highway signs are retro- those page-size Fresnel lens magni- repeatable, were not reliable (Photo F).
reflective, as are those little red (or other fiers, the kind you can get for a couple That’s about all the space I have this
color) reflectors found on trailers and of dollars to magnify a book page, for month, but my plans for this system
rural mailboxes. I had such a trailer example. Using another old cardboard include adding modulation to the signal
reflector and placed it on my storage box, I made a frame to mount the lens instead of transmitting at baseband,
cabinet across the lab. on the front and the LED at the focal and perhaps some filtering for the
Aiming the laser was easy. I used my point for the lens (Photo E). While, in received signal at audio to reduce the
“helping hand” alligator clip and care- theory, any light striking the lens will be distortion. For outdoor use, I think that
fully aimed the laser until it hit the reflec- refracted to the focal point, meaning using a cardboard or plastic tube at the
tor. I was careful to avoid looking direct- that as long as the laser beam hit the receiver, perhaps with a red light filter,
ly at the laser light reflected from it, lens, it should hit the LED (simplifying might help reduce the effects of stray
because it could damage my eyes, aiming), the reality is not as easy. light. While this system is only margin-
which I need to see with. Although the Bottom line is that the laser needs to be ally practical at this point, it certainly
laser module is rated at 5 mW, I read in aimed to hit the center of the lens as works and seems that efforts to make it
another magazine that recent tests by closely as possible to ensure good even better could be worthwhile.
the government found that many laser focus at the LED. If nothing else, it’ll be a nifty setup for
modules can output several times their I monitored the received signal with the microwave contest, even if true line-
rated optical power, well into the haz- the oscilloscope, looking for maximum of-sight is a requirement. I’ll need to play
ardous range. Be careful! amplitude. I found that signal levels of with a better way of easily aiming the
Aligning the big red LED was trickier, about 150-millivolt (0.15-volt) worked receive LED if I want to go much further
because it essentially had to sit direct- just fine with the receive switch (“sig- than backyard distances, including a
ly behind the laser module, but not in its nals” switch 2) in the 11x (high-gain) way to fine-tune the position while main-
shadow. When I hand-held the LED, position, but I didn’t try it with smaller taining stability. If you have any ideas
hunting for an optimal position — as signals, or in the 1x position. for how to achieve that, drop me a line,
determined by the voltage seen by the Basically, the lens is like a parabolic as it’s always nice to hear from you.
oscilloscope — I found that both posi- (dish) antenna, concentrating the re- – Until next time, 73 de N2IRZ

THE HAM NOTEBOOK
TEXT AND PHOTOS BY WAYNE YOSHIDA*, KH6WZ
Retired but Not Dead – Ham Radio’s Role in Retirement
A
s the holiday season approaches, 1. Pre-Retirement: This is five to 15 or It is life without the stress of going to an
I always pause to reflect on the more years before retirement. This is a office to put in a day’s work. He spends
past, consider my current situa- shift from career building to financial his days re-connecting with friends and
tion, and think about plans for my future. planning. The article mentions the need family and doing all the “weekend
As I hit one of those “benchmark birth- to include emotional planning — that is, things” he always wanted to do, but
days” this year, I continue to think about make sure you are going to have fun and never had the time to do.
my retirement. I have been a ham for have a feeling of accomplishment. My 3. Disenchantment: To me this is like
over 45 years, which is a considerable co-worker calls this her “twilight years.” seeing a heavily promoted movie, with
portion of my lifetime. Of course, as 2. Full Retirement: When retirement high anticipation. But when you finally
soon as I say this, there will always be begins and from one to two years after. go to see the movie, because the hype
someone who “beats me” in that com- One of my ham friends is in this stage. was so intense, the result is disap-
petition of time and aging.
Since I do not have any regrets and I
am satisfied with my life and career, this
may impact my satisfaction when I
make the transition from “working guy”
to “retired guy.”
Because I identify so strongly with my
career, and since my career means
(meant?) so much to me, I am afraid that
my transition may create some stress
and dissatisfaction in my new phase.
Ham radio and my other favorite hob-
bies — as well as new ones I am inves-
tigating — may be some things that will
help me avoid retirement stress and
depression. Dennis Kidder, W6DQ, is
one of my “retired ham radio heroes,”
since he continues to be active in life and
on the air after retirement (see Photo A). Photo A. Dennis Kidder, W6DQ, a retired engineer working on a project.
Taking a cue from my older friends,
parents, and relatives, I often see them
as examples of what not to do. So, I try
to learn from their mistakes. I am chart-
ing a course that will help me enjoy my
“next phase” in life.
Please understand this is a story
about how I will be incorporating my
strongest lifetime hobby of ham radio
into my retirement plans. I am not a
retirement planner or financial advisor.
While I have had some good success
in investing in my retirement benefit
plans from my employers over the
years, I consider this purely accidental
and lucky. Please seek advice from
your professional experts.
Research
As I started to do some research on
retirement planning, I came across an
article (see References) that says there
are five phases of retirement everyone
goes through. It goes like this:
email: <kh6wz@cq-amateur-radio.com>
Linkedin: Photo B. Building something interesting will always keep me busy and hopefully
www.linkedin.com/in/wayneTyoshida help keep my mind sharp.

this stage. At a holiday gathering, he said that he never
thought he would get tired of going fishing. He became so
bored, he started a catering business and became quite suc-
cessful. Jocko Willink calls this “finding your next mission.”
5. Reconciliation and Stability: This may start at about 15
years into retirement. Retirees are having a fun and reward-
ing retirement. Health issues may become a concern, so tak-
ing steps to stay healthy is important.
My Plan
I have developed a multi-part plan as I approach retirement:
• Keep on hamming. To combat the warnings of becoming
depressed or dissatisfied with life, and to keep my mind occu-
pied, ham radio will continue to be something I enjoy. Having
more free time means I will have more time to start and com-
plete my long list of projects to build, new modes to try and
places to go (DXpeditions). Building something will continue
to be part of my ham radio in retirement experiences (see
Photo B).
• As my eyesight continues to age, I am preparing my work-
bench to include an inspection microscope with ring light illu-
minators and I am looking at several digital microscopes to
help me see very close. These units are quite affordable, in
Photo C. Working together, solving problems, and socializ-
the $100 to $200 range. Use the search term “soldering
ing with ham radio can help reduce stress and improve sat-
microscope” to see currently available systems.
isfaction in life.
• Seek professional advice from a retirement planner / finan-
cial advisor. I am pleasantly surprised that I did well in this
pointing. This can cause stress, boredom, loneliness, and area. I have always been a “saver” and learned to be this
depression. way because of my parents — Mom was a housewife and
4. Reorientation: This usually happens after retirees quick- took care of us kids, and Dad was a blue-collar worker and
ly go through their “bucket list” and then no longer feel a pur- had — Social Security. Back then there were no 401(k) plans
pose in life. I remember when my favorite uncle went through and all that. When he passed away, we inherited his debts.

• Decide whether to downsize my Readers of this column already know I have seen this first-hand, early in my
house. It is too big, but my friend about my “inventory reduction mission.” career. I met an older person at work
Vanessa suggested that I should con- This mission continues and may help who was approaching retirement. He
sider keeping the house, since the me with my downsizing decision. did not make it. He had a heart attack
unused rooms and garage will remain in his office and passed away a few days
useful for ham radio activities and stor- Avoiding the Dangers later. That was a shocking experience,
ing stuff. In addition, she reminded me • Continue self-improvement, and this and I always kept this in mind — I do
that “money toward storage is not a includes exercising to get in better phys- not want to die at work.
writeoff unless it is for business purpos- ical shape and improve my overall health.
es, whereas a mortgage payment is a HelpGuide, a mental health website, Staying Social
tax write off and once paid there’s just says “… retired people, especially those Ham radio, in all aspects, includes ele-
taxes, homeowner association fees, in the first year of retirement, are about ments of socializing. This is important,
and insurance. Storage costs will only 40% more likely to experience a heart since not having co-workers eliminates
increase.” This is excellent advice, attack or stroke than those who keep daily interaction, collaboration, and
something I did not consider. working.” problem-solving. But having radio club
meetings, making QSOs, participating
in radio nets or contests, becoming
involved in public service and many
other ham-related activities increases
socialization and camaraderie, as
shown in Photo C.
Other aspects of ham radio, such as
studying for a license upgrade exam,
learning how to use a new operating
mode, and building something can chal-
lenge skills to keep our minds sharp.
What Does ‘Retired’ Mean?

Even in retirement from work, most of
my retired friends are doing some inter-
esting things and are not just sitting at
home in a rocking chair, watching TV
with a cat sitting on their lap. Most of my
retired friends say they are busier than
Last Year, our members worked thousands of hours for ever but are enjoying life. For example,
NO PAY
one of my neighbors is on a long cruise,
with ports of call all over the world.
Many of my retired ham friends are
engaged in technical projects like con-
And this year are well on their way to doing sulting at various companies as design-
EVEN MORE!
ers or project managers or using their
“working skills” as volunteers.
I know many CQ readers are retired
or about to retire. If you are reading this,
take a moment and share your experi-
WHY? ences and advice for the transition time
from work or career to the life of relax-
Because they are giving back to their communities! They are ation and enjoyment — and ham radio’s
role. I would appreciate your stories and
helping with civic events, motorist assistance AND MORE, advice, and I think many readers will,
too. – 73, Wayne, KH6WZ
yes even emergencies and disasters, if needed!
References:
• A Guide to the Common Retirement Stages
CONTACT and What to Expect: <https://tinyurl.com/
47su5ryr>
REACT INTERNATIONAL • Jocko Podcast 118 with Dan Crenshaw —
Always Find a Mission <https://youtu.be/
301-316-2900 71kbGdc1AIc>
Or write to • “Adjusting to Retirement: Handling the
Stress and Anxiety,” by Lawrence Robinson
REACT INTERNATIONAL and Melinda Smith, M.A.: <https://tinyurl.com/
P.O. Box 21064, Dept CQ100 ytjywn6e>
Glendale, CA 91221 • Retired but Not Dead – Your LinkedIn Profile
is Not Your Obituary: <https://tinyurl.com/
RI.HQ@REACT Intl.org ypnk42pm>

AWARDS
BY STEVE MOLO,* KI4KWR
The Future of Awards in Amateur Radio, Part II
L
ast month I began discussing an interesting topic brought
to my attention via readers and local club members, the
future of awards in amateur radio. And well; did I get
some feedback, and in time for Part II of this topic. I heard
some positive and some negative thoughts on what is going
on and how people feel at the Huntsville Hamfest, the North
Alabama DX Club Dinner, and the W4DXCC convention.
ARRL DXCC
When I asked about the DXCC program, many had no idea
there was a program and what was required. Of those, most
were newer hams, either Technicians or Generals. When I
explained the basics, I learned that most of the Techs were
already working towards General and would now have some-
thing tangible to work towards. Even the quick explanation
of cost and passing them off to the ARRL Booth at Huntsville
Hamfest for a better explanation, I got a “thank you” after-
wards from both the operator and the ARRL.
When I asked the same question at W4DXCC, the views
were, “Well, I have had it for many years,” but some were
working toward single-band DXCC on 10 and 6 meters. There
were no negative feelings expressed except from a seasoned
operator who felt ARRL life members should not have to pay.
Honestly, stop being cheap and if you want it, get it.
ARRL WAS (Worked All States)

This was the next ARRL award I inquired about and amaz-
ingly, once explained, the folks I talked to were easily happy
to work toward it. When it is work all 50 states and submit,
how hard could it be? This question was asked to a local
amateur who just got his General this year and has already
worked at least one station and LoTW confirmation received
in 6 months. The operator’s goal is not to stop there and get
multiple bands and modes confirmed then submit for the
award, so it is a one-time application.
When I asked about WAS at the hamfest and W4DXCC to
new faces I have never seen before, I got the ever-so-pop-
ular answer, “There is an award for this?” After the explana-
tion and some interaction with fellow operators we gained
more interest. This is not a jab at the ARRL, but a few did
say maybe once a year, a website post and QST article on
it would help. Now I know not everyone is a League mem-
ber, so it is on Elmers and clubs to get the awards explained
and understood. This also helps increase ARRL member-
ship since it is required for U.S. operators applying for either
DXCC or WAS.
Awards Around the World

My role as the CQ Awards Editor is to bring new and current
award awareness to the readers of this column and maga-
zine. This is not easy at all, and I do find awards still avail-
able, but some have lost support from the award sponsor or
sponsoring clubs. So, if you have an award that may be some-
thing for another operator to work towards, let me know.
Thank you to those who have reached out to me on past arti-
cles and ideas for future ones.
*Email: <KI4KWR@cq-amateur-radio.com>

VHF PLUS
BY TRENT FLEMING,* N4DTF
International VHF Activity Adds Flavor & Challenges
Photo A. A 2-meter transatlantic opening between the eastern portion of the Caribbean and the Canary Islands occurred
in late August.
I
’m introducing an international flavor into the column this between California and Hawai’i, a topic I previously dis-
month. All around the world, our amateur colleagues par- cussed in this column. Some suggested Saharan dust from
ticipate in VHF Plus activities, and occasionally these may Africa may have enhanced those conditions. Regardless,
overlap with our own. the duct was there and visible on various propagation maps,
The quest for transatlantic contacts impacts several conti- and amateurs were able to leverage the propagation to com-
nents, and our report on activity this summer will show some plete these contacts. Put this in the category of listening,
important successes. calling, and paying attention to propagation information to
We will look at an Australian VHF contest that coincides have the best chance of being in the right place at the right
with the Winter Sporadic-E (Es) season here in North time. Thanks again to John for his information, and willing-
America, and finally at efforts to experiment on a potential ness to share.
new band for the U.S., 8 meters.
VHF Down Under
Crossing the Atlantic Now, let’s look at the Ross Hull contest from Australia. Every
Our Irish friend, John Desmond, EI7GL, maintains an excel- year since 1950, the Wireless Institute of Australia (WIA) has
lent blog on all things ham radio at <ei7gl.blogspot.com>. conducted a contest in memory of the life and achievements
Recently, he reported on an Africa-to-Caribbean 2-meter of Ross A Hull, a former editor of QST magazine.
opening that was quite impressive (Photo A). On August 19th The contest is a distance-based marathon open to all radio
and 20th, stations in the Canary Islands worked Guadeloupe amateurs that runs the entire month of January and covers
and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, as well as stations to the bands from 6 meters and up (220 and 900 MHz are exclud-
northeast in Spain and Portugal (Photo A). There were voice, ed). The higher the frequency, the more the points are added
digital, and of course CW transmissions involved. for each contact.
This transatlantic propagation was likely caused by tro- Who was Ross A. Hull? And what is the relationship between
pospheric ducting, similar to that which frequently occurs the WIA and QST? Hull was born in Victoria, Australia in 1902
and was originally licensed as OA3JU. Later Australia adopt-
* <n4dtf@cq-amateur-radio.com> ed the VK prefix and his call changed to VK3JU.

Hull was secretary of the WIA and vis- Hull, and the VHF contest held in his the west coast of the Emerald Isle. The
ited the U.S. in 1926. The ARRL identi- honor. Quite a ham to be revered on two beacon, EI1CAH, operates with 25
fied him as a talented amateur and he continents, don’t you think? watts of power, from 0700-0100 UTC
was appointed as an assistant editor of In addition to the historical value, I every day. The frequency is 40.015
QST. After moving back to Australia in hope promoting this contest might MHz (Photo B).
the late 1920s he was again lured back encourage more of you to listen for 6- I’m claiming 8 meters for VHF and up
to the U.S. in the early 1930s, and again meter Es openings during the North folks, because it is very similar to 6
appointed an editor of QST in 1938, the American winter season. Perhaps you meters. It shares characteristics with
year of his accidental death. will make your first VK or ZL contact, or the higher frequencies, and occasion-
James Cain, K1TN, discussed the life something even more exotic. Activity ally offers F2 propagation as well. This
Ross Hull: reports are always welcome! band will also typically respond to Es a
bit earlier than 6 meters, and thus can
Ross Hull may have lived in Vernon, 8 Meters? Yes! 8 Meters! serve as a good indication that Es is
Connecticut (as Wikipedia says), but Rounding out our international flavor building in a certain location. Tim’s bea-
from what I heard in the 1970s, from a this month, Tim, EI4GNB, reports on the cons can certainly help with predicting
real old timer, Hull had his VHF station establishment of an 8-meter beacon on those paths.
at a “cottage” in Bolton, Connecticut
which would have been pretty much
empty pastureland in the late ‘30s.
George Washington, with his troops on
the way from Rhode Island west,
camped in either Bolton or Andover.
Making DX Happen
Coins and other 18th century relics have
been found all over the area. Since 1983
I lived in Vernon for the first years that
I published The DX Bulletin, in 1979 to
early 1984. I then moved to Andover;
Hull’s VHF site in Bolton was just down
the road from me, about 2 miles or so,
WWW.INDEXA.ORG
ϱϬϭ;ĐͿ;ϯͿŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ
at the corner of Shoddy Mill and Hebron
Roads. There was / is a modern house
there now. I think the elevation is maybe
700 feet or so with probably a [really]
nice view downhill to the west. I drove
by it many times. If you turn left at the
corner, Bolton Pizza is on your left! /Ey ΛŝŶĚĞǆĂͺĚǆ
Wikipedia says that Bolton was part of
what people in the 18th century referred
to as “The Hartford Mountains.”
The old timer I heard the Hull story from
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůyƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ
was George Hart, W1NJM (SK) (the ϮϯϬϵ>ŝŶĐŽůŶǀĞ͕^ĂŝŶƚůďĂŶƐ͕tsϮϱϭϳϳ͕h^
ARRL’s longtime Communications
Manager - ed.), who crossed paths with
Hull in the late 1930s. I met several oth-
ers in the 1970s who remembered Hull
and he was, I think, a revered and his- Q Highest Gain
toric figure. He was only 36 years old Proprietary Design
when he gave his life for wireless. Improvement
Q Lowest SWR
The Ross Hull Memorial Contest is a 9HULȴHGΖQCQ Magazine
marathon during which stations may be
worked every day on the three main Q :LGHU%DQGZLGWK
modes: SSB, CW, and Digital. The win- Q %XLOWWR/DVW
ner of the Ross Hull Trophy is the high-
est scorer of the combination of the Q /LIHWLPH*XDUDQWHH
three modes. To allow for the vagaries
of VHF/UHF propagation, only the best Q (YHU\WKLQJ<RX1HHG
seven days are used for the contest.
There is an even shorter 2-day catego-
ry if you don’t have time to work the full
contest. Full contest rules are found at
<https://tinyurl.com/3rm2y295>.
What a story! I’m grateful to my friend
VHQHEX.com
and namesake, Trent Sampson, THE KING OF HEX BEAMS
VK4TS, for this information about Ross 0(17Ζ21&2'(&4)25'Ζ6&28172))(5(;3Ζ5(6
sales@vhqhex.com Tel 603-731-7935 Fax 603-784-5036

modified by a VE3 — forget the whole call). Next, all the trans-
verters got replaced by an FT-736R. I just replaced that after
over 30 years with a K3s and Q5 Signal (nee DEMI) 100-watt
transverter for (now) 222 plus another Q5 transverter for 902.
Thanks, Howard, for writing and updating us on your activ-

ities. I hope others will join you on 222 MHz soon!
Klaus, WB9YBM, also wrote and provided some great

information on 222 MHz activity in Chicagoland. As in many
areas, ultimately 2-meter repeaters became more popular,
as rigs were widely available, and 222-MHz FM activity
waned. Klaus writes:
I enjoyed your article on 220 MHz in the recent issue of CQ!

I’ve been an avid fan / user of the band since the 1980s (I
stumbled across the band by accident — that’s a story in itself!).
Over the years I’ve accumulated a bit of history / information
on the band as well, primarily here in the Chicagoland area.
If you’d like to see this information, which includes some

homebrew antenna designs, contact Klaus or me and we will
send it to you.
Keep those cards, letters, emails, and social media posts
Photo B. This rather bucolic setting is also home to a 40- coming!
MHz beacon in Ireland.
Parting Thoughts
Tim reports that most transceivers with 50 MHz that are Just as I was finishing this column, I operated in the ARRL
built for U.S. and Europe will tune down from 50 MHz to September VHF contest. I had beams up for 2 and 6 meters,
receive the 8-meter band around 40 MHz. They’ve also had and 432 MHz. Over the course of the weekend, I listened and
some success transmitting with a variety of units that have called for many hours but was only rewarded with eight voice
been modified for MARS activity. However, hams in the U.S. contacts, on all bands. No new grids or states this time.
are not presently authorized to transmit on these frequen- Seems that once again, most of the activity was on digital.
cies, except for the experimental licensees for the purpose More on this later, but it seems that such contests are des-
of evaluating propagation and potential interference to pri- tined to become digital only unless categories are changed
mary users of the band. One such station is Lin, WX2LU, who to incentivize multiple modes. I’ve seen quite a lot of discus-
also holds the callsign N4YI and resides in Georgia. sion about this, and would welcome your comments and
observations, as well as your operating stories during these
We Get Letters! recent contests.
Howard, WA3EOQ, writes regarding the 222-MHz article in FT8 and its counterparts offer an exciting component to our
the August column: hobby, and I am always in favor of experimenting and push-
ing the envelope. So, I want to be clear: I’m not anti-digital at
Since I learned (from the article) that Dave, K1WHS, was all. I’m merely suggesting that changes be made to balance
trying to restart the Tuesday activity night on 222 [MHz], I the contests. One of my favorite things about 6 meters, for
have been consistently working him from just over 500 miles example, is regular contacts and rag chews with other ded-
away here in FM09jo. icated operators who enjoy phone. So, we will see where this
I got hooked on VHF with a Heathkit Twoer. Next came a goes. Eager to see your feedback. Until next time, good DX,
220-MHz transverter (a Microwave Modules 2-meter unit and have fun!
Real Hams
Do Code
Learn code with
hypnosis today.
Download Now!
www.success-is-easy.com
561-302-7731
Success Easy
568 SE Maple Ter.
Port St. Lucie, FL 34983

DX
BY BOB SCHENCK, N2OO
Bouvet … Try, Try, Again
B
ouvet is NOT easy. Currently,
Bouvet sits at #2 on the Club Log
Most Wanted list, right after North
Korea (DPRK). It is that high up for a Photo A. First landing on Bouvet by Norwegian explorers in 1927.
good reason. Doing a DXpedition to
Bouvet is NOT easy. It is also quite dan-
ritory known as Bouvetøya, or Bouvet The year 1927 marks the start of a
gerous. The last two attempts to acti-
Island. This cone-shaped inactive vol- period during which Norway carried out
vate Bouvet [3YØZ in 2018 and 3YØI
canic island is mostly covered by snow the “Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions.”
(#1) in 2019] were aborted due to boat
and ice (93%). And indeed, because it These expeditions were primarily sent
failures and severe weather. The third
is as inhospitable as it is difficult to to explore whale deposits in the
attempt (3YØJ #1) was aborted due to
reach, very few people have ever actu- Southern Ocean and were funded by
the sale of the RV Braveheart right in
ally visited it. the whaling pioneers. But the purpose
the middle of their early planning
stages. The next one tentatively on the
calendar is 3YØI (#2), originally sched-
CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll
The CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll recognizes those DXers who have submitted proof of confirmation with 175 or more grid
uled for December 2020, and tenta- fields. Honor Roll lisiting is automatic upon approval of an application for 175 or more grid fields. To remain on the CQ DX Field
tively rescheduled for December 2021. Award Honor Roll, annual updates are required. Updates must be accompanied by an SASE if confirmation is desired. The
fee for endorsement stickers is $1.00 each plus SASE. Please make all checks payable to the Award Manager, Keith Gilbertson.
Finally, another “full-on” DXpedition Mail all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604.
attempt (3YØJ #2 <www.3y0j.no>) is
scheduled for early 2022 by a team led Mixed
by Ken Opskar, LA7GIA. I am turning K2TQC......................288 HA5AGS ...................228 OK1AOV ...................208 HA1ZH ......................190
W1CU .......................267 9A5CY ......................227 F6HMJ ......................206 BA4DW .....................188
over the keyboard to Ken this month so VE7IG .......................254 K8OOK .....................227 KF8UN ......................205 K2AU ........................187
that he can give you a full view of the HAØDU.....................253 K9YC ........................227 OM2VL......................205 K8YTO ......................186
OM3JW.....................253 VE3ZZ.......................226 VE7SMP ...................204 WO7R .......................185
team’s 3YØJ plans. I hope you find this W6OAT .....................249 KØDEQ.....................221 RW4NH.....................203 N3RC ........................184
“in depth” presentation interesting. IK1GPG ....................245 WI8A .........................219 K1NU ........................201 K2SHZ ......................182
OK1ADM...................245 HA1AG......................218 HB9AAA....................200 KJ6P .........................180
– See ya’ in the pileups … de N2OO HA5WA .....................243 JN3SAC ....................214 N5KE ........................200 W6XK........................180
K8SIX........................240 HA9PP ......................213 W3LL ........................199 W5ODD ....................177
HA1RW.....................239 WA5VGI....................213 NIØC.........................196 NØFW.......................176
3YØJ Bouvet: A VE3XN ......................239 IV3GOW ...................211 ON4CAS ...................194 WA9PIE ....................176
I6T.............................230 W4UM.......................210 HB9DDZ ...................193 HB9BOS ...................175
DXpediciton to the Most N8PR ........................229 N4MM .......................208 N4NX ........................192 NKØS........................175
Remote Island on Earth SSB

W1CU........................249 KØDEQ .....................198 N4MM........................189 NØFW .......................176
BY KEN OPSKAR, LA7GIA W4ABW.....................202 W4UM .......................198 WA5VGI ....................189 DL3DXX ....................175
VE7SMP....................201 JN3SAC ....................191 W3LL .........................187
Within the vastness of the South

CW
Atlantic Ocean, covered by ice, en-
W1CU .......................253 JN3SAC ....................211 OK1AOV ...................198 N4MM .......................186
gulfed by clouds, and battered by con- HA5WA .....................234 DL3DXX....................210 WA5VGI....................197 OK2PO .....................184
stant winds, lies a speck of land, a mys- DL6KVA ....................233 DL2DXA....................209 NIØC.........................196 N4NX ........................177
KØDEQ.....................214 W4UM.......................200 HB9DZZ....................189 N7WO .......................175
tical place that few can even have
dreamed of visiting: The Norwegian ter- Digital
W1CU .......................195 HA5WA .....................177 KØDEQ.....................175
*email: <n2oo@comcast.net>

was also to do meteorological and mer, and no amateur radio DXpedition While it is possible to do a beach land-
oceanographic surveys and the expe- will ever be allowed from there. ing at several places around Bouvet,
ditions also had the mandate to there is an extremely high risk of falling
research and annex new areas. On 3YØJ DXpedition to Cape Fie rocks and ice that pose a danger to any-
December 1, 1927, the Norwegian pio- The foundation for this DXpedition was one going ashore. In addition, the
neers made the first ever documented laid in April 2020, when we started to almost constant swells can be a chal-
landing on Bouvet (Photo A). The research the possibilities to activate lenge. Although in general helicopters
Norwegian flag was hoisted, and the Bouvet with a smaller vessel and doing would have been a more convenient
island declared Norwegian territory. a beach landing. Through discussion method of landing, they are unfortu-
Peter I island was annexed in a similar with The Norwegian Polar Institute nately heavily weather dependent and
way in 1929. The Norvegia expeditions (NPI), collecting until-now unknown might have been prevented from flying
also discovered several hitherto un- detailed photos and discussing with for- by the clouds and the dense fog which
known land areas. mer Norwegian professionals and often materializes above Bouvet. After
Today, Bouvet Island is a nature experts who have stayed at Bouvet for careful screening of Bouvet, we can
reserve protected by strict regulations. several seasons, it became clear that a truly say that besides Nyrøysa, the only
The Nyrøysa area on western part of the Zodiac approach would work. The QTH feasible place to setup a camp safely is
island where the Norwegian Polar that was selected is at the rocks of Cape at Cape Fie. In fact, Cape Fie is much
Institute has its base station is protected Fie in the southeastern part of the island safer. From a safety point of view, NPI
by another additional regulation that ulti- (Photo B), the only place a camp could and all experts strongly advise us
mately denies any landing during sum- safely be set up for a long duration. against staying at the glacier due to
cracks that would pose a high danger
to the team.
The WPX Program Maybe not so well known is the first
activation of Bouvet by former NPI
CW 4309. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KK7L
employees John, 3Y1VC, and Audun,
4034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K4WY 4310. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W7YED 3Y3CC, took place from the beach at
4035. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KK7L
Digital Cape Fie in 1977. They took a dinghy
SSB
1601 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N3LSB onto the beach at Svartstranda, set up
1602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JH9ASG
4386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S21RC
1603 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K4DXU
a QRP station with a low dipole and
4387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA9VI
4388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K4WY 1604 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S21RC worked stations in North America,
1605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA9VI
1606 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JN1OKV
Japan, and Europe. Forty-five years
Mixed 1607. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W7VOA later, a team of 12 operators will set foot
4300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K4DXU 1608 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WN7J
4301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KJ7BES 1609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA5NTK
on the same spot, climb the rocks of
4302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VK2TTP 1610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N3AML Cape Fie and set up a camp.
4303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N8GZ 1611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP5UFK
4304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KC1AGT 1612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W6PG
Our team, presently, extends beyond
4305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA5NTK 1613 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K7ALM the operators and includes several off-
4306 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP5UFK 1614 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DL2DVL
4307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N3BAS 1615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZL1FAB
island Norwegian professionals and
4308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DL2DVL 1616. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W7YED experts with whom we consult that have
experience with research vessels, mar-
CW: 450: WU9D. 550: KK7L. 600 K4EQ. 750 WN7J. 1400 W4WY. 1600 W2YR. 1650 G4FKA. itime safety, maritime risk assessment,
SSB: 350: S21RC. 450: IW2JBB. 550: K4WY. 600: I2YPY. 850: W7YED. 1050: WN7J. man-overboard maneuvers, evacua-
tion procedures, captains with exten-
Mixed: 450: K4DXU. 500: SA5NTK. 550: KJ7BES, SP5UFK. 600: VK2TTP. 700: AA9VI, DL2DVL, KK7L. 750: IK2GOQ.
800: N3YAZ. 900: IW2JBB, ZA/IN3PPH. 950: WW5XX. 1100: IN3PPH. 1150: W4DWS. 1200: VR2VGM. 1250: PU4MMZ, sive polar experience, and former
W7YED. 1350: WU9D. 1500: WN7J, I2YPY. 1700: W4WY. 2500: G4FKA. 2750: W2YR. Norwegian captains who have stayed
Digital: 350: AA9VI, WN7J. W6PG. 400: W7VOA. 500: VK2TTP, SA5NTK. 550: KJ7BES, DM1HR, IW2JBB, K7ALM. 600: at Bouvet and sailed the South Atlantic
DL2DVL. 650: I1YDT. 700: IK2GOQ, W7YED. 800: N3YAZ. 900: WW5XX, ZA/IN3PPH. 1050: JA6SUY. 1100: IN3PPH, Ocean for many seasons. One of these
WU9D. 1200: VR2VGM. 1300: W2YR. 1600: G4FKA.
consultants has passed Bouvet 60
160 Meters: I1YDT times and stayed at Bouvet and Cape
60 Meters: I2YPY Fie for several seasons. They know the
40 Meters: KM4VI, KJ7BES, K4EQ, WN7J, DL2DVL, I2YPY
30 Meters: VR2VGM, WN7J, SA5TK water and they have stayed anchored
20 Meters: KJ7BES, S21RC, N3YAZ, WN7J, SA5NTK, DL2DVL, GB1OOH, I2YPY, W7YED there and they have done Zodiac land-
17 Meters: N3YAZ
15 Meters: WN7J, W7YED ings at the exact same spot we’re going.
10 Meters: W7YED Being able to consult these off-island
6 Meters: W2YR, LU9DO, DL2DVL
experts adds a dimension of knowledge
Africa: WN7J to the project. We run meetings with
Asia: JH9ASG, DM1HR, S21RC, JN1OKV, WN7J, IK2GOQ, K7ALM, KK7L, W7YED these guys, we discuss technical
Europe: K4EQ, S21RC, AA9VI, N3YAZ, WN7J, SA5NTK, SP5UFK, DL2DVL, W7YED
Oceania: JH9ASG, WN7J, W7YED details, and they share their knowledge
North America: N3LSB, VR2VGM, K4DXU, KJ7BES, N8GZ, W7VOA, WN7J, KC1AGT, IK2GOQ, N3AML, W6PG, K7ALM, and experience and give feedback. One
KK7L, W7YED
South America: WN7J, NA5WH, WW5XX, W7YED of our contacts also worked together
with John, 3Y1VC, who did the first
6M Bar: LU9DO
modern-day activation of Bouvet.
Complete rules and application forms may be obtained by sending a business-size, self-addressed, stamped enve- The QTH is located roughly 200 feet
lope (foreign stations send extra postage for airmail) to "CQ WPX Awards," P.O. Box 355, New Carlisle, OH 45344
USA. Note: WPX will now accept prefixes/calls which have been confirmed by eQSL.cc. and the ARRL Logbook of
above the sea at approximately 70 feet
The World (LoTW). above sea level (ASL). The QTH is
rocky with some gravel on top, and dur-
*Please Note: The price of the 160, 30, 17, 12, 6, and Digital bars for the Award of Excellence are $6.50 each.
ing the summer period at Bouvet, the

snow melts and leaves an exposed area tested in Norway in late 2021 in calm mountaineering equipment and set up
available to us. We have seen on weather, but also in rougher seas sim- a short but bolted route if needed.
detailed photos how the glacier is ilar to conditions we might expect at We will set up a winch system assist-
retreating, leaving more of the rocks at Bouvet. Details will be tweaked and ing us in lifting the equipment up. Again,
Cape Fie available for us and the camp. adjusted to ensure it works perfectly. we plan for several winch systems, both
The current camp area is roughly 150 x There are several routes to choose electric and non-electric. We will engi-
800 feet in size, and a small passage between when accessing the rock, and neer a system that can adapt to the for-
from the upper area extends another on the detailed high-resolution close-in mation of the rock and the landing spot.
800 feet up, a good location for a receive photos, we have identified three routes A winch system will ultimately ease the
antenna. By 2022, we expect the foot- to the camp. One route we can see that transport of bulky items up the cliff, the
print to be even larger. penguins use, and if the waters are calm heaviest of which are the generators that
The challenge will be getting from the this will be an “easy” option. Another weigh 165 pounds each. We also plan a
vessel to the rocks above the beach. route will require us to climb roughly 20 system that will assist us by further bring-
First, we must land safely; then we must to 28 feet. We will prepare for accessing the equipment from the rock about
avoid the seals before we establish a ing the rock by climbing with suitable 200 feet up to the radio tents. All these
safe route up the cliff. Currently,
detailed planning is being done with
respect to all these stages of landing 5 Band WAZ
safely, establishing the route, and lifting As of September 15, 2021 Callsign Zones Zones
2319 stations have attained at least the 150 Zone level, Needed
the equipment up. Paramount in our and JA7MSQ 198 2 on 80M & 10M
planning is that we always consider sev- 1086 stations have attained the 200 Zone level. JH1EEB 198 2, 33
KØDEQ 198 22, 26
eral scenarios, and we adapt our solu- As of September 15, 2021 K1BD 198 23, 26
tion to the various unexpected and The top contenders for 5 Band WAZ (Zones needed on 80 K2EP 198 23, 24
or other if indicated): K2TK 198 23, 24
unknown conditions at Bouvet. We thus CHANGES shown in BOLD K3JGJ 198 24, 26
plan not only for one method of landing Callsign Zones Zones
K3LR 198 22, 23
K3WA 198 23,26
the Zodiac, but we plan for several Needed K4JLD 198 18, 24
AK8A 199 17
methods and techniques. We also plan DM5EE 199 1
K9MM 198 22, 26
KI1G 198 24, 23 on 10M
for landing the Zodiac with operators EA5RM 199 1 KZ2I 198 24, 26
EA7GF 199 1
and utilizing a system for landing it with H44MS 199 34
N4GG
N6PF
198
198
18, 24
18, & 23 on 10M
equipment but without operators from a HAØHW 199 1 NXØI 198 18, 23
HA5AGS 199 1 ON4CAS 198 1,19
safety point of view. The system will be I5REA 199 31 OZ4VW 198 1, 2
IKØXBX 199 19 on 10M UA4LY 198 6 & 2 on 10M
IK1AOD 199 1 UN5J 198 2, 7
IK8BQE 199 31 US7MM 198 2, 6
The CQ DX Field Award Program IZ3ZNR 199 1 VK3GA 198 12 & 13 on 10M
No Update JA1CMD 199 2 W5CWQ 198 17, 18
JA5IU 199 2 W6RW 198 2 & 22 on 10M
JA7XBG 199 2 W9RN 198 26, 19 on 40M
The basic award fee for subscribers to CQ is $6. For non-
JH7CFX 199 2 WC5N 198 22, 26
subscribers, it is $12. In order to qualify for the reduced sub-
JI4POR 199 2 WL7E 198 34, 37
scriber rate, please enclose your latest CQ mailing label
JK1AJX 199 2 on 10M Z31RQ 198 1, & 2 on 10M
with your application. Endorsement stickers are $1.00 each JK1BSM 199 2 ZL2AL 198 36, 37
plus SASE. Updates not involving the issuance of a sticker JK1EXO 199 2
are free. All updates and correspondence must include an K1LI 199 24
SASE. Rules and application forms for the CQ DX Awards K4HB 199 26
may be found on the <www.cq-amateur-radio. com> web- The following have qualified for the basic 5 Band WAZ
K5TR 199 22 Award:
site, or may be obtained by sending a business-size, self- K7UR 199 34
addressed, stamped envelope to CQ DX Awards Manager, K9KU 199 22 on 15M Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach Lane, KZ4V 199 26 HI3T 2318 2021-08-19 186
Rochert, MN 56578-9604 USA. Please make all checks N3UN 199 18 VE3ON 2319 2021-08-23 153
payable to the award manager. N4NX 199 26
N4WW 199 26 Updates to the 5BWAZ list of stations:
N4XR 199 27
Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
N8AA 199 23
CQ DX Awards Program N8DX 199 23
N6PM
UT4MF
2254
1559
2021-08-16
2021-09-03
170
200
N8TR 199 23 on 10M
No Update K3WA 1876 2021-09-05 198
RA6AX 199 6 on 10M
F5VHQ 2132 2021-09-06 172
RU3DX 199 6
The basic award fee for subscribers to CQ is $6. For non- RWØLT 199 2 on 40M
subscribers, it is $12. In order to qualify for the reduced sub- RX4HZ 199 13 New recipients of 5 Band WAZ with all 200 Zones con-
scriber rate, please enclose your latest CQ mailing label with RZ3EC 199 1 on 40M firmed:
your application. Endorsement stickers are $1.00 each plus S58Q 199 31
SASE. Updates not involving the issuance of a sticker are SM7BIP 199 31 5BWAZ # Callsign Date All 200 #
free. All updates and correspondence must include an VO1FB 199 19 1559 UT4MF 2021-09-03 1086
SASE. Rules and application forms for the CQ DX Awards W1FJ 199 24
may be found on the <www.cq-amateur-radio.com> website, W1FZ 199 26 Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained
or may be obtained by sending a business-size, self- W3LL 199 18 on 10M by sending a large SAE with two units of postage or an address
addressed, stamped envelope to CQ DX Awards Manager, W3NO 199 26 label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, John Bergman,
Please make checks payable to the Award Manager, Keith W4LI 199 26 KC5LK, 125 Deer Trail, Brandon, MS 39042-9409. The pro-
W6DN 199 17 cessing fee for the 5BWAZ award is $10.00 for subscribers
Gilbertson. Mail all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG,
W6RKC 199 21 (please include your most recent CQ mailing label or a copy)
21688 Sandy Beach Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604 USA.
W6TMD 199 34 and $15.00 for nonsubscribers. An endorsement fee of $2.00
We recognize 341 active countries. Please make all checks for subscribers and $5.00 for nonsubscribers is charged for
payable to the award manager. Photocopies of documenta- W9OO 199 18 on 10M
W9XY 199 22 each additional 10 zones confirmed. Please make all checks
tion issued by recognized national Amateur Radio associa- payable to John Bergman. Applicants sending QSL cards to a
tions that sponsor international awards may be acceptable 9A5I 198 1, 16
EA5BCX 198 27, 39 CQ checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return
for CQ DX award credit in lieu of having QSL cards checked. postage. KC5LK may also be reached via e-mail: <kc5lk@cq-
Documentation must list (itemize) countries that have been F5NBU 198 19, 31
F6DAY 198 2 on 10M & 15M amateur-radio.com>.
credited to an applicant. Screen printouts from eQSL.cc that
G3KDG 198 1, 12
list countries confirmed through their system are also accept- *Please note: Cost of the 5 Band WAZ Plaque is $100 shipped
G3KMQ 198 1, 27
able. Screen printouts listing countries credited to an appli- within the U.S.; $120 all foreign (sent airmail).
HB9FMN 198 1 on 80M & 10M
cant through an electronic logging system offered by a
I1EIS 198 1 & 19 on 10M
national Amateur Radio organization also may be accept-
JA1DM 198 2, 40
able. Contact the CQ DX Award Manager for JA3GN 198 2 on 80M & 40M
specific details.

Photo B. Cape Fie, where the DXpedition group plans to set up 3YØJ. (Photo courtesy of Nodir Tussun-Zade, EY8MM)
efforts are being planned by the team.

The WAZ Program We have a young and strong team moti-
SINGLE BAND WAZ 276 ...........................................................................WT4C vated to do what it takes to go there.
277 ............................................................................NE9U Further, the team plans to be self-sup-
6 Meter 278.............................................................................AK2L
180............................................................PE1L, 31 Zones 279.........................................................................IX1HPN plied while on the island, as this is a
280 ...........................................................................AA9VI requirement from the Norwegian Polar
12 Meter CW 281 ........................................................................KJ7TEA
111 ............................................................................NX7U 282 ............................................................................KK8X Institute. As such, we plan for running
283 ........................................................................JA6SUY the camp with all sanitary and cooking
15 Meter CW 284........................................................................WA5VGI
376 ..........................................................................DF9KF 285 ..........................................................................K2RKJ facilities, preparing food, and staying at
286..........................................................................F5VHQ the camp without the need to visit the
17 Meter CW 287 ............................................................................K2EK
133 ............................................................................NX7U
vessel daily. We will not move to and
from the vessel, but make sure we are
17 Meter Digital Mixed
11............................................................................N4BAA 10081......................................................................OH6TX self-supplied also for a prolonged stay
12 .........................................................................EA3EQT 10082 ....................................................................IZ8KVW should the weather conditions prevent
10083...........................................................................JI3T
20 Meter CW 10084 ..................................................................GW4TSG us from leaving the island.
678 ............................................................................NE9U 10085 ......................................................................WDØE
10086 .....................................................................VE3ON
10087 .......................................................................AA9VI
Vessel and Team
20 Meter Digital
35 ..............................................................................NE9U 10088 .......................................................................N6DW The DXpedition will be carried out by
36 .........................................................................JG4BLW 10089 .....................................................................USØSY
37 ..........................................................................KJ7TEA 10090....................................................................JP7WJA Amateur Radio DXpeditions (ARD), a
10091 ....................................................................KJ7TEA Norwegian non-profit organization
20 Meter SSB 10092 .....................................................................KO6KD
1265.........................................................................HI8RG 10093 .......................................................................WD6T whose purpose is to conduct DXpedi-
1266 ..........................................................................NE9U 10094 .......................................................................VE3IC tions. The team consists of 12 experi-
10095......................................................................NC4VA
160 Meter
enced and high-rate all-mode operators
679............................................................PE1L, 32 Zones SSB who will make all efforts to put you in
680........................................................IK1YDB, 37 Zones 5515............................................................................HI3T
5516 ..........................................................................NE9U the log on all HF bands and modes. On
160 Meter Updates 5517 .....................................................................EA3EQT the operator list you will find Adrian
634 ...........................................................K4SO, 37 Zones 5518 ..........................................................................K2EK
Ciuperca, KO8SCA; Axel Schernikau,
EME DL6KVA; Bill Straw, KO7SS; Dima
ALL BAND WAZ 23..............................................................PE1L, 30 Zones
Zhikharev, RA9USU; Erwann Merrien,
CW Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained LB1QI; Gjermund Bringsvor, LB5GI;
1156 .........................................................................UT5IP by sending a large SAE with two units of postage or an address
1157............................................................................HI3T label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, John Bergman, Ken Opskar, LA7GIA; Laci Radócz,
1158 ..........................................................................NE9U KC5LK, 125 Deer Trail, Brandon, MS 39042-9409. The pro- HAØNAR; Mike Crownover, AB5EB;
1159.........................................................................Z31TU cessing fee for all CQ awards is $6.00 for subscribers (please
1160..........................................................................I3FDZ include your most recent CQ mailing label or a copy) and Rune Øye, LA7THA; and Sandro Nitoi,
1161 ..........................................................................K2EK $12.00 for nonsubscribers. Please make all checks payable VE7NY. More operators will be added.
to John Bergman. Applicants sending QSL cards to a CQ
checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return After the ill-fated sale of Braveheart,
Digital postage. KC5LK may also be reached via e-mail: <kc5lk@cqwe worked hard to search for other ves-
274..............................................................................HI3T amateur-radio.com>.
275.......................................................................KC1OPD
sels that would take us safely to Bouvet

and back. We engaged with a Nor- Antenna. InnovAntenna is our main other spare antennas with different
wegian contact we had from our previ- antenna sponsor and will supply us with designs and technology to possibly
ous JXØX project who specializes in various models of tribanders, dual-ban- adapt to an unforeseen situation.
expedition support. He does surveys of ders, and 20-meter monobanders. The InnovAntenna will, in fact, make a spe-
yachts, due diligence, and is a very company will also supply us with spare cial version of its tribander that will be
experienced captain. He did fantastic antennas and spare parts, all with suf- named “DXR3 Bouvet.” This antenna
research and, through his network, was ficient ratings. In addition, we will have will also be available for purchase
able to come up with several good offers
in a short period of time — there are ves-
sels out there capable of doing South
Atlantic trips. We turned down offers
that were more expensive and / or
unsuitable and we turned down vessels
that were cheaper. We looked at vari-
ous types of vessels from sailboats,
special purpose vessels, and motor
yachts. We also were open to being flex-
ible with respect to dates and routing.
All of these were key factors for the ulti-
mate success we had in securing the
vessel. After discussion with our con-
tact and during negotiations with the
vessel owner, we selected the 101-foot
ketch sailboat Marama (Photo C) and
crew. The boat is a dedicated expedition
vessel with a proven track record in polar
regions, and the crew is willing to col-
laborate with us, not only for being a ser-
vice provider from A to B but also want-
ing to be part of this project and
understanding the concept behind it.
The choice was easy. The owner of
Marama is Olivier Lehec from France Figure 1. HFTA propagation prediction results for North America at 0100 UTC on
and it turned out that Erwann, LB1QI, 20 meters in December with a predicted sunspot number of 75.
and Olivier have relatives from the same
area in France, Saint-Brieuc. Olivier’s
father was also a ham radio operator.
Marama can easily do 14-15 knots,
has nearly 11,000 square feet of sail
surface and two masts of 115 feet and
82 feet in height. The crew is passion-
ate about going to Bouvet. The port of
departure will be from South America.
The exact port of departure and dates
are being further optimized and will be
decided later. In the current Covid situ-
ation, having flexibility is important. The
vessel contract currently allows for a 42-
to-47-day expedition, during which we
plan to stay at least 22 days around
Bouvet. With that, our goal is to work
the world and do 120,000 QSOs from
Cape Fie.
Equipment
Choosing antennas for Bouvet is not an
easy task. Wind gusts often reaching
100 mph, together with the low temper-
atures, pose a serious challenge for
antennas and masts, and many “off-the-
shelf” products would not survive such
harsh weather.
Because of that, the team did a thor-
ough review of available antennas and Photo C. The sailing vessel Marama, which will take the 3YØJ team to and
we soon agreed to use the Innov- from Bouvet.

by regular DXers. These antennas viding, low-band antennas in addition to on the same band at the same time, with
have sufficient wind rating, will provide other major components. We have yet multiple beams pointing to those conti-
sturdy, easy-to-assemble, yet high- not selected the station equipment nents. During good propagation times,
performance beams for the high (radios and amplifiers) but we are cur- the eight-radio setup will also enable us
bands, and are made of top-quality, rently considering several options. to work multiple modes in the same
strong aluminum. 4O3A will supply us with the QRO filters band at the same time. Considering the
DX Engineering, a celebrated name and Messi and Paoloni will be the exclu- available land, we plan for in-band oper-
in the ham radio world, and a support- sive sponsor of all our coax. ation on 40-10 meters. Each piece of
er of all major DXpeditions, will assist The antenna farm and radio setup will equipment — radios, antennas, power
the team in designing, as well as pro- enable us to work multiple continents supplies, generators, etc. — will have a
The WPX Honor Roll

The WPX Honor Roll is based on the current confirmed prefixes which are submitted by separate application in strict conformance with the CQ
Master Prefix list. Scores are based on the current prefix total, regardless of an operator’s all-time count. Honor Roll must be updated annually
by addition to, or confirmation of, present total. If no up-date, files will be made inactive.
MIXED
9272.........9A2AA 4934 .........W9OO 3130......SV1EDY 2420.....WA6KHK 1972 .......K3CWF 1524 ....NH6T/W4 1295 ...........NIØC 1069........IZ4MJP 866 .............K2KJ
8188...........K2VV 4757.........I2MQP 3099...........N6FX 2400 ..........N7ZO 1955 ...........NIØC 1484........FG4NO 1280..........WF1H 1058 ........N6DBF 857.............R1AV
7922.........9A2NA 4681 ......JH8BOE 3077 ...........K1PL 2394...........AE5B 1828 ...........K7LV 1480 .........K4JKB 1260 ......UR6LEY 1036........DL5KW 835 ..........K6RAH
7889 .........W1CU 4673 ..........NN1N 3039 ...........NXØI 2391 .........WO7R 1825 ........N5KAE 1462 ........AC7JM 1219 ........K6HRT 1032......DG5LAC 758 ...........N4JJS
7059..........EA2IA 4574 ......JN3SAC 3028 .......IK2DZN 2391......IZØFUW 1824 ..........WF7T 1462 .......DL4CW 1217 ........AB1QB 1023.......N4WQH 757............WB3D
6577...........KF2O 4517 .........IK2ILH 2987..........W6XK 2356 ............NE6I 1821.........PY5FB 1447...........K3XA 1204 .........VA2IG 1016..........W9QL 736 ........JA3MAT
5715 ........S53EO 4462...........K1BV 2987 .........AG4W 2225 ......JH1APK 1746........K6UXO 1437 ........KC1UX 1201 ..........K9BO 1012 .......NØVVV 734 ............N2YU
5677 .....ON4CAS 4342 ....WB2YQH 2968........AB1OC 2203 ............KI1U 1741........N6PEQ 1422 ........I2VGW 1167 ......WA9PIE 1010 ........VE3RZ 718.........KE4PLT
5645 .......KØDEQ 4298 ........VE3XN 2963 ..........N3RC 2176 .........V51YJ 1711 ...........NS3L 1408...........NH6T 1153 ........N3CAL 1007 ........AA4QE 711.............AG1T
5539 ..........N4NO 4241..........N6QQ 2712..........W2YR 2174 ..........N6PM 1707..........K4WY 1398 ......ES4RLH 1148 ......SP8HKT 1006 ......NØRQV 695 .......W8WDW
5510 .....ON4APU 4206 ..........N1RR 2697 ..........AK7O 2159......VA7CRZ 1667...........AD3Y 1361.........VA3VF 1137......YO5BRZ 1000 ......WB6IZG 682 ..............AI8P
5482 ........VE1YX 4201........YO9HP 2651..........HK3W 2133..........KØKG 1643 .......SV1DPI 1358 .........WU9D 1136 ..........KO9V 999.............N3DF 675 ............AB1Q
5453 ........YU1AB 4113...........W3LL 2642...........AA8R 2113........W2FKF 1639 ..........N7QU 1333 ...........AF4T 1116 .......YU7FW 995........PU2GTA 674...........N5JED
5434 ........N8BJQ 3978.....WD9DZV 2616 ........9A2GA 2077......JH1QKG 1616 ...........TA1L 1322 ........AA4FU 1112 .........N6MM 969 ...........4F3BZ 661 .............AL4Y
5387 .........W9OP 3807........K9UQN 2589 .......DG7RO 2056..........NKØS 1612 .......W1FNB 1301 ....KB9OWD 1107........PY2MC 966 ...........W6WF 633..........TI5LUA
5299 ...........N6JV 3665 ...........AB1J 2583......PA2TMS 2040...........K4HB 1590.......JF1LMB 1301...........K1DX 1100 ....WA3GOS 919 ........ON7MIC 621 .........K4HDW
5215..........I5RFD 3538 ..........9A4W 2550 ..........K6ND 2016..........N2WK 1570 ........PY5VC 1301 .........KM5VI 1109 ......KE8FMJ 903 ........JP1KHY 616 .........AC6BW
4970 ......WA5VGI 3459............W9IL 2457 ..........K5UR 1995 .......JR3UIC 1568 .........N3AIU 1299.......JA6JYM 1084 ......KG4JSZ 889 ...........WU1U 605 .........IW2FLB
SSB
7045 ........OZ5EV 3174 ..........I3ZSX 2568.....SM6DHU 2102 ...........NXØI 1624..........W2YR 1222 ........YF1AR 1031 .......IK8OZP 808 ........UR6LEY 690............W6PN
6334.........9A2NA 3172........YO9HP 2532............W9IL 2094...........I8LEL 1622...........K5CX 1187 ........IZ1JLG 1022 .........NW3H 802 ............N6OU 684 ............KO9V
6145...........K2VV 3141 ......DL8AAV 2483 .........AG4W 2093.........W2WC 1611 .........W2ME 1183 ............KI1U 1012 ........KU4BP 801.............K3XA 675 ..........F1MQJ
5404 ........VE1YX 3117 ........N8BJQ 2451......EA3GHZ 2084 ..........K5UR 1587...........N3XX 1150 .....VE6BMX 1004...........K4HB 766 ..........I2VGW 655...........VA3VF
5149...........KF2O 3108..........I4CSP 2443 ......JN3SAC 2076 ...........K2XF 1550 .......IK2RPE 1146 ..........SQ7B 1004 .......WA5UA 763 ...........K4JKB 647 ..........YB8NT
4916..........EA2IA 3101 ......WA5VGI 2335 ..........KG1E 2048......W4QNW 1442 .......DG7RO 1136 .......K3CWF 978 ..........EA7HY 758........IV3GOW 640 ..........UA9YF
4410.........I2MQP 3067..........N6QQ 2327 ...........K1PL 2008.....WD9DZV 1389..........NKØS 1112...........NH6T 957............W9QL 724............WF1H 637..........K5WAF
3990 .......KØDEQ 3062 ..........N1RR 2326 ........CX6BZ 1955 ........EA3NP 1386..........HK3W 1098 ..........K4CN 934 ..........PY5VC 724 ............W3TZ 630............W6US
3681 ..........N4NO 2990 ........KF7RU 2209.......IK2QPR 1935......SV1EOS 1386 .......IK4HPU 1096 ......JA7HYS 931 ..........YB1AR 717 .........KØDAN 624 ..........K6KZM
3622 ...........I8KCI 2984 .........KI7AO 2201 ..........NQ3A 1884.....WA6KHK 1373 ........N5KAE 1093 .........N6MM 929 .............NS3L 717 ..........N3JON 606 ..........KJ4BIX
3585 .....SV3AQR 2946 .........PT7ZT 2200...........N6FX 1879..........K3IXD 1371.........VE6BF 1089 ........IZ8FFA 919........KA5EYH 714.........YB2TJV 604 .........GØBPK
3505 ..........NN1N 2903 ........IN3QCI 2198........AB1OC 1848...........AB5C 1338 ............NE6I 1089 .......IT9ABN 893.........W9RPM 713 ........JH1APK 600 ...........WU1U
3456 .........W9OO 2857.........4X6DK 2155........K9UQN 1825 ..........KQ8D 1334......EA3EQT 1057..........W6XK 889 ...........N3AIU 710 ........WA9PIE 600.......WA3PZO
3388...........W3LL 2650 .......IK2DZN 2131 ..........N3RC 1812 ..........K6ND 1264........N6PEQ 1042 ......IZØBNR 875..........K7SAM 700 ..........N4FNB
3348......CT1AHU 2595.........EA1JG 2122...........AE5B 1646 .....VE7SMP 1262 ...........K7LV 1032......DG5LAC 854 ..........K6HRT 700 .........JA1PLL
3274 .....YU7BCD 2582......PA2TMS 2113........W2FKF 1641 ........AE9DX 1258 ..........N1KC 1031 ..........K4CN 833 .......DK8MCT 694 .......KG4HUF
CW
7480.....WA2HZR 4162 ......WA5VGI 3012.....WD9DZV 2357 .........W9HR 1708 ...........NIØC 1421 .....KN1CBR 972..........N6PEQ 783 ..........YB1AR 620..........AF5DM
7200...........K2VV 4076..........I7PXV 2948.......IK3GER 2291...........N3XX 1691 ............KI1U 1389........IT9ELD 968 .........K3CWF 763 ..........N5KAE 615........JH6JMM
6024.........9A2NA 3974 ......JN3SAC 2943..........N6QQ 2212...........AC5K 1620 .......DG7RO 1342 .....VE6BMX 962 .............K7LV 752 ..........K6HRT 608.........W9RPM
5392..........EA2IA 3804 .........W9OO 2915 ...........KA7T 2150 ...........NXØI 1595.........PY5FB 1235 ......JH1APK 944..........AB1OC 743 ........JA5NSR 600 ............NY4G
5261...........KF2O 3675 ..........NN1N 2811........OZ5UR 2022 ........AF5CC 1572..........W2YR 1220 ........AA4FU 908.............NH6T 738 ......NH6T/W4 600 .........IK2SGV
5160 ..........N4NO 3515 ..........N1RR 2667............W9IL 1998 ..........K5UR 1505 ...........K1PL 1210 .......DL4CW 897............HK3W 732 ............SQ7B
5209 ...........N6JV 3504 .....YU7BCD 2548 .......EA2CIN 1973 ..........N3RC 1505 ............R3IS 1196 .........N3AIU 891 .......DK8MCT 727.........JF1LMB
4905...........W8IQ 3373........K9UQN 2531.........I2MQP 1905.....WA6KHK 1498..........W6XK 1098........LU5OM 890 .............NS3L 722 ........WA9PIE
4886 ...........I3FIY 3279.........IØNNY 2490...........N6FX 1832...........N4YB 1483 ........VE1YX 1062...........K3XA 889 ...........N3AIU 720 ............K4CN
4701 ........N8BJQ 3214.....SM6DHU 2479...........W3LL 1762 ..........K6ND 1480..........WO3Z 1036........DL5KW 864........YO5BRZ 652 .........IK2DZN
4687........IZ3ETU 3041........YO9HP 2477.........VE6BF 1744 ............NE6I 1458 .........AG4W 1027...........AE5B 848 ..........PY5VC 636............NKØS
4659 .......KØDEQ 3031 .....EA7AAW 2424.........W2WC 1727........K6UXO 1443.....WA2VQV 992 ...........F5PBL 821........HB9DAX 629........IV3GOW
DIGITAL
2996...........W3LL 2139 ......WA5VGI 1695 ...........NXØI 1250W2/JR1AQN 1093 ............KI1U 992.............N3DF 855.............R1AV 750 ......NH6T/W4 611 ............KO9V
2906 ........N8BJQ 2217........YO9HP 1643 ..........N3RC 1227 ......ES4RLH 1091.........VA3VF 983........PU2GTA 812 ........UR6LEY 681 ..........PY5VC 600 ..........ADØFL
2690...........KF2O 2103 ........K2YYY 1500 ......JH1APK 1218 .......W1FNB 1089 ........AC7JM 966 .............NS3L 811 ........JP1KHY 680 .............K2KJ
2570.....WD9DZV 2004 ..........N6PM 1426........AB1OC 1189.......JF1LMB 1060 ...........AF4T 947 ..........I2VGW 811............WF1H 672 ..........K9AAN
2558...........NT2A 1836 .........AG4W 1378 .......K3CWF 1149............W9IL 1051 ......KH6SAT 923..........K9UQN 810 ..........N3CAL 670........IV3GOW
2496..........W6XK 1818 .........W1EQ 1353 ...........K1PL 1137 ..........N1RR 1047 ......RW4WZ 917 .............K7LV 800 ......WA3GOS 668........KA5EYH
2428 .......KØDEQ 1790 ......JN3SAC 1345 ........KC1UX 1119 .........WU9D 1021 ..........NN1N 881 ..............NE6I 783 ..........YB1AR 654 ........JA3MAT
2251..........EA2IA 1759 ..........N7ZO 1319..........W2YR 1112 ........AB1QB 1009 ....GUØSUP 870 ........WB6IZG 758 ...........N4JJS 640 ......WA9ONY
2242..........HK3W 1704 .......IK2DZN 1308..........NKØS 1108 ......KE8FMJ 1002.......NØRQV 866 ............SQ7B 750 ........ON7MIC 636.........W9RPM
REMOTE OPERATION
CW MIXED SSB DIGITAL
7277 ........K9QVB 4026 ..........N1RR 2953 ..........N1RR 671 ............N1RR
3292 ..........N1RR

high risk for fuel surcharges that could
INDEXA supports 3YØJ DXpedition With its Largest Grant Ever easily reach $10,000 when using
The International DX Association (INDEXA) will be sup- Braveheart, as well as avoiding the
porting the upcoming 3YØJ DXpedition with a grant of $90,000 fuel cost.
$15,000, the largest grant ever provided by INDEXA. Notwithstanding the financial and
The announced timeframe for the 3YØJ DXpedition is emotional cost involved in being away
November-December 2022. Visit their website <www. from work and family for over 45 days,
3y0j.no> for updates and full information. On behalf of each 3YØJ DXpedition member is con-
the generous members and supporters of INDEXA, the tributing $20,000 to the DXpedition
officers and board of directors wish the team a safe and budget. The remaining cost will be met
successful DXpedition. by contributions from amateur radio
INDEXA is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. operators, clubs, and foundations
Donations from U.S. taxpayers may be tax deductible. around the world. The Northern Cali-
For further information about INDEXA, please visit fornia DX Foundation (NCDXF), as a
<www.indexa.org>. lead sponsor, has made the single
[Full disclosure: N2OO is President of INDEXA] largest contribution: $100,000. Other
organizations, including INDEXA (see
sidebar) and several others have made
backup in place to ensure an uninter- what you can do to increase your their largest donations ever to have
rupted radio operation in case of equip- chances of working us. For low-power Bouvet activated.
ment failure. This is a first step toward stations, FTx modes will present a good Please visit our website <www.
the goal of logging over 120,000 QSOs. opportunity to work us. There will be no 3y0j.no> and Facebook group for
We will operate on 10-160 meters on real-time logging, but we plan to make a updated news. We are counting on
CW, SSB, and digital modes. daily upload to our QSL manager’s web- your support just as you are counting
site at <www.m0oxo.com>. Charles, on us to put you in the 3YØJ log. This
Propagation MØOXO, will follow the DXpedition daily DXpedition will certainly be a true
We have worked extensively to make a together with the later to be appointed adventure and an exhilarating experi-
good propagation analysis. Such analy- pilot stations. ence for the team. When people men-
sis is important not only to us but also tion Bouvet, they speak only in superla-
to the DXers trying to work us. We use Budget tives: The most remote island, the
it for many reasons: To plan the anten- We have budgeted this DXpedition at a loneliest place on earth, the island bat-
na setup, the location of the antennas, whopping $650,000 U.S., making 3YØJ tered by the most extreme weather. But
the operator schedule, and what bands the most expensive DXpedition ever. beyond the staggering views and the
/ openings to look for. For Bouvet, we The bulk of the cost is the Marama ves- unearthly wonder of such a world of
have used the most reliable terrain sel charter, but we also have other sig- space, cold, and silence that await the
models available and with this we have nificant items like container shipping, team during the journey and on the
run detailed HFTA analysis (Figure 1) new diesel generators, and shelters. As island, the 3YØJ team is ready to do
considering the terrain effect and pos- this is a sailboat, we literally have no whatever it takes to activate Bouvet.
sible absorption of our signals, espe- expenses for fuel, and the small fuel The 3YØJ Bouvet Island DXpedition
cially when beaming to the east coast charge is already included in the char- is coming soon to a radio near you. Are
of North America. The Olavtoppen ter. With this we have eliminated the you ready? – 73, the 3YØJ team
mountain peak is roughly 3 miles away
from our QTH. Despite this, our signals
are predicted to be strong all over the
world. We do believe in these simula- W5SWL Electronics
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na, it would be good to think through Ships Fast From The Arkansas River Valley

CONTESTING
BY TIM SHOPPA,* N3QE
A Deep Dive on Topband

… And a Visit With N4CW / K1IMI
B
ert Michaud, N4CW, operates as
K1IMI from Maine each summer
(Photo A). Both Bert and his
cousin, Al Michaud, were licensed in the
late 1950s while they were living in
Lisbon, Maine. Bert has lived most of
adult life in North Carolina, but travels
back to Tenants Harbor, Maine, almost
every year (2020 excepted). In 2010, he
registered the club call K1IMI in honor
of Al.
I asked Bert about the beautiful log
periodic seen on the tower braced par-
tially by the barn at K1IMI (Photo B).
The first log periodic at the Maine sta-
tion was a Tennadyne T-8. The beam
pictured is an Acom 8-element log peri-
odic that has seen substantial up-
grades, with fiberglass type insulators,
and the Acom’s boom was so resilient
that after a neighbor’s poplar took down
a tower guy wire and sent the antenna
into the roof of the barn, getting it back
on the air only required the replacement
of broken elements.
Photo A. Bert Michaud, N4CW, operates as K1IMI from Maine nearly every
Bert’s station has achieved some
summer.
impressive results in summer and early
fall contests. For instance, in 2013
Bert’s CW QRP entry in IARU HF was and this is when the most popular 160- in 3,260 logs submitted for the February
the first-place QRP score in the U.S., meter contests are scheduled. 2021 running.
and 4th place in the world. Bert is also The ARRL 160-Meter Contest is the The SSB edition of the CQWW 160-
regularly active from K1IMI in each first weekend in December. In this con- Meter Contest is the newest of the three
mode of the summer North American test, U.S. and VE stations work each contests, and is held the last weekend
QSO parties, almost always winning the other, and DX stations can work U.S. of February each year. This contest
first-place certificate for the state of and VE stations. A record level of par- began in 1982 and is almost as popu-
Maine. ticipation was set in 2020, with 1,695 lar as the ARRL 160-Meter Contest,
Jim Gulvin, W4TMO, has frequently logs submitted. In 2020, 13% of the logs with 1,626 logs submitted in 2021.
traveled up to Maine to operate multi- submitted were from DX entities, the About half of the CQ 160-Meter SSB log
op with Bert at K1IMI and help with sta- rest were from the U.S. and Canada. submissions come from U.S. / VE sta-
tion maintenance. Jim and Bert also fre- ARRL / RAC sections — there are 84 tions, and the other half from DX sta-
quently contest together from their this year — count as multipliers when tions around the world.
residence in North Carolina, and as a you work a U.S. or Canadian station, The three big 160-Meter contests
mobile county-roving team in the North and when you work a DX station in a start 2 hours earlier than the usual 48-
Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida new DXCC entity, that counts as an hour multiband contests. The ARRL
QSO parties. additional multiplier. 160-Meter Contest and both modes of
The CW edition of the CQ World Wide the CQWW 160-Meter Contests all start
Winter is Contest Time on 160-Meter Contest began in 1960 and at 2200Z on Friday. In North America,
160 Meters is the last weekend in January each this is Friday afternoon, close to sunset
The wintertime lull in QRN in the year. Unlike the ARRL 160-Meter for many hams on the U.S. East Coast.
Northern Hemisphere can be seen in the Contest, this is “everyone works every- At the starting gun of each of these con-
graph of lightning data shown in Figure one” — non-U.S. / VE stations can and tests, I work many stations in W8 and
1. The respite from lightning noise lasts do work non-U.S. / VE stations. DX par- W9 where it’s not even dark yet, and my
from October to early March each year, ticipation is heavy in this contest, with run rates are very high. For example, I
more than 60% of submitted logs com- worked 138 stations in the first hour of
ing from outside the U.S. and Canada. the January 2021 CQ 160-Meter CW
email: <n3qe@cq-amateur-radio.com> Recent growth in participation resulted contest.

meter contests and trying it both ways, I’ve decided it’s in my
best interest to QSY to a new run frequency, or go search
and pounce. With the DX station calling CQ and loud in his
area, it’s unlikely that many DX will hear me if I continue to
call CQ on that frequency. It will almost always make sense
to go elsewhere where I can work high-point-value DX sta-
tions, especially now that I know there’s a good DX opening.
“Working through” a strong local station calling CQ on a DX
station’s frequency is an important skill all serious entrants
will exercise during a 160-meter contest. Directional receive
antennas and careful adjustment of receive filters are tech-
nical aids that can help you work DX through strong local sig-
nals. If you have a rotatable receive antenna with a deep
sharp null, it often makes sense to point in a direction that
nulls out the strong local signal, even if the forward lobe is
not pointing exactly towards the DX.
As you develop your listening skills, you will often discov-
er that there are three stations calling CQ all nearly on the
same frequency in the big 160-meter tests. One may be near-
ly local, the other may be weaker and on the other side of
your continent, and the third may be DX in a different conti-
nent. Listening through two stations to work a third requires
much patience, and understanding the timing of the three sta-
tions. If it might be unclear which station you are trying to
work on the frequency, sending the call of the station you are
working will help everyone on the frequency understand the
parties in the QSO that you’re hoping to complete.
160-Meter Contest Action is Up in

Low-Sunspot Years
Log submissions for all three 160-meter contests show strong
overall growth, as you can see in Figure 2. There are some
gentle dips in 160-meter contesting when the solar cycle is
Photo B. The K1IMI log periodic is supported by a barn- at its peak, followed by a rapid rise when solar activity goes
braced tower. down. The historically low solar activity in the 1997, 2009,
and 2020 eras can be seen to line up with peaks in contest
The CQ 160-meter contests finish 48 hours after the start. activity.
Europeans serious about the CQ 160-meter contests are on Up until 1980, U.S. hams were using the 160-meter band
for three nights: Much of Friday night, all of Saturday, and on a secondary basis. The primary user of the band was the
several hours Sunday evening as well. For all but the farthest LORAN radio-navigation system, and regional power limits
eastern North American stations, the CQ 160-meter contests (coordinated to deconflict ham activity with local LORAN bea-
are best thought of as two-night events, with just a little activ- cons) and interference from the strong pulse structure of the
ity (and very little “fresh meat”) in the final hours late Sunday LORAN signals imposed notable limits on 160-meter DX
afternoon. activity. The relatively slow growth in 160-meter contesting
The ARRL 160-meter contest does not last a full 48 hours; is visible up through early 1980s. LORAN was phased out in
it is over at 1600Z on Sunday, a little after Sunday morn- North America at the end of 1980, and other worldwide radio-
ing on the west coast. Because Europeans can’t work each navigation systems using this spectrum were largely phased
other anyway, the loss of the “third night” matters little to out by 1985, setting the stage for worldwide DX usage.
those participants. Few mass-produced HF transceivers had 160-meter capa-
Often, domestic and DX stations are sharing the same run bility until the late 1970s, sharply limiting growth as well. The
frequency in 160-meter tests. Every 160-meter contest I’m Kenwood TS-520S was introduced in 1977 and was an
in, I find an apparently vacant spot on the band and settle immensely popular rig that came from the factory ready for
down to call CQ to work a long string of domestic stations. 1.8-MHz operation. As synthesized tuning and broadband
Then — minutes or hours later — the band conditions change, solid-state finals became standard in all ham equipment,
and I start hearing local stations working a DX station that’s more and more hams had a rig capable of getting on 160
also on my frequency. Sometimes I can tell they aren’t work- meters. For most HF-equipped hams today, finding a way to
ing me, because the search and pounce stations are drop- raise an antenna for the 160-meter band is the only step they
ping their calls and giving exchanges entirely independent of need to take to get active in the 160-meter contests.
my CQ cycle. Other times they seem to be nearly in syn-
chronization with my CQ timing, but they are dupes that I’ve Be Sure to Spin the VFO Dial
already worked before. If my receive conditions are good, I As activity during the large 160-meter contests has risen,
may be able to hear the DX station underneath me. contesters have responded by spreading out on the band.
At this point, I have I have to decide: Do I give up my run Frequencies above 1.870 MHz are in play for the big CW top-
frequency or stay on “my frequency” because I’ve been there band contests, and even higher in the CQWW 160 Meter SSB
for hours? After participating in over a decade’s worth of 160- contest.

Calendar of Events
All year CQ DX Marathon http://bit.ly/vEKMWD
Nov. 1 RSGB Autumn Series, Data https://bit.ly/3p4eShW
Nov. 3 UKEICC 80 Meter Contest SSB https://bit.ly/2SDPqQQ
Nov. 3 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Nov. 6-7 IPARC Contest www.iparc.de
Nov. 6-7 Ukrainian DX Contest http://urdxc.org/rules.php?english
Nov. 6-8 ARRL CW Sweepstakes www.arrl.org/sweepstakes
Nov. 7 EANET Sprint Contest https://fediea.org/news/?news=20201108
Nov. 7 High Speed Club CW Contest www.highspeedclub.org
Nov. 10 RSGB Autumn Series, SSB https://bit.ly/3p4eShW
Nov. 10 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Nov. 13 FISTS Saturday Sprint https://tinyurl.com/dkrap4a7
Nov. 13-14 10-10 Digital Fall Contest http://bit.ly/1FrFeBc
Nov. 13-14 JIDX Phone Contest www.jidx.org
Nov. 13-14 OK/OM CW DX Contest http://bit.ly/19rrRjl
Nov. 13-14 SARL VHF/UHF Analogue Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Nov. 13-14 Worked All Europe RTTY Contest https://bit.ly/36ubggF
Nov. 13-15 AWA Bruce Kelley 1929 Memorial QSO Party https://bit.ly/2FtzQEn
Nov. 13-15 CQ-WE Contest http://cqwe.cboh.org/rules.html
Nov. 13-15 PODXS070 Club Triple Play Low Band Sprint http://bit.ly/2Cq2yUA
Nov. 14 FIRAC HF Contest www.firac.de/html/contest.html
Nov. 14-15 Fall Classic Exchange CW www.classicexchange.org
Nov. 16 RSGB FT4 Contest Series http://bit.ly/38xg9V7
Nov. 16-17 Fall Classic Exchange CW www.classicexchange.org
Nov. 19 YO International PSK31 Contest www.yo5crq.ro/Rules.htm
Nov. 20 Feld Hell Turkey Sprint https://bit.ly/3asfcjj
Nov. 20 RSGB 2nd 1.8 MHZ Contest CW http://bit.ly/34wTLMo
Nov. 20-21 All Austrian 160M Contest https://bit.ly/3fgsiUo
Nov. 20-21 LZ DX Contest http://lzdx.bfra.bg/rulesen.html
Nov. 20-21 REF 160-Meter Contest https://bit.ly/3iHzsQU
Nov. 20-21 SARL Newbie Party http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Nov. 20-21 ARRL EME Contest www.arrl.org/eme-contest
Nov. 20-22 ARRL SSB Sweepstakes www.arrl.org/sweepstakes
Nov. 20-22 AWA Bruce Kelley 1929 Memorial QSO Party https://bit.ly/2FtzQEn
Nov. 21 FISTS Sunday Sprint https://tinyurl.com/dkrap4a7
Nov. 21 Homebrew & Oldtime Equipment Party www.qrpcc.de/contestrules/hotr.html
Nov. 24 UKEICC 80 Meter Contest CW https://bit.ly/2SDPqQQ
Nov. 25 RSGB Autumn Series, CW https://bit.ly/3p4eShW
Nov. 27-28 CQWW DX CW Contest www.cqww.com/index.htm
Dec. 1 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en

Dec. 2 QRP ARCI Top Band Sprint www.qrparci.org/contests
Dec. 3-5 ARRL 160-Meter Contest www.arrl.org/160-meter
Dec. 4-5 PRO CW Contest www.procontestclub.ro/PCC%20Rules.html
Dec. 4-5 FT Roundup www.rttycontesting.com/ft-roundup/rules
Dec. 4-5 UFT Contest www.uft.net/les-rencontres-uft
Dec. 8 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Dec. 12 QRP ARCI Holiday Spirits Homebrew Sprint www.qrparci.org/contests
Dec. 11-12 ARRL 10M Contest www.arrl.org/10-meter
Dec. 11-12 Veron 28 MHz SWL Contest http://bit.ly/2L9eT1L
Dec. 11-12 TRC Digi Contest https://trcdx.org/rules-trc-digi/
Dec. 11-13 PODXS070 Club Triple Play Low Band Sprint http://bit.ly/2Cq2yUA
Dec. 12 CQC Great Colorado Snowshoe Run https://tinyurl.com/y9dytetf
Dec. 17 AGB Party Contest https://tinyurl.com/6fke5yb6
Dec. 17 Russian 160-Meter Contest www.qrz.ru/contest/detail/90.html
Dec. 18 RAC Winter Contest www.rac.ca/contesting-results
Dec. 18-19 ARRL EME Contest www.arrl.org/eme-contest
Dec. 18-19 Croatian CW Contest www.9acw.org/index.php/rules/english
Dec. 18-19 OK DX RTTY Contest www.crk.cz/ENG/DXCONTE
Dec. 18-19 Stew Perry Topband Challenge www.kkn.net/stew
Dec. 19 ARRL Rookie Roundup, CW www.arrl.org/rookie-roundup
Dec. 26 DARC Xmas Contest www.darc.de/?id=820
Dec. 26 RAEM Contest https://raem.srr.ru/rules
Dec. 30 YOTA Contest www.ham-yota.com/contest
Dec. 31-Jan. 1 Bogor Old and New Contest https://contest.orari-bogor.org

The bottom of the band, 1.800-1.810 MHz, is not available because they are twice as wide as the SSB non-contesters
to any European hams, and it is notably easier for North and have a constant carrier. You can find clear frequencies
American stations to find a run frequency below 1.810 MHz above them.
due the lessened congestion. There is still DX to be found at In the CQWW 160 Meter SSB Contest, the most desirable
the bottom of the band — Caribbean multipliers wanting to frequencies are above 1.843 MHz. These frequencies become
work U.S. / VE contesters will call CQ here, especially dur- rapidly congested, and action quickly begins going below
ing the ARRL 160-Meter Contest. The CW action at the bot- 1.840 MHz and above 1.900 MHz.
tom extreme of the band tends to be a little slower-paced.
In years past, the 160-meter contests had special rules for
the DX window from 1.830-1.835 MHz. This frequency range Turn Your Dipole Into a Marconi T for the
once had been called out in contest rules for W/VE-to-DX 160-Meter Contests
QSOs. As congestion increased, an increasing number of Do you have a 40-meter dipole, 80-meter dipole, or wire
non-DX QSOs were being made in this window and the lim- G5RV with a feedline that terminates somewhere near
itations were dropped. ground level? If so, you have an easy way to get on for any
FT8 operations will take place on 1.840-1.843 MHz regard- of this winter’s 160-meter contests. It doesn’t matter whether
less of what other contests are going on. If you go to a nar- it’s fed with coax or with open-ladder line. By shorting the two
row filter and listen for 10 seconds, you might get the impres- feed conductors together near ground level, you can feed it
sion that you’ve found an unoccupied frequency to call CQ. as a Marconi T against an impromptu ground system.
But then the FT8 odd / even cycle will flip over, and you’ll dis- When used this way, your feedline from ground to the anten-
cover a loud FT8 signal in your bandpass. Leave these fre- na becomes a vertical radiator, and the top wires form a
quencies alone and just continue spinning your VFO until capacitance hat that ensures maximum current is near the
you’ve cleared these frequencies. top of the element. On the 160-meter band, vertical radiators
The always-occupied FT8 portion of the band often forms are almost always more useful than horizontal radiators.
a psychological barrier. You tune up till you hit the digital activ- You can accurately model of your dipole-turned-into-Marconi-
ity, then start tuning back down. It takes a conscious effort to T with any antenna modeling program. The demonstration ver-
know that after a few dial spins through the non-contest part sion of W7EL’s EZNEC 6.0 is available as a free download from
of the band, you’ll be hearing contest activity again. <www.eznec.com> and is more than capable of modeling a
Above 1.850 MHz, there are also 160-meter non-contest Marconi T. To model your particular Marconi T, start with the
phone stations on the air as well. These also form an imag- simple vertical antenna model that comes with the program,
inary barrier that you should just tune past. Double your “Vert1.” Adjust the height of the vertical wire in this model to
resolve to spin the VFO past the AM-mode non-contesters, match the elevation of your antenna, and then add a second

wire across the top to represent the hor-
izontal wires.
If the SWR sweep of the modeling pro-
gram shows that your antenna has a
SWR less than 3:1 at 1.8 MHz, an auto-
matic antenna tuner (an option into
many modern rigs) or your amplifier’s
plate and load controls will likely be able
to match the antenna with decent effi-
ciency. If the EZNEC SWR is shown to
be much higher than 3:1, you likely will
be able to put a simple tuning network
at the base (a loading coil, or simple L-
match with a capacitor and coil).
In the simplest case, the ground you
feed against can be a ground rod.
Higher transmission efficiencies can be
achieved if you enhance the ground
system with at least a few radials of wire
in whichever directions you have avail-
able. I have been active for the past
decade on top band using my 130-foot
doublet as a Marconi T for the 160-
meter band. My radial system is 20 vary-
ing lengths of 14-gauge bare copper
and 14-gauge stranded insulated
housewire, stretched across an asphalt
driveway and across the roof joists of
Figure 1. North American lightning activity from July 2020 through June 2021. my basement shack and out to the other
Data is from the National Lightning Detection Network, <https://bit.ly/3u6q9AU>. side of the house. The shortest radials
are less than 20 feet long, and the
longest over 100 feet, so this does not
look like any textbook radial system.
Get On 160 For Other Winter

Contests, Too
The CQ World-Wide DX CW Contest
(November 27-28th this year) counts
multipliers per band on all bands and
each night there is 160-meter action.
Even the most modest station will be
able to work another station in their
own zone and country for two easy
multipliers (country and zone) on 160
meters.
For stations in North America, the
January North American QSO Parties
count multipliers per band and the 100-
watt power limit is great for encourag-
ing smaller stations to get on and call
CQ. In 2022, the CW NAQP is January
15th and the SSB NAQP is January
22nd. Note that this a week later than
the usual calendar. Full 2022 rules and
schedule for all six NAQP events are
online at <https://bit.ly/3o85MlI>.
The 0300Z session of the CWops Test
(Thursday morning in Europe, Wednes-
day evening in North America) can be
used as a weekly opportunity to debug
and exercise your topband skills, sta-
tion, and antennas. In the winter
months, action begins to move to 160
Figure 2. Growth in log submissions, 1960-2021, for the three largest 160-meter meters at 0345 UTC in this CWT ses-
contests each year. Below the log data is the smoothed sunspot number, provid- sion. Full rules to the CWT are at
ed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium, <https://bit.ly/3kHLlu9>. <https://cwops.org/cwops-tests>.

PROPAGATION
BY TOMAS HOOD,* NW7US
The Rise of a Solar Cycle
Quick Look at Current Cycle 25 Conditions: ONE YEAR AGO:

(Data rounded to nearest whole number) (Data rounded to nearest whole number)
Sunspots: Sunspots:
Observed Monthly, August 2021: 23 Observed Monthly, August 2020: 8
12-month smoothed, February 2021: 19 12-month smoothed, February 2020: 3
10.7-cm Flux: 10.7-cm Flux:

Observed Monthly, August 2021: 78 Observed Monthly, August 2020: 72
12-month smoothed, February 2021: 78 12-month smoothed, February 2020: 71
T
he new solar cycle is picking up some steam. The 10.7- segment are defined. This winter season will be reasonably
cm Radio Flux readings during September rose at times quiet, though conditions may at times be marginal if the
above 100 and we are no longer seeing long periods geomagnetic field activity becomes stormy. The combined
without sunspots. While there are days with a count of zero effect of decreased static levels and longer hours of dark-
sunspots, such spotless days are becoming less common. ness in the northern latitudes will make 160 meters a plea-
This results in an uptick of DX activity on the high frequen- surable band during winter. During this month’s CQWW CW
cies (HF). For example, daytime openings on 10 meters contest, participants should experience fair to good scores
between the northeastern U.S. and Europe surprised DXers on this band. Look for openings toward Europe and the
late in September. south from the eastern half of the U.S. and toward the south,
Along with the increase in sunspots, we’ve observed some the Far East, Australasia, and the South Pacific from the
of the first moderately strong X-ray flares (M-class). Flares western half of the country. These openings should be
can cause radio blackouts on the sunlit side of Earth, but strong during the contest period. Remember, the best prop-
these fadeouts did not last very long in September.
Also common with flares and sunspots are coronal mass
ejections, in which massive clouds of solar plasma are eject- LAST-MINUTE FORECAST
ed onto the solar wind. If directed toward Earth, this may Day-to-Day Conditions Expected for November 2021
cause a geomagnetic storm. Thankfully, the CMEs during
September did not result in much geomagnetic storminess. Expected Signal Quality
Propagation Index (4) (3) (2) (1)
As we move into 2022, expect a significant rise in solar Above Normal: A A B C
activity, sunspot frequency, size, and complexity, and a rise 10, 13-14, 20
High Normal: A B C C-D
in the Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) of many radio 3, 5-6, 8-9, 19, 21,
paths between DX locations. And, of course, stay tuned to 23-27, 30
Low Normal: B C-B C-D D-E
this column for a play-by-play of the action. 1, 4, 7, 12, 15, 17-18,
22, 28
Below Normal: C C-D D-E E
November HF Propagation 2, 16, 29
Disturbed: C-D D E E
Last month’s column contained a detailed review of condi- 11
tions expected during October. Let’s look at what we can Where expected signal quality is:
expect this month. A--Excellent opening, exceptionally strong, steady signals greater than S9
B--Good opening, moderately strong signals varying between S6 and S9, with little fading or
160 Meters: Expect an increase in DX openings during noise.
the local hours of darkness, starting at dusk and lasting into C--Fair opening, signals between moderately strong and weak, varying between S3 and S6,
with some fading and noise.
the sunrise period. Since we are still at the beginning Cycle D--Poor opening, with weak signals varying between S1 and S3, with considerable fading and
noise.
25, this season will be quite favorable for stable conditions E--No opening expected.
on this band and other medium-wave bands like 120
meters, for the shortwave listeners among our readres. HOW TO USE THIS FORECAST
1. Using the Propagation Charts appearing in “The CQ Shortwave Propagation Handbook,
Medium wave is the slice of spectrum from 300 kHz to 3 4th Edition,” by Carl Luetzelschwab, George Jacobs, Theodore J. Cohen, and R. B. Rose.
MHz, while shortwave is 3-30 MHz (Figure 1); see a. Find the Propagation Index associated with the particular path opening from the
Propagation Charts.
<https://tinyurl.com/59enz9nt> for the “In force” document b. With the Propagation Index, use the above table to find the expected signal quality asso-
in which the frequency boundaries for each radio band or ciated with the path opening for any given day of the month. For example, an opening shown
in the Propagation Charts with a Propagation Index of 2 will be fair to poor on September 1,
fair from October 2 through 5, and good on October 6, and so forth.
2. Alternatively, you may use the Last-Minute Forecast as a general guide to space weath-
* P.O. Box 110 er and geomagnetic conditions throughout the month. When conditions are Above Normal, for
example, the geomagnetic field should be quiet, and space weather should be mild. On the
Fayetteville, OH 45118 other hand, days marked as Disturbed will be riddled with geomagnetic storms. Propagation
Email: <nw7us@nw7us.us> of radio signals in the HF spectrum will be affected by these geomagnetic conditions. In gen-
eral, when conditions are High Normal to Above Normal, signals will be more reliable on a given
@NW7US (https://Twitter.com/NW7US) path, when the ionosphere supports the path that is in consideration. This chart is updated daily
@hfradiospacewx (https://Twitter.com/HFRadioSpaceWX) at <http://SunSpotWatch.com> provided by NW7US.

Figure 1. Radio frequencies are often grouped in ranges called bands. (Courtesy of NASA)
agation aid for this band — and for the 80- and 40-meter direction around midnight. For openings in a generally west-
bands, as well — is a set of sunrise and sunset curves ern direction, expect a peak just after sunrise. The band should
(Figure 2), since DX signals tend to peak when it is local remain open towards the south throughout most of the night.
sunrise at the easterly end of the path. Noise levels will be considerably lower than October, and the
80/75 Meters: This should be a great band for DX openings period for band openings in a particular direction will be a bit
to many areas of the world during the hours of darkness and longer. Some CQWW contest operators may take the chal-
into the sunrise period. Eighty meters becomes a reliable long- lenge of operating exclusively on 80 meters, so expect an
distance band throughout the entire period of darkness. The adventure in skill and patience. The conditions are expected
band should peak toward Europe and in a generally easterly to be favorable for high scores on this band.
Figure 2. A contour plot of the hours of daylight as a function of latitude and day of the year, using the most accurate mod-
els described in this article at <https://tinyurl.com/5wjtjtnt>. It can be seen that the areas of constant day and constant night
reach up to the polar circles (here labeled “Anta. c.” and “Arct. c.”), which is a consequence of the earth’s inclination.
(Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)

60 Meters: Competing with both the noon and early evening hours for those ditions for paths in the Northern Hemi-
75- and 40-meter bands, 60 meters may paths that may be open. Don’t forget to sphere will be poor to fair, but usable
provide coverage during those periods look for long-path openings for about an mostly at low latitudes to DX areas that
when propagation is less useful on 75 hour or so after sunrise and again for an are also at low latitudes. This is primar-
and 40. During hours of darkness, sea- hour or so before local sunset. ily a daytime band, so spend some time
sonal static levels are lower than they 17 Meters: This band is becoming a hunting DX as openings occur more
were during the summer, and nighttime contender for reaping great DX. Con- often here than on the 15-meter band.
MUFs on some paths could be just
above 5 MHz this month. That results in
possible DX until morning hours. The
band should be open first for DX toward
Europe and the east during the late
afternoon. Signals should increase in
intensity as darkness approaches.
Signals should peak from an easterly
direction closer to midnight, and from a
westerly direction just after sunrise.
Remember, just as with the 80- and 75-
meter bands, signals tend to peak as
the Sun rises on the eastern end of a
propagation path.
40 Meters: Competing with the 80-
meter band, this should be a hot DX
band during the dark hours as the sea-
sonal static levels are lower than they
were during the summer. Nighttime
MUFs on some paths could fall below
7 MHz this month, resulting in this band
closing on those paths until morning
hours. The band should be open first in
the late afternoon for DX toward
Europe, changing over to favor the west
until after dawn. Signals should peak
from an easterly direction closer to mid-
night, and from a westerly direction just
after sunrise. Remember, just as with
80 meters, signals tend to peak as the
Sun rises on the eastern end of a prop-
agation path.
30 Meters: Competing with the 20-
meter band, this band offers digital and
CW operators an edge for hunting DX.
Like other lower-frequency bands, this
one should be open first for DX toward
Europe and the east during the late
afternoon. Signals should increase in
intensity as darkness approaches.
Signals should peak from an easterly
direction closer to midnight, and from a
westerly direction just after sunrise.
What is great about this band is that it
often has the best of characteristics
found on the 20- and 40-meter bands,
just shifting throughout the day.
20 Meters: DX openings should be
possible on this band mostly during the
day, and somewhat during the night
depending on the path and the path’s
end points (where you are, where your
contact is, and the path between).
However, because of the shorter day- Figure 3. The new solar cycle (Cycle 25) is represented in several ways. At the
light hours in the Northern Hemisphere, top is the Sunspot Number, in the bottom plot, the F10.7cm Radio Flux. In all of
nighttime path openings will be shorter the plots, the black line represents the monthly averaged data and the purple line
this month compared to October, with represents a 13-month smoothed version of the monthly averaged data. For the
signal peaks about an hour or two after Sunspot Number and F10.7cm, the forecast for the rest of the solar cycle is given
sunrise and again during the late after- by the red line. (Courtesy of SWPC / NOAA)

15 Meters: The conditions for propa- bly some good one-hop east-west prop- Working VHF propagation off meteor
gation between U.S. and DX entities will agation as well. If open, the band will tails — the highly ionized plasma trails
be poor to fair, especially at low lati- peak right after sunrise, and just a bit left by the meteor — requires some rea-
tudes. Fluctuating conditions are before sunset, local time. Openings sonable power, gain, and good operat-
expected at these frequencies from toward Europe and in a generally east- ing skill. With the latest WSJT digital
shortly after sunrise through the early erly direction, when they exist, will be modes and high-speed burst-mode CW
evening hours. The band could remain short, peaking an hour or two before software, you can possibly work the
open into the evening toward southern noon. Those towards South America smaller meteors. There is a guide writ-
and tropical areas. and Africa peak during the early after- ten by Kirk Kleinschmidt, NTØZ, avail-
12 Meters: Expect conditions to be noon hours. Optimum conditions toward able as a PDF document located at
similar to the 10-meter band. Primarily a the Far East, Australia, southern Asia, <https://tinyurl.com/4k64fawk>.
daytime band, fluctuating conditions are and the South Pacific are forecast for the For a detailed list of meteor show-
expected at these frequencies from late afternoon and early evening hours, ers, check out <https://tinyurl.com/
shortly after sunrise through the early especially from stations in lower lati- 9w4cvaps> for a complete calendar of
evening hours. The band could remain tudes. This band will require a lot of skill meteor showers in 2021.
open into the evening toward southern and better-than-average antennas. If you use Twitter.com, you can follow
and tropical areas. Keep watching, as <@hfradiospacewx> for hourly updates
this band could provide a surprise or two. VHF Conditions that include the K index numbers. You
10 Meters: With an expected 10.7-cm The Leonids meteor shower is typically can also check the numbers at <http://
flux no higher than about 100 on the best the big event for November. This show- SunSpotWatch.com>, where this col-
days of the month, and with most of the er is active throughout most of the umnist provides a wealth of current
days experiencing lower 10.7-cm flux month. For those readers who are space weather details as well as links.
levels (around 80), this band will have attempting to fire up the VHF trans- Please report your observations of any
some life. Contest participants in low- ceiver and activate the 6-meter beam notable propagation conditions, by writ-
and middle-latitude locations can expect antenna to propagate a signal off of the ing this columnist via Twitter, or via the
occasional daytime F-layer propagation plasma trails of these meteors, there Space Weather and Radio Propaga-
contacts during the contest weekend, may well be enough hourly activity this tion Facebook page at <https://fb.me/
mainly on north-south paths, but possi- year to make this a hot event. spacewx.hfradio>.
Current Solar Cycle Progress

The Royal Observatory of Belgium
reports that the monthly mean observed
sunspot number for August 2021 was
22.77. The 12-month running smoothed
sunspot number centered on February
2021 is 18.6. A smoothed sunspot count
of 28, give or take about 8 points, is
expected for November 2021.
The Dominion Radio Astrophysical
Observatory at Penticton, BC, Canada,
reports a 10.7-cm observed monthly
mean solar flux of 77.93 for August
2021. The 12-month smoothed 10.7-cm
flux centered on February 2021 is 78.0.
The predicted smoothed 10.7-cm solar
flux for November 2021 is 80, give or
take 9 points.
Geomagnetic activity level this month
is expected to range from quiet to storm,
resulting in degraded propagation at
times this month. Remember that you
can get an up-to-the-day Last-Minute
Forecast on the main page at <http://
SunSpotWatch.com>.
I welcome your thoughts, questions,
and experiences regarding this fasci-
nating science of propagation. You may
email me, write me a letter, or catch me
on the HF amateur bands. If you are on
Facebook, check out <https://fb.me/
spacewx.hfradio> and <https://fb.me/
Figure 4. We are seeing life in this new sunspot cycle, Cycle 25. This bodes well NW7US> — speaking of Facebook —
for the autumn DX season. With any sunspots, we should see a rise in the radio check out the CQ Amateur Radio mag-
flux and therefore some strengthening of the ionosphere. Higher frequencies may azine fan page at <https://fb.me/
propagate well this DX season. That was the case in late September, when the CQMag>.
10.7-cm Radio Flux rose above 100. (Courtesy of SDO / HMI) – 73, Tomas, NW7US

Number groups after call letters NQ2F " 3,234,661 1802 757 N3QE " 6,360,088 2456 959 *WA4GUD " 1,950 40 39 K1GU " 2,847 42 39
denote following: Band (A = all; an (OP: KD2RD) KF3P " 5,851,749 1982 993 *K3ZU " 1,472 23 23 N4DE " 2,070 30 30
WA2CP " 2,940,192 1526 738 (OP: K3MM) *K8WHA " 1,344 34 28 K3TD " 1,219 24 23
additional A is All Band Assisted; A (OP: KC2GOW) K3ZO " 5,351,939 1895 851 *NS3T 28 5,670 71 63 WD8RYC " 752 16 16
after each band is Assisted for that KR2AA " 2,480,485 1647 655 WY3A " 4,881,006 1879 918 *K1WAT 14 52,003 146 133 W7AOF " 184 10 8
band), Final Score, Number of QSOs, WS9M " 2,469,920 1723 718 K3WJV " 4,107,330 1677 846 *K2RK " 29,391 108 97 WN1GIV 28 269,864 694 316
and Prefixes. An asterisk (*) before a AB2E " 2,435,520 1474 688 WR8AA " 3,189,410 1288 805 *K3HW " 19,656 127 108 (OP: N4BP)
K2NV " 1,807,156 1125 598 (OP: N4ZR) *WC3O " 2,448 37 34 NA4W " 177,480 546 261
call indicates low power. Line scores W2NO " 1,775,870 868 691 W3FV " 3,180,546 1480 783 *AC3EK " 2,128 38 38 (OP: K4WI)
in italics indicate late log received WR2G " 1,629,208 963 619 KU2C " 3,041,640 1144 840 *N3TJB " 713 25 23 N4UM " 3,068 57 52
(past the deadline). Certificate win- KA2MGE " 1,554,756 1094 581 W8FJ " 2,999,204 1288 842 *KQ3S " 84 12 12 KR4Z 21 942,390 1048 555
ners are listed in boldface. (Note that K4RUM " 1,391,280 1009 527 WK2G " 2,945,760 1684 760 (OP: N4OX)
NE2V " 1,252,328 954 532 WX3B " 2,784,952 1272 709 District 4 KR4F " 4,418 52 47
the country names and groupings N2WK " 929,575 740 475 N3AM " 2,532,670 1349 746 NY4A A 9,062,207 2867 1127 WH6LE " 288 12 12
reflect the DXCC list at the time of the N2SQW " 850,824 677 468 NW3Y " 2,374,377 1208 659 NR3X " 7,242,260 3296 1028 KU8E 14 1,806,750 1351 730
contest.) WB2NVR " 819,840 693 427 K3MD " 2,287,440 1155 706 (OP: N4YDU) K3DNE " 109,568 253 214
K2PAL " 605,101 571 371 K3TC " 2,236,320 1371 720 WR3O " 7,203,597 3199 1031 K3JWI " 3,648 39 38
WO2X " 593,894 574 413 NN3Q " 2,206,234 1250 622 (OP: K4RO) AA3E " 2,080 44 40
2021 WPX CW WU2X " 570,024 572 377
(OP: N2QV)
W2CDO
K3WU
"
"
1,932,560 1055 595
1,752,315 1167 591
KM9P " 6,456,954 2960 987
(OP: KØEJ) KW4EE
KM4HI
"
7
16
309,662
(OP: W4LT)
4
311 281
4
K2QMF " 554,760 574 414 N3OC " 1,734,536 1282 628 NN7CW " 6,397,650 2694 945
RESULTS NM2O
K3TS
"
"
548,051
529,226
555 413
452 361
AA3S
NT2DR
"
"
1,725,256 911 626
1,668,447 1164 627
AD4EB
N6AR
"
"
6,020,688 2557 1032
5,963,520 2305 960
NX4N
AD8J
"
3.5
19,076
2,635
85
31
76
31
K2RB " 511,430 646 398 W3FIZ " 1,556,032 953 593 K4OAQ " 4,767,210 2109 882 KB4FB " 24 2 2
SINGLE OPERATOR AH2O " 448,632 700 402 K3UL " 1,378,980 968 564 WO4O " 4,737,408 2377 876 *WF9A A 2,750,412 2003 717
NORTH AMERICA WA2MCR " 430,317 561 349 NN3SI " 1,262,250 883 510 AD4TR " 4,477,850 2483 830 (OP: LZ4AX)
NN2NN " 327,376 401 296 (OP: K3EW) (OP: N4UU) *W9SN " 2,352,499 1333 661
United States WB2NFL " 289,971 425 303 W3KL " 1,208,352 853 492 N1TO " 3,462,312 1947 777 *NR4M " 2,327,220 1183 630
District 1 WB2WPM " 281,144 410 311 N3EEN " 1,057,336 893 478 N4CW " 2,931,049 1440 737 (OP: K7SV)
K1ZZ A11,510,930 3136 1171 W2GDJ " 232,560 337 285 K3PP " 1,017,500 648 550 N4QS " 2,541,060 1585 743 *NU2A " 1,836,702 1434 602
KM1W "11,231,946 3042 1146 KM2L " 207,708 293 228 WA3AER " 964,376 857 476 N1RM " 2,481,276 1355 654 (OP: N2YO)
(OP: W1UE) NS2N " 187,353 324 243 N3FZ " 867,225 689 465 NN3W " 2,467,188 1239 684 *WA4PGM " 1,329,120 907 585
KQ2M " 10,413,333 3286 1071 WB2PJH " 137,940 229 190 K3AU " 815,490 557 442 K3IE " 2,450,664 1630 674 *N4XL " 1,283,793 900 541
WC1M " 9,834,012 3184 1038 N2OO " 111,132 225 189 (OP: K2YWE) KQ4R " 2,344,620 1635 690 *N3CKI " 743,526 813 441
AC1U " 9,162,960 2967 1046 W2JV " 104,319 244 201 N3FCP " 783,328 805 416 NO9E " 1,838,112 1347 656 *WC4E " 743,386 625 406
(OP: N1UR) AI2N " 103,462 196 179 AB3CV " 716,527 475 343 AI4WW " 1,783,640 1290 610 *NK4O " 736,005 750 417
AK1W " 7,061,588 2464 1033 W2YR " 101,192 221 182 K3CY " 661,045 563 385 NE8P " 1,781,920 1319 602 *K4EJ " 717,704 736 412
(OP: K5ZD) K2QO " 87,108 233 183 KE3GK " 620,840 597 415 N4IQ " 1,637,196 1270 628 *W4YE " 610,335 634 411
K1AR " 5,305,120 2174 934 K2CJ " 58,653 150 133 AK3B " 526,030 606 410 N4KS " 1,532,007 1477 621 *N1WR " 484,930 594 355
NTØK " 4,338,048 1973 832 AK2S " 57,660 177 155 N3FJP " 467,718 548 411 N3JT " 1,249,440 987 570 *N2FT " 467,744 630 376
(OP: KC1KUG) K7RB " 54,166 160 146 WC3N " 457,962 489 381 W1AJT " 1,217,682 1172 549 *W4EE " 462,660 503 330
NB1N " 3,685,311 1717 777 N2KHH " 52,510 141 118 NN3RP " 432,064 552 344 K4WW " 1,207,970 1005 565 *K4ORD " 448,220 521 365
WS1L " 2,090,240 1342 710 N2HMM " 46,632 149 134 KF3B " 369,183 510 327 KY4NA " 1,168,440 980 520 *K2MK " 440,089 636 349
N9NC " 1,756,950 1062 650 W2PA " 41,044 134 124 AC3U " 357,027 554 341 (OP: KE4KY) *W4SSF " 421,006 580 362
NM1JY " 1,503,054 972 553 KO4GBD " 38,985 131 115 (OP: W3UL) WA4JUK " 1,159,168 896 512 *N4HA " 381,238 461 341
K1DG " 1,111,127 973 503 W2QL " 35,030 128 113 K2CD " 332,840 496 314 NS4X " 1,044,420 1011 507 *KG4IGC " 370,592 483 313
AE1T " 927,499 750 491 K2QB " 27,144 132 117 K3TN " 328,282 434 326 N8KH " 1,022,192 952 464 *K4JKB " 362,768 449 328
AK1MD " 836,070 775 435 N2SO " 23,129 118 101 KD3TB " 268,832 421 271 N4CF " 847,459 798 443 *KB4CG " 309,140 514 290
WF1OC " 565,080 588 408 KZ2I " 21,330 91 79 K1BZ " 207,315 335 255 WN7S " 835,200 1054 480 *W1FOX " 261,393 461 267
(OP: W1RM) WA2VIU " 18,204 99 82 KB3Z " 196,800 273 240 N5TOO " 801,128 978 478 *N3ZL " 256,956 528 276
W1IS " 396,651 448 327 N2AXX " 11,175 77 75 K3TEF " 191,215 292 229 KS3F " 771,817 547 547 *KM4FO " 232,352 532 274
K1SM " 338,300 486 340 KF2O " 5,175 45 45 N3XL " 156,992 299 223 NF4A " 759,520 950 470 *K4OSO " 222,372 386 261
KB1W " 309,844 436 284 K2YR " 2,700 30 30 WO3Z " 152,628 309 237 WF4W " 746,281 913 457 *NØOJ " 186,588 293 213
WJ1X " 287,616 386 321 W2UDT " 1,372 32 28 WB2ZAB " 126,441 203 189 N4ZZ " 723,640 921 458 *K4FTO " 184,800 347 231
W1TO " 199,014 301 246 KV2K 14 6,343,150 2276 1214 N8WXQ " 111,180 283 204 K2WK " 691,680 669 393 *KS4S " 160,506 396 241
W1GD " 197,806 216 199 (OP: K2NG) N3ZP " 92,393 289 197 WF3T " 645,183 941 441 *KC4TEO " 145,080 307 234
NV1Q " 166,560 298 240 N2MM " 2,706,858 1417 837 NY3B " 82,026 251 189 N4DW " 625,828 636 434 *W4VG " 141,046 290 218
KV1J " 142,270 268 205 W2AW " 2,262,442 1317 802 W3GVX " 78,029 169 157 NN4SS " 611,534 578 418 *K3YDX " 135,110 372 229
NZ1U " 111,520 196 164 (OP: N2GM) NE3K " 59,860 190 146 N4FP " 556,808 731 427 *W4NNF " 129,360 373 240
(OP: W1UJ) W2CG " 205,740 292 254 KA3D " 52,773 153 147 KT4Q " 526,422 553 397 *WX4HP " 118,332 314 228
W1JQ " 54,720 189 160 N2YBB " 95,040 217 198 NB3R " 27,010 77 73 NA4J " 455,080 593 367 *NØYY " 113,220 277 185
N1NN " 48,138 206 142 KY2N " 77,880 205 177 WA3GM " 21,400 120 107 W8FN " 406,536 537 312 *WA3LXD " 107,600 282 200
ND1X " 42,880 147 134 (OP: N2ZN) NF3R " 20,833 90 83 WS6X " 384,770 509 353 *NJ8J " 107,399 311 211
W1UK " 16,456 72 68 KA2AEY " 1,872 38 36 N3RM " 20,188 105 98 K4HQK " 377,790 371 245 *N4CWZ " 106,506 288 194
K1MT " 11,468 63 61 K2UF 7 763,944 597 417 WB3DOM " 16,720 92 88 K9UQN " 346,024 565 334 *W4SPR " 105,840 228 189
W3EP " 7,568 46 44 N2NT " 712,253 503 361 K3VZ " 16,236 90 82 W1BQ " 329,766 477 318 *N4QI " 101,504 289 208
K1IB " 6,213 65 57 NB2P " 444,125 451 323 K3FMQ " 13,532 68 68 AA5JF " 321,912 415 306 *KG5HVO " 98,430 252 193
N1PGA " 1,480 21 20 KX2NY 3.5 32,120 106 88 NAØB " 11,952 78 72 KM4EA " 302,120 507 332 *WA4IPU " 91,364 264 182
K1JB 21 218,044 413 302 *KU2M A 3,878,934 1604 834 W3NRJ " 7,656 59 58 (OP: W4NZ) *WB4OMM " 84,597 215 173
K1RV " 1,770 32 30 *N2UU " 805,068 795 418 KZ3W " 5,936 63 53 N4PD " 294,532 306 268 *KW4CW " 81,686 198 158
K1KI 14 6,582,915 2583 1205 *K2RET " 780,006 606 426 KG4USN " 5,510 38 38 KG3V " 278,481 355 267 *AA2MX " 80,770 239 197
NC1CC " 1,426,046 1034 667 *K2PJC " 642,001 630 401 W3JX " 1,541 23 23 AA4AQ " 275,753 581 313 *N4RRR " 79,420 235 190
W1/PY1MX " 438,126 572 411 *WW2P " 621,352 629 404 W2DLT " 918 36 34 (OP: K4PV) *K4TZ " 78,306 278 186
K1WR " 12,224 65 64 *KV2U " 571,136 665 388 AA1K 21 427,672 650 392 W6UB " 268,272 532 324 *N4NTO " 77,522 246 166
W1OHM " 646 19 19 *NF2RS " 509,145 594 373 W3ICM " 2,838 43 43 AA4DD " 255,915 295 235 *K4CBW " 76,475 172 161
W3AKD 7 81,069 211 183 (OP: K2ZR) K3LR 14 6,891,380 2560 1174 NU4E " 243,360 333 260 *K4GM " 71,412 154 132
*KQ1F A 5,332,103 2129 853 *W2FDJ " 378,594 449 342 (OP: N2NC) W3TB " 242,730 405 279 *W4NBS " 70,192 221 164
(OP: K1XM) *AB2TB " 311,790 484 285 K2LNS " 2,035,908 1312 756 ND4Y " 237,527 480 269 *W4WKU " 62,712 186 156
*N1EN " 1,894,599 1300 609 *KE2WY " 307,496 464 323 N3RD " 1,165,248 928 578 W3SA " 230,708 467 274 *WB2ART " 61,851 248 159
*AJ1AJ " 853,712 794 458 *WA2QAU " 244,984 446 271 K3GW " 350,020 456 370 AF4WY " 223,774 447 254 *KZ1O " 61,600 166 140
*W1ARY " 826,284 821 444 *KI2N " 237,237 344 237 K3VA " 214,338 311 278 (OP: K2AV) *K4BRU " 59,888 176 152
*KS1J " 717,162 594 474 *KD2P " 208,494 378 286 NA7L " 182,970 430 285 NN4NN " 221,440 339 256 *N2JF " 57,772 174 143
*KX1E " 570,095 569 353 *NM2A " 207,718 360 259 K3ISH " 7,314 56 53 W2XYZ " 219,221 366 257 *AAØO " 56,507 136 121
*KG1V " 445,068 599 351 *KA2K " 181,900 277 214 K3UA 7 6,517,119 1842 917 W3DQS " 208,725 363 253 *K4YDE " 52,128 179 144
*N1DC " 414,504 601 342 *KA2FIR " 145,390 268 217 (OP: @K3LR) K2TE " 195,398 288 238 *KC4WQ " 51,339 190 157
*AE6JV " 222,134 345 253 *W2LCQ " 126,474 306 197 NN3L " 6,063,858 1727 906 N6DW " 195,104 372 268 *W4KAZ " 50,976 205 144
*NJ1T " 222,054 331 238 *KD2EPM " 121,975 328 205 (OP: N3RS) ND4G " 194,180 282 266 *N3HEE " 50,116 169 134
*KC1ERO " 181,472 311 214 *KD2ST " 118,038 337 206 NA3M " 2,208,756 1051 638 AG2N " 182,160 294 230 *KA3MTT " 47,376 238 168
*K1HT " 159,997 226 193 *W2OIB " 111,276 241 198 NC3Y " 751,595 675 403 (OP: N3MN) *K4DR " 46,810 257 155
*W1DYJ " 129,168 220 207 *KS2G " 111,024 287 216 WA3AAN " 413,275 480 305 K7OM " 181,548 390 246 *WZ4M " 46,665 191 153
*KU1N " 113,022 241 182 *KC2WUF " 107,996 304 196 NO3U " 303,480 354 281 K8LF " 171,216 297 246 *WU6X " 45,406 196 146
*N1QY " 100,905 197 155 *NY6DX " 107,308 288 193 W3BGN 3.5 291,913 365 251 KX4TT " 168,498 275 222 *KJ4AOM " 44,064 157 136
*K1SEC " 86,152 283 178 *KI2D " 99,960 305 196 KX2S " 23,114 102 91 NZ4N " 163,784 328 236 *KO4Z " 39,456 227 137
*W1MJ " 84,624 232 172 *NC1A " 85,942 294 194 *W3KB A 2,060,094 1137 646 AJ2Y " 160,425 377 279 *K4AVX " 37,520 168 140
*AJ1DM " 79,534 247 182 *KW2O " 60,568 151 134 *W3RGA " 1,175,944 1027 506 K4EU " 126,736 197 178 *K3ZGA " 35,742 181 138
*KA2KON " 68,640 154 130 (OP: KA2D) *NJ3K " 1,085,148 1028 516 W4UT " 116,183 299 223 *K8LBQ " 33,748 192 143
*N1DM " 40,950 165 126 *KY2T " 44,352 219 154 *N3HCN " 992,438 914 482 K2SD " 109,000 276 218 *N9CB " 32,994 141 117
*W1ND " 33,916 211 122 *W2TI " 42,768 112 108 *KB3AAY " 657,900 702 430 N3KN " 104,880 258 190 *NS2X " 32,250 168 129
*N1GSA " 26,448 134 114 *WA2VQF " 30,015 166 115 *NU3A " 548,450 616 350 N3MM " 104,077 280 199 *AA2MA " 28,919 156 121
*AB1KT " 25,568 195 136 *KA2IRQ " 28,090 135 106 *WM3PEN " 448,762 599 346 KT4XN " 90,951 247 183 *W9GOL " 28,362 105 87
*K1LHO " 25,283 182 131 *W2VM " 26,751 119 111 (OP: W3WHK) N4UC " 84,460 278 205 *WA4EUL " 28,024 149 124
*N1AM " 21,944 119 104 *N2RI " 26,712 147 106 *N2EY " 342,468 464 302 W8WZ " 81,656 267 173 *AI4GR " 26,471 120 103
*W1ER " 19,976 99 88 *N3CRT " 24,920 97 89 *N2EM " 306,234 521 321 W4VIC " 76,104 178 151 *KS3H " 25,802 170 133
*W1ZFG " 15,834 108 91 *WB2KWC " 24,696 159 126 *NR3Z " 163,724 385 244 KN6BU " 68,340 149 134 *N3GTY " 24,640 125 110
*K1RF " 13,300 128 100 *KA2ENE " 21,120 140 110 *WA1HEW " 146,016 437 234 K2PS " 63,910 183 154 *KK4E " 24,416 137 109
*N1SEP " 12,064 63 58 *KB2MN " 13,475 91 77 *N2MA " 111,524 238 196 KG4W " 57,794 178 142 *NQ4K " 21,854 112 98
*W1KM " 9,798 88 69 *W2YK " 12,352 65 64 *NA3F " 92,026 223 178 AC4G " 53,560 118 103 *WB4ABY " 20,150 170 130
*W1CVE " 8,050 52 46 *NW2K " 11,868 105 86 *KC3M " 69,520 198 158 K4YCR " 50,887 203 151 *KO4AWC " 18,715 123 95
*WA1N " 3,655 44 43 *KD2QDD " 7,920 89 72 *AB3SX " 69,296 189 142 W4GHV " 48,516 166 156 *K3NP " 18,639 126 109
*N1CEO " 2,745 50 45 *AA2AW " 6,174 69 63 *NX3V " 56,446 246 167 W3GQ " 48,230 141 130 *AE4AN " 17,954 114 94
*AK1K " 2,576 50 46 *AC2IK " 5,428 79 59 *W3WTD " 49,245 209 147 NA4A " 44,118 179 129 *WBØCJB " 16,940 136 110
*KB1NO " 1,406 44 38 *WB2UDC " 5,192 84 59 *W3TAS " 49,155 186 145 KO4DN " 41,964 215 156 *K4VBM " 16,340 114 86
*KA1QYP " 750 25 25 *KB2AMY " 4,984 71 56 *W3IUU " 45,353 158 133 K5VIP " 41,446 108 106 *K4FJW " 15,570 109 90
*K1ARR " 120 10 10 *K1NY " 3,922 41 37 *KF3G " 40,524 165 132 N3CW " 40,596 108 102 *WU4B " 14,112 99 96
*KC1WD " 117 9 9 *KD2SGM " 3,015 47 45 *K3KU " 37,479 101 93 W4PF " 39,625 137 125 *WS7X " 12,474 127 99
*K1UY " 3 1 1 *W2NRA " 2,660 43 35 *K3ORC " 32,966 125 106 WB4EHG " 32,736 162 132 *NN4DF " 12,464 82 82
*NG1R 14 1,281,056 1092 602 *K2JF " 2,016 33 32 *W3AVP " 25,974 150 111 AE8J " 25,916 76 76 *KE4QCM " 11,319 94 77
(OP: W1QK) *KB2GD " 1,848 34 33 *K3JSJ " 23,793 135 103 KEØL " 20,497 115 103 *N4EII " 10,540 105 85
*AB1J " 416,800 544 400 *WA2YYL " 1,824 51 48 *KY3W " 23,587 128 103 K4RDU " 18,711 115 99 *W4GDG " 9,804 98 76
*KA1YQC " 78,280 194 190 *K2ZC " 912 14 12 *KD3KA " 21,600 120 100 KSØCW " 17,266 105 89 *N4DPM " 9,398 78 74
*AE1P " 13,926 71 66 *N2SFS " 576 24 24 (OP: W3WC) W2ECK " 16,940 83 77 *KN4EWI " 9,324 75 63
*W1HS " 2,268 38 36 *KD2KEH " 27 9 9 *N3JNX " 13,760 88 80 N4TL " 15,664 109 88 *K4RAB " 6,710 69 61
*NP2GG 7 1 1 1 *N2EIM 14 46,354 176 154 *N3RN " 10,480 99 80 WD4OHD " 13,940 86 82 *W4CMG " 6,230 78 70
*N1CGP 1.8 2,117 36 29 *WB2WGH " 2,821 33 31 *KJ4KPW " 9,912 97 84 AC4MC " 13,158 104 86 *N8GU " 5,076 57 54
*N4KHZ 7 1,998 39 37 *AJ3M " 8,220 72 60 KJ4ND " 12,960 98 80 *N4JRG " 4,185 49 45
District 2 *AC2C " 6,480 86 72 WB4HRL " 10,935 100 81 *K4KZ " 4,029 57 51
AB3CX A 9,234,180 2900 1098 District 3 *WK3A " 5,852 47 44 AI4CJ " 9,933 89 77 *KC4LZN " 3,822 39 39
K2SSS " 7,544,495 2751 1015 AA3B A 13,487,552 3947 1247 *W3OY " 5,184 84 72 AG4TT " 9,882 63 61 *K8VA " 3,570 81 70
W2MKM " 4,353,600 1641 907 WM3T " 8,468,210 2733 1090 *NE3I " 3,760 53 47 (OP: N4GU) *NC4RT " 3,256 48 44
KR2Q " 3,989,237 1920 833 (OP: NY3A) *K3MTR " 3,572 69 47 WN3F " 6,586 91 74 *AC4PQ " 3,150 40 35
KE2D " 3,746,640 1706 804 K3RA " 7,475,113 2608 991 *AJ3DI " 3,196 53 47 K4NWX " 4,131 56 51 *WO4X " 2,739 36 33
WN2O " 3,272,992 1562 736 KT3M " 6,791,946 2510 966 *K3RL " 3,024 51 42 W3IP " 3,392 32 32 *K3TW " 2,706 35 33
(OP: N2GC) (OP: N3AD) *WA3WXR " 2,109 47 37 KA8P " 3,350 54 50 *KX4KU " 2,666 43 43

*K1KK " 2,214 52 41 *KD2KW " 13,284 92 82 AI6Z " 152,328 306 264 K8IA 21 405,900 643 410 W8WA " 573,300 567 450
(OP: HK1A) *AD5CQ " 11,340 118 90 KD6X " 139,601 310 259 WZ7ZR " 65,236 254 188 W8PI " 70,807 172 157
*ND4K " 2,091 61 51 *KA5CRL " 9,180 81 68 KB6CA " 8,960 85 80 (OP: W7ZR) NS8O 3.5 11,778 96 78
*K2LYV " 1,406 38 37 *AB5XS " 9,047 136 109 NA6TT 7 2,430,864 1252 612 N7BV " 32,340 153 140 AF8C " 816 26 24
*N2NYR " 1,150 26 25 *KC5RGQ " 8,073 92 69 (OP: N6CW) NO7R 14 994,347 913 603 *KM6Z A 1,853,460 1570 630
*AD4YQ " 1,128 25 24 *NA5YO " 7,458 72 66 K6AR " 1,817,019 1066 519 (OP: AA7V) *NC8C " 1,788,614 1425 599
*N3GTG " 1,032 48 43 *AJ4F " 7,134 64 58 KX7M " 1,380,864 964 464 NC7J " 282,200 417 340 (OP: W1NN)
*WB4FSF " 756 27 27 *KE5LQ " 6,710 61 55 (OP: JK3GAD) (OP: W7CT) *NN8UU " 817,128 977 468
*NU4N " 580 21 20 *WB5K " 5,460 83 70 KA6W " 29,400 109 98 WW7E " 176,660 357 292 *WR4T " 418,750 565 335
*N4FA " 575 23 23 *KG5RXG " 5,415 62 57 *WN6K A 346,320 658 312 (OP: W7VO) *NE8O " 377,307 664 339
*W3GYM " 288 18 18 *AC5V " 4,320 66 54 *N6GEO " 205,400 475 260 KØSN " 86,944 272 208 *WY8DX " 340,209 394 309
*AC4DP " 272 17 16 *K5KUA " 3,526 47 41 *NC6V " 134,284 405 236 KN7Y " 35,420 177 140 (OP: K8GT)
*K4CNY " 208 16 16 *K5SBR " 2,668 30 29 *N6TVN " 124,230 292 202 N1CC " 2,760 47 46 *N8CWU " 338,450 504 350
*NK4T " 144 13 12 *W5GCX " 1,152 24 24 *K6KM " 123,344 340 208 N1KEZ " 128 8 8 *N8PE " 282,256 516 299
*WB4TDH 21 82,170 282 198 *NT5TT " 1,025 29 25 *W6ZL " 123,084 359 234 K7SXN " 12 2 2 *K8MU " 265,268 570 332
*W5NZ " 240 12 12 *KF5DDV " 928 29 29 *NU6V " 106,032 294 188 NS1L 7 1,796,823 927 567 *WB8JUI " 251,704 418 292
*WB5KFP " 108 6 6 *W5RES " 736 33 32 *N2JNR " 100,014 327 211 (OP: N6SS) *K8RGI " 245,875 444 281
*N3UA 14 496,839 637 413 *W5CUY " 312 13 13 *KH2TJ/WD6 " 88,453 238 197 K9DR " 223,856 378 272 *WT8WV " 236,320 459 280
*K4HAL " 79,380 214 180 *KF5YUB " 297 9 9 *WU6P " 75,839 289 181 N7RQ " 4,060 32 29 *KV8Q " 174,840 345 235
*N3EA " 68,796 245 189 *K5MUG " 192 8 8 *N6MU " 69,252 199 199 KH6ND/NZ7 3.5 109,220 372 215 *W8EWH " 170,126 384 242
*KB4DE " 17,922 115 103 *W5AAJ " 56 7 7 *WQ6X " 68,060 291 166 W7XI " 8,978 82 67 *NF8M " 151,916 375 233
*WF7T " 17,391 107 93 *W5EJD " 30 10 10 *KC8J " 43,560 211 132 (OP: W6XI) *K7DR " 146,222 353 226
*NN4RB " 5,616 54 52 *N5YT 21 107,877 310 231 *AC6YY " 36,287 188 131 W7DRA 1.8 231 12 11 *AA8OY " 141,050 303 217
*KA4GFY " 4,275 51 45 *WA5ZKO " 1,209 31 31 *AF6GQ " 24,274 147 106 *WJ9B A 1,450,953 1180 567 *W8TB " 134,183 320 203
*KS3K " 2,700 36 36 *KJ5Y 14 348,004 546 361 *K6PO " 21,951 101 81 *K6WSC " 761,739 564 563 *N4RA " 124,992 249 192
*K3UT " 2,124 37 36 (OP: KJØD) *N6GP " 15,023 101 83 *K7HBN " 271,498 394 302 *AF8A " 117,938 295 218
*N1ZX " 2,028 39 39 *K5EMI " 10,611 88 81 *K6CSL " 12,551 98 77 *WAØWWW " 152,544 289 224 *N8TFD " 99,000 296 200
*W4SCP " 418 20 19 *K3KEK " 5,740 81 70 *W6JBR " 10,804 81 74 *N7YY " 121,590 291 210 *AA8TA " 98,605 270 185
(OP: WAØLJM) *N5KAE " 4,275 47 45 *N7DA " 10,647 79 63 *W7MTL " 119,196 315 198 *AB8OU " 95,046 279 186
*WA2ZDM " 352 16 16 *K5EDM " 4,096 75 64 *W6NKR " 10,530 92 81 *K7AZT " 111,588 331 204 *K8BB " 90,972 227 171
*AF5CC/4 " 336 16 16 *AE5MM " 3,634 47 46 *KB6VME " 9,672 111 78 *KF7R " 108,889 303 209 *K8WWS " 89,397 293 189
*WB2UKX " 21 3 3 *WBØRUR " 665 19 19 *NC6Q " 8,680 103 70 *AF7NX " 94,656 289 204 *W1PDI " 88,160 266 190
*N3AC 7 1,218,048 722 488 *KE5EN " 378 19 18 *AA6W " 7,811 91 73 *K7YUR " 87,329 252 187 *N8IW " 80,990 218 178
*KM4FOC " 917,778 803 453 *K5AEB " 132 12 11 *K6TJ " 7,420 90 70 (OP: W7ZI) *KB8TL " 80,580 221 170
(OP: WA1FCN) *KC6ZBE " 27 3 3 *KE6JAC " 4,950 74 50 *W7OM " 84,611 286 211 *WA8MDC " 76,557 255 169
*WN4AFP " 763,994 732 451 *W7SST/5 " 3 1 1 *KM6KJI " 4,165 58 49 *WN6W " 82,838 260 194 *KD8DEU " 73,920 215 176
*K4XL " 571,900 442 350 *K5PAR 7 161 7 7 *W6RQ " 4,029 63 51 *K7SS " 79,560 301 180 *N4HAI " 73,620 230 180
*AA4NP " 337,824 410 306 *AE6PL " 3,910 57 46 *W7WSV " 63,293 222 167 *KF8O " 71,808 229 176
*K4FN " 212,940 292 234 District 6 *K6GTE " 3,618 62 54 *W7GF " 62,103 247 163 *KB8GAE " 71,476 232 167
*NG2J " 104,940 286 198 KR7O A 3,265,654 1790 709 *AA6MK " 3,300 56 44 *W7TMT " 57,354 226 158 *K8VUS " 63,123 192 159
*AA8R " 30,420 94 90 (OP: N6TV) *NA6Q " 3,245 84 59 *N7VS " 54,400 245 170 *K8WU " 62,280 220 180
*N4ARO " 23,458 76 74 KYØW " 2,634,100 1767 700 *N6BHX " 3,124 56 44 *WA7YAZ " 42,778 222 146 *KI8I " 60,390 218 183
*AF4T " 2,828 28 28 (OP: WØYK) *WF6F " 2,432 42 38 *KN7T " 41,922 195 137 *N8VWY " 32,118 119 106
WC6H " 1,930,648 1509 647 *N6PHP " 2,193 50 43 *W9CF " 40,375 178 125 *W8EO " 28,034 168 131
District 5 AJ6V " 1,732,876 1396 604 *KW6AA " 2,064 46 43 *WS7V " 33,885 162 135 *N8FYL " 26,299 148 119
NN5P A 5,379,678 2722 933 KU6W " 1,666,600 1140 650 *WB6POT " 1,870 38 34 *WV7S " 31,178 168 119 *AA8SW " 26,220 165 138
(OP: K5PI) (OP: K9YC) *KN6EVH " 1,484 29 28 *AC7AF " 27,132 148 114 *AK2U " 25,792 138 124
KK5I " 4,377,564 2406 916 WK6LA " 1,647,396 1141 683 *K5CAO " 1,088 17 16 *AG7WI " 26,196 152 118 *W8PN " 22,500 124 100
(OP: W5CW @K5CM) (OP: K6LA) *WM6T " 608 20 19 *KB7AK " 25,376 163 122 *WB8JAY " 22,042 170 107
AD5A " 3,972,672 2350 864 K6NR " 1,548,021 1249 597 *W6XU " 204 12 12 *KX7L " 25,300 149 115 *NE8J " 20,091 140 111
N5RZ " 3,484,180 2056 820 WM6A " 1,520,293 1325 629 *AG6JA " 130 10 10 *AB7RW " 22,195 119 115 *W8ASA " 14,490 97 90
NN5Z " 2,199,288 1312 742 (OP: KH7Y) *N9DK " 15 3 3 *W6KC " 22,018 135 101 *WB8MIW " 13,446 112 81
K5RX " 1,150,575 935 529 K6OK " 1,119,879 847 531 *K6ICS 28 14 7 7 *K7MY " 20,384 125 104 *W8KNO " 13,130 120 101
KT5V " 824,736 963 484 KU6F " 1,097,032 1013 482 *N6RM 21 16,928 107 92 *KI7VEM " 18,525 113 95 *W8NNC " 11,562 108 94
N5CW " 824,486 942 494 (OP: K6SRZ) *NP4IW/KZ6 " 7,332 95 78 *NB7O " 14,352 124 92 *AA8CL " 10,336 103 76
K5UV " 798,300 894 450 W6TK " 1,051,892 1018 499 *NG6O 14 160,704 355 279 *K7ROG " 13,532 86 68 *W8BO " 9,250 86 74
W5NE " 729,210 721 446 WX6V " 936,700 827 493 (OP: K6GHA) *WT8P " 13,013 113 91 *K8NZ " 3,650 65 50
KN5A " 611,783 725 443 NB6U " 905,772 918 492 *WA7BNM " 83,276 260 218 *KQ7TJ " 11,220 108 85 *N8XC " 3,024 48 42
(OP: K5WA) (OP: N6ZFO) *K6KQV " 1,408 32 32 *N7MU " 9,900 92 75 *KB8PGW " 2,970 51 45
N5AW " 588,336 667 412 N6MI " 768,240 960 485 *W6DMW " 16 4 4 *N7XCZ " 6,820 77 62 *N8TCP " 2,240 30 28
W5GN " 519,659 655 427 K6RC " 738,966 798 474 *KA9A 7 36,722 140 122 *WA7SHP " 4,326 50 42 *WA8UMT " 1,950 25 25
N5VU " 492,760 658 388 W6SX " 654,668 990 412 *K6EI 3.5 6,708 65 52 *KR7X " 1,927 47 41 *W8RZ " 1,824 39 32
N5EE " 459,914 672 361 AG6AU " 615,560 779 440 *WA7KVI " 1,530 63 51 *K8BAT " 1,378 27 26
NN5O " 321,090 585 330 (OP: W1RH) District 7 *NR7Y " 1,260 33 28 *N8BJQ 21 80,793 235 191
N5WNG " 306,252 398 282 NF6A " 564,249 509 277 NR7DX A 7,014,510 2857 1062 *WA7YXY " 1,248 24 24 *N8II 14 1,144,090 910 599
W2GS " 275,184 336 234 (OP: K6XX) (OP: N9RV) *KE7AUB " 960 26 24 *K8YE " 137,445 281 231
KQ5J " 250,712 419 308 WA6KHK " 541,728 718 432 WK7S " 5,118,144 2306 912 *W4FLL " 777 22 21 *NU8A " 91,002 201 174
(OP: AC4CA) AK6M " 447,200 614 416 (OP: K6LL) *N7DWW " 672 25 24 *K4YJ " 88,407 187 171
K7IA " 224,721 333 287 (OP: K6MM) KU1CW " 4,805,392 2126 932 *K7YIC " 624 46 39 *W8GOC " 44,080 178 152
K5KU " 202,526 442 262 NW6H " 445,648 640 368 N7ZG " 2,859,577 1596 673 *KX6X " 221 14 13 *K8VT " 2,058 46 42
KT5J " 170,610 386 242 (OP: K6RB) KA6BIM " 2,735,217 1346 711 *WM5F " 200 8 8 *KT8X " 1,943 29 29
(OP: K5TR) KE1B " 416,185 619 385 NE6LE " 2,423,278 1474 814 *W7VD " 112 9 8 *KE8G 7 109,472 222 176
WQ5R " 162,360 410 246 KØXP " 322,134 553 318 (OP: K4XU) *KJ7MEB " 27 9 9 *NA8Q " 42,930 117 106
WØZW " 119,867 247 187 N6RV " 271,388 382 307 K7QA " 2,349,172 1499 742 *K7BX 21 4,000 57 50 *W8WTS 1.8 1,683 36 33
KD5J " 112,528 351 208 N6TQ " 263,718 451 273 W7YAQ " 1,604,512 1020 608 *WA8ZNC " 2,173 58 53
KA5M " 86,184 205 168 NN6DX " 254,510 430 310 WS7L " 1,447,482 1086 617 *K7XC " 924 26 22 District 9
AF5J " 68,632 245 184 (OP: W1PR) K7JQ " 952,000 978 500 *AA6AA 14 647,280 680 496 K9NW A 3,992,603 1858 893
K5GQ " 64,385 216 163 WA6URY " 240,300 384 267 KN7K " 944,042 1016 517 *NX1P " 313,820 507 340 WI9WI " 2,543,853 1677 741
N5UM " 63,232 230 152 WQ6K " 233,864 335 328 W7QDM " 833,000 795 490 *K7NEW " 25,026 166 129 W9RE " 2,145,309 1166 617
WW5W " 59,670 210 170 (OP: N6IE) N7EPD " 735,540 743 492 *N7RD " 20,832 123 112 AJ9C " 1,617,342 1378 654
KG5VK " 53,760 206 160 K6RIM " 231,308 430 308 KS7T " 685,305 924 485 *NK9I " 13,616 99 92 K9ZO " 1,085,243 1178 521
K5LY " 49,786 189 146 WE6Z " 216,783 473 279 KC7V " 673,200 904 425 *WB7QMR " 9,075 85 75 ND9G " 1,063,668 811 548
NM6E " 47,232 192 144 AG1RL " 142,120 333 209 W7CXX " 642,468 693 444 *K7ARJ " 4,180 47 44 KG9N " 933,570 865 495
K5YZW " 37,950 210 150 (OP: W1SRD) (OP: WA7LNW) *KD7HU " 3,213 64 51 WT2P " 821,229 836 457
W5AP " 32,750 139 125 K6MI " 126,675 304 225 K7WP " 530,816 621 416 *W7VC " 925 26 25 N2BJ " 771,820 718 518
W5WZ " 32,592 141 112 N3RC " 124,392 311 219 K7HP " 519,435 604 357 *AA7AZ " 380 22 20 W9OP " 690,019 698 421
K5DU " 29,484 125 108 W6LAX " 120,628 294 212 K7GS " 425,376 476 422 *KF6MIQ " 270 18 15 K9MA " 471,686 530 362
AE5X " 25,920 171 120 K6GFJ " 85,020 282 195 K7AR " 384,160 417 343 *W7JMM " 182 14 14 K9MMS " 455,682 618 346
W3RZ " 23,368 171 127 W6FA " 73,814 191 167 K7UT " 364,320 544 345 *K7ULS 7 26,250 122 105 KØTQ " 438,080 551 370
NG5E " 21,735 141 105 K6YK " 70,752 233 176 NW7M " 357,027 419 349 *K6ST " 1,792 33 32 K9CT " 360,295 494 299
K5NA " 20,075 145 73 WF6C " 53,802 201 147 NE7D " 310,806 391 279 *WØBF " 702 13 13 W9YK " 253,742 439 289
N5TJ " 16,800 87 80 (OP: N6XI) NG7M " 273,581 512 323 *N7NWL 3.5 11,696 112 86 NN1N " 231,744 390 272
K5PE " 14,440 104 95 N6RK " 48,804 206 147 W7GES " 238,374 380 306 *KA7T " 1,127 32 23 W9PA " 222,453 306 297
K5CKS " 13,855 90 85 AF6SA " 44,850 185 150 W7GTF " 214,912 361 292 K9WO " 207,480 317 247
WA5LXS " 10,366 83 73 K6FA " 40,736 137 134 K7VIT " 189,230 335 254 District 8 N9OK " 198,550 364 275
WD9FJL " 2,747 42 41 W6RC " 35,380 171 145 NA8V A 8,542,111 3209 1061 N5EP " 165,150 329 225
W5UJ " 184,419 305 279
W5BM 28 45 9 9 K6ZP " 33,664 138 128 W8MJ " 4,155,801 2065 897 KV3T " 152,796 417 238
KZ5J 21 139,938 414 249 NU7J " 180,840 396 264
AB1U " 31,512 149 104 NO8DX " 3,517,338 1838 822 WB8BZK " 145,220 334 212
NU5A 14 5,079,239 2188 1133 (OP: W6RKC) W7VXS " 155,392 355 256 (OP: K8MR)
W6OAT " 134,328 279 232 KZ9DX " 108,544 251 212
(OP: K5GN) NN6C " 30,294 108 102 K8MP " 2,299,440 1489 670 W9MS " 97,544 229 178
K5QR " 77,330 206 185 W6EU " 28,435 149 121 N7SU " 113,880 340 195 WA8Y " 1,994,902 1387 679
N9NA " 106,029 206 187 K9DUR " 68,628 239 172
WA5YOM " 65,275 205 175 K6LRN " 27,724 122 116 K8LX " 1,708,575 1143 627 WS9W " 63,655 162 145
NM5G " 9,933 80 77 W6GEE " 26,196 135 111 KC9RKE " 104,413 283 193 K8AJS " 1,372,930 1033 590
(OP: N9NA) W9KXQ " 62,107 230 173
K5IB " 9,453 71 69 K6RWM " 24,336 148 117 K8PK " 1,203,312 1020 528 N9DR " 49,773 185 141
K5XS " 1,288 23 23 W6XK " 18,270 90 87 K7HI " 77,787 294 201 KW8N " 1,013,544 877 504
KB7AZ " 68,502 181 147 W9PDS " 43,911 132 123
N5JJ 7 1,033,845 802 471 N6VH " 17,160 109 78 N8AA " 901,062 887 443 N7US " 39,083 164 121
*WQ5L A 1,809,004 1372 629 K7GK " 13,400 79 67 N7RVD " 67,596 210 172 W8MET " 866,875 972 475
W6KGP " 58,464 223 174 KØPG " 35,910 154 133
*K5FUV " 703,131 770 447 KF6NCX " 13,248 120 96 K8QKY " 628,728 676 408 N9KR " 32,770 143 113
*N5XE " 371,565 547 345 W6FB " 13,188 99 84 WA7CPA " 55,300 263 158 WB8AKW " 424,710 659 351
AD7XG " 53,066 190 169 KJ9C " 24,948 102 99
*K5XU " 358,071 612 357 W6AER " 10,854 99 81 K8JQ " 376,486 655 314 K9KE " 22,528 100 88
*NN5T " 327,502 474 314 N5KO " 10,653 60 53 KE2VB " 49,830 216 151 N8FTB " 287,433 526 293
KD7H " 35,574 158 121 WB9VGO " 7,504 60 56
*N5MF " 226,798 460 286 K8TR " 9,288 90 72 K8MEG " 237,389 381 277 WG9L " 5,070 71 65
*WA5SOG " 205,056 330 267 KE6QR " 9,246 79 69 KA7ESE " 31,440 143 120 N8GAS " 155,940 316 230
KJ7MX " 29,400 151 120 KC9EOQ " 3,735 49 45
*N5DO " 192,253 446 263 NA6O " 8,784 75 48 K8TS " 145,299 386 259 N9LQ " 3,444 46 42
*K5ME " 188,100 409 285 AC6BW " 7,897 57 53 WA7DUH " 26,983 143 121 KA8G " 120,564 248 204
WR7T " 21,185 129 95 N9GUN " 1,890 36 35
*WR5P " 141,062 400 251 KO6LU " 6,510 85 62 N8DE " 101,520 206 188 N9TR " 1,802 36 34
(OP: K5OY) KK6MU " 4,450 64 50 WB6JJJ " 19,344 104 93 WA8KAN " 96,084 263 204
KB2S " 17,440 89 80 KX9DX " 806 30 26
*NO5W " 80,179 264 197 KM6I " 4,386 56 51 K8BZ " 91,525 209 175 WB9Z 21 982,022 977 578
*WC5D " 78,120 296 180 W4NJK " 4,292 80 58 W2HZ " 14,514 139 123 N8PW " 80,850 189 165 N9TK 14 489,060 684 429
*WB5BHS " 74,370 277 185 W6IA " 2,997 31 27 WU6W " 13,515 104 85 W8BI " 80,524 187 164 N9CK " 481,393 517 409
*N5KWN " 66,990 206 174 AC6T " 2,610 34 30 W9PL " 13,328 60 56 (OP: KB8UEY) W9ILY " 181,896 304 264
*KB5RF " 60,648 233 168 W6MOB " 2,555 37 35 N7ZUF " 12,802 82 74 NF8R " 32,155 119 109 K9WWT " 179,196 422 274
*W8OV " 58,225 180 137 KF6I " 2,088 30 29 KE7W " 12,600 103 72 KI8R " 30,680 125 118 KØVW " 104,193 271 227
*NK5G " 57,964 229 172 WD6T " 756 24 21 K6KAL " 7,590 81 69 WQ8Q " 17,762 98 83 K9CJ 7 451,881 449 333
*NR5TX " 57,477 220 147 W6TED " 240 19 16 W7FD " 5,394 74 62 K8JPM " 15,675 107 95 KC9EE " 99,660 221 165
*N9NM " 56,917 230 173 NT6V " 208 14 13 W7CO " 5,312 73 64 N9CX " 12,920 102 95 K9LA 3.5 1,122 23 22
*NQ5M " 50,204 243 163 NK6A 21 20,009 122 107 KT7G " 5,084 67 62 K8ESQ " 11,115 58 57 *KYØQ A 958,152 956 498
*WA5LFD " 42,912 210 149 N6DZ " 8,201 63 59 KH7X/W7 " 4,187 56 53 WB8ASI " 4,160 40 40 *WT9Q " 542,640 680 420
*AB8YZ " 41,922 221 153 K6EZ " 2,340 39 36 (OP: KH6ND) K8TW " 2,240 33 32 *WB9HFK " 521,916 823 372
*AG5W " 39,903 187 141 WR6Y 14 3,404,925 1878 925 AAØIZ " 3,344 52 44 WA8LRW " 1,872 41 39 *N9TF " 456,225 670 385
*K5TU " 35,916 150 123 (OP: W6NV) W7SLS " 3,120 45 40 AC8AP " 1,029 22 21 *N9UA " 345,425 464 337
*W5LA " 15,660 98 90 NI6W " 1,204,288 1093 607 N7RK " 1,344 24 24 NQ8O " 338 13 13 *W9QL " 325,068 558 309
*WA5LHM " 15,197 120 91 (OP: W4EF) K7PKA " 48 6 6 K8GL 14 3,286,017 1743 903 *WD9CIR " 312,897 549 339

*KK9V " 255,519 388 267 *KØJP " 165,336 362 249 *VA3SB " 166,064 265 214 EA8DHV " 1,164,642 816 438 UAØSR " 146,556 230 177
*W9KM " 240,240 504 280 *KØKX " 141,102 265 234 *VE3ZY " 162,981 308 199 ED8M 7 346,704 255 233 RUØLM " 9,798 72 69
*K9WA " 202,147 446 253 *WØHBH " 131,018 411 218 *VA3EON " 143,469 279 171 (OP: EA8DIG) RVØAR " 7,203 51 49
*KZ9V " 146,224 397 247 *NN7A " 108,200 235 200 *VE3OSZ " 117,183 212 159 EA8ZS 3.5 788,917 482 337 RAØADQ " 1,872 36 26
*WA9LEY " 120,120 321 220 *WØPF " 100,947 319 209 *VE3KTB " 117,124 232 178 *EA8BQM A 763,056 565 336 RØAA 28 34,608 129 112
*WA9AQN " 100,368 246 204 *NØUK " 83,333 197 167 *VE3QO " 112,752 240 174 *EA8AQV " 119,652 215 177 RØDX 21 101,144 424 188
*KB9S " 88,924 316 188 *AEØEE " 68,552 216 164 *VA3PM " 75,145 166 133 *EA8BGO 14 42,700 136 122 UAØAGI 14 3,098,251 1609 793
*KBØV " 79,950 190 150 *AI6O " 64,883 195 161 *VE3FZ " 49,914 143 118 *EA8NQ " 1,152 24 24 UAØUV " 195,024 341 272
*W9VQ " 77,792 201 176 *KIØI " 59,228 167 134 *VA3TV " 42,822 141 117 UFØB " 4,200 42 42
*NE9A " 72,944 269 194 *K4IU " 52,808 209 164 *VA3PAF " 37,345 143 97 Cape Verde RKØA " 2,888 40 38
*WO9B " 56,000 176 140 *WØYJT " 36,938 196 146 *VE3WG " 36,036 119 99 D4Z 28 1,513,803 985 537 RQØA " 1,440 24 24
*KD9OIN " 33,205 188 145 *WJØW " 28,768 174 124 *VA3RKM " 23,092 111 92 (OP: IK2NCJ) RYØA " 833 17 17
*K9CC " 31,242 186 127 (OP: KH6XX) *VE3MV " 22,695 98 85 RZØAF " 615 15 15
*WU9D " 28,560 164 119 *KØINN " 27,552 109 84 *VA3IK " 13,398 75 58 Kenya *RWØAJ A 1,269,850 862 466
*K9CPO " 27,132 136 114 *KØWOI " 25,080 149 114 *VE3MDX " 9,185 63 55 5Z4VJ 21 2,141,614 1152 631 *RAØAY " 365,596 453 308
*W9NXM " 26,329 161 113 *NIØDX " 24,738 133 114 *VE3XKZ " 4,840 44 44 *UAØACG " 80,178 207 161
*W9RN " 24,687 140 117 (OP: KØIL) *VA3UKR " 3,840 49 40 Madeira Islands *RGØA " 77,280 198 160
*WB9UGX " 22,256 144 107 *AAØCW " 22,420 175 118 *VE3EP " 3,510 40 39 CR3DX A 21,569,807 4439 1277 *RØCW " 68,816 339 136
*N9SB " 21,518 145 106 *W6GMT " 18,297 138 107 *VE3EKA " 3,445 55 53 (OP: OM3GI) *RCØL " 51,600 206 150
*K9PMV " 19,656 97 91 *KØMPH " 16,511 94 79 *VA3ZNW " 3,276 44 39 CT3KN 7 2,800,470 868 554 *UAØLKD " 28,272 146 114
*K9PG " 10,944 74 64 *KO9V " 14,260 128 92 *VA3IJK " 2,888 46 38 *UAØCID " 23,814 85 81
*AA9RK " 10,560 105 80 *NUØW " 13,348 97 94 *VE3TM 14 747,117 665 469 Morocco *UBØAZR " 18,800 94 80
*N9BT " 9,638 93 79 *WA2JQZ " 10,824 105 82 *VA3EC " 238,824 369 279 *CN8YR A 403 13 13 *UAØDBX " 7,900 50 50
*AG9A " 9,145 65 59 *KØWRY " 9,085 91 79 *VE3RZ " 25,414 97 97 *CN8KD 14 3,006,252 1402 739 *UAØCDX " 5,778 66 54
*W8NWG " 6,364 121 86 *NGØC " 7,772 78 67 *KD2HE/VE3 7 176,823 279 177 *UAØLDY " 1,820 28 28
*K9PW " 5,160 68 60 *KBØNES " 7,208 78 68 *VE3HLS " 150,230 222 181 Namibia *RZØL " 893 24 19
*N9LYE " 3,744 52 48 *WØZF " 6,695 76 65 *VE3OU " 68 4 4 V51YJ A 3,090 30 30 *RAØLMK 28 10,665 129 79
*K9ACM " 3,696 43 42 *WA1FMM " 6,068 96 82 *V51MA A 5,076 48 47 *RMØW " 253 25 23
*KC9YL " 2,550 38 34 *WBØB " 5,700 87 75 District 4 *RØBI 14 369,303 441 341
*WA9LKZ " 1,976 40 38 *KYØO " 4,266 59 54 *VE4JBB A 326,970 467 270 South Africa *RØSBI " 127,684 266 233
*KD9LTN " 1,813 41 37 *KFØAIJ " 4,212 56 52 *VA4HZ " 92,050 218 175 ZS1C A 12,060 65 60 *RØMR " 2,015 33 31
*K9PLX " 1,160 32 29 *KEØIAT " 3,952 60 52 *VE4IM " 72,600 194 150 *RCØAJ " 1,938 35 34
*KD9EBS " 836 23 22 *W8KR " 3,168 36 32 *VE4DL " 10,146 108 89 St. Helena *RØCY 7 126,882 296 159
*W9WE " 49 7 7 *NØZIB " 3,087 53 49 ZD7BG A 419,985 480 305 *RNØCW " 12,744 63 59
*KK9D 28 4 2 2 *KF6YU " 2,550 57 50 District 5
*N9DJ 21 1,260 29 28 *KØSRL " 2,262 44 39 *VE5SF A 184,080 351 236 Tunisia Asiatic Turkey
*NF9B 14 108,128 274 218 *WBØWIV " 966 23 23 *VE5GC 14 80,472 249 168 *3V8SS A 7,946,778 2677 862 TA2SE A 1,188,052 831 458
(OP: N9SE) *KJØP " 672 26 24 . (OP: KF5EYY) TA2BS " 95,456 206 157
*AC9EZ " 2,784 51 48 *WKØV " 630 21 18 District 6 TA3ST 7 862,388 476 334
*KE9SA " 1,204 29 28 (OP: KØXQ) VE6KC A 578,443 537 389 TA3X 3.5 50,374 99 89
*KC9WIB " 64 8 8 *WAØLIF " 345 23 23 VE6BBP " 483,210 583 354 ASIA *TA7I A 2,982,291 1360 611
*K9OM 7 700,146 531 401 *WØMN " 170 10 10 VE6CSX " 276 12 12 *TA5FA " 549,746 499 323
*AB9YC " 562,400 581 380 *N4VI 14 281,502 464 351 VE6TL 14 981,562 792 542 Asiatic Russia *TC568FA " 232,988 328 212
*K9UIY " 505,560 714 383 *WA7NPX " 42,120 135 120 *VE6UM A 550,528 586 391 District 9 (OP: TA3X)
*W9SE " 16 4 4 *WØPI " 1,653 29 29 *VA6WWW " 434,388 497 318 RT9A A 9,582,085 2780 1021 *TA4AU " 91,635 181 149
*KB7ISP " 4 2 2 *NO2D " 1,034 22 22 *VA6RCN " 37,044 141 108 RU8T " 9,318,873 2494 969 *TA4CS " 46,384 132 104
*KY6AA 3.5 2,240 43 40 *NRØL " 360 18 18 (OP: VE3RCN) (OP: R8TT) *TA2L " 33,155 110 95
*WO9S 1.8 720 24 20 *N9HDE 7 42,884 174 142 *VE6WR 14 33,930 124 117 RZ9A " 7,091,344 2204 824 *TA4RC " 21,931 99 91
*KØJV " 6,018 65 59 (OP: UA9BA) *TA2UCT " 6,878 38 38
District Ø District 7 RG9A " 3,390,400 1572 652 *TA4J " 4,104 42 38
WX8C A 3,691,284 1926 834 VA7KO A 1,401,162 922 511 RX9WN " 3,385,944 1476 738 *TA4SO " 1,890 28 27
Alaska UA9CTT " 3,269,910 1495 677
KTØR " 2,212,930 1520 722 AL7LO A 162,936 276 219 VA7ST " 1,041,365 924 433 *TA2DA/3 21 124,568 243 184
(OP: KØAD) VE7JKZ " 189,267 302 211 RO9A " 2,216,011 1163 623 *TA3DJ " 25,760 104 92
NL7V " 23,782 114 94 UA9TF " 1,619,754 1112 541
KTØA " 1,541,914 1025 643 AL1G 14 80,661 241 161 VA7JC " 75,465 183 129 *YM7KK " 15,620 80 71
KEØUI " 1,350,882 1245 598 VE7IO " 61,845 179 133 UA9CDC " 429,351 486 327 (OP: TA7AZC)
WT7TT " 1,334,964 1378 636 VA7XB " 23,850 94 90 R8TA " 207,708 354 228 *TA2TC 14 7,239 57 57
Barbados RA9UAD " 63,648 172 153
(OP: WØZA) *8P1W A 57,132 167 138 VE7RK " 13,481 72 61
NØAV " 1,204,486 1074 551 VA7GI " 10,797 84 61 RF9C " 41,358 135 122 Azerbaijan
WDØT " 1,134,216 1273 534 VA7ISL 21 9,261 68 63 (OP: UA9CIR) *4K9W A 53,116 111 98
WØOR " 1,044,747 900 549 Canada (OP: VE7JH @VE7UF) RZ9YI " 5,724 60 53
KMØO " 685,957 854 457 District 1 VE7JH 14 3,632,640 1783 880 R8OM 28 289,396 405 284 Bahrain
WØFLS " 613,500 628 375 VE9CB A 7,357,243 2483 947 (OP: @VE7UF) UA9LAO " 233,932 366 251 A92GE A 180,620 293 220
KØAP " 612,765 597 459 VE9AA " 4,786,518 1882 726 VA7RR " 3,225,337 1680 823 RD8D " 214,008 328 241
WØBM " 588,104 563 451 VE1ANU " 832,195 688 403 *VE7AX A 181,158 248 218 (OP: RX9CAZ) China
KVØI " 538,302 953 438 VE9HF " 727,180 614 353 *VA7RN " 110,840 235 163 RW9QA " 154,448 296 197 BA4MY A 2,150,712 1552 648
NWØM " 493,488 796 368 VO1HP " 20,040 63 60 *VE7CA " 87,745 223 161 RL9Y 21 2,935,309 1477 767 BA8BA " 1,896,300 1336 588
NØTA " 473,850 780 390 VA1CC " 14,616 63 63 *VA7VJ " 60,858 168 138 RW9DX 14 2,984,752 1416 808 B4T " 620,830 1022 362
WFØGM " 451,880 607 395 VE9OA " 3,132 30 29 *VA7MM " 7,866 58 46 R9AE " 1,986,885 1127 659 BD4QB " 305,584 776 269
(OP: KJØI) VA1MM 21 19,824 112 84 *VA7UI " 3,510 41 39 R9TV " 571,436 574 383 BL7JJ " 123,985 375 181
KS9W " 373,984 660 377 VA1RST 7 712,210 471 335 *VE7BC 14 48,106 170 134 RJ9J " 498,624 502 371 BD7JNA 28 2,772 47 44
KØWA " 320,033 567 349 VY2ZM 1.8 488,816 372 274 *VA7DZ " 3,145 38 37 RA9JM " 259,811 377 289 BD4TUC 14 1,298,690 1051 610
N7WY " 300,155 502 347 *VE1RSM A 1,904,564 884 622 *VE7KAJ " 1,035 23 23 RA9AU " 156,312 244 234 (OP: BA4TB)
WØETT " 261,048 426 292 *VE9VIC " 232,505 358 245 *VE7BGP " 1,029 24 21 *R8CT A 8,148,119 2450 941 BA7NO 7 158,296 218 188
NØAT " 209,064 444 281 *VY2DP " 10,478 71 62 *UF8T " 6,527,260 2088 890 *BG6GQE A 383,362 593 278
KEØA " 203,136 394 276 *VY2LI 14 5,635 50 49 (OP: RT9S) *BI4MBC " 343,048 754 313
Costa Rica *UA9MA " 2,798,064 1385 612
ADØH " 193,288 421 296 *TI2OY A 411,207 543 339 *BI4IX " 319,599 532 267
NG7A " 170,434 478 254 District 2 *RA9AP " 1,971,420 1112 515 (OP: BI4LKI)
*TI5JON " 31,392 109 96 *UA9D " 1,537,041 903 517
W7RF " 168,399 327 243 VC2W A 14,040,810 3438 1197 *BI8CZM " 298,632 443 276
KMØDX " 166,788 485 246 (OP: VA2WA) *R9CX " 1,249,326 790 494 *BG8PM " 237,110 432 262
(OP: WØTT) VA2UR " 2,269,260 1210 630 Cuba *R8WO " 993,718 718 374 *BG7TWJ " 206,248 429 254
KNØV " 121,737 226 187 VE2FK " 979,692 889 428 *CO8NMN A 1,357,720 863 455 *UI8C " 948,830 688 397 *BH4RRG " 133,927 410 199
NGØT " 101,244 192 177 VA2EBI " 701,668 602 431 *CO8WN " 343,536 373 272 *RN9RF " 942,464 770 398 *BD3ND " 96,096 294 168
KØHB " 93,624 188 166 VA2AM " 343,500 371 300 *CO2VDD " 525 21 21 *RC9A " 681,054 581 374 *BH1NGG " 83,248 290 172
WØUY " 83,985 199 165 VE2ESU " 115,097 244 179 *CO8RH 21 224,406 361 274 *RA9SN " 585,182 525 317 *BG6TVZ " 53,148 258 129
AAØFO " 80,344 195 166 VE2EZD " 22,632 120 92 *CO6OV 14 93,126 210 187 *RZ9UO " 574,584 611 356 *BD7LQM " 45,719 225 131
KØTC " 79,734 242 194 *XM2Z A 2,087,392 1248 592 *CO6WD " 60,345 183 149 *RX9L " 312,320 391 244 *BH1RWJ " 41,690 228 110
NØGN " 73,470 247 186 (OP: VA2CZ) *CO6RD 7 669,440 499 320 *RA9SF " 264,800 327 200 *BH4AYG " 41,181 204 111
NOØL " 50,666 174 154 *VE2HEW " 509,527 603 293 *CO2RQ " 316,249 322 229 *RG8U " 263,250 398 270 *BD7BW " 34,932 234 123
ADØAB " 44,202 187 139 *VA2PHK " 295,740 383 265 *CO2AN 3.5 161,396 253 157 *RQ9O " 207,840 336 240 *BG5JNT " 27,540 182 108
KØALT " 37,576 137 122 *VE2CSM " 240,783 333 249 *UB8A " 207,230 333 230 *BG4FQD " 23,490 189 90
KØFG " 34,840 142 134 *VE2QV " 5,016 47 44 Dominican Republic *UA9AX " 181,824 276 192 *BG5BDY " 19,890 159 90
KØAE " 32,160 202 134 *VA2VT 14 97,104 237 204 *HI3K A 160,797 298 217 *RU9CK " 148,167 221 163 *BG7DOD " 17,630 142 86
KØTRL " 19,000 113 95 *VE2OWL " 12,529 67 67 *HI8A " 126,711 203 171 *RV9CVA " 144,885 255 195 *BGØCAB " 15,428 83 76
K7TD " 15,054 87 78 *VE2HLS " 2,324 29 28 *UA9JNT " 140,194 270 191 *BG5JND " 15,134 127 94
WØGAS " 12,750 82 75 *VE2FU 7 288,626 284 221 Guadeloupe *UB8QAA " 92,100 218 150 *BG6RJN " 13,031 137 83
N9GB " 10,738 62 59 *FG8NY A 335,216 378 287 (OP: R9QQ) *BG5TOX " 12,998 122 67
NØCVW " 10,368 136 108 District 3 *RM9RZ " 91,200 210 160 *BD7NQA " 12,864 90 67
KN1CBR " 9,801 97 81 VB3E A 11,980,944 3501 1102 Haiti *R9SS " 79,050 186 155 *BG6QAL " 10,360 116 70
NØKQ " 9,126 91 78 (OP: VE3AT) *HH2JA 21 58,590 211 135 *RW9AV " 60,150 175 150 *BG4GTL " 8,932 101 77
NNØG " 4,814 70 58 VE3JM " 10,672,120 3428 958 *UF8C " 34,752 113 96 *BD5II " 7,740 111 60
NRØP " 2,808 46 39 VC3T " 10,362,560 3019 1040 Mexico *RD8O " 27,104 84 77 *BD2IAQ " 7,239 105 57
AAØYY " 2,025 28 27 (OP: VE3DZ) *XE2AU A 28,890 129 107 *RU9AC " 16,500 60 60 *BG5UWF " 7,056 80 63
KBØEO " 2,016 37 32 VC3A " 7,987,122 2512 957 *XE1RE " 19,360 112 88 *R9CM " 13,888 61 56 *BI7OEZ " 4,374 65 54
ACØW " 1,596 29 28 (OP: VE3NNT) *XE2IF " 2,760 32 30 *R2ET/9 " 13,224 86 76 *BH4UMN " 2,982 49 42
KØZX " 1,127 23 23 VE3EJ " 6,654,480 2210 840 *XE2MWY " 880 16 16 *RU9SB " 7,473 61 53 *BH6ODC " 2,730 55 42
AKØBC " 936 24 24 VX31IGY " 2,164,032 1294 578 *XE1CT 14 175,143 354 237 *RY9C " 6,048 45 36 *BD7ODG " 2,482 39 34
WØGJ " 656 17 16 (OP: VE3NE) (OP: UA8DX) *BD4QJP " 2,368 35 32
KØVXU 28 5,329 92 73 VE3BR " 1,475,118 1061 463 Panama *UA9OV " 5,810 40 35 *BH6KWC " 1,395 39 31
NSØM 21 5,220 62 60 VE3VN " 1,120,790 724 443 *HP1RIS 28 1,539 28 27 *RW9RN " 4,719 47 39 *BI8AZK " 1,190 44 35
KOØA 14 3,743,000 1941 1000 VE3TW " 360,890 455 302 *R8WF " 3,625 34 29 *BY1TL " 221 17 17
(OP: NØAX) VE3KP " 229,622 256 214 Puerto Rico *RA9YUI " 1,593 29 27 *BH1MCB " 216 9 9
WØEWD " 2,535,165 1657 801 VE3BXG " 43,968 152 96 WP4WW 14 333,792 510 304 *UA9R 28 56,712 169 136 *BI1HES " 187 17 17
NNØDX " 178,648 371 274 VA3TNM " 15,015 69 65 (OP: KP4JRS) *RU9SO " 275 11 11 *BH8EEB " 98 17 14
(OP: K9DU) VE3RIA " 2,814 50 42 WP3R 7 123,984 167 144 *R9LY 21 149,672 262 212 *BH8MDV 28 15,288 100 84
NXØI " 43,195 183 163 VE3FU 28 22,540 122 92 *KP3W 28 6,174 53 49 *RZ8U " 106,692 247 204 *BH3BTX 21 32,841 247 123
WØTY " 26,568 119 108 VE3CX 7 140,910 187 165 *NP3YL " 540 16 15 *UD8A " 41,358 144 113 *BH8OCW " 19,305 117 99
NEØDA " 696 25 24 *VE3MGY A 1,570,460 1137 527 *KP4JFR 14 64,386 176 147 *UG8C 14 330,285 409 291 *BG8TFN " 19,206 152 99
NØTT 7 796,919 687 431 *VE3YT " 1,389,325 983 467 *KP4YO " 22,816 115 92 *RD9DX " 315,880 374 298 *BG8BXM " 14,345 121 95
KØRF 3.5 242,730 436 279 *VA3FF " 1,119,193 787 457 *R9OA " 20,038 95 86 *BD1RCR " 12,096 120 84
K3PA 1.8 2,280 45 38 *VE3TG " 1,112,034 794 462 U.S. Virgin Islands *RA9UN " 9,381 61 59 *BH4BUI " 736 24 23
*KO2Y A 3,424,197 1769 861 *VA3WB " 1,089,124 762 458 KP2M A 16,728,384 4127 1154 *UD8V " 3,784 46 44 *BA3MM 14 230,645 431 283
(OP: IZ3EYZ) *VE3MA " 1,001,160 805 412 (OP: KT3Y) *RX9AF 7 1,149,892 518 412 *BG4NMT " 67,106 211 178
*NAØN " 1,297,664 1237 592 *VE3GFN " 939,918 817 417 NP2X " 3,935,430 1488 730 *UA9SMU " 285,396 259 204 *BH4CAC " 61,218 234 171
*KUØK " 669,081 833 453 *VE3EY " 669,636 440 356 *KP2DX 7 124,586 173 154 *BH4TVU " 27,610 221 110
*AD1C " 527,800 620 406 *VA3OKG " 521,964 516 324 (OP: KP2BH) District Ø *BH4AHC " 16,236 124 99
*KØEA " 436,400 537 400 *VE3OI " 449,210 525 290 UCØA A 1,810,074 1055 607 *BD4SBH " 7,992 90 74
*WBØN " 352,935 529 341 *VE3LC " 400,200 499 276 RAØQD " 1,590,889 1178 589 *BG4TRN " 3,608 42 41
*WIØWA " 281,972 601 314 *VE3VY " 296,055 373 255 AFRICA RTØO " 1,080,772 771 484 *BH2SWB " 1,026 32 27
(OP: NØAC) *VA3DKL " 254,412 335 222 Canary Islands UAØDX " 698,234 985 353 *BG9HKP " 600 20 20
*KØFX " 238,560 332 284 *VA3GE " 204,970 281 206 ED8W A 14,063,840 3180 1120 RDØA " 532,500 520 426 *BD2TBJ " 546 22 21
*AAØAW " 233,376 444 286 *VA3FN " 199,782 305 198 (OP: OM5RW) RMØF " 439,880 854 280 *BH4BFS 7 64,890 175 126
*WZØW " 224,842 450 289 *VA3TMV " 198,513 319 207 EF8R " 12,474,319 3300 1079 RAØLQ " 382,602 493 341 *BA4DL " 47,197 129 109
*KAØPQW " 194,750 481 250 *VE3AQ " 197,923 336 209 (OP: EA8RM) UAØDAR " 298,859 553 269 *BH3BBJ " 18,984 93 84

*BA3AX " 4,224 59 44 *JJ1XBQ " 100,011 202 159 JH2KKW 28 3,128 52 46 JE6WGT " 239,355 483 243 *UNØC " 16,119 91 81
*BI1EIH " 2,464 28 28 *JS1KKY " 76,472 224 158 JR2WLQ 14 6,572 76 62 JR6CSY " 150,656 285 214 *UN7QF " 105 7 7
*BI4SDT 3.5 234 13 13 *JA1UXV " 74,789 186 143 JE2WLD " 3,621 57 51 JG6OZC " 113,125 456 181 *UN8PF 21 12,096 76 72
*JE1RRK " 71,520 280 149 JR2SCJ 7 1,465,128 786 476 JA6BWH " 107,198 269 182 *UNØLM 14 737,664 592 452
Cyprus *JR1AQI " 67,416 242 159 JA2PFO " 197,074 316 211 JA6FFO " 9,106 83 58 *UN7CN " 355,376 430 334
P3X A 18,357,884 4286 1193 *JK1VMC " 65,808 226 144 JA2HNP " 9,888 51 48 JA6BZI " 7,595 42 35 *UN1FZZ " 81,830 194 167
(OP: 5B4AMM) *7K1PTT " 64,566 201 153 *JA2KVB A 928,350 897 450 JH6DUI " 6,790 99 70 *UN7ZZ " 52,026 151 138
*JL1QDO " 59,754 184 138 *JA2ODB " 566,409 578 361 JH6WDG 14 3,290 36 35 *UN7LDR 3.5 137,144 180 158
Georgia *JR1LEV " 59,170 200 122 *7K1MAG/2 " 378,532 587 308 *JA6GCE A 3,266,973 1540 761
4L8A 7 6,700,518 1581 787 *JH1BCS " 57,330 257 126 *JR2MIO " 162,892 488 193 *JG6JAV " 655,380 843 396 Kuwait
*JK1JAS " 48,750 189 125 *JA2FXV " 161,253 376 207 *JA6FFK " 231,673 394 251 9K2HN A 216 9 9
Hong Kong *JJ1JVC " 46,750 221 125 *JG2RFJ " 98,189 261 169 *JH6QIL " 111,072 369 178 9K2NO 3.5 1,544,632 652 424
*VR2EH 28 135,420 438 222 *JA1EMQ " 44,088 205 132 *JA2KPW " 77,035 285 155 *JA6CVR " 86,978 348 157
(OP: VR2ZQZ) *7K1VKU " 40,135 183 115 *JA2GHP " 64,684 258 157 *JE6JZP " 56,168 231 136 Kyrgystan
*VR2BLEE 21 7,504 94 67 *JL1GPG " 38,870 177 115 *JA2JWH " 56,840 229 145 *JF6KKC " 5,995 67 55 *EX8MJ A 724,960 584 394
*JM1VNJ " 36,924 130 102 *JS2PHO " 44,226 235 126 *JE6PJP " 3,040 49 40 *EXØM 14 1,544,688 972 612
India *JA1RRA " 36,915 193 115 *JA2QVP " 30,081 171 111 *JG6AXB " 2,788 51 41
VU2PTT A 1,445,386 935 554 *JHØUUY/1 " 32,204 124 97 *JR2LBF " 9,184 64 56 *JG6VBG " 1,075 33 25 Mongolia
VU2DED " 320,232 395 264 *JI1HSV " 28,350 154 105 *JS2AZO " 7,800 85 65 *JH6EXF " 620 23 20 JT1CO 7 1,512,392 696 478
VU2CVS " 143,106 259 183 *JJ1EJX " 24,390 161 90 *JE2HCJ " 4,998 48 42 *JH6IAG " 270 10 10 *JU1DX 14 62,240 189 160
VU2GRM " 114,080 225 155 *JI1RSF " 20,007 99 81 *JR2KHB " 3,200 48 40 *JA6GMC 28 11,934 149 78 (OP: JT1BV)
VU2IBI " 88,566 218 174 *JK1NSR " 18,216 138 99 *JR2UQU " 1,456 30 28 *JA6CDC " 25 5 5
VU2TT 14 21,526 107 94 *JF1EPL " 17,658 133 81 *JG2KGS " 1,300 28 26 *8J6YAB 21 47,888 300 146 Oman
*VU2AE A 30,704 114 101 *JA1SCE " 16,128 96 63 *JI2IXA " 608 18 16 (OP: JA6VZB) *A42K A 418,572 418 302
*VU2BQN " 5,400 48 45 *JH1HMC " 15,477 136 77 *JR2NTC " 483 23 21 *JA6ELV " 2,530 49 46 (OP: A41CK)
*VU2ACK " 2,240 30 28 *JQ1PCT " 15,470 102 70 *JE2CPI 28 2,091 49 41 *JE6WOQ 14 339,948 534 342
*VU2NXM " 840 21 20 *JK1DVP " 15,444 106 78 *JA2HZA " 336 17 16 *JF6ABL " 3,913 49 43 Qatar
*VU2SMS " 90 9 6 *JA1GZK " 14,271 85 67 *JF2KWM 21 837 31 31 A71BX 14 1,609,790 1077 610
*VU3GDS 14 211,862 326 259 *JA1OHP " 14,112 89 72 *JH2JNU " 624 26 26 District 7
*VU2XE " 17,444 94 89 *JA8NSF/1 " 10,653 77 67 *JP2XSP " 196 14 14 JA7NVF A 1,608,677 1330 553 Republic of Korea
*VU2JOS " 1,944 38 36 *JA1TBX " 10,541 105 83 *JF2VAX 14 746,703 649 489 JA7IC " 850,704 791 444 DS4EOI A 1,585,968 1504 564
*VU2TO " 49 7 7 *JA1RXC " 10,224 111 72 *JE2UFF " 85,892 268 197 JF7PHE " 764,675 830 419 HL2BQG " 904,000 1328 400
*VU2MB 7 2,442 22 22 *JO1WIZ " 10,080 131 70 *JF2RCX " 19,776 140 103 JA7ACM " 602,973 590 357 HL2WA " 535,304 985 316
*JK1FUP " 8,591 91 71 *JA2KKA 7 40,300 102 100 JA7CPW " 81,320 272 152 DS3EXX " 59,796 273 151
Israel *JO1PZR " 8,556 73 69 JA7OWB " 24,400 130 100 HL2EIZ " 48,025 133 113
4X6FR A 12,300,720 3182 1070 *JL1FAR " 8,320 56 52 District 3 JR7IWC " 4,752 64 54 HL5FEI " 19,781 191 131
4Z5LY " 3,641,400 1662 700 *JA1DDZ " 8,316 72 63 JR3KQJ A 622,315 952 355 JA7OWD 28 9,225 87 75 HL4CEL " 11,174 169 74
4Z5ML " 599,628 490 321 *7M4CTM " 8,316 96 63 JN3SAC " 542,012 579 358 JP7DKQ 14 3,619,838 1549 898 HL2VXK 7 16,720 100 76
4XØA 28 464,968 524 322 *JA1CTZ " 7,776 56 48 JQ3ALW " 389,372 450 313 JH7XGN " 1,939,626 1169 702 *DS5DNO A 176,760 430 180
(OP: 4X1VF) *JK1BVN " 7,540 80 65 (OP: JH1TXG) JG7AMD " 49,680 142 135 *6KØFS " 87,759 485 147
4Z4AK 21 3,140,149 1435 779 *JQ1ARQ " 7,130 50 46 JR3RIU " 360,195 620 295 JA7GYP " 13,725 81 75 (OP: HL1IWD)
*4Z1TL A 113,520 201 165 *JG1TGQ " 6,854 55 46 JR3BOT " 236,301 564 249 JO7KMB 7 105,190 189 157 *HL5YI " 36,340 157 115
*4X1ST " 93,294 187 146 *7K3LHX " 6,650 57 50 JA3VOV " 235,848 507 248 JH7MQD " 4,650 31 31 *HL3EYC " 32,736 182 93
*4Z5TK " 23,933 99 91 *JE1GZB " 6,060 86 60 JA3IBU " 190,311 357 237 JH7QXJ 3.5 2,528 34 32 *HL2KV " 29,853 198 107
*4Z5MU 28 18,711 91 81 *JP1JZR " 5,757 65 57 JF3KCH " 160,680 421 195 *JH7IXX A 151,424 456 182 *HL2IDT " 23,920 137 104
*4Z5LU 14 64,945 185 155 *JA1CIN " 4,896 58 51 JR3NZC " 141,290 269 199 *JA7BEW " 139,380 407 202 *DS4GQR " 648 26 24
*4Z5PN 7 438,075 343 275 *JA1WBX " 4,650 57 50 JA3AVO " 130,501 357 181 *JR7ASO " 35,952 200 112 *HL2ASZ " 108 10 9
*4Z4KX 3.5 755,527 434 307 *JJ1IGQ " 4,209 95 61 JA3KKE " 12,994 89 73 *JM7GTK " 18,966 107 87 *HL3AMO 21 14,043 113 93
*JH1DWQ " 3,520 44 40 JA3LIL " 7,611 73 59 *JA7LLL " 5,626 62 58 *D9ØM 7 10,431 63 61
*JF1VVR " 3,315 39 39 JR3UIC " 4,182 47 41 *JE7SRK " 4,326 48 42 (OP: HL3AMO)
Japan JG3KMT " 3,760 49 40
*JN1VFF " 2,277 33 33 *JP7XOM " 3,750 66 50 *6K2ILX " 2,059 30 29
District 1 *JJ1DPG " 1,767 42 31 JM3UGA " 2,800 26 25 *JI7GYU " 3,393 42 39 *HL2CFY 1.8 1,971 37 27
JE1CKA A 2,709,239 1577 697 *7K3VZI " 1,722 47 41 JA3QOS " 345 16 15 *JN7KRH " 2,695 37 35
JE1LFX " 2,621,186 1345 674 *JH1GBO " 1,680 30 28 JF3LOP 28 9,490 86 73 *JA7ZP " 1,886 49 41 Saudi Arabia
JE1NVD " 1,383,360 1118 528 *JHØDUG/1 " 1,664 37 32 JA3XOG " 7,200 94 75 *JH8CLC/7 " 6 3 2 *HZ7C 14 2,538,276 1294 689
JK1LSE " 838,245 944 435 *JK1EAQ " 1,426 36 31 JR3NDM 14 13,485 95 87 *JI7OED/7 14 1,872 52 36 (OP: 7Z1SJ)
JN1THL " 811,228 679 412 *JJ1UBX " 1,404 28 26 (OP: JR3NDM(63)) *JF7VVL " 1,189 31 29 *HZ1TT A 1,116,360 702 420
JI1ALP " 604,422 697 369 *JG1SWV " 1,400 22 20 JA3GOJ " 198 10 9 *JA7ARW " 792 22 22
JK1OLT " 400,608 523 321 *JQ1EPD " 1,150 28 25 JE3GNN " 3 1 1 Singapore
7K4VPV " 381,969 597 301 *JG1AVR " 1,020 18 17 JH3FUK 7 240,536 245 214 District 8 9V1YC A 1,013,013 786 459
JH1CTV " 324,270 522 270 *JN1DNV " 651 21 21 *JG3WDN A 857,038 810 442 JA8RUZ A 7,440 80 60 *9V1ZV A 2,432 36 32
JH1FNU " 313,510 486 293 *JI1LAI " 300 12 10 *JP3WEL " 309,844 538 284 JH8UQJ 28 7,810 102 71 *9V1HY 14 8,460 65 60
JA1IAZ " 290,576 454 286 *JF1WAM " 231 11 11 (OP: JG1EIQ) JE8CLT 21 5,353 69 53
JJ1VFE " 257,403 536 239 *JL1JJD " 133 7 7 *JA3JM " 184,128 453 224 JH8GEU 14 162,271 307 263 Taiwan
JH1ASG " 248,787 703 231 *7N2JZT " 78 6 6 *7J3AOZ " 95,790 434 155 *JA8RWU A 350,128 702 277 BV4VQ 14 378 15 14
JL1LNC " 207,394 529 242 *JK1CEK " 30 7 6 *JH4PUL/3 " 30,192 180 111 *JK8PBO " 223,704 604 234 *BU2EV A 1,302 34 31
JH1OLB " 160,608 368 224 *JA1CHY " 14 7 7 *JN3TSY " 25,344 111 96 *JK8CEE " 133,763 428 197 *BV3UN " 276 13 12
JA1EPJ " 151,409 309 227 *JR1MEG 28 17,700 167 100 *JA3NUT " 24,816 136 88 *JR8QFG " 70,266 261 147 *BU2EP 21 896 30 28
JA1AYO " 148,190 368 203 *JF1OVA " 2,501 49 41 *JO3OEF " 22,078 128 83 *JA8AJE " 12,740 117 70 *BV1EL 14 2,666 48 43
JF1LMB " 146,470 329 194 *JH1VIX " 1,248 39 32 *JF3LGC " 21,627 124 89 *JE8UHY " 12,382 105 82
7K1III " 143,864 397 196 *JL1EEI " 986 32 29 *JA3EBT " 18,018 124 99 *JM8LND " 1,664 36 32 Thailand
JH1RFM " 138,516 277 194 *JH1RDA " 49 7 7 *JA3LEB " 10,656 128 72 *7K1NUZ/8 " 396 19 18 HS3PIK 21 2,769 41 39
JE1SGH " 116,745 252 215 *JK1JHU 21 44,252 231 148 *JA3MAT " 6,517 52 49 *JG8NKJ 14 70,644 230 174 HS3NBR 14 7,614 55 54
JS1DEH " 86,135 390 161 *JA1CTB " 28,990 165 130 *JF3GFH " 5,658 42 41 *JH8DHV " 19,285 123 95 *HS8HEX A 192,717 302 207
JA1TMG " 82,076 274 142 *JG1UKW " 12,150 103 90 *JM3FUW " 2,346 43 34 *JK8NIP " 4,600 52 50 *HS8JWH " 143,800 317 200
JQ1TIV " 81,224 329 143 *JS1WWR " 10,842 99 78 *JR3KAH " 1,848 50 42 *E25ETT " 58,548 285 164
JA1CJP " 57,875 153 125 *JI1BBN " 7,888 80 68 *JJ3IUS " 200 10 10 District 9 *E29AHU " 11,856 80 57
JK1UVL " 57,070 252 130 *JH1CFV " 2,788 48 41 *JG3LDD " 60 6 6 JF9JTS A 768,948 834 461 *HS8NKB " 7,571 83 67
7K1JFM " 50,040 189 120 *JI1NZA " 324 18 18 *JA3RAZ 28 288 26 24 (OP: JAØTEA) *HS4MLV " 2,448 40 34
JH1NXU " 44,500 204 125 *JA1WTO " 324 18 18 *JR3GPP " 12 4 3 JH9CEN " 33,925 143 115 *HS5AES " 1,431 33 27
JA1FFB " 39,816 140 126 *JJ1ENZ 14 80,276 231 188 *JF3BFS 21 206,988 460 282 JA9CWJ 14 109,060 224 205 *E22UUW 21 6,608 62 56
JQ1CIV " 36,188 188 109 *7N4XTA " 55,909 191 163 *JA3MIB " 12,960 120 90 JR9GMS " 192 8 8 *HS8JYX " 2,376 36 33
JA1KZP " 29,694 122 101 *JA1CCH " 46,968 187 152 *JA3JRI " 4,848 59 48 JA9FHB 1.8 391 24 17 *E21YDP 14 595,000 626 425
JK1AKA " 29,085 161 105 *7K3CZU " 40,320 168 140 *JF3IYW 14 186,648 365 264 *JH9FCP A 317,515 813 251 *E2ØMDN 3.5 595 19 17
JH1JNJ " 25,761 133 93 *JQ1COB " 36,704 134 124 *JH3QFY " 82,992 206 182 *JA9EJG " 3,927 60 51 *HS3NOQ " 1 1 1
JA1CCN " 20,430 113 90 *JJ1CBY " 30,475 123 115 *JA3UWB " 73,784 215 184 *8J9UF " 352 17 16
JA1DKT " 17,892 83 71 *7K1EQG " 19,206 122 97 *JI3KDH " 11,993 71 67 (OP: JR6QFV) United Arab Emirates
JK1HIY " 14,850 79 75 *JJ1DJW " 13,860 72 70 *JP3AQR " 2,210 37 34 *JA9XAT 28 4 2 2 *A65DF 14 41,445 149 135
8N1FT " 12,240 73 72 *JH1KYA " 8,526 63 58 *JG3EHD " 448 14 14 *JA9LNZ 14 207 9 9
JF1UOX " 9,702 94 66 *JN1GNL " 4,692 46 46 *JP3UBR " 140 10 10 Vietnam
JR1JCB " 6,930 58 45 *JAØXQO/1 " 3,960 48 45 *JL3DQX 3.5 15 5 5 District Ø *XV9RH A 19,135 125 89
JA1WWO " 2,916 27 27 *JE1GWO " 3,500 36 35 JAØFVU A 1,545,570 1106 585 (OP: JH4RHF)
7M4CLF " 2,720 38 32 *JA1UOA " 2,205 37 35 District 4 JJØJML " 1,491,699 1201 561 *XV9NPS 21 4,464 57 48
JF1WLK " 2,640 36 33 *JH1TJH " 1,904 28 28 JH4UYB A 5,195,900 2178 892 JIØVWL " 208,250 356 245
JS1KQQ " 1,769 31 29 *JK1BQC " 1,575 25 25 JN4MMO " 3,752,142 1678 773 JHØOXS " 115,456 340 176 West Malaysia
JI1HNC " 1,000 28 25 *JI1DGW " 780 28 26 JR4OZR " 3,558,920 1575 772 JAØVSH " 108,540 241 162 9M2CLN 14 7,656 86 66
JH1ACA " 720 26 24 (OP: JJ2TKX) JH4UTP " 2,177,007 1267 581 JJØPJD " 48,372 143 116 *9M2YDX A 49,210 167 133
JR1IJV " 160 10 10 *JH1WHA " 576 18 18 JI4WHS " 358,938 628 306 JAØBZY " 2,538 28 27 *9M2SAF " 31,140 128 90
JA1PIG " 77 7 7 *7J1YAD " 225 9 9 JA4VNE " 125,125 508 175 JHØZHQ 14 527,406 600 393 *9M2TDX " 30,084 152 109
JH1APK 28 9,711 93 83 (OP: JF1TEU) JA4CZM " 93,440 302 160 *9M2TO " 544 18 16
(OP: JH1BBT)
JE1DXC " 70 8 7 *JR1USU " 128 8 8 *JE4MHL A 1,085,655 1125 461 JHØNOS " 37,281 141 129 *9M2GID 7 125 5 5
JK1BAB " 48 6 6 *JA1JNM " 98 8 7 *JH1MTR/4 " 111,333 384 177 JEØHUR " 5,244 46 46 *9M2SPN " 42 3 3
JE1RZR 14 933,185 777 517 *JA3GZE/1 " 32 4 4 *JH4CES " 108,402 223 174 JHØILL 7 25,025 98 91
JI1PBK " 153,339 265 237 *JP1LRT 7 18,699 72 69 *JH4RUM " 79,200 312 150 *JHØNEC A 627,471 731 403
7K4XNN " 147,804 284 226 *JA4BDY " 36,108 166 118
JK1WSH " 47,190 154 143
*JJ1IVU " 15,336 90 72
*JA4TUJ " 22,077 158 99
*JIØWVQ " 217,752 516 258 EUROPE
*JR1BQJ " 8,211 56 51 *JAØBJY " 45,136 164 124 Aland Islands
JG1LHB " 44,220 141 132 *JA1CRJ " 5,976 39 36 *JA4BEV " 462 22 21 *8NØOLP " 27,360 126 96
JM1PIH " 5,106 49 46 *JA4MRL " 209 12 11 OHØV A 8,238,808 3360 1112
*JL1LOF " 4,644 36 36 (OP: JIØWVQ) (OP: OH6LI)
JH1ERJ " 12 2 2 *JA1RVO " 2,847 43 39 *JM4WUZ 21 33,264 166 126 *JAØJHQ " 22,971 155 93
JG1OGM " 8 2 2 *JO4JKL " 3,996 72 54 OHØZ " 67,064 206 166
*7J1ABD " 1,386 21 21 *JAØDVE " 14,134 97 74 (OP: OH2XX)
JA1TBA 7 310,926 279 231 *JM1TAL " 234 9 9 (OP: 9M6NA) *JAØAVS " 1,786 39 38
JI1AVY " 63,744 158 128 *JN1OKV " 44 4 4 *JH4FUF " 3,008 56 47 *JRØECQ " 1,062 24 18
JS1NDM " 150 5 5 *JA1YEV " 44 4 4 *JH4PUS " 2,184 40 39 Albania
*JJØUTR " 1,014 28 26 *ZA1ME A 7,030 77 74
JG1DUZ " 14 2 2 (OP: JF3CGN) *JI4JGD 7 2,784 34 32 *JHØEPI 14 89,680 284 190
JE1CTM 1.8 825 33 25 *8J1SOUMU " 6 1 1 *JAØMOQ " 22,032 132 108 Andorra
*JA1BJI A 2,452,370 1458 635 (OP: JF3CGN) District 5 *JRØBQD 7 207,466 310 203
*JH1EAQ " 1,821,890 1264 595 JA5JGV 28 285 15 15 C37AC A 3,912,038 2000 794
*JF3CGN/1 " 1 1 1 *JFØIUN " 104 8 8 (OP: EA3AKY)
*JI1RXQ " 1,720,020 1022 545 *JE1SPY 1.8 3,572 77 47 JE5JHZ 14 271,800 364 302
*JL1CNY " 1,173,245 1021 461 JA5NSR 3.5 15,210 118 78
*JS1OYN " 771,722 801 398 *JG5DHX A 339,390 625 270 Kazakhstan Austria
*8J1ITU/1 " 298,848 431 283 District 2 *JG5UWK " 162,410 367 218 UP2L A 9,580,962 2641 986 OE5TXF A 2,370,231 1561 747
(OP: 7N4SJX) JN2AMD A 2,055,468 1460 618 *JA5CBU " 87,768 289 159 (OP: RM9I) (OP: G3TXF)
*JK1AKP " 265,825 527 245 JF2OZH " 868,512 914 436 *JR5CAG " 47,905 206 143 UP5B " 3,514,984 1559 649 OE3KAB " 1,943,212 1362 668
*JM1MTE " 257,796 482 252 JR2PMT " 604,494 590 387 *8N1MORSE " 41,925 244 129 (OP: UN7ZO) OE6MMD " 1,696,405 1148 691
*JA1GQC " 226,775 511 235 JR2AWS " 335,580 650 255 /5 UP4L " 2,382,172 1176 751 OE5OHO " 1,396,060 1109 580
*JG1FML " 163,184 297 217 JA2HYD " 302,400 501 288 *JH5OJH/5 " 3,042 43 39 (OP: UN7LZ) OE2BZL " 1,062,330 939 510
*JG1XIO " 162,281 401 239 JF2FIU " 302,280 707 264 *JA5EXN " 345 15 15 UN9L " 1,663,011 1027 567 OE6ØVHSC " 215,400 420 300
*JE1PMQ " 129,059 308 179 JA2AXB " 202,540 344 247 *JH5FTY 28 64 8 8 UN8GA " 21,165 105 85 (OP: OE1TKW)
*JF1WNT " 126,900 325 180 JR2NMJ " 148,512 268 221 *JA5CDL 14 145,180 325 244 UN9GD 28 158,746 321 238 OE3NHW " 46,400 171 145
*JI1FLB " 126,735 390 213 JE2PCY " 75,140 201 130 *JH5HDA " 384 16 16 UPØL 14 8,012,622 2656 1167 OE3BKC " 34,560 140 128
*JP1GUW " 113,076 274 162 JE2BOM " 72,712 211 149 *JA5CUX 7 64 4 4 (OP: UN9LW) *OE1CIW A 794,955 895 469
*JI1UPL " 112,104 419 162 JR2ALA " 33,462 114 99 *UN8PT A 1,511,356 1074 539 *OE8TED " 577,796 604 493
*JI1VAH " 109,440 313 192 JF2OHQ " 16,906 105 79 District 6 *UN4PD " 101,136 229 172 *OE9WGI " 488,680 590 380
*JA1CP " 105,347 415 157 JA2GUW " 1,900 52 38 JA6LCJ A 1,816,396 1360 577 *UN4PG 28 34,998 141 114 *OE3WMA " 369,369 564 369

*OE5CYL " 227,696 462 304 LZ5K 21 487,971 817 477 *OK5MAX " 1,548,004 1058 692 G3YXX " 14,536 100 92 UF1F " 201,736 475 302
*OE5FDM " 88,578 201 171 (OP: LZ1QZ) *OL2J " 1,336,232 1248 596 G4IUF " 11,700 107 90 RC1W " 143,572 342 251
*OE3MCS " 20,383 124 109 LZ5QZ " 29,346 153 134 (OP: OK2PYA) M5KJM " 180 10 10 R1NW " 89,200 271 200
*OE1EBC " 9,384 77 68 LZ2ZG " 1,161 27 27 *OK1TA " 990,165 899 561 GB2GM 21 132,768 389 288 RA1QD 14 500,503 573 463
*OE2E " 2,923 38 37 LZ1ZM 14 2,747,165 1755 985 *OK1DKR " 794,784 891 487 (OP: G3PLE) UA1F " 287,583 483 373
(OP: OE2GEN) LZ1RW " 41,344 161 128 *OK2ZV " 763,422 869 473 G3RXP " 124,547 325 269 R1LN " 3,675 51 49
*OE5CSP 14 169,932 340 289 LZ1EV 7 4,443,264 1748 812 *OK6N " 529,618 672 421 GØPZA " 100,487 321 257 RW1M 7 344,064 412 336
*OE6JXA 7 203,682 298 249 LZ6F " 267,670 412 290 (OP: OK2PTS) M7O " 54,069 271 201 UA1OMS 1.8 14,535 90 85
*OE3IAK " 2 1 1 (OP: LZ2FL) *OK1HEH " 529,240 750 404 (OP: MØVKY) *RZ1OK A 1,166,202 1044 603
LZ33E 3.5 271,800 449 302 *OK1MDK " 500,569 715 421 G1M " 50,049 251 201 *UC1A " 984,814 1105 542
Azores (OP: LZ5XQ) *OK1SI " 500,544 683 396 (OP: GØUVX) *RK1AQ " 420,903 720 393
CU9AB A 22,576 100 83 *LZ1BP A 2,333,146 1461 769 *OK2QX " 469,878 670 426 G9D " 9,968 96 89 *RX1AG " 316,030 543 374
*LZ7J " 1,832,832 1320 688 *OK5OK " 463,386 558 374 (OP: G6NHU) *RT1I " 246,158 497 334
Balearic Islands (OP: LZ1CL) *OK1HCG " 441,771 634 363 G9W 14 3,446,274 1884 897 *RD1T " 205,348 412 286
EA6NB A 239,400 374 266 *LZ3QE " 910,437 1092 517 *OK2PIM " 402,424 602 374 (OP: MØDXR) *RL1F " 103,680 319 256
*EF6B A 894,400 1132 520 *LZ2CH " 401,576 663 404 *OK1BR " 361,472 629 353 M6O " 2,323,296 1619 864 *R1BET " 103,008 290 232
(OP: EA6BF) *LZ7O " 115,052 216 196 *OK2GU " 313,250 563 350 (OP: G3WGN) *R1QE " 86,940 247 189
*EA6ZS " 42,612 192 159 (OP: LZ1ONK) *OK2HBY " 289,428 489 356 G8A " 1,385,520 1058 690 *R1AL " 62,928 202 184
*EC6PG " 11,815 99 85 *LZ2FN " 47,680 213 160 *OK1PX " 281,520 461 345 (OP: G3XSV) *RW1QN " 45,920 205 140
*LZ2HT " 27,531 151 133 *OK1DVA " 268,413 570 323 G4HZV " 66,435 239 215 *RT1Q " 28,028 133 98
Belarus *LZ5PL " 21,672 146 129 *OK2SGY " 260,370 503 330 G6AD " 32 4 4 *R8MB/1 " 25,179 127 109
EW2A A 3,971,916 1870 897 *LZ3TL " 19,992 107 98 *OK1UKY " 209,748 410 308 MX3W 7 4,489,020 1665 810 *UB1AHY " 16,478 131 107
EW8DX " 2,744,288 1948 764 *LZ7Y " 3,132 36 36 *OK1FCA " 160,650 397 270 (OP: G4FAL) *R8XF/1 " 12,032 114 94
EV1R " 2,528,582 1588 763 *LZ3SM " 1,363 30 29 *OK2BLD " 135,420 342 244 M9N " 266,667 448 309 *UA1AUW " 9,450 66 63
EU5C " 2,030,400 1462 752 *LZ6E 28 310,800 667 400 *OK1AXB " 130,448 374 263 (OP: G7WHI) *RM1F " 9,344 81 73
(OP: EW1I) (OP: LZ1GU) *OK2LF " 115,770 357 255 G6M " 46,860 158 132 *RK1F " 4,140 50 45
EW3M " 1,903,470 1336 670 *LZ1NG " 88,800 292 240 *OK1DKE " 108,075 349 275 (OP: G4BYG) *R1CAA " 144 10 9
EW8OM " 1,700,712 1553 598 *LZ2JA " 24,130 144 127 *OK1AMF " 101,650 259 214 *G4PVM A 2,227,890 1599 721 *R1IV 14 92,686 291 242
EW3LN 28 64,170 256 207 *LZ2GS " 10,488 104 92 *OK2BRQ " 85,554 253 194 *M3AWD " 1,901,616 1441 692 *UA1TES " 9,588 100 94
EW1FM " 3,328 56 52 *LZ4W " 6,048 72 63 *OK2GG " 62,208 201 162 *MXØSNB " 747,742 863 461 *RN1AO " 1,925 35 35
EU4E 14 3,045,132 1543 1004 *LZ9V 21 183,464 420 323 *OK2PF " 46,664 193 152 *MØORD " 596,942 852 437 *UF1A 7 266,832 437 306
EU6AF " 694,536 762 516 *LZ1FH " 110,770 358 265 *OK2VX " 42,336 183 144 *G4DDL " 567,326 812 419 *RO1M 3.5 65,505 201 165
EW4A 3.5 438,932 579 367 *LZ6C " 16,050 126 107 *OK1PFM " 36,046 178 134 *G2W " 545,376 692 456
EW1M " 218,430 392 270 (OP: LZ2UW) *OK8KM " 34,194 158 139 (OP: G4DBW) District 3
*EU3A A 2,116,400 1411 715 *LZ5EE 14 449,448 651 488 *OK7KW " 26,950 121 110 *M2J " 424,501 607 407 UC3K A 6,589,674 2718 1053
*EV6Z " 1,323,603 1261 633 *LZ2HR " 390,285 559 413 *OK1AUO " 13,944 88 84 (OP: G4NBS) (OP: R2QA)
*EU1DX " 1,151,895 998 615 *LZ1VKD " 299,295 525 405 *OK1FRJ " 12,319 103 97 *M3X " 366,146 665 374 RM2U " 4,068,091 1911 929
*EW2ES " 810,485 1021 481 *LZ1DQ " 189,380 437 340 *OK1FMJ " 7,260 67 66 (OP: MØIHT) (OP: RU3UR)
*EU6O " 474,192 630 444 *LZ1ØØVARNA " 20,445 169 145 *OK7N " 6,327 60 57 *G9F " 275,440 508 313 RM2D " 2,064,244 1777 689
*EU1DC " 331,962 516 366 *LZ1MC 7 3,744 39 39 *OK2ABU 28 18,630 134 115 (OP: G4BVY) (OP: SM6LRR)
*EU4T " 168,462 345 294 *OK1AGE " 4,235 63 55 *GØFGI " 213,365 387 307 UI3A " 1,178,658 1025 621
*EU1ST " 158,327 391 247 Crete *OK1LL 21 109,938 298 251 *2EØCVN " 211,761 522 297 R3KM " 1,023,678 813 534
*EW1OK " 87,785 241 181 SV9COL 21 6,912 54 54 *OK1FIA 14 153,630 321 270 *G4FEV " 132,591 328 229 UA3AGW " 935,044 1007 538
*EW3W " 67,716 209 162 *SV9RNG A 142,570 401 265 *OK1FGD " 75,922 287 238 *G8GHD " 99,130 297 230 UA3R " 934,292 929 524
*EW1TO " 35,894 168 131 *SV9FBP " 8,625 77 69 *OK3DM " 73,071 243 207 *MØURL " 98,754 328 218 (OP: UA3RC)
*EW1NY " 6,930 82 77 *OK1MMN " 47,064 172 159 *2EØOBO " 96,220 195 170 R5AF " 916,839 772 567
*EW1MY " 3,774 54 51 Croatia *OK1TRJ " 39,015 177 153 *G4RRM " 75,166 222 182
9A2U A 4,123,610 1946 883 RK3TT " 853,596 721 524
*EW8R " 1,450 30 29 *OK2TBC " 30,660 160 146 *GØMTN " 73,117 234 187 R3OM " 814,436 988 493
(OP: 9A2R)
*EU3AA 28 2,760 50 46 *OK2BND " 24,840 150 135 *G3SQU " 64,176 207 168 UA3TW " 714,906 987 486
*EW1AFM 21 9,126 85 78 9A2AJ " 2,927,890 1766 755 *OK4NN " 8,692 94 82 *G3WRJ " 57,619 198 157
9A3AG " 277,542 499 306 RT5C " 637,551 763 463
*EU2F 14 1,673,344 1344 769 *OK1JDJ " 7,575 75 75 *G3VQO " 56,889 259 189 RL3T " 568,058 751 431
*EW8AX " 717,519 765 561 9A6D " 39,243 129 127 *OK6D " 7,085 71 65 *MØJSB " 56,202 211 174
9A5MX " 33,062 141 122 UC5C " 554,339 639 491
*EU2MM " 246,560 488 368 (OP: OK2TEO) *G3RTU " 50,736 198 151 RQ3M " 530,190 636 411
*EU1FQ " 168,775 281 215 (OP: DJ4MX) *OK1FUK " 324 18 18 *GØVWL " 50,478 232 179
9A3XV 21 2,268,000 1502 875 R3DCX " 490,734 566 398
*EW6FW " 142,932 312 277 *OL9R 7 4,424,727 1560 911 *MØRYB " 41,374 162 137 R5QQ " 465,465 724 429
*EW4GL " 107,874 267 234 9A5D " 1,999,890 1591 810 (OP: OK6RA) *G3WRR " 37,264 172 137
(OP: 9A3ID) RM3A " 369,765 687 405
*EW1TZ " 98,514 235 234 *OK1AY " 983,164 673 511 *MX1COL " 36,322 193 143 (OP: RN3AC)
9A1CFR 14 160,728 315 296
*EW4C " 22,000 104 100 *OK1GS " 167,559 282 237 (OP: G4EUW @G4EUW) RL3BZ " 245,680 473 332
*EU8F 7 726,384 749 444 (OP: 9A2NO)
*OK2BRS " 123,310 241 209 *MØNGN " 32,128 141 128 R3OQ " 203,342 483 293
*EU6RO 3.5 159,858 314 249 9A3YT " 77,592 210 183 *OK2DN " 80,080 202 176 *G8CRB " 27,489 144 119
9A5Y 7 8,081,469 2261 1089 RA3TT " 193,200 404 322
*OK5ET " 63,722 162 151 *G5C " 23,640 140 120 RA3NC " 104,832 254 224
(OP: 9A7DX) *OK1DU " 2,436 30 29 (OP: G4OGB)
Belgium 9A5ØY 3.5 1,220,400 903 565 RX3N " 102,102 338 231
OQ5M A 8,099,700 3086 1140 *OL5J 3.5 721,344 752 442 *GØOOR " 21,728 123 112 (OP: RX4W)
(OP: 9A3LG)
(OP: ON5ZO) *OK2VV " 552,640 611 440 *GØOKR " 19,516 88 82 RM2T " 56,700 233 175
9A3B " 639,176 700 436 *OK2HBR " 241,315 439 289 *2E1FVS " 19,210 105 85
OR3A " 5,319,992 2462 997 (OP: 9A2VR) UA3UBT " 52,390 172 155
ON6NL " 2,430,468 1679 724 *OL1AIY " 181,740 362 260 (OP: MØHOM) R3BV " 36,765 163 129
9A2KD 1.8 358,892 506 332 (OP: OK1DJS) *GX4ALE " 14,523 129 103
OR5T " 1,611,442 1268 658 *9A2EY A 1,086,328 1100 541 R2DPM " 25,584 107 104
(OP: ON4ALY) *OK5D " 106,488 279 204 *G4PFZ " 12,750 98 85 RV3TG " 21,125 137 125
*9A1AA " 684,780 730 452 (OP: OK1DTP) *GØLHZ " 12,369 107 93
ON4TTT " 676,512 777 464 *9A3MA " 203,184 356 306 R5AK " 16,686 118 103
OR1Z " 333,984 553 336 *OK7T " 36,580 151 124 *G4DYC " 11,376 92 79 R2ZX " 8,758 60 58
*9AØBR " 180,914 512 289 (OP: OK1FHI) *GØOSK " 7,980 87 84
ON6MR " 305,868 461 359 (OP: 9A4W) R5FU " 7,238 84 77
OT5Q 21 98,456 329 248 *OK2KFK " 4,048 49 46 *GØMDR " 7,020 70 60 UA3DSN " 360 10 10
*9AØDIG " 155,472 346 246 *OK6Y 1.8 328,000 509 328 *G4ETS " 6,440 73 70
OSØS 7 510,867 582 371 (OP: 9A3SM) R2AOQ " 330 11 11
ON5WL 3.5 98,040 268 190 (OP: OK2PTZ) *G3RFH " 5,670 73 63 RL5A 28 202,413 499 327
*9A4WY " 150,548 334 244 *OK1JOK " 41,760 182 144 *G8AFN " 4,992 54 52
*ON3ND A 813,134 1003 482 *9A2IK " 23,484 116 114 R2RA " 66,640 296 196
*ON3DI " 762,549 967 471 *OK1MCW " 2,376 36 36 *MØMDR " 2,414 36 34 RW3YA " 29,400 176 140
*9A1DR " 12,616 82 76 *G4AYU " 1,980 46 45
*ON9TT " 400,698 678 394 *9A2BW " 11,484 98 87 R3ZZ 21 1,317,322 1204 709
*ON6LO " 144,990 411 270 *9A9CW " 10,318 83 77
Denmark *GØJOS " 1,326 56 51 RG2A 14 4,928,040 2212 1170
*ON7XN " 60,291 234 189 OZ3SM A 2,304,320 1579 760 *MØKNG " 64 8 8 R3XA " 3,870,759 2077 1047
*9A/TA7AZC " 2,052 28 27 OV3X " 2,180,400 1396 690 *G4ZOB 28 18,400 146 115
*ON5ZZ " 16,791 100 87 *9A3AHQ " 110 10 10 UA3KW " 1,150,830 1112 673
*OR3R " 5,356 52 52 (OP: OZ8AE) *G3BA " 5,400 68 60 RT5T " 977,120 1002 620
*9A8A 28 98,978 333 242 OU4N " 1,947,414 1289 699 *M8A " 5,124 86 61
*ON4LY " 5,100 69 68 *9A2W 14 307,476 494 351 RM3F " 138,138 324 253
*OS2AD " 308 14 14 (OP: OZ4KG) (OP: MØHDF) (OP: UA3DPX)
(OP: 9A9K)
(OP: ON2AD) OZ2U " 1,204,567 994 637 *GØORH " 3,363 63 57 RT5Q " 117,450 276 261
*9A6C/MM " 2,820 52 47 OZ2TF " 587,240 786 424 *G3YPP " 2,430 46 45
*ON1DX 14 276,644 501 388 *9A4BA 7 114,624 225 199 UA3LEO " 105,554 211 178
*OQ4B " 65,170 219 190 OZ8SW " 370,389 604 373 *MØCZR " 928 35 32 UG3G " 38,410 196 167
*9A9J " 4,900 59 50 OZ7DK 7 2,356 32 31 *G4IZZ 14 379,960 592 460
(OP: ON4BHQ) (OP: 9A7ZZ) RM3O " 5,896 48 44
*OT5K " 6,322 59 58 *OZ1AAR A 775,590 842 515 *GX8CW " 253,964 510 367 R2DFD 3.5 267,840 483 320
*9A1AD 3.5 44,590 172 130
*OT2X 7 98,280 256 189 *OZ6AGX " 198,770 386 286 (OP: GØIBN) RT3T 1.8 167,573 328 259
*9A7RA " 16,320 100 85 *OZ5UR " 168,250 351 250 *M5P " 172,864 396 292
*ON4CT 3.5 31,578 148 114 *9A/IZ3NVR 1.8 14,691 87 83 *RA3AN A 3,199,755 2030 915
*OZ2BKK " 75,465 296 215 (OP: M5BIR) *UA3RBR " 2,420,355 1666 735
*OZ5KU " 35,811 207 173 *MØXUU " 125,222 313 254 *RN3S " 1,614,450 1277 705
Bosnia-Herzegovina Czech Republic *OZ8CT " 35,168 135 112 *G3ZRJ " 44,748 149 132
E73M A 5,673,860 2459 956 OL7ØDG A 3,236,464 1976 814 *RA3YDA " 1,420,690 1250 685
(OP: OK1DG) *OZ1ELY " 29,718 168 127 *G4HYG " 26,966 150 139 *RK2M " 907,405 1004 523
E72U " 845,000 799 500 *OZ6TM " 754 27 26 *G4RLS " 8,658 81 78
E74X " 672,441 881 451 OK2QA " 2,718,472 1696 811 *R3VL " 870,884 1123 532
*OZ7BQ 28 23,449 163 131 *GXØSAC " 2,499 51 49 *UA3AP " 791,874 999 522
E7AA 28 397,612 777 428 OL75KCR " 1,782,462 1515 678
*OZ1NF 21 525 23 21 (OP: G4WGE) *RV3ZN " 674,245 892 451
(OP: E77A) (OP: OK1PI)
OK1OA " 1,773,900 1305 675 *G1HYD " 1,944 38 36 *RA3VX " 664,048 795 484
*E7/Z35M A 687,014 896 431 Dodecanese *G4BEE " 1,479 29 29
*E77D " 358,802 593 346 OK2EA " 1,694,180 1463 635 *UA3RF " 550,440 798 440
OK4MM " 1,355,940 1259 620 SV5DKL 14 557,612 844 506 *G3YRZ " 1,352 26 26 *RN5AA " 542,066 816 434
*E73RB " 113,960 289 220 *SV5/DL3DRN A 99,450 320 225 *G8X 7 3,127,425 1378 777
*E74O " 20,792 99 92 OK1EP " 417,644 428 397 *RK3P " 432,036 589 396
OK1TN " 282,880 431 320 (OP: G4FJK) *R3OR " 419,998 626 373
*E73B 28 171,360 482 306 England *G4N " 209,042 311 254
*E78AX " 6,790 81 70 OK4X " 196,290 329 270 *UA3QAM " 404,100 499 449
OK6DJ " 48,706 196 142 MX7DX A 8,684,142 2877 1149 (OP: G4ZVB) *RA3P " 376,326 687 414
*E74SL 21 33,300 165 148 (OP: MØUNN/LY4Y) *G4RMV " 112,100 214 190
*E73KM " 15,618 119 114 OK2RU " 42,834 130 121 *UA3YFL " 354,584 595 349
OLØW " 23,218 105 94 M6T " 5,835,159 2670 999 *G4RWD " 97,162 237 202 *RU5X " 333,207 553 369
*E73AA 7 1,450,263 1119 573 (OP: MØSDV) *M5W 3.5 567,008 607 416
*E75RKP " 2,449 34 31 (OP: OK1DSZ) *RT5P " 256,410 492 315
OK5SWL " 1,148 28 28 GX4GA " 4,608,072 2220 892 (OP: MØHMJ) *RD3FT " 245,814 495 318
(OP: E75MHM) (OP: G3WPH) *M5D " 551,684 595 427
*E77EA 3.5 429,768 569 376 (OP: OK2SWD) *RX3VF " 203,904 461 288
OL5M 28 250,608 577 368 G6T " 2,326,284 1239 722 (OP: G4WQI) *R3AQ " 188,094 355 282
*E74UK " 284,232 486 312 (OP: G4MKP) *G8N " 77,649 213 181
*E77G " 65,758 207 154 (OP: OK1GI) *RV3X " 169,638 468 294
OK2EQ " 52,808 247 184 MØB " 1,551,825 1163 627 (OP: G4CZB) *RW5CW " 159,608 359 284
*E79D 1.8 113,570 276 205 (OP: G4KZD) *G5Q " 22,042 109 103
OK1AUC " 26,666 171 134 *RX3AEX " 159,034 434 262
OL8M 14 4,916,868 2144 1158 M1X " 852,215 1012 455 (OP: G3SVL) *RA3XCZ " 157,119 412 249
Bulgaria OK3X " 2,387,874 1435 894 (OP: GØCKP) *MØMUI " 5,565 56 53 *RN3YA " 156,222 393 263
LZ5R A 17,114,566 4728 1489 (OP: OK1VK) G3KHZ " 782,340 893 510 *RN3AAB " 145,416 344 249
(OP: LZ5DB) OL3R " 2,252,800 1328 880 G4BUO " 620,490 661 390 Estonia *R5QL " 143,175 332 249
LZ8E " 12,138,757 4068 1319 (OP: OK1VWK) M5G " 570,748 718 388 ES1CN 21 19,886 131 122 *RT2X " 134,520 305 236
(OP: LZ2BE) OK6CX " 39,767 173 161 (OP: G3ZGC) *ES5EP A 337,306 483 382 *R3XM " 121,968 347 231
LZ7G " 3,831,828 2282 924 OK7W 7 7,513,814 2104 1067 M4J " 365,355 483 345 *ES1BH " 150,947 390 271 *R2DS " 120,575 330 265
(OP: LZ1NK) OK1Z " 5,083,442 1671 901 (OP: GØDVJ) *ES3BH " 72,038 233 181 *RV3VR " 119,416 384 253
LZ1YE " 2,497,240 1725 745 (OP: OK1DKZ) G3XTT " 288,273 526 313 *ES6Q 28 44,034 218 179 *UC5D " 109,174 279 221
LZ5N " 1,598,618 1181 623 OK2SFP " 523,887 523 399 G1SCT " 223,136 484 304 (OP: ES5RY) *RA3DSV " 108,900 305 220
(OP: LZ1HW) OK2SWD " 336 14 14 G3T " 190,005 414 265 *ES2QX 14 2,904 36 33 *RW3VM " 103,592 217 184
LZ4A " 1,274,007 1284 651 OL6D 3.5 1,124,085 939 547 (OP: G3VGZ) *ES2DJ 7 137,313 240 219 *RM3Z " 102,424 272 236
LZ1ZJ " 1,196,910 1098 585 (OP: OK1DWQ) G3WPF " 137,344 264 232 *RX3Q " 98,769 341 219
LZ1QN " 568,766 825 502 OK2SG " 119,910 245 210 G4LPD " 120,274 255 242 *RN3OG " 98,470 313 215
LZ3RM " 532,980 610 423 *OL5Y A 5,101,492 2154 1012 G4L " 49,880 164 145 European Russia *RA3GAA " 74,496 242 192
LZ1AQ " 501,120 633 435 *OL57ZW " 3,086,577 1651 851 (OP: G4LDL) District 1 *UA3VLO " 65,567 215 173
LZ134ØB 28 400,400 754 440 (OP: OK1YM) GØEFO " 39,040 149 128 RM1T A 1,386,606 1337 613 *RA3UT " 59,312 226 176
(OP: LZ2HM) *OK2MBP " 2,213,400 1481 714 G3SHF " 26,216 129 116 (OP: R1TE) *UA3UCD " 50,962 201 166
LZ6Y " 28,116 193 132 *OL3E " 1,705,600 1364 656 G4SMB " 25,536 134 114 R1DX " 1,317,141 1099 621 *UA3GQ " 22,264 139 121
(OP: LZ1KU) (OP: OK1JOC) G6GLP " 14,746 110 101 RV1AW " 1,047,552 976 528 *RM3TO " 21,000 124 100

*UA3GDU " 20,972 125 107 RN6AT " 251,904 498 384 DL25GDXF " 288,990 503 342 *DL4YR " 981,688 938 554 *DK4QT " 11,136 108 96
*RA3BQ " 20,328 94 88 RJ7M " 91,494 259 234 (OP: DH1TST) *DJ1OJ " 964,950 1016 525 *DO2MS " 10,578 94 86
*R5FQ " 16,356 102 87 RY7KAB " 1,120 28 28 DK2AT " 273,780 489 338 *DK1KC " 961,740 703 585 *DF4TS " 9,443 76 71
*UA3DUJ " 13,015 100 95 RU7M 7 4,695,912 1690 936 DL7CX " 268,593 360 291 *DL4ZA " 818,160 955 487 *DJ5NN " 9,394 67 61
*R3FP " 12,900 92 86 (OP: R7LV) DL1LOD " 262,752 427 322 *DJ9MH " 782,852 786 511 *DL1NKB " 8,798 94 83
*RA3VE " 11,934 87 78 RM6Y " 160,320 293 240 DL6HCC " 221,216 305 248 *DG7EE " 698,632 931 467 *DL9NCR " 8,710 72 65
*RC3FL " 4,928 69 64 RO7C 3.5 621,110 657 467 DQ5T " 195,529 286 251 *DL5ARM " 659,120 830 440 *DL7PM " 8,591 77 71
*R3QX " 4,048 54 44 (OP: R6CZ) (OP: DL4LAM) *DM7EE " 641,130 609 497 *DL7ALM " 8,556 76 69
*R2AHS " 2,795 46 43 *R7MM A 1,875,120 1288 780 DL1YCF " 166,068 355 252 *DL8DWW " 597,640 612 446 *DL2FK " 7,980 74 70
*UA5R " 1,334 30 29 *RA7R " 870,492 1037 516 DK1AX " 153,387 247 247 *DK3WM " 523,437 662 447 *DL2AWA " 7,140 79 68
*UB5MBA " 1,092 28 28 *R7KX " 846,976 945 509 DG1CMZ " 153,016 346 248 *DJ2XY " 458,343 592 381 *DL9MFY " 6,726 62 59
*UA3X " 1,008 22 21 *UA6YH " 699,748 773 469 DL6AG " 152,277 389 263 *DJ3RA " 452,407 660 389 *DK1LRS " 6,486 82 69
*R3LC 28 61,610 271 202 *UA6LCJ " 429,859 714 409 DJ2BC " 142,120 309 220 *DJØYI " 416,990 545 370 *DL1AWC " 6,298 74 67
*R3HD " 54,782 233 182 *UA6HFI " 326,796 527 339 DJ1TO " 127,190 271 230 *DA2A " 408,471 558 371 *DL7VRG " 5,814 59 57
*R3RK " 29,868 180 131 *R7AC " 278,520 592 330 DD2CW " 115,540 263 218 (OP: DK5DQ) *DK4EF " 5,785 71 65
*UA3UAD " 13,706 108 89 *RT6N " 216,000 475 320 DL7DZ " 111,418 278 226 *DJ2IA " 404,782 608 406 *DH8MS " 5,782 70 59
*UA3DLD " 5,130 64 57 *R6DMT " 141,313 372 251 DF3XZ " 111,150 345 247 *DL4VK " 382,674 538 354 *DL2DTJ " 5,700 73 60
*R3PIQ " 1,480 38 37 *RC7B " 59,332 230 182 DGØKS " 110,209 311 233 *DL5CL " 380,688 496 412 *DLØPB " 5,589 73 69
*RU3VV " 1,147 33 31 *UA6J " 45,240 222 145 DK3GI " 101,616 199 174 *DM5JBN " 375,285 551 381 *DB8AH " 5,428 65 59
*RN3P 21 858 27 26 *UA6AAK " 31,309 157 131 DL7UXG " 98,040 299 228 *DM5B " 374,420 613 388 *DL3HAA " 4,905 45 45
*R5AJ 14 2,107,431 1367 877 *UA6AUA " 20,769 99 69 DF5BX " 96,750 310 215 (OP: DG6IMR) *DK3PM " 4,560 60 60
*R3QA " 1,030,863 1001 697 *RN6A " 6,161 71 61 DK5JM " 95,190 207 167 *DL9NEI " 373,984 534 377 *DL1EJD " 4,380 66 60
*UA3ABJ " 380,190 606 437 *RW6MAO " 5,848 78 68 DH8VV " 94,355 200 167 *DM3F " 366,528 495 368 *DL9GK " 4,332 44 38
*UA3YDI " 89,250 302 255 *RN7A " 836 26 22 DP7ØHSC " 81,270 268 210 (OP: DH5FS) *DD2EG " 4,233 54 51
*RY3F " 47,311 207 187 (OP: R7AW) (OP: DL3FF) *DL1GME " 353,500 562 350 *DL3TU " 4,230 46 45
*RZ3Z " 43,516 195 172 *R7KQ " 104 9 8 DL1EK " 73,290 277 210 *DJ1MM " 349,860 488 343 *DL5XL " 4,094 61 46
*RA4LBS/3 " 42,350 196 175 *UA6AK 28 195,936 506 314 DKØSU " 53,070 181 145 *DL4XU " 338,778 639 354 *DK9ZE " 3,657 55 53
*RO2X " 22,881 95 87 *R7MY " 25,610 151 130 (OP: DF7SA) *DK3ØFFO " 338,272 498 352 *DL1SWT " 3,465 45 45
*RX3MM " 12,502 99 94 *R6KEE " 1,702 38 37 DG9SEH " 50,076 195 156 (OP: DL7UGN) *DL4LT " 3,404 58 46
*RJ3F " 5,609 75 71 *R6CW " 160 10 10 DL2MDU " 44,982 179 153 *DAØFFR " 325,376 579 328 *DO6AN " 3,216 50 48
*RN3DKE " 3,528 50 49 *R7MT 21 81,395 275 223 DL7LAM " 43,646 163 139 (OP: DM6WAN) *DK4YU " 3,200 53 50
*RU3MS " 3,294 55 54 *UA6ATG " 64 8 8 DL2DSA " 39,875 149 145 *DH7TNO " 323,433 530 363 *DL2SEN " 3,196 57 47
*R3NAM " 2,560 44 40 *UB7B 14 327,525 551 397 DL1KWK " 37,076 146 124 *DF3OL " 321,078 583 354 *DJ3XA " 3,192 39 38
*RW3AL 7 703,764 639 452 *UA6LUQ " 196,620 442 339 DK4RR " 36,195 103 95 *DL3MXX " 305,374 508 358 *DK4IO " 3,105 50 45
*UA3PI " 512,064 493 381 *UA6ARR " 40,588 152 139 DL7LX " 34,980 151 132 *DF8AA " 282,918 422 366 *DL5SFC " 2,624 44 41
*R5FP " 160,854 311 249 *R6AP " 17,784 122 117 DL2ZBO " 31,800 150 120 *DL9OE " 271,425 473 329 *DK6QW " 2,419 43 41
*RA3UAG " 138,663 303 217 *R7RZ " 13,728 92 88 DL3XM " 31,635 125 111 *DLØIT " 253,080 383 296 *DG7EAO " 2,400 53 40
*R5DF " 23,520 70 60 *UA6ADC " 4 2 2 DL6DVU " 28,424 152 136 (OP: DK9VS) *DB2OW " 2,250 78 75
*R3ET " 18,972 102 93 *R7RC 7 171,477 295 261 DF3VM " 27,878 124 106 *DM2RN " 237,293 444 311 *DJ5QE " 2,124 44 36
*UA3SDN " 6,215 57 55 *UA6AKD " 129,710 275 218 DF6PB " 27,240 133 120 *DL1SAN " 229,152 523 308 *DL5ANS " 2,016 42 42
*RA5AV " 1,350 15 15 *RN6MA " 40,392 154 132 DL2CC " 27,089 117 103 *DF4XF " 217,699 411 293 *DG1VL " 1,935 45 43
*RA3Y 3.5 463,397 605 409 *R7CT " 11,856 54 52 DK3AX " 23,875 147 125 *DL4DRW " 215,796 400 294 *DG7RO " 1,813 39 37
*RK3ER " 315,570 486 335 *RA6C 3.5 251,200 388 314 DL9GRE " 23,634 114 101 *DR2C " 215,040 452 280 *DK2ZO " 1,653 29 29
*UA3DCE " 57,236 185 164 DL5ANT " 23,608 119 104 (OP: DJØIF) *DL5DWF " 1,426 24 23
*UF5A 1.8 59,984 192 163 District 9 DL7UGO " 23,220 94 90 *DF2WZ " 188,404 411 268 *DJ5AM " 1,378 26 26
UA9FGJ A 139,392 305 264 DL5XAT " 22,440 96 85 *DK1FT " 184,184 389 299 *DL4OCF " 924 24 22
District 4 R9GM 7 167,857 282 229 DL6NAV " 21,114 112 102 *DM3AA " 161,196 365 266 *DL7UN " 918 19 17
RT4F A 11,110,142 3777 1306 *UA9XF A 374,718 696 361 DJ4KW " 18,711 113 99 *DL3KWF " 160,321 390 259 *DJ3CS " 884 28 26
(OP: UA4FER) *R9XS " 252,672 491 329 DJ8QA " 18,630 126 115 *DJ6TK " 158,441 390 269 *DB3LO " 841 33 29
UA4W " 8,860,094 3422 1258 *UA9XX " 178,493 473 301 DF2RG " 16,562 98 98 *DK5WO " 151,536 392 246 *DF2LH " 748 17 17
RT4M " 1,271,000 1193 620 *R9FDJ " 91,258 278 206 DF5DK " 15,660 102 90 *DL4HG " 149,325 336 275 *DM2HK " 682 25 22
RD4A " 1,215,857 1205 629 *RQ9F " 77,366 257 202 DF8KY " 13,600 92 80 *DL4SDW " 147,264 256 208 *DH4GB " 650 26 25
RA4PQ " 1,185,657 859 589 *UA9FKH " 65,205 247 189 DF6QE " 12,496 110 88 *DL4KG " 146,256 373 277 *DL65ESSEN " 648 24 24
R4ACY " 915,994 914 493 *UA9XK " 18,696 130 114 DJ2AX " 6,237 69 63 *DK8AX " 142,044 256 228 (OP: DL4EAX)
RZ4Z " 825,340 812 580 *RG8G " 7,776 81 72 DL6SRD " 3,948 42 42 *DL4DZ " 134,505 300 245 *DL8BEL " 506 23 23
RA4Y " 548,691 636 429 *RA9XSL " 1,508 30 26 DM2CYN " 1,272 25 24 *DK7GH " 132,235 306 265 *DF8AB " 234 16 13
RQ4F " 345,216 504 348 *RC9F 28 27,810 174 135 DJ6TB " 558 19 18 *DL7VHP " 129,208 297 248 *DL4ROB " 231 11 11
RK4FD " 274,275 515 345 *UA9FAR 7 346,788 437 338 DL1LQL " 208 14 13 *DL3KWR " 126,675 306 225 *DK9TN " 143 11 11
UA4K " 219,960 418 312 DQ8N 28 451,260 765 460 *DF2AJ " 122,385 244 205 *DL9ZWG " 135 15 15
(OP: RM4HZ) European Turkey (OP: DL3ANK) *DG9OAY " 120,696 292 214 *DK7AC " 102 6 6
R4LC " 202,911 388 283 *TA1NAI A 58,032 186 144 DH8BQA " 399,586 786 443 *DH2URF " 120,048 330 246 *DL1LSW " 84 6 6
RQ4D " 156,940 343 266 *TA1UT 21 6,972 88 83 DL2OM " 87,556 327 236 *DL1THB " 117,279 329 249 *DLØMFL 28 348,059 711 409
UA4WW " 103,719 377 231 DL1DTL " 74,214 276 217 *DL3TC " 114,855 357 247 (OP: DL2JRM)
RL4A " 55,825 189 145 Faroe Islands DL6UAA " 62,287 299 199 *DK5ZX " 114,582 300 226 *DL9ZP " 99,722 355 238
RW4CLF " 6,834 56 51 OY1CT A 977,226 1472 601 DL8QS " 60,600 243 200 *DF8AE " 112,445 286 215 *DK9OY " 97,686 338 243
UA4C 28 209,304 512 342 *OY4M 14 10,428 88 79 DD5DD " 34,119 203 153 *DK7TY " 110,860 305 230 *DBØDH " 67,204 285 212
UA4CC " 8,624 84 77 DJ3CQ " 30,800 172 154 *DF8TY " 105,435 265 213 (OP: DL1EJM)
RU4SO 21 160,080 370 276 Fed. Rep. of Germany DK5SF " 984 25 24 *DK3CC " 105,075 331 225 *DJ9KH " 45,424 260 167
RA4AR 7 109,604 295 212 DK9PY A 9,255,582 2877 1218 DL2ARD 21 1,267,518 998 721 *DL1VJL " 104,319 205 173 *DQ9Y " 26,600 158 140
*RW4WA A 1,948,022 1420 811 DK3WW " 6,774,534 2107 1179 DM5DM " 112,095 329 265 *DG1FN " 100,282 287 203 (OP: DF2SD)
*RL4F " 1,430,346 1339 629 DJ5MW " 6,714,544 2548 998 DMØA 14 7,117,876 2804 1247 *DF5AN " 95,427 240 207 *DL2SWR " 12,502 111 94
*RN4HAB " 953,694 1077 522 DD2D " 6,151,248 2176 982 (OP: DK3DM) *DF3CE " 95,268 278 204 *DK2WH " 8,320 88 80
*UG4A " 817,970 1001 521 (OP: DK8ZB) DL1QQ " 3,344,835 1767 1009 *DL1CC " 90,160 239 196 *DB4MM " 2,597 51 49
*R4BZ " 530,784 736 456 DAØBCC " 6,024,552 2423 1038 DK7YY " 2,651,616 1547 864 *DL3JAN " 88,536 187 168 *DL2YMR " 1,295 37 35
*RN4SS " 524,600 783 430 (OP: DL7ON) DL8DYL " 2,131,944 1340 842 *DF7CB " 85,023 290 201 *DL1NUX " 897 25 23
*R4WR " 456,908 757 412 DL1WA " 5,401,130 2170 1085 DL3DXX " 1,879,990 1068 749 *DLØABT " 83,224 276 202 *DJ3GE 21 15,768 120 108
*R4RN " 353,288 506 344 DK7A " 5,080,307 2083 1049 DL9LM " 328,048 522 406 (OP: DL3ZZA) *DJ3JD " 2,756 55 52
*R4MA " 300,124 500 359 (OP: DJ8VH) DL1ATZ " 2,730 36 35 *DJ9BM " 82,820 295 205 *DM3VPJ " 2,146 38 37
*UD4W " 273,240 515 330 DG5E " 4,894,232 1772 952 DL1SVA " 1,071 21 21 *DK1MCS " 78,280 264 206 *DJ7UC 14 338,998 519 418
*RN4NF " 256,852 376 314 (OP: DK2CX) DQ2C 7 4,612,881 1601 831 *DL3RDM " 78,144 240 192 *DHØJAE " 60,409 225 193
*R4WT " 231,880 485 341 DK2OY " 4,473,144 1952 1053 (OP: DL2SAX) *DL9GMC " 73,232 275 199 *DHØGDS " 54,312 224 186
*RA4CL " 223,880 470 290 DL7URH " 3,298,742 1553 893 DQØZ " 1,492,008 983 581 *DL2VN " 70,952 222 181 *DG4UF " 51,731 205 179
*RN4SC " 169,806 410 273 DL5JS " 3,261,360 1869 856 (OP: DL6RDE) *DL4HBF " 68,634 242 186 *DL3MB " 44,115 195 173
*UA4HGL " 159,803 359 259 DL5YM " 3,138,200 1938 850 DK5GB " 1,217,400 832 600 *DK8NC " 64,328 206 172 *DL5CC " 36,852 174 166
*RK4NB " 117,667 315 209 DL6KVA " 3,122,186 2073 802 DK5XG " 806,080 745 458 *DP5P " 64,010 201 173 *DL8BV " 19,116 130 118
*RM4N " 106,491 292 231 DP7X " 3,023,346 1717 734 DL6ON " 721,844 622 452 (OP: DL1MHJ) *DK5KF " 18,720 105 96
*RW4AD " 87,120 303 198 (OP: DL6IAK) DP4D " 265,500 455 300 *DMØE " 62,914 210 166 *DL2NEA " 17,630 99 86
*R4AC " 65,895 251 191 DJ9DZ " 2,961,725 1688 845 (OP: DL1OJ) (OP: DG1HXJ) *DL5GAC " 14,880 100 93
*UA4FDL " 64,296 247 188 DH7KU " 2,914,854 1676 867 DL6MHW " 15,792 94 84 *DL3FBB " 61,566 267 186 *DL9TU " 9,374 91 86
*UA4PRU " 62,416 237 166 DP8M " 2,394,788 1101 814 DK1FW " 1,035 23 23 *DL9SEV " 49,612 176 157 *DL6ABB " 7,378 67 62
*RO4A " 60,636 238 186 (OP: DL6NDW) DM3VL " 560 10 10 *DL3CX " 49,248 188 152 *DL9GWA " 6,160 74 70
(OP: R4AAX) DHØGHU " 2,352,702 1306 829 DF1MM 3.5 940,275 858 525 *DG3BCZ " 47,002 175 142 *DM5WGL " 3,280 42 41
*UA4QK " 44,080 188 152 DL1RTL " 2,152,434 1277 717 DF9LJ " 873,354 807 489 *DF7TV " 44,225 167 145 *DK5WN " 2,028 40 39
*RA4L " 14,529 100 87 DP5X " 2,029,294 1460 739 DL6DH " 788,640 764 496 *DL6FCK " 43,555 200 155 *DL1SO " 1,440 42 40
*RT4H " 12,692 87 76 (OP: DL5JQ) DF4XG " 523,303 639 421 *DL2AXM " 43,274 175 154 *DF3IS " 1,080 29 24
*R4LZ " 9,024 71 64 DJ9RR " 2,009,990 1258 841 DJ9AO " 429,005 513 359 *DK2WU " 43,186 167 143 *DC2CL " 35 5 5
*R4AJ " 6,380 76 58 DL6JZ " 1,969,260 1114 690 DR5X 1.8 410,328 578 369 *DF7TS " 41,820 190 164 *DQ3Q 7 1,321,116 836 534
*RA4DR " 5,145 60 49 DL5LYM " 1,926,848 1016 748 (OP: DL8LAS) *DK7ZT " 41,580 155 140 (OP: DL4TJ)
*RD4AQ " 3,710 54 53 DP5ØAGCW " 1,926,468 1556 708 DH1NBE " 191,797 412 269 *DF7GG " 41,250 194 165 *DL5KUD " 942,984 731 504
*R4PP " 1,591 39 37 (OP: DL1VDL) DK3UA " 112,980 265 210 *DL1HSI " 40,040 184 154 *DL6KWN " 880,253 660 473
*UB4Y " 1,037 17 17 DK6WL " 1,520,298 1063 657 DL5KVV " 70,348 218 172 *DL8WAA " 38,991 158 123 *DK2DQ " 417,500 522 334
*RG4A 28 208,861 525 331 DL1NEO " 1,461,960 1049 744 *DQ5M A 5,418,390 2126 1090 *DL9SAS " 37,346 186 142 *DK4LX " 371,531 393 313
*RU4SS " 95,625 347 225 DL1NKS " 1,436,872 1195 586 (OP: DK6SP) *DJ4MF " 35,500 147 142 *DL2LDE " 198,128 253 244
*RU4LM 14 331,500 478 390 DL4ME " 1,365,938 1278 602 *DFØJR " 3,375,099 1606 951 *DK6OR " 35,298 164 159 *DL4FDM " 106,330 217 217
*R4WAE " 255,744 490 384 DM3PKK " 1,297,721 1109 613 (OP: DJ5MO) *DF2DR " 34,472 180 139 *DB2WD " 49,772 97 92
*RK4S " 48,128 210 188 DD2AW " 1,276,267 1286 569 *DL4FN " 2,777,800 1488 850 *DK6WH " 34,320 150 132 *DLØGEO " 26,620 142 110
*RQ4C " 39,715 205 169 DF5EG " 1,268,865 1078 585 *DL2NBU " 2,673,672 1351 808 *DL3NEY " 31,605 143 129 (OP: DL2YAK)
*R4II " 18,020 114 106 DF1LX " 1,076,211 821 607 *DR7T " 2,647,628 1600 844 *DF3EH " 30,240 170 144 *DL4JU " 24,860 123 110
*RT4W " 15,048 91 88 DM2X " 1,062,600 1061 616 (OP: DF1DN) *DL9UP " 29,282 136 121 *DF2ET " 22,538 134 118
*UA4HBM " 11,651 69 61 (OP: DL2OE) *DD2ML " 2,604,184 1429 808 *DJ9SN " 29,274 142 123 *DF7JC " 20,855 107 97
*RZ4M 7 49,096 144 136 DF4XX " 1,019,960 1046 593 *DJ3HW " 2,340,102 1512 762 *DL8ZAJ " 28,440 147 120 *DL4SZB " 6,996 54 53
. DL73TXL " 994,028 999 542 *DD5M " 2,134,900 1391 740 *DL2AK " 27,735 162 129 *DG3FFM " 240 12 10
District 6 (OP: DL7YS) (OP: DJØZY) *DL1QW " 26,676 134 114 *DJØMY 3.5 324,192 431 352
RG6G A 9,397,960 3809 1240 DL1EKO " 946,920 1116 520 *DM6EE " 2,119,220 1376 782 *DK1FY " 25,047 147 121 *DM7CW " 149,400 328 249
UA6CC " 2,960,472 1962 842 DK2LO " 881,790 748 595 *DL1MGB " 2,103,288 1448 744 *DF7OA " 24,805 136 121 *DO4DXA " 30,500 158 122
UA6LCN " 2,368,908 1578 828 DF8XC " 758,494 675 506 *DK8NT " 2,058,485 1633 715 *DL2ART " 24,570 152 130 *DL7VFM " 5,104 61 58
R6DJM " 902,785 935 559 DL2RMC " 680,833 709 493 *DL4WA " 1,981,860 1144 804 *DO1VOL " 23,919 130 119 *DF9XV " 98 7 7
R7CD " 706,783 823 469 DF6QV " 664,680 662 435 *DJ1YFK " 1,648,896 1151 678 *DL6KBG " 23,598 132 114
RA7E " 535,653 634 389 DJ8EW " 571,640 746 461 *DK5DQ " 1,638,750 1026 690 *DK4RM " 20,790 149 105
RK7X " 528,910 774 454 DL3FCG " 547,560 658 468 *DF4ZL " 1,413,000 1233 628 *DJ2FR " 19,404 115 98 Finland
UA6AA " 504,620 715 460 DF8V " 511,860 748 449 *DM7W " 1,275,884 973 647 *DL8WEM " 17,982 128 111 OG6N A 5,559,990 2489 1110
RU6CO " 420,740 615 386 (OP: DF8VO) (OP: DL8MAS) *DL1DQJ " 17,920 118 112 (OP: OH6NIO)
RA6MQ " 397,494 650 433 DL5YL " 469,982 654 391 *DFØWN " 1,263,938 985 562 *DL6NBS " 16,700 124 100 OG73X " 5,005,913 2282 1051
R6HV " 143,640 342 228 DL5ASK " 463,386 628 413 (OP: DK2FG) *DL1KLF " 16,005 100 97 (OP: OH8LQ)
RA6GW " 125,240 265 202 DL3UB " 413,706 649 361 *DK3YD " 1,258,142 1105 586 *DL4FDI " 15,708 107 102 OH1F " 3,204,800 1883 800
RN6CV " 119,402 266 227 DF6RI " 409,728 531 352 *DA3T " 1,233,136 1203 592 *DL2FQ " 15,096 117 102 (OP: OH1NOA)
UA6HLN " 93,936 249 206 DQ6Q " 364,320 489 352 (OP: DL8DXL) *DL6EZ " 15,066 104 93 OH1TM " 2,604,096 1563 864
RK7F " 72,558 228 174 DL4ABR " 357,880 581 389 *DL3YM " 1,210,460 989 580 *DL2LRT/P " 14,964 97 86 OH3FM " 2,029,980 1682 690
RA7A " 59,974 218 157 DJ5AN " 345,447 378 293 *DFØBV " 1,187,316 838 559 *DL1SL " 14,664 109 94 OH1ØA " 1,613,241 1317 609
RX6AM " 21,681 111 99 DQ1A " 317,440 444 320 (OP: DL1MAJ) *DL6RBH " 14,181 101 87 (OP: OH3WW)
RA6CA 28 271,782 619 378 (OP: DK3QZ) *DL8TG " 1,180,800 1044 640 *DK9HE " 13,950 105 90 OI3AX " 1,394,102 1256 626
UC7A 14 1,753,912 1332 809 DL9SCO " 308,476 474 322 *DF1LON " 1,138,954 1025 613 *DL2GPK " 13,050 106 90 (OP: OH5LLR)
RC7A " 1,021,784 1042 674 DL8KX " 306,117 487 339 *DL8ULF " 1,091,090 1110 545 *DL2MM " 12,780 108 90 OG7F " 1,153,216 1025 592

OG66X " 454,342 698 391 *F4HYY " 11,016 101 81 *HAØIL " 21,279 155 123 *IZ5AHB " 42,276 180 156 LY5E " 8,724,012 3075 1276
(OP: OH8WW) *F6KRK " 5,151 51 51 *HA7UL " 4,400 60 55 *IK2AUK " 42,032 170 142 (OP: LY2IJ)
OG4T " 450,957 509 373 (OP: F8CRH) *HAØLZ 21 45,426 228 201 *IZ1TRK " 41,076 181 163 LY6A " 6,712,551 3129 1049
(OP: OH4MFA) *F1VEV " 2,160 37 36 *HA8TKS 14 325,890 597 426 *IU6FUB " 39,566 180 146 LY4T " 3,538,926 2116 842
OG4W " 403,542 485 423 *F5TYY " 2,014 56 53 *HA2EAV " 285,285 531 399 *IK7MIY " 39,200 208 175 LY9Y " 3,353,544 1850 846
(OP: OH4KZM) *F5RDS " 1,820 29 28 *HA8YU " 60,723 193 173 *IQ6SE " 37,920 188 158 LY2SA " 1,299,480 988 637
OH7KBF " 258,819 506 341 *F4CIB " 1,813 39 37 *HA2MD " 5,698 82 77 (OP: IK6PTH) LY5W " 1,184,848 1142 568
OH6BA " 111,573 286 207 *F4GFT " 1,800 38 36 *HA7I 7 2,767,208 1228 764 *IK2UJF " 37,422 186 154 LY5XX " 870,758 926 518
OG5G " 99,900 264 225 *F2AI " 1,428 37 34 (OP: HA7JTR) *IZØUIN " 34,731 202 153 LY3CY " 636,682 899 449
(OP: OH1KIO) *F6ICA " 1,395 35 31 *HA5VJ " 1,279,375 860 575 *IK7NXU " 34,164 148 146 LY5O " 552,624 644 397
OH1LAR " 57,512 216 182 *F1MLN " 1,015 29 29 *HA9RC " 1,010,526 776 502 *IK5OJB " 33,456 153 136 LY7M " 398,034 479 351
OH2ID " 54,568 193 152 *TM77SM " 960 25 24 *HA8LCA " 926,850 744 501 *IKØISD " 33,456 139 123 LY7T " 383,061 648 357
OH2CV " 41,952 196 152 (OP: F4GYM) (OP: XX9XX) *IW2ENA " 33,222 198 147 LY5R " 254,240 395 280
OH2MAS " 24,476 128 116 *F8OOI " 441 22 21 *HA9RP " 650,136 526 412 *IK2QIK " 30,600 183 150 LY1XA " 22,656 114 96
OH2BJ " 7,821 85 79 *F5DM 28 29,949 185 149 *HG8L " 215,875 323 275 *IK7UKF " 29,882 156 134 (OP: LY2KA)
OG7A 28 77,880 312 220 *F6AUS " 17,712 134 123 (OP: HA8RD) *IU6AIG " 27,840 162 145 LY8A " 18,336 113 96
(OP: OH6MW) *F4VSD " 3,840 70 60 *IK3BVD " 23,750 134 125 LY57BC " 14,751 110 99
OH9A " 15,568 131 112 *F5OGL 14 808,980 935 556 Iceland *IW2BZY " 20,944 127 119 LY2BAW " 2,562 59 42
(OP: ES1NOA) *F5VMN " 505,144 766 466 TF1AM A 231,075 414 325 *IKØPXD " 20,564 134 106 LY2AX 28 32,461 193 143
OH2LIR " 120 12 12 *F4FFH " 24,354 130 123 TF3Y 14 116,550 268 175 *IRØY " 19,594 115 97 LY4G 21 691,398 950 541
OG5O 21 287,226 643 394 *F5TRB " 7,878 79 78 *TF/KA1IS A 886,080 841 480 *IK6QRH " 19,588 134 118 LY2MM 14 1,789,920 1332 792
(OP: OG55W) *F6API " 2,021 47 43 *TF3VS " 206,055 382 285 *IK3OBX " 17,871 123 111 LY2FN 7 3,179,880 1318 792
OH3Z " 29,435 159 145 *F4HRM " 391 17 17 *IZ5BBS " 17,654 108 97 LY1M " 1,479,240 993 587
(OP: OH1NX) *F5SJH " 200 20 20 Ireland *IK2IKW " 17,115 120 105 LY3B " 371,218 402 313
OH2MZA " 11,392 96 89 *TM6M 7 5,092,261 1719 883 EI8KW A 211,736 424 266 *IZ6BXQ " 16,830 120 99 LY2CX " 5,136 50 48
(OP: OH1ZAA) (OP: F4DXW) EI5KG " 65,255 176 155 *IK2AIT " 15,322 120 94 *LY4L A 5,058,863 2600 937
OH3OJ " 11,193 109 91 *F8KWW " 1,602,591 1042 619 EI6JK 14 1,535,953 1033 757 *IU2JWF " 13,640 101 88 *LY2DX " 2,129,754 1357 759
OH1AF " 1,860 34 31 (OP: E72T) *EI8JX A 64,325 183 155 *IW1RLC " 12,240 90 80 *LY5AX " 1,083,133 898 523
(OP: OJØM) *F5PRH " 469,224 408 342 *EI4II " 27,744 162 136 *IZ2FNI " 10,414 93 82 *LY7W " 950,386 910 514
OH8X 14 6,176,016 2599 1232 *F5ICC " 135,198 270 222 *EI8KV " 221 19 17 *IZ5JLW " 7,854 69 66 (OP: LY2NZ)
(OP: OH6UM) *F6GGA " 31,707 136 117 *EI4CF 28 1,080 30 30 *IK4XQT " 7,663 97 79 *LY2MC " 319,200 501 350
OG2P " 5,199,320 2216 1198 *F1IKA " 4,275 45 45 *EI3CTB " 49 7 7 *IK3LLS " 6,987 53 51 *LY4K " 86,708 229 212
(OP: OH2PM) *F1UVN 3.5 1,312,158 950 571 *EI8GP 14 138,210 294 255 *IV3JWY " 4,653 53 47 *LY5Z " 45,050 175 170
OG2B " 2,436,840 1593 840 (OP: F1AKK) *EI5KO " 4,788 60 57 *I4JEE " 4,455 46 45 *LY4BF " 30,720 144 120
(OP: OH7EA) *IZ3KVD " 4,230 48 45 *LY2N " 1,404 30 27
OH7R " 769,950 828 531 Greece Isle of Man *IK2NUX " 3,696 62 56 *LY3DA " 96 10 8
OH6SRAL " 700,002 851 522 SV1ENG A 2,423,267 1888 847 GD4EIP 14 137,764 424 341 *IQ1AO " 3,404 50 46 *LY2OU 28 57,525 281 195
(OP: OH6NVC) SV2BXA " 927,141 927 597 *IZØFUW " 3,337 47 47 *LY5T 7 361,801 490 341
OH6RE " 151,510 351 278 SV1ABB " 1,081 24 23 Italy *IK4AUY " 3,003 36 33 *LY2X " 293,280 447 312
OH5ZA " 96,782 240 217 SV1ME 14 1,092,868 1171 644 II2S A 9,497,672 3060 1252 *IW5ELA " 2,952 38 36 *LY4ZZ " 11,760 82 70
(OP: OH1ZAA) SV2HXX " 355,515 649 411 (OP: IK2QEI) *IK7LMX " 2,380 36 35 (OP: LY2BMX)
OH6TN " 51,745 145 131 SX2I 7 3,677,808 1470 794 IR2Q " 7,219,800 2382 1080 *I2ORX " 1,720 44 43 *LY5I 3.5 929,760 862 520
OH2KI " 23,478 100 91 (OP: SV2JAO) (OP: IK2PFL) *IZ8CLM " 1,560 27 24 *LY2LO " 95,735 252 205
OH2VZ " 4,557 49 49 SV1CDN " 84,130 214 179 IO6A " 4,244,640 2218 888 *IU8LPU " 1,480 38 37
OH3PE " 640 32 32 *SV4FFL A 663,329 833 439 IR3C " 3,755,856 1926 926 *IU2MCH " 1,456 28 28 Luxembourg
OH6NV " 45 5 5 *SV2AEL " 191,950 335 275 (OP: I3VJW) *IZ3ZMF " 1,110 31 30 LX7I 14 3,140,874 1594 957
OG3B 7 3,773,994 1605 826 *SV1AZL " 184,658 353 254 IR2C " 3,509,020 1908 940 *I4IKW " 1,025 25 25 (OP: DK9IP)
(OP: OH3RB) *SV1AJO " 116,150 331 230 (OP: IK2JUB) *IW5ECP " 1,008 25 24 LX1NO 3.5 32,940 157 108
OG3ØYL " 1,442,112 1082 592 *SV1CKZ " 96,432 266 196 I2WIJ " 3,459,456 1841 858 *IK5YJK " 648 25 24 *LX8M A 139,740 291 255
(OP: OH2YL) *SV1CEI " 33,578 124 103 IK1PMR " 2,727,101 1644 871 *IZ2CSX " 510 18 17 (OP: LX1ER)
OH4BCS " 10,530 65 65 *SV7CUD " 17,098 117 103 IZ3NYG " 2,006,543 1306 721 *IN3HJA " 351 13 13 *LX2KD " 61,576 223 172
(OP: OH1ZAA) *SX2ØØJFL " 11,500 110 100 IK3UNA " 1,985,693 1564 739 *I2XYI " 336 24 24
OH3BCX 3.5 5,200 50 50 (OP: SV1JFL) IKØYVV " 1,672,044 1303 636 *IKØHTP " 65 13 13 Moldova
(OP: OH1ZAA) *SV1MO " 11,473 86 77 IZ2DII " 1,152,478 1115 614 *IZ5RAQ " 12 6 6 *ER5DX A 291,706 431 314
OG4A 1.8 19,900 108 100 *SV1PMQ " 7,416 82 72 I1HJT " 877,045 810 515 *IR4Q 28 73,151 311 221 *ER1OO 21 120,053 387 271
OH5VT " 11,934 83 78 *SV2SIF " 4,510 58 55 I3FIY " 874,238 977 521 (OP: IU4MRU)
*OH7GGX A 543,872 721 448 *SV2BOH 28 139,556 468 278 IO3F " 840,521 915 473 *IQ2GM " 20,740 156 122 Montenegro
*OH1SIC " 338,445 558 345 *SV2CLJ " 21,106 149 122 4U29MAY " 814,260 978 492 (OP: IK2WXQ) *4O4T A 296,022 438 309
(OP: SM5SIC) *SV2EVS 21 119,970 334 279 (OP: 9A3A/E73A) *IK2YGZ " 4,650 69 62
*OH7KC " 185,350 413 275 *SY1BFI " 7,020 80 78 IK2XDE " 681,360 754 510 *IKØPUL " 3,172 53 52 Netherlands
*OH7L " 169,290 329 285 *SV3AQT 14 1 1 1 IK4VET " 492,936 594 376 *IZ2BMM " 2,288 48 44 PE6Q A 5,413,050 2468 1035
(OP: OH8TV) *SV2DSJ 7 78,052 191 158 IK6GPZ " 359,572 550 373 *IK4LZH " 1,326 37 34 (OP: PA8AD)
*OH1ØØSRAL " 120,384 318 228 I2SVA " 328,064 550 352 *IK4JQQ " 552 24 23 PA3AAV " 2,900,163 1830 763
(OP: OH1NDA) Guernsey IKØYUT " 260,643 426 283 *IK6VXO 21 723,856 820 562 PI4VPO " 1,790,000 1464 716
*OH2JIU " 111,065 276 229 *MU2K A 2,959,180 2042 805 IR4E " 254,040 401 290 *I3FGX " 25,080 125 120 (OP: PA2A)
*OH6LW " 74,241 276 219 (OP: RL5D) (OP: IK4ZHH) *IV3DLW/P " 768 24 24 PA5KT " 1,409,700 1135 555
*OH2MGA " 60,606 207 182 *MUØFAL " 34,560 172 144 IV3KKW " 193,438 363 287 *IZ8EFD 14 840,164 915 604 PA4O " 1,193,696 1199 584
*OH3KAV " 55,014 197 159 *MU5A " 15,224 99 88 IØWBX " 164,052 326 252 *IV3DXW " 520,359 555 497 PC3M " 1,056,350 1079 571
*OH2CI " 30,324 157 133 (OP: GU4YOX) IK2XSL " 157,640 395 280 *IK4DCX " 515,352 624 436 PAØVAJ " 774,546 950 501
*OH8KA " 18,321 103 93 IK2LFF " 137,984 303 256 *IW7DMH " 442,117 677 479 PE3T " 487,968 591 391
*OH2EA " 12,338 72 62 Hungary I4VEQ " 100,130 224 190 *IK2UEX " 437,656 724 454 PA5WT " 421,514 696 419
*OH2LU " 11,020 81 76 HA8A A 8,398,025 2609 1187 IR4K " 76,209 241 191 *IU1DUB/MM " 176,726 408 319 PG5M " 416,000 710 416
*OH7HM " 6,532 83 71 (OP: HA8DZ) IZ8DVD " 61,232 207 172 *IW1CHX " 60,651 241 207 PF5X " 328,887 500 351
*OH6OS " 5,508 73 68 HG1A " 5,351,022 2466 986 I1GXV " 25,750 136 125 *IQ5OX " 54,569 223 197 PA5N " 297,038 589 343
*OH1TS " 2,464 47 44 (OP: HA1ZN) IK1BXN " 18,286 93 82 (OP: IZ5FDE) PAØJNH " 219,243 412 321
*OH6EOG " 504 19 18 HA7RY " 4,279,816 1922 892 IZ2DLV " 18,142 95 94 *I3MU " 30,794 192 173 PA6AA " 147,675 378 275
*OH3MHA 28 1,400 36 35 HA2KMR " 2,706,400 1860 796 IK3DVY " 11,316 71 69 *IK8YJQ " 26,288 134 124 (OP: PB7Z)
(OP: OH1ZAA) HA3OU " 1,984,320 1146 780 IK5FKE " 4,455 46 45 *IZ8XXE " 10,875 101 87 PA1BX " 141,780 361 255
*OH1RX " 425 17 17 HG9X " 1,840,715 1218 647 IZ3XEF " 1,024 16 16 *IZ5IOV " 256 16 16 PAØCT " 136,530 364 246
*OG2N 14 10,944 104 96 (OP: HA9AX) IN3ELX " 144 12 12 *IK2RZD " 80 8 8 PA1M " 132,750 327 250
(OP: OH2BN) HA8DU " 1,787,676 1413 638 IO3X 28 161,616 430 312 *IO4X 7 3,987,650 1507 865 PA3GRM " 129,402 369 237
*OH7JL " 300 26 25 HA5OM " 1,040,682 794 642 (OP: IV3JCC) (OP: IK4ZGO) PAØO " 102,124 264 211
*OH5UQ 7 99,264 228 192 HA7LW " 1,016,205 1071 555 IZ5TJD " 38,014 205 166 *IV3UHL " 476,752 494 332 PA3FAL " 75,313 285 203
*OH3MM " 3,936 49 48 HA6OI " 709,140 753 446 I5MXX 21 330,340 580 398 *IV3EAD " 425,520 464 360 PC4H " 66,908 246 172
*OH4X 3.5 529,740 646 405 HA5NR " 337,483 484 349 IR1N 14 1,563,765 1297 795 *IU5ICR " 80,166 248 186 PA3GDD " 62,856 208 162
(OP: OH5BM) (OP: DD5KG) (OP: IU1LCU) *IZ2MGN " 45,486 142 126 PA3ADU " 58,233 211 177
*OHØJ/1 1.8 112,996 277 212 HA8VV " 41,870 110 106 IZ8GCB " 1,203,293 1153 637 *IK7LVE " 3,901 48 47 PA1WX " 56,922 228 179
(OP: OH1RX) (OP: DH8VV) I2JIN " 31,122 150 133 *IR4P " 96 8 8 PH6ØVHSC " 50,348 221 164
HG6Y " 10,934 88 77 IZ4DZD " 21,301 127 119 (OP: IK4RVG) (OP: PAØINA)
France HG1S 21 1,807,104 1320 832 IZ5FDD " 117 9 9 *IR2D 3.5 176,449 345 277 PA1T " 12,474 92 81
F6IRA A 4,643,352 1940 1036 (OP: HA1DAE) I2IFT 7 3,663,000 1492 825 (OP: IK2EGL) PAØM " 6,174 56 49
TM6X " 4,238,541 2205 877 HG3R 14 6,642,769 2613 1247 IB3X 3.5 727,590 787 474 *IZ3IBL " 40,299 152 133 PA2A " 1,053 29 27
(OP: F5VHY) (OP: HA3NU) IR1Q " 201,216 369 256 *IO3C " 34,071 146 123 PAØMIR 3.5 59,055 183 155
TM5T " 3,857,659 2060 871 HG5D " 5,121,882 2163 1206 (OP: IU1JCZ) *IZ5OVP 1.8 2,652 43 39 *PA2TA A 1,221,858 1243 561
(OP: F5VKT) (OP: HA8QZ) IK2AHB " 87,516 239 187 *PC1PM " 856,044 985 516
F8DGY " 3,034,040 1990 808 HGØY " 5,089,017 2249 1083 IK5TBK " 6 1 1 Kaliningrad *PA2PKZ " 829,362 934 519
F5OHM " 2,537,535 1642 715 (OP: HA7GN) *IO8O A 1,415,880 1243 648 RT2F A 474,000 594 400 *PD1RP " 406,596 514 372
F6HDI " 1,051,881 874 547 HG3N " 4,767,750 2056 1125 (OP: IK8UND) RN2FQ " 87,860 241 191 *PA3ARM " 315,609 591 339
F6EZV " 970,060 988 533 (OP: HA3LN) *IK4MTF " 1,336,200 1042 600 RA2F 7 15,168 92 79 *PA3DAT " 312,906 590 363
F8DFP " 134,620 362 254 HA8M " 1,537,910 1253 682 *IK3YBX " 902,880 1003 570 *UB2F A 97,584 301 228 *PG6F " 182,972 441 298
F5PHY " 32,943 157 139 HA3JO " 62,825 195 175 *IN3FHE " 820,482 770 471 *RN2FA " 1,380 27 23 (OP: PAØGRU)
F5NBX 28 19,367 137 107 HA5AQ " 26,132 98 94 *IZ4DYX " 782,576 876 472 *UA2FF 28 15 3 3 *PA3EVY " 173,264 319 238
TM1W 21 258,084 462 321 HG6O 7 1,706,271 984 651 *IZ4JMA " 583,510 805 430 *R2FZ 14 8,366 100 89 *PA2W " 167,580 400 266
F6FLU 14 38,250 138 125 (OP: HA6OA) *IZ4OSH " 468,720 720 434 *PBØACU " 167,024 400 286
F4FLO " 21 3 3 HA8TP " 1,110,456 796 582 *IU8HEP " 412,734 709 434 Latvia *PA9M " 159,030 340 285
F6ARC 7 2,495,664 1118 654 HA5UX " 689,920 559 440 *I6FDJ " 367,675 625 385 YL9T A 2,532,700 1751 817 *PDØME " 139,440 373 280
F6GPT " 73,040 219 166 HAØVI " 344,052 473 342 *IZ2OOS " 249,000 459 332 YL2VW " 2,459,646 1554 729 *PAØRHA " 137,697 381 237
F1TRE 1.8 6,720 61 56 HA1TJ 3.5 1,746,733 1078 629 *IU4FNO " 237,861 428 321 YL2PJ " 1,977,434 1537 698 *PG7M " 131,796 278 252
*F8CRS A 2,031,632 1176 779 HG5A " 1,602,894 1115 622 *II3B " 218,515 417 319 YL3CW " 1,868,664 1508 686 *PA3EEG " 111,342 344 231
*F5NKX " 1,500,210 874 711 (OP: HA5IW) *IUØITX " 209,864 395 296 YL2HR " 1,594,982 1164 734 *PAØKDV " 88,704 281 198
*F4HMX " 833,378 934 494 HG4I " 803,520 769 480 *IK5VLL " 209,792 441 298 YL2AO 28 2,856 52 51 *PC7E " 84,200 272 200
*F5SGI " 653,600 732 475 (OP: HA5LN) *IN3MNS " 194,878 417 278 YL2TD 21 95,763 297 233 *PA3CVI " 80,199 254 201
*F5ROX " 250,264 488 328 *HA7UI A 2,690,352 1624 816 *IV3ELR " 172,072 404 274 YL2SM 14 5,526,024 2325 1176 *PAØRBA " 79,588 246 197
*F6HJO " 209,979 458 303 *HG6V " 1,718,360 1259 680 *IK2ULV " 164,472 362 267 YL7A " 2,494,932 1592 902 *PA3DBS " 77,331 265 173
*F5KLE " 191,130 423 277 (OP: HA6IAM) *IØ/S58Y " 163,785 381 305 YL7X 7 6,469,800 1950 1025 *PDØWR " 76,235 245 193
*F6FTB " 179,691 400 267 *HA7MF " 1,500,030 1221 630 *IK2AOO " 157,464 328 243 (OP: YL2LY) *PA8MM " 69,810 245 179
*F4VSR " 155,283 370 271 *HA8AT " 435,098 579 382 *IK5MEP " 140,970 395 254 YL3FT " 5,667,445 1849 965 *PG5V " 65,704 241 191
*F4FHV " 123,576 323 228 *HA2EOU " 386,801 563 373 *IN3OWY " 133,930 334 227 YL2EA " 322,114 433 338 *PA7KY " 63,360 247 198
*F5VV " 89,870 257 209 *HA2MN " 297,932 461 353 *IN3HUU " 131,439 316 231 *YL1ZF A 4,680,009 2128 993 *PA3DTR " 61,908 196 154
*F4WCY " 81,361 214 197 *HA5KDQ " 297,045 478 345 *I1WQR " 107,968 329 224 *YLØA " 532,528 604 401 *PA3EWG " 56,784 226 168
*F4IIQ " 76,356 236 189 *HA8EN " 203,032 461 328 *IK2FIR " 92,856 267 212 (OP: YL2KA) *PDØJMH " 56,000 252 200
*F5NTZ " 75,579 242 177 *HA8CQ " 99,462 341 242 *I5YKQ " 91,656 301 201 *YL2NK " 40,368 210 174 *PA3HCC " 50,393 198 161
*F6GCI " 65,612 272 188 *HA1WD " 59,400 204 165 *IZ1GSO " 79,665 278 235 *YL3GX " 13,650 96 91 *PA3HGF " 42,340 194 145
*F5JU " 64,356 198 173 *HG83BTND " 44,274 163 141 *IK3MLF " 77,815 218 197 *YL3JD " 4,851 71 63 *PAØCMF " 39,342 196 158
*TM5DX " 47,704 169 134 (OP: HA5GY) *IK1TTD " 75,272 235 194 *YL2QV 28 1,848 46 44 *PF6IK " 31,812 156 132
(OP: F4HAU) *HA2JL " 35,910 154 133 *IKØFUX " 74,404 195 178 *YL2SW " 700 33 28 (OP: PA3HEN)
*F5MMB " 39,485 185 149 *HA2OS " 34,391 153 119 *IK2CMI " 69,027 213 173 *YL2LW 21 6,853 83 77 *PD7CJT " 26,462 150 131
*F/DJ4MZ " 28,080 133 117 *HA3FMR " 29,810 129 110 *IZ5IMB " 63,732 207 188 *YL5W 7 929,115 755 495 *PA2VS " 26,325 149 117
*F5PCV " 22,873 102 89 *HA8FD " 29,210 133 115 *IK8ARF " 61,902 221 181 (OP: YL2GN) *PF6W " 24,024 142 132
*F5GGL " 18,260 91 83 *HA3FUT " 15,660 97 87 *IKØPHY " 61,451 164 163 *YL3JA 3.5 133,276 293 233 (OP: PAØRRS)
*F6DZD " 15,347 116 103 *HA2ZB " 15,228 108 94 *IK2SAR " 61,124 181 148 *PAØWKI " 19,000 109 95
*F5OZC " 14,560 113 91 *HAØLC 28 139,444 429 284 *I5MPN " 50,020 187 164 Lithuania *PA5TT " 17,266 97 89
*F6CZV/P " 11,529 73 63 *HA5PP " 114,036 348 258 *IK2RLS " 42,476 167 148 LY7Z A 10,652,960 3328 1390 *PA2DK " 15,792 109 94

*PA7RW " 15,106 105 91 SN3A 7 9,673,800 2446 1150 *CT7AUP " 187,254 382 303 YU51ANO " 1,738,434 1078 618 *S5/MØMPM " 344,190 563 385
*PDØHF " 13,728 103 96 (OP: SQ2GXO) *CT1DRB " 162,016 343 244 (OP: YU1RA) *S57KM " 306,190 493 335
*PE1FJN " 11,700 103 90 SN7F " 797,403 682 471 *CS7AMH " 120,830 302 215 YU7U " 1,520,210 842 541 *S51MF " 167,440 324 208
*PA3DUU " 10,170 102 90 (OP: SP7AH) *CT1ELZ " 56,160 248 180 (OP: YU7U/P) *S58RU " 95,000 338 250
*PC4Y " 9,701 99 89 SP3CYY " 627,347 549 413 *CT1BWU " 45 5 5 YU1KT " 158,418 304 234 *S52W " 45,445 197 149
*PHØAS " 6,975 91 75 SP5GH " 46,280 90 89 *CT7AIX 28 432 19 16 YT1UR 3.5 712,194 674 434 *S55VM " 42,192 184 144
*PI4FL " 6,206 68 58 SN1W 3.5 1,159,704 866 546 *CT7ANO 14 10,050 78 75 *YT6M A 807,128 907 497 *S5ØDK " 24,638 163 127
(OP: PA3HEB) SP3GTS " 626,869 628 421 *YU3TA " 389,000 570 389 *S53O " 21,924 141 116
*PA8KW " 6,039 68 61 SO4P " 254,916 434 291 Republic of Kosovo *YT7KM " 243,236 424 292 *S57ZT " 17,384 121 106
*PA2CHM " 5,767 91 73 (OP: SP4DEU) Z61DX A 145,692 461 284 *YU7AF " 213,066 390 267 *S55AC " 12,675 81 75
*PA1BBO " 5,478 73 66 SP7JLH 1.8 158,922 353 243 *YT2U " 202,940 425 292 *S57WW " 1,312 35 32
*PA1LEX " 3,649 46 41 SP6AEG " 44,640 173 144 Romania *YU1AO " 100,100 282 220 *S55N 14 83,472 280 222
*PE1HWO " 2,465 31 29 SQ7U " 39,130 154 130 YR8D A 9,455,894 3130 1246 *YU1GU " 63,189 191 153 *S53RM " 62,350 216 215
*PA3EPO " 2,100 47 42 SP3SLU " 21,000 112 100 (OP: YO8TTT) *YT1XC " 56,154 239 191 *S53ZO " 58,320 176 162
*PH75MAA " 1,260 28 28 *SN7O A 5,405,752 2162 1034 YO4DW " 2,468,484 1888 764 *YU1FG " 9,450 77 70 *S54X 7 63,520 198 160
(OP: PE1EEC) (OP: SP7IVO) YO4AR " 973,710 1127 558 *YT2RX 28 104,975 347 247 *S53OQ 3.5 952,383 822 523
*PE4KH 28 812 29 28 *SP9XCN " 3,766,074 1859 911 YO8BDW " 659,530 798 505 *YU7AOP " 3,905 57 55 *S57X " 318,802 475 337
*PG2AA 14 350,648 599 424 *SP4JCQ " 3,531,579 1501 939 YO9GR " 176,972 510 293 (OP: YU7MW) *S51W 1.8 45,968 171 136
*PA3CXB " 62,160 246 210 *SP1AEN " 2,335,851 1425 727 YO4RST " 30,080 153 128 *YT9W 21 597,360 828 524 *S58MU " 9,520 71 68
*PA3OES " 36,540 170 145 *SN5J " 2,171,070 1370 765 YR8I 28 176,080 474 310 *YT5N " 83,538 262 221
*PAØGJV " 15,622 118 107 (OP: SP5JXK) (OP: YO8CDQ) (OP: YU7AF) Spain
*PA2PCH 7 144,188 296 226 *SP7CF " 1,900,829 1166 709 YO9AYN 21 274,528 436 368 *YU5M 14 1,900,821 1529 793 EF5Y A 11,904,057 3920 1341
*SQ1921PS " 1,394,394 1276 614 YO9SW " 54,782 213 182 *YU1LG " 140,100 343 300 (OP: EB5A)
North Macedonia (OP: SP9GFI) YO3LW " 29,120 160 140 *YT9VM 7 1,351,245 928 595 EB7A " 8,124,480 3319 1092
Z39A A 1,495,944 1346 632 *SP9DLY " 1,090,320 1089 590 YO9HP 14 2,448,606 1479 914 *YU1UO " 1,166,277 830 553 ED7R " 5,235,648 2400 888
Z35Y " 95,400 312 212 *SP6TGC " 910,065 896 507 YP5A 7 1,367,548 850 578 *YU7D " 408,518 415 341 (OP: EA7X)
Z35T 14 3,904,286 2161 1006 *SP5CNA " 713,284 729 473 (OP: YO5CBX) *YT7AA " 18,480 90 88 EC3A " 3,137,070 1922 795
Z35F 3.5 601,128 675 414 *SP3MEP " 385,452 582 387 YO3JW " 131,396 274 214 *YU1ED 3.5 706,860 718 459 EF1I " 1,945,938 1554 717
*Z36W A 1,447,048 1306 653 *HF1ØØLEM " 337,851 637 387 YO7LGI " 50,120 155 140 *YU5T " 338,000 518 338 (OP: EA1DAV)
*Z35W " 374,136 605 408 (OP: SP9ADU) YO6ZS " 25,652 112 106 *YUØU " 213,675 385 275 EA7A " 1,867,830 1501 690
*Z35ØAGCW " 305,182 531 331 *SP9H " 301,187 461 349 YO4CSL 3.5 24,075 115 107 *YU1ML " 3,157 48 41 EA5FID " 1,558,542 1212 617
(OP: Z32U) *SP3CCT " 297,110 546 365 YO2NAA 1.8 82,984 236 184 *YT8A 1.8 223,479 400 279 AM5IP " 1,098,175 978 545
*Z32ZP " 62,125 241 175 *SP4AAZ " 241,566 476 326 *YO8DOH A 2,344,089 1388 753 (OP: EA5YU)
*Z31NA 14 263,748 617 372 *SP2GCE " 216,216 440 308 *YO3APJ " 2,019,511 1353 767 Sicily EF1A " 1,059,477 1002 573
*Z32ZZZ " 56,549 215 193 *SP9MRP " 209,196 432 298 *YO4GO " 1,239,641 1024 571 IT9VDQ 28 575,026 1105 482 (OP: EA1X)
*Z33B " 48,672 206 169 *SP9GMI " 195,650 416 301 *YR2X " 800,768 924 544 IB9T 21 1,908,608 1452 832 EA2KV " 906,392 971 548
*Z33F 7 1,660,048 981 598 *SP9FMP " 169,904 357 259 (OP: YO2LEA) (OP: IT9BLB) ED4T " 634,437 791 471
*Z39Z " 4,664 47 44 *SP5GDY " 169,106 333 257 *YO4DG " 672,077 882 469 IT9UFP 14 304,764 472 327 (OP: EA4R)
*Z32ML " 432 16 16 *SP3EMA " 147,668 354 268 *YO2MKI " 495,000 698 440 IO9J " 138,528 378 296 EB5F " 450,450 804 429
*Z3ØA " 420 16 15 *SP5UFK " 141,010 303 239 *YO7ARZ " 343,620 515 332 IB9A 7 6,243,984 1910 993 EA3AKA " 306,501 641 377
*SN5WD " 140,505 369 255 *YO8RFS " 160,132 377 266 (OP: IT9RBW) EF2A " 303,945 485 345
Northern Ireland (OP: SO5WD) *YO4AAC " 128,216 403 248 *IT9CKA A 28,890 158 135 (OP: EA2W)
GI5I A 109,125 286 225 *SP3DOF " 138,037 291 223 *YO4BEW " 98,046 321 234 *IT9AJP " 25,938 143 131 EA4Z " 288,762 440 298
(OP: GI4DOH) *SQ7LQJ " 127,330 284 214 *YO4SI " 83,376 241 193 *IT9DSZ " 4,050 67 54 EA5O " 258,720 496 308
*MI5I A 923,643 1055 543 *SP3AMO " 115,260 320 226 *YO6OCT " 83,136 265 192 *IT9AOI " 713 23 23 EA5M " 247,312 501 328
(OP: GIØRQK) *SP9ICU " 110,288 305 226 *YO5ODT " 57,970 219 170 *IT9RGY " 544 25 16 EA5IUY " 171,248 391 278
*MIØI 28 4,224 68 64 *SQ9S " 108,468 249 207 *YO7LYM " 40,152 224 168 *IR9Z 21 4,896 48 48 EA7R " 122,055 341 237
*SP3BBS " 83,436 247 204 *YO5YM " 37,365 170 141 (OP: IT9VCE) EA4M " 103,920 331 240
*SQ3WW " 80,432 241 176 *YO7BGA " 20,952 116 97 *IR9R 7 3,022,320 1267 784 EC3AIT " 44,550 196 162
Norway *SP5WAZ " 65,048 226 173 *YO9GDN " 15,336 76 71 (OP: IT9ORA)
LC5T A 2,965,824 1550 912 EA2DDE " 41,516 135 107
*SP9VEG " 48,042 196 157 *YO3GCL " 11,448 78 72 *II9W " 504,640 497 380 ED3T " 22,048 120 106
(OP: LB5WB) *SQ2HEB " 47,144 208 166 *YO3BIZ " 11,088 100 84
LA7GIA " 2,773,472 1849 767 (OP: EA3HSO)
*SP2QOT " 46,512 170 152 *YO2MKL " 8,050 76 70 Slovak Republic EA3AR 28 295,640 650 380
LAØCX " 911,154 1042 543 *SO6XL " 45,530 189 157 *YO9BXE " 2,144 33 32 OM7RU A 5,954,080 2156 995
LA8HGA " 682,220 862 443 EA7Q " 106,704 380 247
*SP5ELW " 40,464 150 144 *YO8DAR " 875 25 25 OM5CD " 5,689,305 2154 1005 EA5L " 34,565 227 155
LA5UF " 604,920 715 426 *SQ2EEQ " 25,252 141 118 *YO3JF " 850 28 25 OM7JG " 4,359,681 2090 927
LB6KC " 82,130 244 191 EF5R 21 231,038 470 349
*SP9IHP " 24,024 98 78 *YO7NE " 12 6 6 OM3IAG " 1,141,420 983 526 (OP: EA5BWR)
LA7SI " 80,997 264 203 *SP2QCW " 23,954 123 118 *YO5BIM 28 24,752 152 136 OM8AA " 1,064,334 1038 537
LA8CJ " 43,200 170 150 EA5GIE " 9,546 101 86
*SP4JWR " 17,595 93 69 *YO4FZX " 23,493 147 123 OM3CPF " 960,624 972 504 ED1R 14 3,689,096 2117 1016
LA7XK " 41,870 179 158
*SQ3POS " 14,820 102 95 *YO9CX " 4,453 79 73 OM6AL " 948,497 956 529 (OP: EA4AOC)
LA2US " 24,648 114 104
LI8MAI " 16,089 100 93 *SP2MHC " 9,591 76 69 *YO5OB " 4,060 66 58 OM3R " 675,956 728 487 EF1C " 309,738 649 418
(OP: LA5YJ) *SQ8N " 5,310 45 45 *YO2IS 21 92,204 298 259 (OP: OM3CFR) EA3NT " 9,120 94 80
LA9VPA " 11,303 95 89 *SP2WGB " 5,047 54 49 *YO3ND " 52,976 209 176 OM7LM " 42,575 154 131 EA7BUU " 9 3 3
LB2TB " 1,575 27 25 *SP8GNF " 4,539 55 51 *YO5IA " 551 19 19 OM3DX 28 2,627 43 37 EA3X 7 615,136 645 409
LA6XI " 1,080 25 24 *SQ9DEO " 4,176 55 48 *YR8A 14 863,562 898 609 OM5DX 21 125,950 362 275 EE3M 1.8 188,552 357 259
LA7RRA " 280 14 14 *SP1DMD " 3,776 63 59 (OP: YO8AXP) OM8CW 14 4,768,600 2194 1130 (OP: EA3CX)
LA1U 14 409,472 482 457 *SP9DEM " 2,128 44 38 *YO5OAC " 87,048 280 234 OMØWR " 1,778,040 1389 792 *EA5AER A 2,570,742 1570 753
LA9OI " 351,013 519 403 *SP9MDY " 1,426 32 31 *YO5AXF " 80,782 288 239 OM3CW " 344,279 503 373 *EA3ICJ " 587,574 602 403
LB4UH 3.5 426,320 564 365 *SQ6LJV " 832 16 16 *YO5BTZ " 48,024 198 174 OM5WW 7 3,521,973 1467 741 *ED7O " 501,777 767 439
(OP: SP2ASJ) *SP5EWX 28 43,350 221 170 *YO9CWY " 24,752 152 136 OMØM " 1,496,250 832 525 (OP: EA7EU)
*LB6GG A 1,515,735 1385 585 *SP9BCH " 20,608 159 128 *YO3CVG " 3,350 51 50 OM2XW 1.8 302,764 487 308 *EE2A " 287,202 460 302
*LN7TTT " 946,428 1031 532 *SP6BEN " 11,780 106 95 *YO9HG " 361 19 19 *OM8A A 6,916,842 2156 1194 (OP: EA2SN)
(OP: LA5LJA) *SNØW " 8,932 102 77 *YO6KPT 7 1,129,821 883 511 (OP: OM3RM) *EE5H " 212,073 525 317
*LA2HFA " 518,661 667 429 *SP2FOV " 8,383 99 83 (OP: YO6FGZ) *OM3CQ " 1,111,110 1039 555 (OP: EA5HRT)
*LC9A " 491,178 702 426 *SP2AYC " 7,280 89 80 *YO5PBW " 20,286 114 98 *OM2DT " 535,248 596 432 *EA4CWW " 211,122 438 317
*LA2XNA " 268,950 501 326 *SP5ES " 960 34 32 *YO7NSP " 9,261 65 63 *OM8LM " 336,700 550 350 *EA1JO " 181,074 409 293
*LB4ZI " 1,833 41 39 *SP3CMX " 117 9 9 *YO2MJZ " 3,312 25 24 *OM4O " 250,120 402 338 *EA4BAS " 170,628 333 241
*LA3ZA " 528 17 16 *SP2EWQ 21 502,964 704 497 *YO8BGD " 476 18 17 (OP: OM3NI) *EA5/RV2A " 150,645 305 249
*LC1R 14 14,476 104 94 *SP3FPF " 43,250 196 173 *OM3BA " 219,505 437 307 *EC7AMY " 133,104 318 236
(OP: LB5SH) *SN4EE " 9,660 91 84 Sardinia *OM5NL " 155,906 318 274 *EA3AGB " 82,170 259 198
*LA6PB " 924 34 33 *HF1921PS " 5,808 70 66 *ISØLYN A 17,063 119 113 *OM8ON " 120,218 235 217 *EA1CS " 64,600 208 170
*LA2AB 7 2,939,180 1378 716 (OP: SP9MDY) *OM4DU " 102,765 271 221 *EA4XT " 50,170 220 173
(OP: LA7MFA) *SP2WDW 14 878,608 882 617 Scotland *OM7SR " 96,180 305 229 *EA2PA " 48,750 185 150
*SP1R " 657,547 725 529 MM9I A 6,632,280 2677 1080 *OM5CM " 68,571 193 171 *EA2J " 43,736 188 142
Poland *SP5ENG " 165,572 337 284 (OP: GMØOPS) *OM5UM " 60,390 208 165 *EA7JTT " 42,120 157 130
SN7Q A 12,175,240 3521 1298 *SP8BXL " 138,824 324 268 MM3N " 499,306 677 421 *OM8MF " 55,920 149 120 *EC7KW " 40,300 173 155
(OP: SP7GIQ) *SP8CGU " 107,352 280 252 (OP: GM4SID) *OM1AKU " 50,298 190 166 *EA5ITT " 37,023 149 123
SP1NY " 6,147,702 2492 1018 *SQ9FQY " 51,223 209 181 GM2Y " 210,800 408 310 *OM6MS " 39,960 162 135 *EA7RCS " 33,823 183 149
SP2LNW " 5,458,783 2182 1019 *SP5TAT " 23,214 115 106 (OP: MMØDXH) *OM7AT " 19,600 121 100 *EA1NP " 26,904 141 114
SO3N " 4,011,522 1907 943 *SP6DHH " 11,445 123 109 GMØV " 3,344 40 38 *OM7PY 28 1,023 35 33 *EA3PP " 23,421 131 111
SO3O " 2,005,542 1237 693 *SP9GNM " 7,134 92 87 (OP: GMØOQV) *OM8FR 21 108,262 319 266 *EB5CS " 20,907 123 101
SP5AUC " 1,836,900 1634 650 *SP2HHX " 6,554 61 58 MMØT 28 82,460 380 217 *OM7LW 14 875,595 813 651 *EA5VK " 17,340 120 102
SN5N " 1,713,230 1380 710 *SP6IHE " 615 15 15 (OP: GM3WUX) *OM2XA " 249,210 468 355 *EA5ICS " 14,880 110 93
(OP: SP5KP) *SP5ELA 7 1,983,163 1096 703 MM1E 21 132,840 362 270 *OM/OK1CRM " 163,840 346 256 *EA3AQ " 14,162 106 97
SP2FAP " 1,168,552 1095 542 *SP3VT " 1,395,930 1029 589 (OP: MMØGOR) *OM3ZWA 7 1,209,996 823 522 *EA3WX " 7,198 66 61
3Z1921PS " 1,051,892 1081 527 *SP1IKK " 1,174,364 857 548 GM3A 14 1,311,114 1218 651 *OM8VL " 272,404 380 302 *EA4FME " 3,172 57 52
(OP: SP9WZJ) *SP2HOU " 498,385 424 379 (OP: MMØJOM) *OM3CDN " 89,208 223 189 *EA7JVM " 2,960 42 40
HF1J " 699,759 806 477 *SP3JUN " 448,448 502 364 MM4D " 759,816 856 549 *OM2AGN " 5,740 42 41 *EA1T " 1,188 28 27
(OP: SP1NEN) *HF55BRP " 277,840 406 302 (OP: GM4ATA) *OM7ØØMHZ 3.5 227,968 411 274 *EF5U 28 130,074 479 266
SP2QG " 516,656 683 392 (OP: SP9BRP) GM4Z 3.5 518,512 556 368 (OP: OM2FY) (OP: EA5U)
HF66KAO " 467,040 683 417 *SN4X " 272,094 414 303 (OP: GM4ZUK) *OM3ZU " 98,237 259 193 *EA3NO " 59,192 272 196
(OP: SP9LAS) (OP: SP5OXJ) *MM2T A 301,670 451 311 *OM6TX " 94,272 247 192 *EA3OH " 47,784 228 181
SN6A " 390,771 591 369 *SP9EMI " 110,905 252 205 *GMØDYU " 10,353 95 87 *EA1VT " 13,630 119 94
(OP: SP6CES) *SP6OJE " 107,460 239 199 *GM4OSS " 2,303 51 49 Slovenia *EA5CP " 6,417 93 69
SP5TT " 162,208 325 274 *SP9OUV " 97,890 216 195 *GM3YEH " 1,600 33 32 S53MM A 12,323,844 3452 1326 *EC5AGM " 2,009 43 41
SP3ZHP " 71,760 252 184 *SP9MA " 15,566 94 86 *GM4UYZ 14 1,488 32 31 S57K " 8,573,446 2885 1169 *EA4EJR " 665 19 19
(OP: SQ3JPV) *SP7TEX " 8,940 65 60 *GM4X 7 764,322 654 478 S53A " 5,845,688 2345 901 *EC7R 21 155,402 381 278
SQ9DXN " 37,356 146 132 *SP6MQO " 7,680 62 60 (OP: GM4WZG) S57AL " 5,290,560 2164 880 *EA5ASM " 11,830 92 91
SP1JQJ " 16,638 100 94 *SN3R " 3,081 41 39 S58M " 4,147,122 2046 879 *EA3CWT " 40 4 4
SO5E " 6,527 66 61 *SQ3IOE " 72 6 6 Serbia S59AA " 2,488,324 1666 782 *EA1WH 14 843,050 915 650
SN2M 28 521,703 857 507 *SP4JFR 3.5 640,784 670 464 YTØZ A 8,940,330 2931 1234 S58J " 1,988,030 1341 682 *EA3XR " 333,744 494 408
(OP: SP2XF) *SP3CW " 463,333 622 377 (OP: YU1ZZ) S53R " 788,740 783 452 *EA7JXZ " 188,848 338 296
SO9M " 335,232 652 432 *SP2R " 398,329 518 379 YU7KW " 4,423,944 1814 952 S57NL " 45,602 187 151 *EA4IE " 75,936 277 224
(OP: SQ9UM) *SOØN " 348,255 517 355 YT1T " 1,275,162 1397 582 S5ØU 28 358,938 761 414 *EE5X " 65,550 175 150
SP5CJQ " 33,152 192 148 (OP: SQ9CNN) YU7WW " 753,129 785 471 S53V " 149,996 411 308 (OP: EA5KO)
SP5AUY 21 529,298 754 491 *SP1GZF " 333,114 502 354 YT5M " 455,094 654 386 S56M 21 2,219,308 1488 871 *EA1IQM " 44,631 193 171
SN2N " 156,750 362 285 *SQ5J " 297,483 497 323 YU5A " 261,404 410 286 S5ØR " 1,020,396 1058 633 *EA7OR " 22,352 144 127
(OP: SP2FVN) (OP: SQ5JUP) (OP: YU1EW) S51FB " 917,177 895 607 *EA5HEU " 7,056 90 84
SP7IIT " 26,460 150 126 *SP4AWE " 113,071 279 203 YUØT 28 336,589 689 407 S5ØK 14 6,693,195 2713 1195 *EA2AZ " 3,456 58 54
SN5X " 21,293 127 107 *SQ9I " 92,928 247 192 (OP: YU1WS) S57DX " 5,261,256 2378 1092 *EA4AOJ " 3,328 56 52
(OP: SP5GRM) *SP9JZT " 80,464 234 188 YU7EE " 321,173 729 397 S53EA " 3,458,665 1899 931 *EA2VE " 2,021 51 47
SO4M 14 5,182,604 2247 1084 *SNØR 1.8 274,816 463 304 YU1EA " 255,304 595 376 S57WJ 7 6,435,000 1931 990 *EA5TS " 375 15 15
(OP: SP5UAF) (OP: SQ9IAU) YU5W " 221,424 533 336 S51YI " 6,004,642 1888 977 *EA5ERA " 91 7 7
SP3A " 815,968 782 593 *SO6C " 226,767 417 281 YT9A 21 521,860 700 485 S51DX " 212,784 392 264 *EA1AUR 7 217,083 314 269
3ZØX " 710,892 870 546 (OP: SP6CIK) YU1UN " 388,413 629 419 S53M 3.5 1,794,960 1092 648 *EA5IFY " 31,005 139 117
(OP: SP5MXZ) *SP3OL " 578 19 17 YT7X " 374,100 660 435 (OP: S57UN) *EA3Y 3.5 7,614 57 54
SP7IFM " 473,880 625 440 (OP: YU7CF) S56X " 1,004,870 905 514
SP4Z " 129,250 246 235 Portugal YT3X 14 7,277,406 2902 1263 S53X " 637,650 652 450
SP9EML " 99,386 258 229 CR6K A 5,653,872 2291 948 YT4W " 3,722,295 2115 995 *S53F A 4,847,346 1934 1071 Sweden
SP5GQX " 64,148 172 158 (OP: CT1ILT) (OP: YU1DW) *S57Q " 3,335,787 1623 819 SE5E A 3,963,689 2106 977
SN8V " 15,408 116 107 CT1FJW " 297 11 11 YT1A " 3,022,600 1861 952 *S56A " 1,255,380 1056 610 (OP: SM5AJV)
(OP: SP8HPW) *CR5O A 2,753,209 1783 757 YT2ISM " 512,575 851 505 *S53WW " 968,013 968 531 SF1Z " 1,102,800 1040 600
SN3X " 7,056 84 72 (OP: CT7AJL) YT4T 7 4,260,971 1584 913 *S56C " 399,230 657 370 (OP: SMØHEV)

SC7DX " 992,990 978 545 EM3ØUU " 1,565,511 1361 631 *UR5WCA " 21,120 150 120 YF3FZR " 1,148 31 28 *LW8DXR " 126 14 14
(OP: SM7GIB) (OP: US7UU) *UR4EI " 20,776 111 98 YF2UFA " 171 9 9 *LT7D 28 14,040 76 65
SJ3A " 804,608 701 449 UWØK " 1,506,760 1093 695 *US5CDH " 18,618 124 107 YBØECT 14 783,212 661 412 *LU1VYL " 312 12 12
(OP: SM3OMO) (OP: USØKW) *UX1CW " 17,430 93 83 YBØNSI " 32,849 115 107 *LW8DQ 21 198,340 292 235
SD1A " 719,236 978 476 UR7R " 1,314,222 1412 609 *UT5PQ " 16,647 98 93 YB3DXG " 1,008 24 24 *LU2EIC 14 2,349 31 29
(OP: SM1TDE) (OP: UX1RX) *UT8IV " 15,824 95 86 YB1DOL " 341 11 11 *LU6UAL " 3 3 3
SM5EPO " 408,828 601 372 UX7IW " 1,165,164 1088 582 *UR5CC " 14,790 98 87 YC1RYJ 7 60 4 4 *LU1DJX 7 11,040 48 48
SM7IUN " 284,666 483 317 UT7NY " 1,033,753 874 511 *US6CQ " 14,365 99 85 *YB2MM A 208,902 313 222 *LU7HN " 3,060 30 30
SEØB " 255,285 487 305 UV2V " 1,028,118 1061 546 *UT5UN " 11,790 107 90 *YD7ACD " 164,436 241 193 *LW2DHD " 2,828 28 28
(OP: SAØBXV) (OP: UX1VX) *UT1ZZ " 9,520 79 68 *YB8RW " 162,514 317 166 *LU1QDQ 3.5 153 9 9
SD6M " 243,672 446 312 UT5ECZ " 987,302 788 526 *UY3MW " 7,936 67 64 *YB1RKT " 151,707 250 183 *LU5UEA " 35 5 5
(OP: SA6BGR) USØU " 933,660 1029 540 *UR5WT " 5,184 91 81 *YB8UF/7 " 15,510 84 66
SM5COP " 224,992 469 316 (OP: USØUX) *UR8IF " 5,088 48 48 *YC1LJT " 10,478 70 62 Aruba
SMØS " 211,558 360 278 UV1IX " 884,950 930 550 *US3LX " 3,690 48 45 *YB1BML " 9,860 75 58 P44W A 13,881,696 3181 1104
SD3A " 141,673 335 259 US6EX " 838,242 854 513 *UR7AL " 3,127 71 59 *YB1MIG " 7,809 68 57 (OP: W2GD)
(OP: SM3FJF) UT1QQ " 835,544 1020 478 *UT3UFI " 1,551 35 33 *YC1PZ " 7,446 54 51 P49Y " 10,094,446 2613 958
SM3PZG " 134,208 298 233 UR5ECW " 662,090 953 463 *UR5LEH " 276 12 12 *YB9GDP " 7,436 71 52 (OP: AE6Y)
8SØW " 27,861 123 111 US2YW " 537,489 805 459 *UT5UGQ " 209 11 11 *YB6IUP " 7,007 56 49 *P4ØA A 4,638,045 1749 723
(OP: SMØNJO) UZ1RM " 516,384 597 396 *UW5U 28 160,728 441 296 *YB3BGM " 4,212 46 39 (OP: KK9A)
SA6U " 18,270 99 90 UT5EL " 485,776 573 388 (OP: UY2UA) *YB2DX " 1,575 27 25
(OP: SM6LJU) UT1UL " 450,485 599 427 *UT5UT " 75,960 272 211 *YC1KLL " 544 20 17
SM6NZA " 1,428 18 17 UX2MF " 430,390 597 386 *UR6IM " 35,040 176 146 *YB1WCK " 390 15 13 Bolivia
SM5LNE " 2 2 1 UY5QR " 408,628 617 407 *UW7EF " 30,940 161 140 *YBØGIN " 336 13 12 CP6UA A 10,020 65 60
SC6N 7 935,456 809 496 US6IKT " 395,473 630 377 *US2IR " 29,468 176 139 *YB1DTE/2 " 84 6 6
SM9X " 103,020 234 202 UW1WA " 341,000 451 310 *UR5IFB " 29,393 151 133 *YD2UWF 28 629 17 17 Brazil
(OP: SMØOEK) UZ5ZV " 305,888 472 316 *UX7LL " 20,540 148 130 *YC2VOC " 455 13 13 PS4T A 2,972,960 1168 680
SK3W 1.8 320,712 500 322 US7KC " 257,400 494 325 *UT4XU " 2,400 44 40 *YC9FAR 21 240,702 384 231 (OP: PY4RGS)
(OP: SM5IMO) UR4IZ " 251,100 466 310 *UR6IJ 21 162,000 386 300 *YBØANJ " 26,235 105 99 PV2K " 1,139,947 736 467
SEØX " 253,896 435 298 UR3QX " 249,716 465 326 *UW2Q " 113,784 335 264 (OP: 4F3JX) (OP: PY2KNK)
(OP: SMØMDG) UT3UV " 224,256 465 292 (OP: UR6QS) *YC2GBS " 11,466 70 63 ZV5M " 839,656 644 412
*SE4E A 1,633,071 1375 697 UR5EDX " 131,544 265 216 *UR2VA " 108,528 324 266 *YD1NDX " 11,214 70 63 (OP: PY5AMF)
(OP: SM4DQE) US7IB " 109,710 320 230 *UT3EK " 102,165 291 245 *YB9UA " 10,688 77 64 PY4HO " 579,672 525 332
*SD6F " 1,494,200 1393 620 UT7ZM " 103,880 295 212 *UR5IFM " 24,325 169 139 *YD9MBM " 2,812 40 38 PY1VOY " 320,790 392 289
(OP: SM6JWR) UR4LRG " 51,561 167 153 *UT8AQ " 25 5 5 *YD3CER " 2,166 41 38 PY3DX " 284,119 327 253
*SFØA " 930,315 984 545 US1Q 28 17,368 135 104 *UT1AA 14 1,232,265 1147 727 *YG9EPK " 1,800 26 25 PY5ZHP " 155,875 254 215
(OP: SMØLPO) UW4E 21 1,359,240 1324 723 *UT3EV " 952,900 996 650 *YB9GV " 147 7 7 PY5IN " 131,565 208 179
*SM5ACQ " 448,800 702 374 (OP: UR7EU) *UX9ZA " 565,363 831 523 *YC1NXR " 72 6 6 PW7MM " 125,625 258 201
*SF6W " 431,148 662 372 UZ2I " 1,255,864 1310 716 *US1PM " 331,700 547 428 *YE4IJ 14 9,296 58 56 PP5AX " 86,070 202 151
(OP: SM6EWB) (OP: UT2IV) *UR2Y " 148,005 299 299 *YB2GV " 8,030 62 55 PY1ZV " 44,145 133 109
*SM5CSS " 419,750 576 365 UZ5DX " 867,698 965 598 (OP: USØYW) *YB2BSE " 209 11 11 PY2EU " 8,758 65 58
*SIØW " 413,220 590 388 UR7LY " 358,271 643 421 *UR7HLY " 135,680 312 265 *YB1NIN " 63 7 7 PY1FA " 8,624 53 49
(OP: SMØNSJ) UR1HR " 290,688 599 384 *UX7U " 124,848 369 272 *YF8AIK " 40 4 4 PT2AW " 3,973 36 29
*SM5DXR " 378,420 641 371 UR7GO 14 4,292,605 2207 1145 *UT3UZ " 115,570 289 254 *YB7XO 7 46,774 98 91 PY2EBD " 1,081 23 23
*SF5O " 311,049 522 323 UZØU " 1,989,416 1458 814 *UR5XMM " 46,550 200 175 *YD2ELT " 6,721 58 47 PY2NFE " 408 12 12
(OP: SMØEOS) (OP: UY5ZZ) *UT5IA 7 2,666,080 1252 760 *YB2WA " 5,452 51 47 PY2KJ 21 1,071,818 780 473
*SK5AA " 202,827 405 291 UT5NC " 319,758 574 411 *UX1UX " 1,039,108 788 518 *YD1AXR " 1,504 16 16 PY6TS " 55,627 153 143
(OP: SM5KRI) UR4QX " 203,061 353 339 *UR5WCQ " 840,474 666 477 *YD9VE " 248 8 8 PR7AB 14 1,644,984 1036 603
*SE6N " 180,090 390 261 US1IV " 49,029 195 177 *UT8AS " 630,064 605 424 *YB7OO " 198 11 11 PR7ZAJ " 3,344 40 38
(OP: SA6AXR) UW5ZM " 18,300 113 100 *UZ4U " 553,200 489 400 *YB2CTE " 66 12 11 PY9MP 7 5,746 35 34
*SI5A " 152,568 291 234 UR7QC 7 1,207,707 765 529 (OP: UX7UW) *YB3RYX " 50 5 5 *PY2KC A 407,640 427 316
(OP: SM5LW) US1VM " 913,419 704 481 *UT5IZ " 192,192 377 273 *YC2KJC " 39 3 3 *PY7XC " 347,100 406 300
*SE6J " 146,060 382 268 UT3N " 394,405 490 355 *UV3QF " 69,966 199 169 *YD3YGY " 36 4 4 *PY4ARS " 201,824 278 224
(OP: SM6XHM) (OP: UT3NK) *UX2HB " 37,248 140 128 *YC1EFR " 14 2 2 *PY3TD " 50,901 155 141
*SG2SOP " 103,918 283 223 UYØZG " 190,350 308 225 *UT3WX " 6,450 50 50 *YC1JNV " 6 1 1 *PY2OTN " 46,625 142 125
(OP: SM5EFX) UW1GZ " 72,198 151 126 *UT5KL " 2,001 69 69 *PU2WMW " 43,676 131 122
*SM6NT " 100,048 313 208 UR3GO " 70,666 212 178 *UX5N 3.5 726,528 744 473 New Caledonia *PY2LPM " 31,500 118 105
*7SØA " 98,980 280 245 UX2X 3.5 1,285,125 1020 575 (OP: UTØNT) FK8IK A 723,720 649 326 *PY2RH " 28,906 103 97
(OP: SM6JSM) (OP: UT2XQ) *UT2DW " 13,575 91 75 *PY2UDB " 17,892 89 84
*SM6A " 91,756 246 203 UR8GX " 189,956 373 281 *UT5PY " 1,128 24 24 New Zealand *PP2RON " 17,250 83 75
(OP: SA6AQP) UY3AW " 92,004 248 204 *UW1U 1.8 104,624 264 208 ZM4T A 7,358,597 1945 851 *PY2MIA " 7,685 58 53
*SM7CIL " 72,996 190 158 UT6UD 1.8 213,192 393 282 (OP: UT7UA) (OP: ZL3IO) *PP8ZAC " 7,008 56 48
*SM6BZV " 71,400 263 204 UT4WA " 8,448 77 66 *UT3QU " 17,017 99 91 ZL1IF " 1,979,472 947 528 *PY2OKB " 6,579 43 43
*SM6OEF " 46,637 176 149 *UW7LL A 7,034,052 2951 1164 *UX7Q " 1,891 31 31 ZL3P " 120,960 228 168 *PY2AXH " 4,738 49 46
*SM5CCT " 32,058 180 137 *UT4LW " 5,093,501 3068 931 (OP: UR3QFB) ZM1M 14 1,494,390 976 545 *PY1FI " 2,914 31 31
*SMØVWM " 20,566 126 113 *UR6EA " 4,572,575 2447 901 (OP: ZL1BBW) *PY3AKS " 2,262 29 29
*SM5GRD " 19,497 110 97 *UR5LAM " 4,354,812 2682 924 Wales ZL4TT " 428,314 474 331 *PV8AAS " 2,117 35 29
*SM6GBM " 18,240 109 95 *UX1VT " 2,114,160 1140 766 GWØARK A 25,857 145 117 ZM1A " 8,949 59 57 *PU2USK " 1,770 30 30
*SM6NJK 28 576 24 24 *UZ8I " 1,822,720 1495 640 MW2I 3.5 589,778 622 409 (OP: ZL3CW) *PU4YJS " 1,200 31 30
*SJ7M " 483 23 21 (OP: US7IY) (OP: GW4FRE) ZL2RVW " 7,896 57 56 *PY2TEY " 1,035 24 23
*SM7RYR 14 94,320 291 240 *UT5NR " 1,447,198 1457 614 *MW6M A 234,479 402 287 ZL25NZ 7 7,292,430 1573 810 *PY3CAD " 855 23 19
*SM3CZS " 54,725 227 199 *UW1WU " 1,153,794 1099 551 (OP: GW4BVJ) (OP: ZL3CW) *PT7ENG " 704 22 22
*SM5GLC " 21,890 115 110 *UT8IM " 961,860 1073 510 *GW5L " 4,290 56 55 ZL2AGY " 240,108 242 187 *PR7KSA " 464 19 16
*SM6NET " 819 21 21 *USØHZ " 828,960 988 480 (OP: GW4ZAR) ZM3GA " 12,550 59 50 *PY5ZW " 312 13 13
*SF4ØØB " 748 18 17 *UT3SO " 763,047 896 479 *GCØFRE 28 40,913 245 163 (OP: ZL3GA) *PU2RTO " 306 18 18
(OP: SM6CUK) *UR5KO " 760,606 883 449 (OP: GW4FRE) ZL2JU " 2,090 19 19 *PY2KG " 240 10 10
*SM5MX 7 687,654 594 453 *UT4EK " 689,073 913 471 *GW4MM " 156 15 12 *ZL4YY A 2,136 35 24 *PU2SZK " 154 7 7
*SM6FPC " 367,360 385 328 *UY2UQ " 682,287 898 467 (OP: GW4VXE) *ZL2RX 21 1,550 26 25 *PU2UAF " 135 5 5
*SM7ATL " 17,296 102 92 *UT7EZ " 643,518 873 459 *GW4W 3.5 49,178 136 134 *PU2YMH " 16 4 4
*US8IM " 634,723 913 509 (OP: GW4EVX) Philippines *PU4TPM " 5 5 5
Switzerland *UY2IG " 626,076 803 459 DU3T A 1,847,640 1226 445 *PR3A 28 114,840 232 180
HB9DQL A 4,927,307 2136 979 *UR7CB " 599,844 811 444 DU3TW " 1,044,362 797 407 (OP: PY3OZ)
HB9TOC " 2,782,369 1681 821 *UX1CL " 555,520 740 434 OCEANIA *4D3X A 997,100 906 325 *PP5BT " 68,355 175 147
HB9CZF " 303,264 366 312 *UT5EPP " 477,240 790 410 Australia *4I1EBC " 542,717 661 287 *PY3KN " 12,474 70 63
HB9AWS " 121,672 323 227 *UT4RZ " 446,219 649 409 VK2IA A 8,026,043 1818 907 *4E3X " 15,860 69 61 *PR1M " 945 21 21
HB9DVZ " 82,414 213 178 *ENØKRI " 444,290 731 385 VK2GR " 1,742,112 1019 526 (OP: DU3JH) (OP: PY1MK)
HB9IJC " 81,282 227 186 (OP: UW5KW) VK3JA " 1,077,150 725 430 *4E1AGW " 3,131 39 31 *PY1NSC " 392 14 14
HB9AUK " 69,973 208 167 *UY5QJ " 360,020 599 383 VK4DX " 722,384 703 368 *4I1AWM " 504 18 18 *PU1NAF " 44 5 4
HB9KOG " 36,108 137 118 *UR7VA " 308,946 573 341 VK2PN " 394,800 414 282 *4F3OM 28 25,280 122 79 *ZW8T 21 1,040,429 839 491
HB9CVE " 30,720 140 120 *US3EW " 294,920 495 365 VK7GN " 260,536 329 232 *DU1XX 21 111,843 275 153 (OP: PS8HF)
HB9LF " 20,535 125 111 *UR7QM " 286,500 547 382 VK2BJ " 90,283 184 137 *4F3BZ " 78,668 206 142 *PQ5B " 722,820 623 420
(OP: HB9CRV) *UY2ZZ " 276,120 551 312 VK3MH " 85,824 188 144 (OP: PP5BZ)
HB9DOS 14 12,648 76 68 *UT1WW " 253,750 452 290 VK2PW " 80,419 180 137 Somoa *PP2CC " 550,308 538 363
HB9CVQ 3.5 692,028 673 423 *EO3ØUA " 248,055 578 345 VK7BO " 47,000 125 100 *5W1SA A 187,561 305 187 *PY2RSA " 253,795 345 263
*HB9FAP A 501,956 595 394 *UY9U " 234,788 473 316 VK4JU " 38,988 149 108 *PT9DX " 163,170 261 222
*HB9BXE " 439,200 653 450 (OP: UT5UIA) VK4ACN " 16,200 80 60 *PY2XC " 145,188 262 218
*HB9TWM
*HB9AJY
"
"
379,240
194,208
504 380
394 272
*UR5FS
*UR5EPV
"
"
232,031
231,073
475 331
538 311
VK3GK
VK6LW
21
7
1,232 22
4,924,904 1226
22
712
SOUTH AMERICA *PY2QT " 123,394 229 206
*PU4GOD " 52,650 144 135
*HB9DGZ " 113,442 302 222 *EO3Q " 227,150 417 275 VK6WX " 741 13 13 Argentina *PU1JSV " 49,649 139 131
*HB9FMJ " 94,824 278 216 (OP: UR3QCW) *VK3VT A 102,705 203 167 L33M A 597,498 539 363 *PW7P " 47,082 160 133
*HB9WDY " 81,972 262 198 *UR5LF " 225,454 520 349 *VK5IR " 4,788 51 42 (OP: LU3MAM) (OP: PR7AR)
*HB9ØBERO " 74,938 236 178 *UT3NA " 225,216 444 288 *VK6YO 14 363 11 11 LU3VED " 455,264 480 347 *PY1AX " 35,226 127 114
(OP: HB9DBM) *UT2SW " 218,240 492 310 *VK4TT " 25 5 5 LU4HK " 277,182 383 261 *PY2FCL " 25,200 106 100
*HB9FBA " 69,696 220 176 *UY5TE " 205,500 525 274 *VK2IG 7 46,890 112 90 AZ1A " 178,620 288 229 *PV8DX " 24,297 97 91
*HB9DXB " 59,840 264 187 *UTØCK " 198,720 464 288 *VK5LJ " 4,712 31 31 (OP: LU1AW) *PP5DAN " 18,423 93 89
*HB9BXQ " 43,218 178 147 *US1QA " 185,736 459 284 LW1D " 160,987 300 229 *PY2DPM " 9,804 62 57
*HB9TSU " 32,488 152 131 *UR3WA " 177,192 413 276 Brunei Darussalam (OP: LW1EUD) *PY2OP " 8,760 64 60
*HB9GFT " 20,246 139 106 *UR7EC " 174,648 299 228 *V85T A 7,134 74 58 LU6DOT " 143,620 278 215 *PY1DX " 7,540 53 52
*HB9IIY " 10,496 90 82 *UT1IM " 173,070 363 270 LU1DZ " 77,312 177 151 *PU2TNT " 5,160 44 43
*HB9HDV " 6,560 52 41 *UR3QTN " 168,740 415 260 Fiji LU6VEK " 36,064 112 98 *PY2KB " 4,277 47 47
*HB9GNY 14 18,328 126 116 *UZ5Q " 150,436 383 263 3D2AG A 155,160 291 180 LU8DZJ " 21,760 91 80 *PY2OF " 3,268 38 38
*HB9CPS 1.8 9,306 73 66 (OP: UY5QZ) LU3WC " 966 14 14 *PY1KO " 2,805 33 33
*UY5BQ " 143,676 297 234 Hawaii LU6UO 21 521,997 531 371 *PU2TBK " 2,310 31 30
Ukraine *UT8IT " 142,830 326 270 WH7T A 3,187,921 1488 671 AZ7H " 21,620 99 92 *PU7ASP " 987 21 21
UW2M A 9,024,450 3420 1275 *UW3WF " 136,030 317 223 (OP: WH7W) (OP: LW7HT) *PY3TR " 319 11 11
(OP: URØMC) *US5ABI " 92,196 235 197 KH6TU " 2,709,210 1423 582 LV7D 14 85,225 203 175 *PY2DN " 24 4 4
UT4U " 8,176,434 3008 1218 *UR1YAA " 83,790 257 210 (OP: AD6E) (OP: LU7DD) *PY2NY 14 464,187 465 359
(OP: UT5UJO) *UY5YB " 79,386 261 202 WH6R " 461,240 504 260 LW2DOD 7 1,183,410 567 405 *PY4XX " 193,848 280 246
UW1M " 8,052,192 3292 1149 *UT7MR " 75,421 275 199 AH6AA " 414,834 470 238 LU7YS " 287,064 248 216 *PY1SAD " 45,175 149 139
UT7CR " 7,463,136 3135 1156 *UX3UV " 72,756 265 188 *KH6CJJ A 920,616 810 356 LT5V " 193,772 223 193 *PY2OSD " 726 23 22
UW8SM " 4,095,168 2100 924 *UT3UCP " 72,168 222 194 (OP: LU8VCC) *PS7AW " 220 10 10
EM5K " 3,880,375 2075 839 *UX1HW/M " 70,097 237 191 Indonesia LU8QT 3.5 5,396 38 38 *PY4LH 7 19,964 64 62
(OP: UXØKR) (OP: UX1HW/M) YB8UTI A 496,296 559 244 LU3HS " 6 2 2 *PV8AJ " 54 3 3
UR5R " 3,304,664 2479 799 *UT1KT " 66,375 191 177 YB2IQ " 311,472 356 252 *LU6OA A 1,597,787 1034 547
(OP: UTØRM) *UR4LIN " 60,896 226 173 YC1AYO " 137,280 229 160 *LT6M " 1,316,783 834 509 Chile
UV5U " 2,932,656 1706 856 *UX5UO " 56,953 196 169 YB2HAF " 57,462 157 122 (OP: @LU8MHL) CE3CT A 6,305,248 1986 824
(OP: UX1UA) *UT8EL " 52,974 203 162 YB2XVT " 44,600 120 100 *LU5YF " 143,073 226 189 (OP: CE2LR)
UY5VA " 2,806,598 1896 782 *UT4UQ " 47,025 204 165 YCØSAS " 21,229 82 71 *LT7F " 9,500 53 50 XR2K 28 166,464 331 192
UR8RF " 2,741,283 2054 783 *UY2RA " 38,226 147 138 YB2TS " 12,255 115 95 *LU9HMB " 5,548 43 38 (OP: CE2ML)
UZ1WW " 2,450,718 1609 787 *UR3VKR " 34,944 118 104 YBØISE " 2,132 32 26 *LU7GFH " 3,290 38 35 XQ1KZ 21 1,285,240 890 506
UT2UB " 2,283,958 1749 718 *UT4UB " 27,306 152 123 YB7MYS " 90 9 9 *LU5HCB " 2,368 32 32 *CB4R A 223,728 308 237
EO5ØFF " 2,140,278 1899 786 *UR5UJ " 26,091 142 117 YF3FBV 28 3 1 1 *LU5DX " 2,200 32 25 (OP: XQ3SK)
(OP: UXØFF) *UR5WX " 25,542 141 129 YC1JGE 21 78,300 190 150 *LW8DRU " 1,595 32 29 *XQ5ME " 93,886 197 157
UY7C " 1,949,732 1552 724 *UR3MG " 21,996 169 117 YB1TJ " 10,919 67 61 *LU4JHF " 816 17 17 *XQ3OP 7 792 18 18

Colombia UV1IW " 41,026 198 146 WK9U " 936 26 26 UA4FCO " 42,054 149 129 Fed. Rep. of Germany
*HK3RAY A 231 11 11 VE3HG " 38,986 127 101 DL2LFH " 552 25 24 4Z4UO " 39,342 90 83 *DO1VOL A 23,919 130 119
*HK1X 14 23,760 92 88 KEØTT " 38,080 194 136 JR2EKD " 440 22 20 OE3OPW " 37,797 149 129 *DB2OW " 2,250 78 75
VE3KJQ " 37,628 126 92 YO4LHR " 420 22 21 KP4OSP " 22,490 67 65 *DM2HK " 682 25 22
Ecuador RU3XW " 35,624 140 122 YB1UUN " 372 13 12 RT5R " 22,246 110 98 *DO7CX 1.8 170 10 10
*HC2AO A 1,049,984 787 416 MØORY/P " 34,510 148 119 KW7R " 294 15 14 OK1RP " 15,450 79 75
*HC1JQ 21 6,783 51 51 KJ5T " 27,255 156 115 E21AOY " 260 14 13 JS2GYN " 9,513 104 63 Greece
UA9CHL " 26,967 113 101 ER1CW " 225 19 15 ZM3T " 8,733 51 41 *SV2SIF A 4,510 58 55
French Guiana CO6EC " 26,093 121 97 YB3BOA " 160 8 8 (OP: ZL3TE)
*FY5FY A 1,631,154 905 547 K8ZT " 25,992 123 114 G4IDF " 144 12 12 E2ØWXA " 6,513 40 39 Ireland
*TO1A 21 2,650,095 1309 705 DL2BIS " 23,954 167 118 JH6WHN/6 " 55 5 5 JM2RUV " 4,136 63 44 EI8KW A 211,736 424 266
(OP: F6FVY) ON7CC " 23,128 142 118 YC9XYP " 45 5 5 UA3RFT " 3,255 37 35 *EI4KX A 288 16 16
JK7UST " 21,375 123 95 4I1EAY " 16 4 4 G3WZD " 2,546 38 38
Paraguay WR4I " 19,980 132 108 JK8VPQ " 1 1 1 W4ER " 1,457 31 31 Italy
ZP5AA A 7,942,752 2334 928 PA3DSB " 17,271 126 101 LZ2RS 21 162,134 378 313 DG2FDD " 756 21 21 IR1N 14 1,563,765 1297 795
(OP: N2TTA) JR1UJX/2 " 17,056 146 82 HG3IPA " 121,828 378 266 VA3IIF " 640 17 16 (OP: IU1LCU)
W3EK " 16,744 129 91 (OP: HA3JB) IZ4GRP " 600 27 25 *IR4Q 28 120,045 311 221
Peru W6SIY " 16,368 126 88 HG3C " 70,308 246 217 YT5DM/P " 408 17 17 (OP: IU4MRU)
DK7OG " 15,680 114 98 (OP: HA3HX) KK7A " 190 11 10
OA4SS A 996,820 785 394 *IU3MIK A 8,970 71 65
*OA4DX A 450,660 382 290 DL6MWG " 15,444 143 108 IZ3NVR " 53,280 242 185 JJØSFV " 154 12 11
BG7SSK " 48,034 241 146 YB2NDX " 147 8 7
*OA4EA " 208,534 308 254 SP6NIV " 14,973 117 93
G4ENZ " 36,022 195 166
Lithuania
KB4IRR " 14,356 134 97 N7QR/9 " 144 12 12 *LYØNAS A 112,554 312 222
UA3LMR " 25,944 160 138
Uruguay LY3G " 14,022 99 82
JR1NKN " 21,364 140 109
CO6SRS " 120 5 5
CX9AU A 203,904 269 216 KJ4YM " 13,248 125 92 W9SSN " 49 7 7 Norway
JH3SIF " 18,130 127 98 YE3ETF " 48 4 4
CX5UA 7 153,340 194 164 9A9EE " 13,013 82 77 *LB4ZI A 1,833 41 39
OH3KQ " 12,684 94 84 EM9Q " 16,008 132 116
*CX1CAN A 1,062 20 18 YD2NIR " 42 4 3
(OP: UR9QQ) VK5GG " 9 3 3
*CX2AQ 28 43,142 139 106 K3WWP " 12,400 89 80 YO3DAC " 13,624 111 104 Portugal
RV1OM " 11,869 103 83 MØTDK " 9,898 106 101 OL4W 3.5 607,824 720 432 *CS5CC 14 1,728 38 36
Venezuela WAØMN " 10,707 100 83 SP2HMY " 5,400 83 72 (OP: OK1IF) (OP: CR7AWB)
YV6BXN A 300,609 333 263 (OP: NØUR) PU2MST " 4,896 48 48 YT5YTT " 350,865 503 339
YV4ABR 21 744,102 645 402 DH1AKY " 10,624 97 83 JA1KPF " 3,960 66 55 S51Z " 233,568 397 288 Spain
*YV1JGT A 181,503 277 201 SP9RQH " 10,241 88 77 IW1BCO " 3,456 54 48 DL1EFW " 181,844 350 269 EA5IUY A 171,248 391 278
*YV5JGO " 75,096 153 126 NN7SS " 9,840 98 80 YD9UW " 3,024 40 36 UT4UBZ " 124,423 269 221
*4M5K " 26,796 97 87 (OP: K6UFO) K2GMY " 2,940 45 42 DJ4CW " 95,613 266 203
(OP: YV5OK) US5VX " 8,978 70 67 WE6EZ " 2,860 45 44 OM3WZ " 94,525 245 199 OCEANIA
*YV5COR 7 1,520 20 19 IU3MIK " 8,970 71 65 JH3DMQ " 2,640 52 44 SP8OOE " 87,984 272 208 Australia
R4PES " 8,960 80 70 PY2VQ " 2,220 30 30 OU2V " 59,189 196 157 VK2PW A 80,419 180 137
PA1B " 8,932 96 77 SP7CVW " 1,664 32 32 (OP: OZ1FJB)
QRP DU1WBX " 8,880 62 48 9A5MPV " 1,224 36 34 LY2LF " 45,732 165 148 Indonesia
K3WW A 3,095,565 1463 771 BH7XZW " 8,763 79 69 YD9WFT " 918 21 18 PA2REH " 29,945 137 113 YF3FZR 21 1,148 31 28
LY9A " 2,539,920 1819 760 UV3RT " 8,364 77 68 RM3G " 896 30 28 SQ2RH " 25,312 123 112 *YB1RKT A 151,707 250 183
UN4L " 2,374,281 1209 669 LB6RH/P " 8,239 85 77 BG3UFC " 440 22 20 R7RBE " 1,798 30 29 *YD2UWF 28 26,117 17 17
DM2M " 2,253,700 1446 727 DL6UKL " 7,000 75 70 N3CZ " 260 13 13 SP8D " 1,296 27 27 *YC1LJT A 10,478 70 62
(OP: DK3WE) N7DUX " 6,916 75 52 YC6BTI " 234 10 9 UR5KP " 925 26 25 *YD3CER 21 2,166 41 38
IZ8JFL " 2,050,268 1198 748 (OP: N7JI) JK1CNL " 99 13 11 VK2CCC " 462 19 11 *YC2KJC 7 39 3 3
DG3T " 1,438,275 1191 635 K5TF " 6,324 35 34 JP3OGA " 72 6 6 OL1A 1.8 180,540 357 255 *YD3YGY " 36 4 4
(OP: DF5RF) W8EH " 6,156 78 57 JM8GJB " 1 1 1 (OP: OK1CW) *YC1JNV " 6 1 1
LY5G " 1,115,950 1142 550 ON5IA " 5,959 67 59 JG1BGT " 1 1 1 DL1AOB " 48,750 186 150 *YD3GIF A 73,524 160 132
HA5BA " 900,848 1010 488 RM4A " 5,040 66 60 EF3O 14 1,023,159 891 717 HA1TI " 37,632 154 128
RM5F " 837,820 993 514 JR1XKU " 4,860 64 54 (OP: EA3O) IKØXBX " 17,550 99 90 Philippines
M7R " 803,088 982 468 W4DWS " 4,644 58 54 AA2A " 487,461 527 431 HA3GO " 13,351 89 79 *4I1EBC A 542,717 661 287
(OP: GØTPH) RØAFF " 4,563 45 39 (OP: N2KW) SP3IOE " 5,562 56 54 *4I1EAY 28 20 4 4
YU1LM " 788,144 890 496 N6HI " 4,361 70 49 DJ2SX " 179,105 377 317 YP8A " 4,232 47 46
DD1TT " 4,256 58 56 JH7VHZ " 148,346 321 242 US1UU " 2,310 36 35
R2PU
YL2QN
"
"
646,345 747 413
626,340 720 429 JI1AEP " 4,004 70 52 YU1NR " 141,194 382 311 JG1LFR " 2,052 58 36 SOUTH AMERICA
N4IJ " 607,851 604 423 BD7LZM " 3,854 44 41 DJ4MH " 139,680 378 291 Z35Z " 1,058 25 23 Argentina
EI8FH " 3,720 40 40 JQ1NGT " 137,858 342 229 DO7CX " 170 10 10 *LU1DJX 7 11,040 48 48
HG5O " 543,571 642 427 *LU9HMB A 5,548 43 38
JK1ANA " 3,321 66 41 UT1XX " 129,600 364 288
(OP: HA5OB) LA3NGA " 117,390 288 273 *LU1VYL 28 312 12 12
W3YJ " 3,312 51 46
RW3AI
N7IR
"
"
440,748 762 378
420,350 600 350 IZ2QKG " 3,224 54 52 G3L " 109,515 293 245 ROOKIE
(OP: G3LHJ)
S53FO " 396,010 653 398 N5ER
AF9J
"
"
3,198
3,150
45
55
39
50 IZ8NWA " 108,450 254 241 NORTH AMERICA CLASSIC
W6JTI " 361,437 618 323 JK7DWD " 107,784 265 216 United States
DL1JDQ " 353,350 597 382 DV6XCY
W8UA
"
"
3,108
3,080
47
50
37
44 HAØGK " 103,859 331 259 District 2 NORTH AMERICA
UY7LM " 334,780 596 380 US5EFU " 101,136 270 258 KO4GBD A 38,985 131 115 United States
OK1DMP " 334,229 436 359 NV1W " 3,036 47 44 District 1
7L1DST " 3,008 34 32 W2VRK " 99,012 274 223 *KI2D A 99,960 305 196
JH7UJU " 323,712 541 281 EA2CAR " 85,792 261 224 *W2TI " 42,768 112 108 KQ2M A 7,299,600 3286 1071
PE2K " 289,775 617 335 DL4YX " 2,964 60 52 K1DG " 1,111,127 973 503
DK6AC " 2,900 57 50 UT1DX " 72,960 198 192 *KD2SGM " 3,015 47 45
DK8R " 268,821 569 357 UR3GU " 65,156 230 179 W1TO " 199,014 301 246
(OP: DL8LR) N1JI " 2,501 51 41 W3AKD 7 81,069 211 183
G3ZBU " 2,444 48 47 G3YMC " 61,983 267 213 District 3
OK4FX " 267,397 439 307 YO4BEX " 60,705 249 213 *W3OY A 5,184 84 72 W1JQ A 54,720 189 160
W1FJ " 260,032 389 272 EA7HCB " 2,430 50 45 W1OHM 14 646 19 19
BH7QP " 2,387 36 31 DK1YH " 56,317 241 199
UX8IX " 258,422 536 314 IZ2JPN " 51,522 227 186 District 4 *NG1R 14 1,281,056 1092 602
MSØSFB " 234,437 497 313 KC1DVT " 2,376 38 36 (OP: W1QK)
N3CI " 2,268 30 28 LY2BGP " 46,046 201 182 W7AOF A 184 10 8
(OP: GM4UBJ) R3IBT " 41,652 200 178 *W4SSF A 421,006 580 362 *K1HT A 159,997 226 193
W6QU " 213,864 417 268 GM4NNC " 2,226 59 53 *W1MJ " 84,624 232 172
KC1FK " 1,656 25 24 PD2DX " 36,806 155 154 *K4CBW " 76,475 172 161
(OP: W8QZA) VE2IEA " 33,330 130 110 *KO4AWC " 18,715 123 95 *AJ1DM " 79,534 247 182
W4QO " 212,898 402 274 HB9AYZ " 1,656 42 36 *AB1KT " 25,568 195 136
OE7AFT " 30,552 152 134
YL3FW " 209,814 355 289 OA4ASD " 1,632 24 24 *AE1P 14 15,762 71 66
VA7UNX " 1,624 32 29
EW8G " 27,150 179 150 District 5
SV1JG " 205,025 445 295 VE3LMS " 25,452 111 101 *NR5TX A 57,477 220 147 *K1RF A 13,300 128 100
EA5ICL " 203,760 386 283 DU9GT " 1,426 34 31 KF4AV " 25,088 147 128 *N1CGP 1.8 2,117 36 29
KNØW " 1,305 30 29 *K3KEK 14 5,740 81 70
UT7NI " 191,250 537 306 GW4OKT " 19,050 144 127 *KB1NO A 1,406 44 38
N7RCS " 190,162 365 238 IN3YKS " 1,209 39 39 DK5NAD " 18,705 131 129 *KA1QYP " 750 25 25
DL8MF " 1,080 29 27 District 6
G4OZG " 190,156 437 274 DK6YA " 16,820 125 116 *W6DMW 14 16 4 4 *W1FJ A 260,032 389 272
WØCW " 189,429 412 271 K8MJZ " 1,073 41 37 EA2DPA " 15,210 95 90 *KC1FK " 1,656 25 24
BH4TQX " 168,609 418 217 WA2NYY " 1,062 19 18 K9AXT " 14,664 110 94
PY2IAX " 1,012 24 22 District 7
ON6PJ " 164,016 352 268 VE6EX " 10,804 86 73 KB2S A 17,440 89 80 District 2
PC5D " 163,008 396 283 HA7AVU " 962 27 26 VE9BWK " 10,452 78 67 KR2Q A 3,902,024 1920 833
DF1GRA " 928 31 29 *AG7WI A 26,196 152 118
OK7NV " 161,414 372 253 DL2PR " 10,185 105 97 *W7VC 14 925 26 25 WN2O " 3,272,992 1562 736
RD3ARU " 155,928 463 267 JE1ILP " 855 19 19 DF3IAL " 8,858 97 86 (OP: N2GC)
OK7CM " 147,987 359 261 EA5GX " 624 16 16 G3VCQ " 7,957 85 73 NQ2F " 3,234,661 1802 757
N8HWV " 621 30 27 District 8
RZ4AZ " 147,456 394 256 UN1QWA " 7,176 52 52 *NA8Q 7 43,248 117 106 (OP: KD2RD)
AC2YD " 146,081 302 221 EA4U " 525 15 15 KM3A " 5,590 75 65 KM2L " 207,708 293 228
KR4AE " 145,612 408 236 AI6DO " 465 16 15 DK4CU " 4,620 72 70 NS2N " 187,353 324 243
W1TW " 456 19 19 OS9EEE " 2,880 52 48
District 9
YCØVM " 144,105 275 195 *KD9OIN A 33,205 188 145 KX2NY 3.5 32,120 106 88
IV3DRP " 143,598 373 263 7K1CPT " 440 24 20 (OP: ON9EEE) *NW2K A 11,868 105 86
KK1CWO " 137,158 314 202 BG5OA " 437 32 23 YU7ZZ " 2,592 50 48
KN3A " 345 18 15
Canada
(OP: W1UU) F6EPO " 2,580 61 60 District 3 District 3
DL6YAO " 134,520 326 236 EI4KX " 288 16 16 UA6KAC " 2,346 72 69 W3KL A 1,208,352 853 492
*VA3OKG A 521,964 516 324
JA4XHF/3 " 134,248 321 194 SF5M " 286 13 13 (OP: R7KG) NO3U 7 303,480 354 281
(OP: SM5SYO) JR1LLD " 2,310 38 35
*VA3DKL " 254,412 335 222
HG7J " 127,007 323 241 W3BGN 3.5 291,913 365 251
DF7IS " 125,892 347 234 W8LVN " 255 16 15 CS5CC " 1,728 38 36 N3ZP A 92,393 289 197
VE3SIF " 121,272 306 163 PY2BN " 240 12 12 (OP: CR7AWB) ASIA *N2EY A 342,468 464 302
RV3DBK " 120,887 381 221 W4DIT " 228 12 12 4O4A " 1,591 37 37 Asiatic Russia *N2EM " 306,234 521 321
(OP: K4KO) JH1HGI " 1,290 33 30
LYØNAS " 112,554 312 222
JS1BXH " 1,134 30 27
District Ø *NR3Z " 163,724 385 244
LZ2AF " 111,000 324 250 JG1CMT " 140 14 10 *UBØAZR A 18,800 94 80 *K1WAT 14 52,003 146 133
W1VKE " 132 15 12 ZP9MCE " 1,040 22 20 *W3WTD A 49,245 209 147
UT5EOX " 108,250 336 250
KA3TTT " 72 12 12 YU1JA " 1,023 31 31
WB2CPU " 101,896 321 188
WB7GR " 989 45 43 China *KY3W " 23,587 128 103
EA1AER " 100,540 292 220 JA2CJE " 70 16 14 *BH4CAC 14 61,218 234 171 *WA4GUD " 1,950 40 39
PS7JN " 55 5 5 ABØCD " 624 26 26
EA2AFV " 97,216 246 196 *BD7LQM A 45,719 225 131 *AA2A 14 351,934 527 431
JG1GOY/9 " 24 4 4 UAØSBQ/P " 96 6 6
RQ7R " 96,475 296 227 W9SAU " 42 6 6 *BD7ODG " 2,482 39 34 (OP: N2KW)
DL8UI " 88,765 241 205 YB8CMT " 21 3 3 *W3EK A 16,744 129 91
RA/NU6N " 15 5 5 YB2ERL " 32 4 4
EA1GT " 87,048 322 234 OH6KVF " 9 3 3 Japan
SP7SZC " 84,861 248 189 JH1OJV " 9 3 3 District 1 District 4
JF1GZZ/1 " 4 2 2 KA6JLT " 9 3 3
DF7XR " 82,386 300 199 R7TJ " 8 2 2 JK1BAB 28 48 6 6 N4CW A 2,931,049 1440 737
AC5XK " 80,472 279 168 DO1HFS " 4 2 2 KU8E 14 1,806,750 1351 730
RA3RA 28 174,460 452 305 GØZ " 4 2 2
G4FPA " 80,095 273 193 (OP: G1RVD) Japan NE8P A 1,781,920 1319 602
LZ4UX " 78,554 231 181 YO8WW " 44,488 212 166 District Ø N4KS " 1,501,830 1477 621
DM2DX 7 670,500 597 447
DL7UKT " 76,983 275 201 OK1LV " 17,136 134 119 OK6K " 643,860 639 438 *JJØUTR A 1,014 28 26 W1AJT " 1,217,682 1172 549
W7LG " 76,916 220 164 RX9CC " 12,000 70 60 (OP: OK5IM) K4WW " 1,207,970 1005 565
DK5CF " 76,436 277 194 DC9RI " 10,890 107 90 YO3FFF " 633,570 601 431 West Malaysia KY4NA " 1,168,440 980 520
YD3GIF " 73,524 160 132 HF5WIM " 6,916 85 76 S53AR " 366,480 464 360 *9M2SAF A 31,140 128 90 (OP: KE4KY)
PA7MDJ " 73,416 231 184 DL2MIH " 6,853 81 77 UV2IZ " 331,216 360 326 *9M2TDX " 30,084 152 109 N8KH " 1,022,192 952 464
SQ2ICX " 68,628 207 172 SN5Z " 6,480 88 72 HA4FY " 325,879 453 337 WF4W " 746,281 913 457
UA7G " 65,930 253 190 RA3XEV " 6,370 79 70 OK6OK " 228,144 389 294 WF3T " 645,183 941 441
UA1CUR " 60,357 221 177 DL2TM " 5,100 81 68 IW3ILM " 162,998 301 239
EUROPE W3TB " 242,730 405 279
WY7N " 59,658 254 163 OK1LO " 5,016 74 66 CO8OH " 160,381 201 169 Austria W3DQS " 208,725 363 253
YO8BSE " 59,166 210 173 UD2F " 4,154 73 62 9A6TT " 142,790 264 218 *OE3IAK 7 2 1 1 ND4G " 194,180 282 266
YF8HYV " 54,208 150 121 3G3O " 3,774 39 34 YO8RIX " 120,096 261 216 K4EU " 126,736 197 178
KE6K " 48,450 182 150 (OP: XQ3OP) DF1SZ " 108,659 221 193 Croatia W4UT " 116,183 299 223
PAØRDT " 46,883 235 173 DDØVS " 3,186 57 54 SP9KAG " 106,172 253 209 *9A3AHQ A 110 10 10 AC4G " 53,560 118 103
DL/KKØU " 45,880 197 148 JG1RYQ " 3,024 57 48 (OP: SP9CXN) KO4DN " 41,964 215 156
PC2F " 45,120 262 188 OZ6OM " 2,915 61 53 SP6EIY " 97,370 212 182 Czech Republic AC4MC " 13,158 104 86
KW2A " 43,605 222 153 R7KO " 1,363 31 29 NE6M " 47,034 164 134 *OK5MAX A 1,548,004 1058 692 K4NWX " 4,131 56 51

*W9SN A 2,352,499 1333 661 *AG9A " 9,145 65 59 *7J1ABD 7 1,386 21 21 *OL2J A 1,336,232 1248 596 DKØSU A 53,070 181 145
*NK4O " 735,588 750 417 *W9SE 7 16 4 4 *JA1WTO 21 324 18 18 (OP: OK2PYA) (OP: DF7SA)
*K4EJ " 673,312 736 412 *KB7ISP " 4 2 2 *JF1WAM A 231 11 11 *OK1TA " 990,165 899 561 DK1FW 7 1,035 23 23
*N4HA " 381,238 461 341 *JI1AEP A 4,004 70 52 *OK1HCG " 338,661 634 363 DL1LQL A 208 14 13
*KC4TEO " 145,080 307 234 District Ø *7L1DST " 3,008 34 32 *OK2HBR 3.5 241,315 439 289 *DK3YD A 1,258,142 1105 586
*K3YDX " 135,110 372 229 NØAV A 1,204,486 1074 551 *7K1CPT " 440 24 20 *OL1AIY " 181,740 362 260 *DFØBV " 1,187,316 838 559
*WA3LXD " 107,600 282 200 WDØT " 1,134,216 1273 534 *JK1CNL 21 99 13 11 (OP: OK1DJS) (OP: DL1MAJ)
*NG2J 7 104,940 286 198 WFØGM " 451,880 607 395 *JH1OJV A 9 3 3 *OK1LL 21 109,938 298 251 *DL5KUD 7 942,984 731 504
*K4DR A 46,810 257 155 (OP: KJØI) *OK1MMN 14 47,064 172 159 *DL8ULF A 888,706 1110 545
*WZ4M " 46,665 191 153 N7WY " 300,155 502 347 District 2 *OK7T 3.5 36,580 151 124 *DA2A " 408,471 558 371
*K4AVX " 37,520 168 140 WØETT " 261,048 426 292 JE2BOM A 72,712 211 149 (OP: OK1FHI) (OP: DK5DQ)
*K8LBQ " 33,748 192 143 NØKQ " 9,126 91 78 JR2ALA " 33,462 114 99 *OK1AUO A 13,944 88 84 *DK4LX 7 371,531 393 313
*AA8R 7 30,420 94 90 *KUØK A 669,081 833 453 JF2OHQ " 16,906 105 79 *OK4NN 14 8,692 94 82 *DAØFFR A 325,376 579 328
*KK4E A 24,416 137 109 *AEØEE " 68,552 216 164 *JA2KKA 7 88,892 102 100 *OK1JDJ " 7,575 75 75 (OP: DM6WAN)
*WB4ABY " 20,150 170 130 *AI6O " 64,883 195 161 *JE2UFF 14 85,892 268 197 *OK7NV A 161,414 372 253 *DL4XU " 230,250 639 354
*K3NP " 18,639 126 109 *KIØI " 59,228 167 134 *JG2RFJ A 76,139 261 169 *OK1LV 28 17,136 134 119 *DF2WZ " 188,404 411 268
*WF7T 14 18,335 107 93 *WA7NPX 14 42,120 135 120 *JA2JWH " 56,840 229 145 *OK1LO " 5,016 74 66 *DL7VHP " 129,208 297 248
*N4FA A 575 23 23 *WJØW A 28,768 174 124 *JS2PHO " 44,226 235 126 *DK5ZX " 114,582 300 226
*WA2ZDM 14 352 16 16 (OP: KH6XX) *JR2UQU " 1,456 30 28 Denmark *DF8TY " 105,435 265 213
*AF5CC/4 " 336 16 16 *NØZIB " 3,087 53 49 *JR1UJX/2 A 17,056 146 82 OV3X A 2,180,400 1396 690 *DG1FN " 100,282 287 203
*K4CNY A 208 16 16 *WØPI 14 1,653 29 29 (OP: OZ8AE) *DF7CB " 85,023 290 201
*WB5KFP 21 108 6 6 *WØCW A 189,429 412 271 District 3 *OZ5UR A 168,250 351 250 *DBØDH 28 67,204 285 212
*N3CZ 21 3,901 13 13 JA3QOS A 345 16 15 *OZ8CT " 35,168 135 112 (OP: DL1EJM)
*JN3TSY A 25,344 111 96 *DL5CC 14 36,852 174 166
District 5 NORTH AMERICA *JO3OEF " 22,078 128 83 Dodecanese *DL3NEY A 31,605 143 129
K5RX A 1,150,575 935 529 Alaska *JP3AQR 14 2,210 37 34 SV5DKL 14 557,612 844 506 *DL2AK " 27,735 162 129
KN5A " 611,783 725 443 AL7LO A 162,936 276 219 *JR3GPP 28 676 4 3 *DL6KBG " 23,598 132 114
(OP: K5WA) *JL3DQX 3.5 117 5 5 England *DL1SL " 14,664 109 94
N5AW " 588,336 667 412 Canada *JH3SIF 21 18,130 127 98 G9W 14 3,446,274 1884 897 *DJ5NN " 9,394 67 61
N5EE " 459,914 672 361 District 1 *JP3OGA " 72 6 6 (OP: MØDXR) *DL9TU 14 9,374 91 86
KT5J " 170,610 386 242 VE9AA A 4,786,518 1882 726 M6O " 2,323,296 1619 864 *DL2AWA A 7,140 79 68
(OP: K5TR) VA1MM 21 1,901,520 112 84 District 4 (OP: G3WGN) *DL9MFY " 6,726 62 59
K5QR 14 77,330 206 185 VE9HF A 727,180 614 353 JH4UTP A 2,177,007 1267 581 G3T A 190,005 414 265 *DL9GWA 14 6,160 74 70
K5LY A 49,786 189 146 *VY2LI 14 5,635 50 49 *JA4BDY A 36,108 166 118 (OP: G3VGZ) *DL3HAA A 4,905 45 45
NM5G 14 9,933 80 77 *JA4TUJ " 22,077 158 99 G4HZV 14 66,435 239 215 *DL1SO 14 1,440 42 40
*WQ5L A 1,809,004 1372 629 District 2 G4L A 49,880 164 145 *DL1JDQ A 353,350 597 382
*K5FUV " 703,131 770 447 *VE2OWL 14 12,529 67 67 District 5 (OP: G4LDL) *DJ4MH 14 139,680 378 291
*NO5W " 80,179 264 197 *VE2IEA 14 33,330 130 110 *JA5EXN A 345 15 15 G4SMB " 25,536 134 114 *DK5CF A 76,436 277 194
*WC5D " 78,120 296 180 G9D 21 24,934 96 89 *DL/KKØU " 45,880 197 148
*W8OV " 58,225 180 137 District 3 District 6 (OP: G6NHU) *DK7OG " 15,680 114 98
*N9NM " 56,917 230 173 VE3EJ A 6,654,480 2210 840 *JF6ABL 14 3,913 49 43 *MØORD A 596,942 852 437 *DG2FDD 7 756 21 21
*WA5LFD " 42,912 210 149 VE3VN " 1,120,790 724 443 *G4DDL " 567,326 812 419
*K5TU " 35,916 150 123 VE3RIA " 2,814 50 42 District 7 *MØXUU 14 125,222 313 254 Finland
*KA5CRL " 9,180 81 68 *VE3MA A 1,001,160 805 412 JA7OWB A 24,400 130 100 *G4RMV 7 112,100 214 190 OH1F A 3,204,800 1883 800
*AJ4F " 7,134 64 58 *VE3ZY " 162,981 308 199 *JF7VVL 14 2,583 31 29 *MØURL A 98,754 328 218 (OP: OH1NOA)
*NT5TT " 1,025 29 25 *VE3OSZ " 117,183 212 159 *JI7OED/7 " 1,872 52 36 *G5C " 23,640 140 120 OG2B 14 2,436,840 1593 840
*W5RES " 736 33 32 *VA3RKM " 23,092 111 92 (OP: G4OGB) (OP: OH7EA)
*N5ER A 3,198 45 39 *VE3KJQ A 37,628 126 92 District 8 *GØOKR " 19,516 88 82 OH1ØA A 1,613,241 1317 609
*VE3LMS 14 25,452 111 101 JA8RUZ A 7,440 80 60 *GX4ALE " 14,523 129 103 (OP: OH3WW)
*JA8RWU A 340,856 702 277 *G4RLS 14 8,658 81 78 OH5ZA 14 96,782 240 217
District 6 District 6 *JK8PBO " 223,704 604 234 *G4BEE " 1,479 29 29 (OP: OH1ZAA)
KR7O A 3,265,654 1790 709 *VE6WR 14 37,942 124 117 *JR8QFG " 70,266 261 147 *G3YRZ " 1,352 26 26 OG7A 28 77,880 312 220
(OP: N6TV) *JE8UHY " 12,382 105 82 *G3YMC 14 61,983 267 213 (OP: OH6MW)
WC6H " 1,930,648 1509 647 District 7 *JK8NIP 14 4,600 52 50 *MØTDK 21 9,898 106 101 OH9A " 15,568 131 112
K6AR 7 1,817,019 1066 519 VE7JKZ A 189,267 302 211 *G3WZD 7 2,546 38 38 (OP: ES1NOA)
AJ6V A 1,732,876 1396 604 District 9 OH4BCS 7 10,530 65 65
K6NR " 1,548,021 1249 597 Cuba *JA9LNZ 14 207 9 9 Estonia (OP: OH1ZAA)
NI6W 14 1,204,288 1093 607 *CO2RQ 7 584,000 322 229 *ES5EP A 337,306 483 382 OH3BCX 3.5 5,200 50 50
(OP: W4EF) *CO6OV 14 93,126 210 187 District Ø *ES2DJ 7 137,313 240 219 (OP: OH1ZAA)
W6TK A 1,013,424 1018 499 *CO6WD " 60,941 183 149 *JIØWVQ A 211,932 516 258 OH2VZ 14 4,557 49 49
KU6F " 951,855 1013 482 *CO6EC A 26,093 121 97 *8NØOLP " 27,360 126 96 European Russia OH1AF 21 1,860 34 31
(OP: K6SRZ) (OP: JIØWVQ) District 1 (OP: OJØM)
NB6U " 905,772 918 492 Mexico *JRØECQ " 1,062 24 18 RV1AW A 1,047,552 976 528 OH2LIR 28 120 12 12
(OP: N6ZFO) *XE2MWY A 880 16 16 *RZ1OK A 818,958 1044 603 *OH1SIC A 338,445 558 345
NF6A " 564,249 509 277 Kazakhstan *R1IV 14 92,686 291 242 (OP: SM5SIC)
(OP: K6XX) Panama UN9GD 28 158,746 321 238 *RW1QN A 45,920 205 140 *OH3MM 7 3,936 49 48
WA6URY " 240,300 384 267 *HP1RIS 28 1,539 28 27 *RM1F " 9,344 81 73 *OH3MHA 28 1,400 36 35
K6YK " 70,752 233 176 Singapore *RK1F " 4,140 50 45 (OP: OH1ZAA)
AF6SA " 44,850 185 150 Puerto Rico *9V1HY 14 8,460 65 60 *UA1CUR A 60,357 221 177
*N6TVN A 124,230 292 202 WP3R 7 150,336 167 144 France
*K6KM " 123,344 340 208 West Malaysia District 3 TM6X A 4,238,541 2205 877
*W6ZL " 123,084 359 234 U.S. Virgin Islands *9M2YDX A 49,210 167 133 RM2D A 2,064,244 1777 689 (OP: F5VHY)
*KC8J " 43,560 211 132 KP2M A 11,030,210 4127 1154 (OP: SM6LRR) *F5VMN 14 505,144 766 466
*N7DA " 10,647 79 63 (OP: KT3Y) R3ZZ 21 1,317,322 1204 709 *F6HJO A 209,979 458 303
*K6EI 3.5 6,708 65 52 RT5T 14 1,009,008 1002 620 *F4WCY " 81,361 214 197
*KE6JAC A 4,950 74 50 EUROPE UA3TW A 714,906 987 486 *F4IIQ " 76,356 236 189
*KM3A 14 7,140 75 65 AFRICA Andorra UC5C " 486,160 639 491 *F5MMB " 39,485 185 149
Canary Islands C37AC A 3,912,038 2000 794 R2DFD 3.5 317,939 483 320
District 7 EA8ZS 3.5 788,917 482 337 (OP: EA3AKY) R3OQ A 203,342 483 293 Greece
W7YAQ A 1,604,512 1020 608 R2DPM " 25,584 107 104 *SV7CUD A 17,098 117 103
K7HP " 519,435 604 357 Austria R5AK " 16,686 118 103
NE7D " 310,806 391 279 ASIA OE2BZL A 1,062,330 939 510 *RV3ZN A 633,766 892 451 Guernsey
KE2VB " 49,830 216 151 Asiatic Russia OE3BKC " 34,560 140 128 *R3OR " 419,998 626 373 *MU2K A 2,959,180 2042 805
W2HZ " 14,514 139 123 District 9 *OE3MCS A 20,383 124 109 *RU5X " 333,207 553 369 (OP: RL5D)
WU6W " 13,515 104 85 RZ9A A 7,056,870 2204 824 *OE1EBC " 9,384 77 68 *RX3Q " 98,769 341 219
W7XI 3.5 8,978 82 67 (OP: UA9BA) *RY3F 14 47,311 207 187 Hungary
(OP: W6XI) RG9A " 3,390,400 1572 652 Balearic Islands *R3RK 28 29,868 180 131 *HA2EOU A 386,801 563 373
N7RQ 7 4,060 32 29 R9TV 14 732,366 574 383 *EC6PG A 11,815 99 85 *R3ET 7 18,972 102 93 *HG8L 7 215,875 323 275
*NX1P 14 313,820 507 340 R8OM 28 422,730 405 284 *UA3SDN " 6,215 57 55 (OP: HA8RD)
*W7GF A 62,103 247 163 R8TA A 207,708 354 228 Belarus *UA3DLD 28 5,130 64 57 *HA3FUT A 15,660 97 87
*KN7T " 41,922 195 137 *RA9AP A 1,971,420 1112 515 EW2A A 3,971,916 1870 897 *R2AHS A 2,795 46 43 *HG7J A 127,007 323 241
*KX7L " 25,300 149 115 *RC9A " 681,054 581 374 EV1R " 2,528,582 1588 763 *R3NAM 14 2,560 44 40 *HAØGK 14 103,859 331 259
*WA8ZNC 21 2,173 58 53 *RA9SF " 264,800 327 200 EU5C " 2,030,400 1462 752 *RN3P 21 1,044 27 26
*WY7N A 59,658 254 163 *UB8A " 207,230 333 230 (OP: EW1I) *R2PU A 566,572 747 413 Italy
*N7DUX " 6,916 75 52 *RV9CVA " 144,885 255 195 *EU1DX A 1,140,768 998 615 IKØYVV A 1,672,044 1303 636
(OP: N7JI) *UA9JNT " 140,194 270 191 *EV6Z " 946,816 1261 633 District 4 IZ8GCB 14 1,203,293 1153 637
*WB7GR 14 989 45 43 *RW9AV " 60,150 175 150 *EW2ES " 566,244 1021 481 UA4K A 219,960 418 312 IK2AHB 3.5 87,516 239 187
*R2ET/9 " 13,224 86 76 *EU4T " 168,462 345 294 (OP: RM4HZ) *IN3FHE A 820,482 770 471
District 8 *EW6FW 14 142,932 312 277 *R4WR A 278,025 757 412 *IV3EAD 7 425,520 464 360
NO8DX A 3,517,338 1838 822 District Ø *EW1TO A 35,894 168 131 *R4WAE 14 255,744 490 384 *IK2UEX 14 360,822 724 454
(OP: K8MR) RTØO A 621,951 771 484 *EU3AA 28 2,760 50 46 *UA4HGL A 159,803 359 259 *IU1DUB/MM " 176,726 408 319
N8AA " 901,062 887 443 RAØLQ " 382,602 493 341 *UA4PRU " 62,416 237 166 *IV3ELR A 172,072 404 274
W8MET " 866,875 972 475 RØDX 21 101,144 424 188 Belgium *UA4QK " 44,080 188 152 *I5YKQ " 91,656 301 201
W8WA 14 573,300 567 450 RUØLM A 9,798 72 69 ON6NL A 2,430,468 1679 724 *R4AJ " 6,380 76 58 *IK8ARF " 61,902 221 181
NF8R A 32,155 119 109 *UAØCID A 23,814 85 81 *ON4CT 3.5 31,578 148 114 *IQ5OX 14 54,569 223 197
WQ8Q " 17,762 98 83 *UAØSBQ/P 14 96 6 6 *OS2AD A 308 14 14 District 6 (OP: IZ5FDE)
N9CX " 12,920 102 95 (OP: ON2AD) RA6MQ A 397,494 650 433 *I5MPN A 50,020 187 164
*N8II 14 1,156,442 910 599 India UA6HLN " 93,936 249 206 *IZ2MGN 7 45,486 142 126
*WB8JUI A 251,704 418 292 VU2CVS A 143,106 259 183 Bosnia-Herzegovina RJ7M 14 91,494 259 234 *IZ5AHB A 42,276 180 156
*NF8M " 151,916 375 233 *VU2JOS 14 1,944 38 36 E73M A 5,673,860 2459 956 *R7KX A 846,976 945 509 *IU6FUB " 39,566 180 146
*AF8A " 117,938 295 218 *VU2TO " 49 7 7 E74X " 464,824 881 451 *UA6J " 45,240 222 145 *IQ6SE " 37,920 188 158
*AB8OU " 95,046 279 186 *E7/Z35M A 687,014 896 431 *R6KEE 28 1,702 38 37 (OP: IK6PTH)
*NU8A 14 91,002 201 174 Israel *E78AX 28 6,790 81 70 *R7KO 28 1,363 31 29 *IW2ENA " 33,222 198 147
*N8IW A 80,990 218 178 4Z5ML A 599,628 490 321 *I3MU 14 30,794 192 173
*WA8MDC " 76,557 255 169 Bulgaria District 9 *IK2AIT A 15,322 120 94
*N8VWY " 32,118 119 106 Japan *LZ7J A 1,832,832 1320 688 UA9FGJ A 139,392 305 264 *IK4AUY " 3,003 36 33
*AA8SW " 26,220 165 138 District 1 (OP: LZ1CL) *R9XS A 252,672 491 329 *IZ5OVP 1.8 2,652 43 39
*W8ASA " 14,490 97 90 JI1AVY 7 63,744 158 128 *LZ1VKD 14 446,400 525 405 *UA9XF " 195,108 696 361 *IV3DLW/P 21 768 24 24
*W8WTS 1.8 1,683 36 33 *JS1OYN A 771,722 801 398 *LZ1DQ " 189,380 437 340 *R9FDJ " 91,258 278 206 *I2XYI A 336 24 24
*W8UA A 3,080 50 44 *JG1FML " 163,184 297 217 *LZ2HT A 27,531 151 133 *RQ9F " 77,366 257 202 *IK2RZD 14 80 8 8
*K8MJZ " 1,073 41 37 *JE1PMQ " 129,059 308 179 *LZ1MC 7 3,744 39 39 *IZ8NWA 14 108,450 254 241
*JI1UPL " 106,018 419 162 Fed. Rep. of Germany *IZ3NVR 21 53,280 242 185
District 9 *JS1KKY " 76,472 224 158 Croatia DJ5MW A 6,714,544 2548 998
WI9WI A 2,543,853 1677 741 *JR1LEV " 59,170 200 122 9A2AJ A 2,872,415 1766 755 DD2D " 5,319,064 2176 982 Latvia
K9MA " 471,686 530 362 *JQ1COB 14 36,704 134 124 9A3B 3.5 639,176 700 436 (OP: DK8ZB) YL2VW A 2,459,646 1554 729
K9CJ 7 451,881 449 333 *JQ1PCT A 15,470 102 70 (OP: 9A2VR) DQ2C 7 4,612,881 1601 831 YL2PJ " 1,977,434 1537 698
KØVW 14 104,193 271 227 *JJ1IVU 7 15,336 90 72 9A3YT 14 77,592 210 183 (OP: DL2SAX) *YL5W 7 929,115 755 495
KJ9C A 24,948 102 99 *JA1GZK A 14,271 85 67 *9A8A 28 98,978 333 242 DP7X A 2,796,690 1717 734 (OP: YL2GN)
*K9OM 7 700,146 531 401 *JS1WWR 21 10,842 99 78 *9A/IZ3NVR 1.8 17,280 87 83 (OP: DL6IAK)
*W9QL A 325,068 558 309 *JR1BQJ 7 9,240 56 51 DL4ABR " 357,880 581 389 Lithuania
*WD9CIR " 312,897 549 339 *JO1PZR A 8,556 73 69 Czech Republic DH1NBE 1.8 191,797 412 269 LY9Y A 3,353,544 1850 846
*W9KM " 240,240 504 280 *JP1JZR " 5,757 65 57 OK2SFP 7 449,442 523 399 DL1DTL 28 103,148 276 217 LY4T " 2,665,304 2116 842
*KB9S " 88,924 316 188 *JHØDUG/1 " 1,664 37 32 OK2EQ 28 52,808 247 184 DL5KVV 1.8 70,348 218 172 LY1M 7 1,479,240 993 587

*LY5T 7 361,801 490 341 Switzerland *KA2K " 181,900 277 214 KA7ESE A 31,440 143 120 Tunisia
*LY4ZZ " 11,760 82 70 *HB9AJY A 194,208 394 272 *KS2G " 111,024 287 216 W7DRA 1.8 231 12 11 *3V8SS A 7,946,778 2677 862
(OP: LY2BMX) *HB9FBA " 69,696 220 176 *NY6DX " 107,308 288 193 *N7VS A 54,400 245 170 (OP: KF5EYY)
*HB9DXB " 59,840 264 187 *KW2O " 60,568 151 134 *W9CF " 40,375 178 125
Luxembourg *HB9BXQ " 43,218 178 147 (OP: KA2D) *WV7S " 31,178 168 119
LX1NO 3.5 32,940 157 108 *KY2T " 44,352 219 154 *KB7AK " 25,376 163 122 ASIA
Ukraine *W2YK " 12,352 65 64 *N7NWL 3.5 11,696 112 86 Asiatic Russia
Netherlands EM5K A 3,880,375 2075 839 *KE7AUB A 960 26 24 District 9
PAØMIR 3.5 121,446 183 155 (OP: UXØKR) District 3 *K7XC 21 924 26 22 RU8T A 9,318,873 2494 969
*PG2AA 14 350,648 599 424 UX7IW " 1,165,164 1088 582 N3QE A 6,360,088 2456 959 *KE6K A 48,450 182 150 (OP: R8TT)
*PA3ARM A 315,609 591 339 UZ5DX 21 867,698 965 598 WR8AA " 3,189,410 1288 805 *KNØW " 1,305 30 29 RX9WN " 3,385,944 1476 738
*PBØACU " 167,024 400 286 UX2MF A 430,390 597 386 (OP: N4ZR) *KA6JLT 14 9 3 3 RO9A " 2,216,011 1163 623
*PF6IK " 31,812 156 132 UR1HR 21 252,756 599 384 K3MD " 2,287,440 1155 706 UA9LAO 28 233,932 366 251
(OP: PA3HEN) UT6UD 1.8 213,192 393 282 W2CDO " 1,932,560 1055 595 District 8 RZ9YI A 5,724 60 53
*PA2VS " 26,325 149 117 UR8GX 3.5 189,956 373 281 NN3SI " 1,262,250 883 510 K8MP A 2,299,440 1489 670 *UF8T A 6,527,260 2088 890
UT7ZM A 103,880 295 212 (OP: K3EW) K8PK " 1,203,312 1020 528 (OP: RT9S)
North Macedonia *UT3SO A 763,047 896 479 N3EEN " 1,057,336 893 478 K8QKY " 628,728 676 408 *R8WO " 993,718 718 374
Z35Y A 95,400 312 212 *UT7EZ " 491,904 873 459 WA3AER " 964,376 857 476 N8FTB " 287,433 526 293 *RN9RF " 942,464 770 398
*Z33F 7 1,567,456 981 598 *EO3ØUA " 248,055 578 345 N3FZ " 867,225 689 465 K8TS " 145,299 386 259 *UA9R 28 67,257 169 136
*Z35ØAGCW A 305,182 531 331 *UY5TE " 205,500 525 274 K3AU " 815,490 557 442 *KM6Z A 1,853,460 1570 630 *RA9UN 14 9,381 61 59
(OP: Z32U) *UR6IJ 21 162,000 386 300 (OP: K2YWE) *NC8C " 1,788,614 1425 599 *UA9OV A 5,810 40 35
*Z35Z 1.8 1,058 25 23 *UY5BQ A 143,676 297 234 WA3AAN 7 413,275 480 305 (OP: W1NN)
*UR7HLY 14 135,680 312 265 AC3U A 357,027 554 341 *NN8UU " 817,128 977 468 District Ø
Northern Ireland *UT3UZ " 115,570 289 254 (OP: W3UL) *WR4T " 418,750 565 335 RAØQD A 1,590,889 1178 589
*MI5I A 923,100 1055 543 *UW2Q 21 113,784 335 264 K3GW 14 350,020 456 370 *N8PE " 282,256 516 299 *RØBI 14 369,303 441 341
(OP: GIØRQK) (OP: UR6QS) N3XL A 156,992 299 223 *K8YE 14 238,740 281 231 *RØSBI " 127,684 266 233
*MIØI 28 4,224 68 64 *UT5UT 28 75,960 272 211 NY3B " 82,026 251 189 *W8EWH A 170,126 384 242 *RCØL A 51,600 206 150
*UR5IFM 21 58,506 169 139 NE3K " 59,860 190 146 *K7DR " 146,222 353 226
Norway *UR5UJ A 26,091 142 117 K3ISH 14 7,920 56 53 *AA8OY " 141,050 303 217 Asiatic Turkey
*LN7TTT A 946,428 1031 532 *UR5WCA " 21,120 150 120 *W3RGA A 1,175,944 1027 506 *KE8G 7 109,472 222 176 *TA4RC A 21,931 99 91
(OP: LA5LJA) *UX1CW " 17,430 93 83 *NJ3K " 1,085,148 1028 516 *N8FYL A 26,299 148 119
*LA6PB 14 924 34 33 *UT5KL 7 2,001 69 69 *N3HCN " 992,438 914 482 China
*LB6RH/P A 8,239 85 77 *UY7LM A 334,780 596 380 *K3ORC " 32,966 125 106 BA4MY A 2,150,712 1552 648
*UV1IW " 41,026 198 146 *K2RK 14 29,391 108 97 District 9 BD4TUC 14 1,298,690 1051 610
Poland *K3HW " 19,656 127 108 ND9G A 1,063,668 811 548 (OP: BA4TB)
SP5AUC A 1,836,900 1634 650 Wales *AC5XK A 80,472 279 168 K9WO " 207,480 317 247 BD4QB A 305,584 776 269
3ZØX 14 710,892 870 546 *MW6M A 234,479 402 287 W9ILY 14 182,688 304 264 *BI4MBC A 343,048 754 313
(OP: SP5MXZ) (OP: GW4BVJ) District 4 N9DR A 49,773 185 141 *BG8PM " 237,110 432 262
SP5CJQ 28 34,200 192 148 NN3W A 2,467,188 1239 684 KØPG " 35,910 154 133 *BH4BUI 21 736 24 23
*SP1IKK 7 752,719 857 548 KQ4R " 2,344,620 1635 690 *N9UA A 345,425 464 337
*SP1R 14 657,547 725 529 OCEANIA N4IQ " 1,637,196 1270 628 *KK9V " 255,519 388 267 India
*SP2HOU 7 378,108 424 379 Australia KR4Z 21 942,390 1048 555 *K9WA " 202,147 446 253 VU2PTT A 1,445,386 935 554
*SN4X " 272,094 414 303 VK2PN A 394,800 414 282 (OP: N4OX) *KC9YL " 2,550 38 34 VU2DED " 320,232 395 264
(OP: SP5OXJ) VK7GN " 260,536 329 232 NF4A A 759,520 950 470 VU2IBI " 88,566 218 174
*SP5UFK A 141,010 303 239 K2WK " 691,680 669 393 District Ø *VU3GDS 14 211,862 326 259
*SP8BXL 14 138,824 324 268 Hawaii NN4SS " 611,534 578 418 WØBM A 588,104 563 451 *VU2AE A 30,704 114 101
*SP4AWE 3.5 113,071 279 203 WH7T A 3,187,921 1488 671 N4FP " 556,808 731 427 NWØM " 493,488 796 368 *VU2MB 7 3,780 22 22
*SP8CGU 14 107,352 280 252 (OP: WH7W) KT4Q " 526,422 553 397 NØTA " 473,850 780 390
*SP9OUV 7 97,890 216 195 WS6X " 384,770 509 353 KØWA " 320,033 567 349 Israel
*SQ2EEQ A 25,252 141 118 Indonesia AA5JF " 321,912 415 306 NNØDX 14 178,648 371 274 4Z5LY A 3,641,400 1662 700
*SN4EE 21 9,660 91 84 *YB2MM A 208,902 313 222 WN1GIV 28 269,864 694 316 (OP: K9DU) 4XØA 28 464,968 524 322
*SP9GNM 14 7,134 92 87 *YB8RW " 162,514 317 166 (OP: N4BP) NG7A A 170,434 478 254 (OP: 4X1VF)
*SP1DMD A 3,776 63 59 *YC1PZ " 7,446 54 51 W2XYZ A 219,221 366 257 W7RF " 168,399 327 243 *4Z5TK A 23,933 99 91
*SP9KAG 7 106,172 253 209 *YD9VE 7 248 8 8 NZ4N " 163,784 328 236 KØFG " 34,840 142 134
(OP: SP9CXN) *YB2CTE " 66 12 11 K3DNE 14 109,568 253 214 KØAE " 32,160 202 134 Japan
*SP8OOE 3.5 87,984 272 208 *YC9XYP 28 45 5 5 K5VIP A 41,446 108 106 KØTRL " 19,000 113 95 District 1
*SP2HMY 21 12,342 83 72 NX4N 7 29,800 85 76 *WIØWA A 281,972 601 314 JK1LSE A 838,245 944 435
*SP8D 3.5 1,296 27 27 New Zealand KEØL A 20,497 115 103 (OP: NØAC) 7K4VPV " 381,969 597 301
ZL25NZ 7 4,787,910 1573 810 *WA4PGM A 1,329,120 907 585 *WZØW " 224,842 450 289 JH1CTV " 324,270 522 270
Portugal (OP: ZL3CW) *WN4AFP 7 763,994 732 451 *NØUK " 83,333 197 167 JL1LNC " 207,394 529 242
*CT1DRB A 162,016 343 244 ZL2AGY " 240,108 242 187 *WC4E A 743,386 625 406 *KBØNES " 7,208 78 68 7K1III " 143,864 397 196
*CS7AMH " 120,830 302 215 ZM1A 14 8,949 59 57 *N2FT " 467,744 630 376 JE1SGH " 116,745 252 215
*CT7AIX 28 432 19 16 (OP: ZL3CW) *K4OSO " 222,372 386 261 JK1UVL " 57,070 252 130
*ZL2RX 21 1,550 26 25 Canada
*K4FN 7 212,940 292 234 District 1 JA1FFB " 39,816 140 126
Romania *NØOJ A 186,588 293 213 *VE9VIC A 232,505 358 245 JK1AKA " 29,085 161 105
YO8BDW A 373,732 798 505 Philippines *NJ8J " 107,399 311 211 JA1CCN " 20,430 113 90
YO3JW 7 131,610 274 214 *DU1XX 21 111,843 275 153 *K4GM " 71,412 154 132 JH1APK 28 14,694 93 83
YO2NAA 1.8 112,104 236 184 *W4NBS " 70,192 221 164 District 2 *JM1MTE A 257,796 482 252
*YO4AAC A 128,216 403 248 *K3ZGA " 35,742 181 138 *VA2PHK A 295,740 383 265 *JG1XIO " 162,281 401 239
*YO5AXF 14 87,840 288 239 SOUTH AMERICA *N4ARO 7 23,458 76 74 *VE2FU 7 288,626 284 221 *JF1WNT " 126,900 325 180
*YO7LYM A 40,152 224 168 Argentina *K3TW A 2,706 35 33 *VE2CSM A 240,783 333 249 *JI1FLB " 126,735 390 213
*YO4FZX 28 23,493 147 123 LU6VEK A 36,064 112 98 *K3UT 14 2,124 37 36 *VA2VT 14 106,680 237 204 *JP1GUW " 113,076 274 162
*YO7NSP 7 10,880 65 63 *LU6OA A 1,508,165 1034 547 *W4SCP " 418 20 19 *JH1VIX 28 105,168 39 32
*YO4BEX 14 60,705 249 213 *LU7GFH " 3,290 38 35 (OP: WAØLJM) District 3 *JM1VNJ A 36,924 130 102
*YO4LHR 28 420 22 21 *LU1QDQ 3.5 2,324 9 9 *W5NZ 21 240 12 12 VX31IGY A 2,164,032 1294 578 *JJ1EJX " 24,390 161 90
*LU6UAL 14 3 3 3 *W4QO A 212,898 402 274 (OP: VE3NE) *JI1RSF " 20,007 99 81
Scotland VE3BR " 1,475,118 1061 463 *7K1EQG 14 19,206 122 97
GM3A 14 1,311,114 1218 651 Aruba District 5 VE3TW " 360,890 455 302 *JO1WIZ A 10,080 131 70
(OP: MMØJOM) P49Y A 10,094,446 2613 958 NN5O A 321,090 585 330 VE3BXG " 43,968 152 96 *JK1FUP " 8,591 91 71
MM1E 21 132,840 362 270 (OP: AE6Y) WA5YOM 14 65,275 205 175 *VE3MGY A 1,570,460 1137 527 *JA1CRJ 7 6,384 39 36
(OP: MMØGOR) *P4ØA A 4,638,045 1749 723 NM6E A 47,232 192 144 *VA3FF " 1,119,193 787 457 *JE1SPY 1.8 3,572 77 47
(OP: KK9A) W5AP " 32,750 139 125 *VE3GFN " 939,918 817 417 *JK1CEK A 30 7 6
Serbia K5IB 14 9,453 71 69 *VE3TM 14 765,846 665 469 *JG1LFR 1.8 2,052 58 36
YU51ANO 7 1,738,434 1078 618 Brazil *N5XE A 371,565 547 345 *VE3EY A 669,636 440 356 *JG1CMT A 140 14 10
(OP: YU1RA) PR7AB 14 1,572,636 1036 603 *NN5T " 327,502 474 314 *VE3OI " 449,210 525 290 *JF1GZZ/1 " 4 2 2
*YU1AO A 100,100 282 220 *PY2NY 14 464,187 465 359 *K5ME " 188,100 409 285 *VA3PAF " 37,345 143 97
*PY2RSA 21 413,655 345 263 *AC5V " 4,320 66 54 *VE3WG " 36,036 119 99 District 2
Sicily *PW7P " 47,082 160 133 *K5PAR 7 161 7 7 *VE3MV " 22,695 98 85 JF2FIU A 302,280 707 264
IT9UFP 14 304,764 472 327 (OP: PR7AR) *W5EJD A 30 10 10 *VE3MDX " 9,185 63 55 JA2PFO 7 197,074 316 211
*IR9Z 21 4,896 48 48 *PY2BN A 240 12 12 *N3CI A 2,268 30 28 *7K1MAG/2 A 378,532 587 308
(OP: IT9VCE) District 5 *JA2FXV " 161,253 376 207
Peru District 6 *VE5GC 14 80,472 249 168 *JR2NTC " 483 23 21
Slovak Republic OA4SS A 996,820 785 394 N6MI A 768,240 960 485
*OM3BA A 219,505 437 307 W6SX " 654,668 990 412 District 6 District 3
*OM8ON " 120,218 235 217
Uruguay AG6AU " 615,560 779 440 *VA6WWW A 434,388 497 318 JN3SAC A 542,012 579 358
*CX2AQ 28 43,142 139 106 (OP: W1RH) JQ3ALW " 389,372 450 313
*OM3CDN 7 89,208 223 189 *VA6RCN " 37,044 141 108
*OM7AT A 19,600 121 100 AK6M " 447,200 614 416 (OP: VE3RCN) (OP: JH1TXG)
*OM2AGN 7 9,487 42 41 (OP: K6MM) JR3BOT " 236,301 564 249
TRIBANDER / WIRES KE1B " 416,185 619 385 District 7 JA3VOV " 235,848 507 248
Slovenia KØXP " 322,134 553 318 *VE7CA A 87,745 223 161 JM3UGA " 2,800 26 25
S53A A 5,845,688 2345 901
NORTH AMERICA NN6DX " 254,510 430 310 *VE7BC 14 48,106 170 134 JE3GNN 14 3 1 1
S57AL " 5,290,560 2164 880 United States (OP: W1PR) *VE7KAJ " 1,035 23 23 *JG3WDN A 857,038 810 442
S59AA " 2,488,324 1666 782 District 1 WE6Z " 216,783 473 279 *VE7BGP " 1,029 24 21 *JP3WEL " 309,844 538 284
S5ØR 21 873,988 1058 633 NC1CC 14 1,426,046 1034 667 AI6Z 14 152,328 306 264 (OP: JG1EIQ)
S5ØU 28 358,938 761 414 K1SM A 338,300 486 340 KD6X " 139,601 310 259 *JF3BFS 21 206,988 460 282
AB1U A 31,512 149 104 Costa Rica
*S56A A 1,255,380 1056 610 ND1X " 42,880 147 134 *TI2OY A 411,207 543 339 *7J3AOZ A 95,790 434 155
*S53WW " 968,013 968 531 *N1EN A 1,894,599 1300 609 (OP: W6RKC) *JF3LGC " 21,627 124 89
*S54X 7 73,188 198 160 *AB1J 14 416,800 544 400 NN6C " 30,294 108 102 *JA3EBT " 18,018 124 99
K7GK " 13,400 79 67 Cuba
*S57WW A 1,312 35 32 *N1DC A 414,504 601 342 *CO8NMN A 1,357,720 863 455 *JA3MIB 21 12,960 120 90
*KA1YQC 14 78,280 194 190 KF6NCX " 13,248 120 96 *JI3KDH 14 11,993 71 67
W6FB " 13,188 99 84 *CO8WN " 343,536 373 272
Spain *AK1K A 2,576 50 46 *CO8OH 7 160,381 201 169 *JG3LDD A 60 6 6
*WB2CPU A 101,896 321 188 N5KO " 10,653 60 53 *JA4XHF/3 A 134,248 321 194
ED7R A 5,235,648 2400 888
K8TR " 9,288 90 72
(OP: EA7X) District 2 *N6GEO A 205,400 475 260
Puerto Rico District 4
EC3A " 3,137,070 1922 795 K2SSS A 7,544,495 2751 1015 *KH2TJ/WD6 " 88,453 238 197 WP4WW 14 333,792 510 304 *JE4MHL A 1,085,655 1125 461
EF1C 14 309,738 649 418 KE2D " 3,746,640 1706 804 *KA9A 7 36,722 140 122 (OP: KP4JRS) *JH1MTR/4 " 111,333 384 177
EA5M A 247,312 501 328 KR2AA " 2,480,485 1647 655 *KP4JFR 14 128,816 176 147
*K6CSL A 12,551 98 77 *JH4FUF 21 3,008 56 47
EE3M 1.8 188,552 357 259 AB2E " 2,435,520 1474 688 *KB6VME " 9,672 111 78 *NP3YL 28 540 16 15
*JA4MRL A 209 12 11
(OP: EA3CX) W2NO " 1,775,870 868 691 *W6RQ " 4,029 63 51
*EA3ICJ
*EA5/RV2A "
A 587,574
150,645
602 403
305 249
WR2G " 1,629,208 963 619 *K6ICS 28 1,696 7 7 AFRICA District 5
NE2V " 1,252,328 954 532 *K2GMY 21 22,155 45 42 Canary Islands *JG5DHX A 339,390 625 270
*EA3Y 3.5 7,614 57 54 N2SQW " 850,824 677 468 EF8R A 12,474,319 3300 1079 *JA5CBU " 87,768 289 159
*EA3WX A 7,198 66 61 WB2NVR " 819,840 693 427 District 7 (OP: EA8RM)
*EA2CAR 14 85,792 261 224 WO2X " 593,894 574 413 NE6LE A 2,423,278 1474 814 ED8M 7 346,704 255 233 District 6
W2GDJ " 232,560 337 285 (OP: K4XU) (OP: EA8DIG) *JH6QIL A 111,072 369 178
Sweden N2YBB 14 95,040 217 198 NO7R 14 994,347 913 603 *JA6CVR " 86,978 348 157
SC6N 7 935,456 809 496 K2QO A 87,108 233 183 (OP: AA7V) Morocco *JE6JZP " 56,168 231 136
SM3PZG A 134,208 298 233 K7RB " 54,166 160 146 K7JQ A 952,000 978 500 *CN8KD 14 3,006,252 1402 739
*SF6W A 431,148 662 372 N2SO " 23,129 118 101 KS7T " 685,305 924 485 District 8
(OP: SM6EWB) W2UDT " 1,372 32 28 KC7V " 673,200 904 425 Namibia *JH8DHV 14 19,285 123 95
*SM5CSS " 419,750 576 365 *N2UU A 805,068 795 418 K7VIT " 189,230 335 254 V51YJ A 3,090 30 30 *JM8LND A 1,664 36 32
*SI5A " 152,568 291 234 *K2RET " 780,006 606 426 KB7AZ " 68,502 181 147
(OP: SM5LW) *KV2U " 571,136 665 388 WZ7ZR 21 65,236 254 188 South Africa District 9
*SM7CIL " 72,996 190 158 *NM2A " 207,718 360 259 (OP: W7ZR) ZS1C A 12,060 65 60 JA9CWJ 14 109,060 224 205

JH9CEN A 33,925 143 115 *RN3S A 1,614,450 1277 705 *SV1CKZ " 96,432 266 196 Portugal *UX3UV " 72,756 265 188
*JH9FCP A 317,515 813 251 *R3VL " 870,884 1123 532 *SV2CLJ 28 21,106 149 122 *CR5O A 2,753,209 1783 757 *UR4LIN " 60,896 226 173
*JA9EJG " 3,927 60 51 *RK3P " 432,036 589 396 (OP: CT7AJL) *UR5XMM 14 55,428 200 175
*UA3ABJ 14 380,190 606 437 Hungary *CT7ANO 14 10,050 78 75 *UT4UQ A 47,025 204 165
District Ø *UC5D A 109,174 279 221 HG1A A 5,351,022 2466 986 *UR3VKR " 34,944 118 104
JJØJML A 1,491,699 1201 561 *R3LC 28 61,610 271 202 (OP: HA1ZN) Romania *UR4EI " 20,776 111 98
JHØOXS " 115,456 340 176 *UA3DCE 3.5 59,640 185 164 HA3OU " 1,984,320 1146 780 YO9SW 21 54,782 213 182
JJØPJD " 48,372 143 116 *RZ3Z 14 43,516 195 172 HA8DU " 1,787,676 1413 638 YO4CSL 3.5 45,441 115 107 Wales
*JHØNEC A 627,471 731 403 *R5FQ A 16,356 102 87 HG6O 7 1,706,271 984 651 YO4RST A 30,080 153 128 *GW4W 3.5 49,178 136 134
*RA3VE " 11,934 87 78 (OP: HA6OA) *YO8DOH A 2,344,089 1388 753 (OP: GW4EVX)
Kazakhstan *RN3DKE 14 3,528 50 49 *HG6V A 1,718,360 1259 680 *YO3APJ " 2,019,511 1353 767 *GW5L A 4,290 56 55
UP4L A 2,382,172 1176 751 *R3IBT 14 41,652 200 178 (OP: HA6IAM) *YO6KPT 7 1,129,821 883 511 (OP: GW4ZAR)
(OP: UN7LZ) *UA3LMR 21 25,944 160 138 *HA8EN " 203,032 461 328 (OP: YO6FGZ)
*UNØLM 14 1,080,072 592 452 *UA3RFT 7 3,255 37 35 *HA8CQ " 99,462 341 242 *YR2X A 800,768 924 544
*UN4PG 28 34,998 141 114 *HA1WD " 59,400 204 165 (OP: YO2LEA) OCEANIA
*UN8PF 21 12,096 76 72 District 4 *HA1TI 1.8 37,632 154 128 *YO4BEW " 98,046 321 234 Australia
RZ4Z A 825,340 812 580 *YO2IS 21 92,204 298 259 VK4ACN A 16,200 80 60
Republic of Korea UA4C 28 210,945 512 342 Iceland *VK2CCC 3.5 473 19 11
*HL5YI A 36,340 157 115 RQ4D A 156,940 343 266 TF3Y 14 116,550 268 175 Scotland *VK5GG 7 9 3 3
*R4RN A 353,288 506 344 *TF/KA1IS A 886,080 841 480 MM9I A 6,632,280 2677 1080
Saudi Arabia *RO4A " 60,636 238 186 (OP: GMØOPS) Hawaii
HZ7C 14 2,538,276 1294 689 (OP: R4AAX) Ireland MM4D 14 759,816 856 549 KH6TU A 2,709,210 1423 582
(OP: 7Z1SJ) *RT4H " 12,692 87 76 *EI3CTB 28 49 7 7 (OP: GM4ATA) (OP: AD6E)
*HZ1TT A 1,116,360 702 420 *UB4Y " 1,037 17 17 GM2Y A 210,800 408 310 *KH6CJJ A 920,616 810 356
Italy (OP: MMØDXH)
Thailand District 6 IO6A A 4,244,640 2218 888 *MSØSFB A 234,437 497 313 Indonesia
*E29AHU A 11,856 80 57 RO7C 3.5 621,110 657 467 I2IFT 7 3,663,000 1492 825 (OP: GM4UBJ) YBØNSI 14 32,849 115 107
(OP: R6CZ) I2WIJ A 3,459,456 1841 858 YB2TS A 12,255 115 95
Vietnam RU6CO A 420,740 615 386 IK3UNA " 1,985,693 1564 739 Serbia *YB9UA 21 21,440 77 64
*XV9RH A 19,135 125 89 *R7MM A 1,875,120 1288 780 IB3X 3.5 727,590 787 474 YU1EA 28 255,304 595 376 *YB2WA 7 5,452 51 47
(OP: JH4RHF) *RT6N " 216,000 475 320 IK2XDE A 681,360 754 510 *YT9VM 7 1,351,245 928 595 *YD9UW 21 6,768 40 36
IK4VET " 492,936 594 376 *YU1UO " 1,166,277 830 553 *YB2NDX 7 176 8 7
Fed. Rep. of Germany IV3KKW " 193,438 363 287 *YUØU 3.5 302,416 385 275
EUROPE DL1WA A 5,401,130 2170 1085 IO3X 28 161,616 430 312 *YT8A 1.8 248,514 400 279 New Zealand
Austria DL5YM " 3,138,200 1938 850 (OP: IV3JCC) *YT2U A 202,940 425 292 ZL2RVW 14 7,896 57 56
OE3KAB A 1,943,212 1362 668 DH7KU " 2,914,854 1676 867 IZ8DVD A 61,232 207 172 *YT2RX 28 104,975 347 247 *ZL4YY A 2,136 35 24
*OE2E A 2,923 38 37 DP8M " 2,394,788 1101 814 I2JIN 14 31,122 150 133 *YU1LM A 788,144 890 496 *ZM3T 7 8,733 51 41
(OP: OE2GEN) (OP: DL6NDW) I1GXV A 25,750 136 125 *YT5DM/P 7 408 17 17 (OP: ZL3TE)
DHØGHU " 2,352,702 1306 829 IZ4DZD 14 21,301 127 119
Belarus DL6JZ " 1,969,260 1114 690 IK3DVY A 11,316 71 69 Sicily Philippines
EW1FM 28 3,905 56 52 DL5LYM " 1,926,848 1016 748 *IO8O A 1,415,880 1243 648 *IT9CKA A 28,890 158 135 DU3T A 1,847,640 1226 445
*EU3A A 2,116,400 1411 715 DL1NEO " 1,461,960 1049 744 (OP: IK8UND) DU3TW " 1,044,362 797 407
*EU1DC " 331,962 516 366 DL4ME " 1,365,938 1278 602 *IK4MTF " 1,336,200 1042 600 Slovak Republic *4F3BZ 21 79,365 206 142
*EU6RO 3.5 159,858 314 249 DD2AW " 1,276,267 1286 569 *IZ8EFD 14 840,164 915 604 *OM7ØØMHZ 3.5 227,968 411 274
*EW4C 14 24,276 104 100 DL6DH 3.5 788,640 764 496 *IK4DCX " 515,352 624 436 (OP: OM2FY) Samoa
*EW1AFM 21 10,044 85 78 DJ8EW A 571,640 746 461 *IU4FNO A 237,861 428 321 *OM5CM A 68,571 193 171 *5W1SA A 187,561 305 187
*EW8R A 1,450 30 29 DL3FCG " 547,560 658 468 *IØ/S58Y " 163,785 381 305
DF4XG 3.5 523,303 639 421 *IU5ICR 7 80,166 248 186 Slovenia
Belgium DJ9AO " 429,005 513 359 *IK1TTD A 75,272 235 194 S53EA 14 3,458,665 1899 931 SOUTH AMERICA
ON4TTT A 676,512 777 464 DL3UB A 413,706 649 361 *IK2AUK " 42,032 170 142 S56X 3.5 1,004,870 905 514
OT5Q 21 192,504 329 248 DF6RI " 409,728 531 352 *IK7NXU " 34,164 148 146 S51DX 7 335,551 392 264 Argentina
*ON9TT A 400,698 678 394 DQ6Q " 364,320 489 352 *IO3C 3.5 34,071 146 123 *S56C A 399,230 657 370 L33M A 597,498 539 363
*OQ4B 14 65,170 219 190 DL6HCC " 221,216 305 248 *IW2BZY A 20,944 127 119 *S57X 3.5 318,802 475 337 (OP: LU3MAM)
(OP: ON4BHQ) DM5DM 21 112,095 329 265 *IRØY " 19,594 115 97 *S57KM A 306,190 493 335 LU4HK " 277,182 383 261
*ON7XN A 60,291 234 189 DF5BX A 96,750 310 215 *IK2IKW " 17,115 120 105 *S53O " 21,924 141 116 LW1D " 160,987 300 229
DL7LX " 34,980 151 132 *IZ5JLW " 7,854 69 66 (OP: LW1EUD)
Bosnia-Herzegovina DF6PB " 27,240 133 120 *IW5ECP " 1,008 25 24 Spain LU6DOT " 143,620 278 215
E72U A 845,000 799 500 DJ2AX " 6,237 69 63 *IK4JQQ 28 702 24 23 AM5IP A 1,098,175 978 545 LV7D 14 85,225 203 175
*E73AA 7 1,450,263 1119 573 *DFØJR A 3,375,099 1606 951 *IZ8JFL A 2,050,268 1198 748 (OP: EA5YU) (OP: LU7DD)
*E77EA 3.5 429,768 569 376 (OP: DJ5MO) *IKØXBX 1.8 17,550 99 90 EA2KV " 906,392 971 548 *LT7F A 9,500 53 50
*E77D A 358,802 593 346 *DL4FN " 2,777,800 1488 850 *IZ2QKG A 3,224 54 52 ED4T " 634,437 791 471 *LU5DX " 2,200 32 25
*DR7T " 2,647,628 1600 844 (OP: EA4R) *LW8DRU " 1,595 32 29
Bulgaria (OP: DF1DN) Latvia EA4M " 103,920 331 240
LZ7G A 3,831,828 2282 924 *DJ3HW " 2,340,102 1512 762 YL9T A 2,532,700 1751 817 *EA1WH 14 843,050 915 650 Brazil
(OP: LZ1NK) *DM6EE " 2,119,220 1376 782 YL2HR " 1,594,982 1164 734 *EF5U 28 130,074 479 266 PP5AX A 86,070 202 151
LZ1YE " 2,497,240 1725 745 *DL1MGB " 2,103,288 1448 744 *YL1ZF A 4,680,009 2128 993 (OP: EA5U) PT2AW " 3,973 36 29
LZ5N " 1,598,618 1181 623 *DL4WA " 1,981,860 1144 804 *YL2QN A 626,340 720 429 *EA3AGB A 82,170 259 198 *PY4XX 14 193,848 280 246
(OP: LZ1HW) *DJ1YFK " 1,648,896 1151 678 *EA3NO 28 67,240 272 196 *PY2XC 21 145,188 262 218
LZ4A " 1,274,007 1284 651 *DK5DQ " 1,638,750 1026 690 Lithuania *EA3OH " 47,784 228 181 *PY1AX " 59,364 127 114
*LZ5EE 14 458,594 651 488 *DF4ZL " 1,413,000 1233 628 LY5XX A 870,758 926 518 *EA7RCS A 33,823 183 149 *PY3TD A 50,901 155 141
*LZ3SM A 1,363 30 29 *DL3YM " 1,210,460 989 580 *EA5ASM 21 11,830 92 91 *PY2UDB " 17,892 89 84
*DF1LON " 1,138,954 1025 613 Luxembourg *EA4U A 525 15 15 *PY3KN 28 12,474 70 63
Crete *DL4YR " 981,688 938 554 *LX8M A 139,740 291 255 *PY2OF 21 3,268 38 38
SV9COL 21 6,912 54 54 *DM7EE " 641,130 609 497 (OP: LX1ER) Sweden *PU7ASP " 1,219 21 21
*SV9RNG A 142,570 401 265 *DL4VK " 382,674 538 354 SF1Z A 1,102,800 1040 600
*DL5CL " 380,688 496 412 Netherlands (OP: SMØHEV) Chile
Croatia *DJØMY 3.5 324,192 431 352 PI4VPO A 1,790,000 1464 716 SD1A " 719,236 978 476 *CB4R A 223,728 308 237
9A2U A 4,123,610 1946 883 *DH7TNO A 323,433 530 363 (OP: PA2A) (OP: SM1TDE) (OP: XQ3SK)
(OP: 9A2R) *DF4XF " 217,699 411 293 PE3T " 487,968 591 391 SM7IUN " 284,666 483 317 *XQ3OP 7 792 18 18
*9A1AA A 684,780 730 452 *DR2C " 215,040 452 280 PF5X " 328,887 500 351 *SE4E A 1,633,071 1375 697 *3G3O 28 3,774 39 34
(OP: DJØIF) PAØJNH " 219,243 412 321 (OP: SM4DQE) (OP: XQ3OP)
Czech Republic *DL9ZP 28 99,722 355 238 PC4H " 66,908 246 172 *SFØA " 930,315 984 545
OK1OA A 1,773,900 1305 675 *DK9OY " 97,686 338 243 PA3ADU " 58,233 211 177 (OP: SMØLPO) Peru
OK6DJ " 48,706 196 142 *DF5AN A 95,427 240 207 PA2A " 1,053 29 27 *SIØW " 413,220 590 388 *OA4EA A 208,534 308 254
*OL57ZW A 3,086,577 1651 851 *DL4HBF " 68,634 242 186 *PD1RP A 406,596 514 372 (OP: SMØNSJ)
(OP: OK1YM) *DK8NC " 64,328 206 172 *PA3DBS " 77,331 265 173 *SE6J " 146,060 382 268
*OK1TRJ 14 64,790 177 153 *DP5P " 64,010 201 173 *PE1HWO " 2,465 31 29
*OK2PF A 46,664 193 152 (OP: DL1MHJ) *PA1B A 8,932 96 77 *SM5CCT "
(OP: SM6XHM)
32,058 180 137
MULTI-OPERATOR
*OK7N
*OK7CM A
" 6,327
147,987
60 57
359 261
*DK2WU
*DL8WAA
"
"
43,186
38,991
167 143
158 123 North Macedonia
*SM5GRD
*SF5M
"
A
19,497
286
110
13
97
13
SINGLE-TRANSMITTER
Denmark
*DF3EH
*DQ9Y
"
28
30,240
26,600
170 144
158 140
Z35T 14 3,904,286 2161 1006 (OP: SM5SYO) HIGH POWER
*OZ6TM A 754 27 26 (OP: DF2SD) Northern Ireland Switzerland NORTH AMERICA
*DL2FQ A 15,096 117 102 GI5I A 109,125 286 225 HB9DQL A 4,927,307 2136 979 United States
England *DL5GAC 14 14,880 100 93 (OP: GI4DOH) HB9CZF " 303,264 366 312
G6T A 2,326,284 1239 722 *DK1LRS A 6,486 82 69 *HB9FMJ A 94,824 278 216 District 1
(OP: G4MKP) *DL5XL " 4,094 61 46 Norway *HB9WDY " 81,972 262 198 K3JO 11,336,144 3037 1207
M4J " 365,355 483 345 *DG7RO " 1,813 39 37 LA7GIA A 2,773,472 1849 767 N1MGO 518,843 560 373
(OP: GØDVJ) *DG3FFM 7 240 12 10 LAØCX " 911,154 1042 543 Ukraine AG1C 144,290 269 235
G3XTT " 288,273 526 313 *DJ4CW 3.5 97,308 266 203 LA2US " 24,648 114 104 UR5R A 3,304,664 2479 799
M9N 7 266,667 448 309 *DH1AKY A 10,624 97 83 LB2TB " 1,575 27 25 (OP: UTØRM) District 2
(OP: G7WHI) *DK4CU 14 4,620 72 70 *LB6GG A 1,515,735 1385 585 UZ1WW " 2,450,718 1609 787 WA2JQK 181,002 413 291
GB2GM 21 132,768 389 288 *DL2LFH 28 552 25 24 *LA2HFA " 518,661 667 429 UR7R " 1,314,222 1412 609
(OP: G3PLE) *LA3NGA 14 117,390 288 273 (OP: UX1RX) District 3
*G4PVM A 2,227,890 1599 721 Finland USØU " 933,660 1029 540 ND3D 6,803,730 2475 1017
*G2W " 545,376 692 456 OH1TM A 2,604,096 1563 864 Poland (OP: USØUX) W3LL 4,525,424 2023 904
(OP: G4DBW) OG3ØYL 7 1,442,112 1082 592 SO3N A 4,011,522 1907 943 US1VM 7 913,419 704 481 AG3I 4,249,256 2035 872
*M2J " 424,501 607 407 (OP: OH2YL) SP2FAP " 1,168,552 1095 542 UT1QQ A 835,544 1020 478 NG3R 3,951,408 1633 862
(OP: G4NBS) OG5G A 99,900 264 225 SN7F 7 797,403 682 471 UR5ECW " 662,090 953 463 W3ZGD 1,185,331 1141 541
*GØFGI " 213,365 387 307 (OP: OH1KIO) (OP: SP7AH) UT3N 7 394,405 490 355 K2XR 511,934 390 359
*2EØCVN " 211,761 522 297 OH1LAR " 57,512 216 182 SQ7U 1.8 39,130 154 130 (OP: UT3NK)
*G4N 7 209,042 311 254 *OH7L A 169,290 329 285 *SP9XCN A 3,766,074 1859 911 US7KC A 257,400 494 325
(OP: G4ZVB) (OP: OH8TV) *SP1AEN " 2,335,851 1425 727 *UT4LW A 5,093,501 3068 931 District 4
*MØRYB A 41,374 162 137 *SQ1921PS " 1,394,394 1276 614 *UR5LAM " 4,354,812 2682 924 KT6V 6,969,135 2290 1073
*OH1ØØSRAL " 120,384 318 228 W5MX 5,203,275 2345 935
*G3YPP 28 27,930 46 45 (OP: OH1NDA) (OP: SP9GFI) *UT5IA 7 2,666,080 1252 760
*G4PFZ A 12,750 98 85 *SP5CNA " 713,284 729 473 *UX1VT A 2,114,160 1140 766 W4THI 150,612 306 231
*OH2JIU " 111,065 276 229
*G4DYC " 11,376 92 79 *OH5UQ 7 105,800 228 192 *SOØN 3.5 348,255 517 355 *UR5WCQ 7 840,474 666 477
*G8AFN " 4,992 54 52 *OH2LU A 11,020 81 76 (OP: SQ9CNN) *UT4EK A 689,073 913 471 District 6
*OH6EOG " 504 19 18 *SP1GZF " 333,114 502 354 *US8IM " 634,723 913 509 NX6T 5,649,391 2421 1009
European Russia *SP9H A 301,187 461 349 *UT8AS 7 630,064 605 424 ND2T 365,256 580 356
District 1 *SP3CCT " 297,110 546 365 *UR7CB A 599,844 811 444
RM1T A 1,386,606 1337 613 France *HF55BRP 7 277,840 406 302 *UT5EPP " 477,240 790 410
(OP: R1TE) TM5T A 3,857,659 2060 871 (OP: SP9BRP)
District 7
*UY2ZZ " 276,120 551 312 NA2U 7,529,300 3032 1075
RA1QD 14 645,810 573 463 (OP: F5VKT) *SO6C 1.8 226,767 417 281 *UR5EPV " 231,073 538 311
F6EZV " 970,060 988 533 K2RD 3,842,732 2043 844
RC1W A 143,572 342 251 (OP: SP6CIK) *UR5LF " 225,454 520 349 NR5W 1,067,436 968 447
*UC1A A 984,814 1105 542 *F8CRS A 2,031,632 1176 779 *SP2GCE A 216,216 440 308 *UZ5Q " 150,436 383 263
*RD1T " 205,348 412 286 *F5PRH 7 469,224 408 342 *SP9GMI " 195,650 416 301 (OP: UY5QZ)
*R1BET " 103,008 290 232 *F4FFH 14 24,354 130 123 *SP3EMA " 147,668 354 268 *UR2Y 14 148,005 299 299 District Ø
*SP5WAZ " 65,048 226 173 (OP: USØYW) NJ8M 2,893,266 2022 818
District 3 Greece *SP2QOT " 46,512 170 152 *UR2VA 21 108,528 324 266
UA3AGW A 935,044 1007 538 SV2BXA A 927,141 927 597 *HF1921PS 21 6,555 70 66 *UW1U 1.8 104,624 264 208 Canada
R5AF " 916,839 772 567 *SV4FFL A 663,329 833 439 (OP: SP9MDY) (OP: UT7UA) District 1
RT5C " 637,551 763 463 *SV1AZL " 184,658 353 254 *SP9MDY A 1,426 32 31 *UY5YB A 79,386 261 202 VO1GRC 62,920 148 121

Fed. Rep. of Germany Croatia N1SOH 703,800 714 425
VE3YAA
District 3
1,468,640 966 536 DR4A 9,564,370 3103 1270
MULTI-OPERATOR *9A7T 5,760,594 2306 1047 NN1AA 593,681 487 341
DP6A
DBØFFR
6,705,468 2590 1148
2,467,105 1496 821
SINGLE-TRANSMITTER Czech Republic
District 7 NORTH AMERICA
VA7OO 817,875 637 375 DJ1XT 758,219 701 473 LOW POWER *OL1B 321,000 549 375 4A7A 1,208,547 1054 459
VE7FO 302,918 358 281
Finland NORTH AMERICA England
OH2A 5,129,702 2615 1018 *MØSQC 321,195 580 345 ASIA
ASIA OH2BAH 1,878,135 1382 651 United States JF1NHD 2,868,326 1887 673
Asiatic Russia District 2 European Russia BA7QT 2,005,545 1537 589
District 9 *NJ1F 2,516 38 37 District 3 BY1CY 1,509,770 1597 535
France *RG5A 7,418,322 2911 1194
RK9CYA 301,860 406 270 TM2Y 9,112,520 3545 1114 District 4
TM1D 423,157 537 427 *WE5P 673,585 759 407 District 4
China F5KSE 45,530 169 145 *KT3T 110,815 244 185 *RK4HYT 626,630 796 446
EUROPE
BY8DX 3,769,534 1945 758 LZ9W 30,860,620 8930 1609
BY5EA 2,445,378 1676 642 YT5A 30,660,815 8520 1627
Greece District 9 Fed. Rep. of Germany OL4A 24,554,400 7026 1560
BY1AS 988,430 993 485 SZ1A 5,521,912 2965 958 *KA9VVQ 94,668 306 196 *DP7D 8,324,826 3023 1182
BG7JJW 666,484 994 364 LN8W 24,512,415 7186 1535
*DQØL 5,521,516 2618 1001 EIØW 4,367,643 2522 863
BY6LY 620,077 952 383 Hungary District Ø *DP4X 4,534,750 2051 1067
BY1HAM 67,606 337 154 *WY7M 2,761,840 1674 760 *YT5L 238,854 511 329
HG6N 14,928,375 4648 1375 LY2ZO 17,226 107 99
HG8A 13,926,528 4026 1408 Hungary 9A8M 1,770 30 30
Japan HA3DX 7,534,480 3163 1060 Canada *HG21TISZA 4,181,450 2418 919
District 1 HA5ØKKC 2,084,818 1477 706 District 1 *HG6L 3,517,749 1845 951
JA1ZGO 1,292,276 968 538 *VE9ML 5,106,456 1617 846 OCEANIA
Italy Lithuania
*LY2J 3,123,184 1911 848 VK4KW 5,106,686 2040 767
District 3 IQ8SN 12,267,944 3745 1432 Puerto Rico
JL3ZHU 21,150 123 94 II8K 10,103,709 3855 1337 *WP3C 10,276,651 2673 1103
Monaco
District 6 Lithuania
*VP5M
Turks & Caicos Islands
9,771,384 3127 1029
*3A/IW1RBI 287,360 486 320 MULTI-OPERATOR
JG6YLY 1,671,705 1293 549 LY2XW 7,071,544 3107 1052
LY2NY 2,357,758 1473 767
*3Z1K
Poland
4,938,491 2384 943
MULTI-DISTRIBUTED
Thailand United States
E2E 688,324 723 403 Poland ASIA *SN1921PS 419,600 604 400
WW1X 30,311,008 7767 1487
SP8R 12,843,035 3927 1409 Asiatic Russia *HF1ØØHCH 7,625 68 61
*SP8PDE 90 9 9 NTØEE 4,066,848 2885 864
West Malaysia SN2B 9,564,944 3566 1208 District Ø KZ1W 2,627,749 1746 751
9M2S 1,479 20 17 *RUØLL 357,420 811 259
Romania *RØMM 18,164 124 76 Portugal
*CS5LX 55 11 11
EUROPE
YR7J 3,234,114 2038 813
Asiatic Turkey ASIA
*TC3N 3,472,431 1638 717 Romania UCØB 35,176,680 7146 1485
Aland Islands Serbia VR2CC 1,051,648 1246 416
YT6T 142,754 379 274 *YO4KAK 37,200 195 150
OHØW 11,761,470 4210 1323 China 9M2SAL 446,281 601 319
*BD7DT 1,773,695 1183 595 Serbia *JK2EIJ/Ø 217,800 762 220
Croatia Slovak Republic
OM4Q 6,623,673 2899 1099 *BY4DX 816,837 978 401 *YU5R 8,353,065 3091 1185
9A7A 17,211,152 4712 1514 *BY7KP 547,920 955 360
Switzerland EUROPE
Slovenia OPØHQ 19,476,864 5909 1408
S52C 5,249,220 2692 983 Japan *HB9AA 2,936,896 1775 842
Czech Republic LY73BB 16,334,400 5625 1328
OK5Z 13,418,990 3693 1417 S59T 2,808 39 39 District 2 EA1URA 7,590,060 3530 1132
Ukraine
OK7O 10,591,414 3560 1226 *JK2VOC 616,144 884 388 *UW6M 1,116,536 1219 599 YPØK 6,923,165 3544 1031
OL1C 6,150,924 2708 1011 Sweden *IR2X 6,275,550 3312 1070
SM2U 4,824,675 2355 1025 *UZ5P 379,028 622 394
OK1KKI 994,570 1037 542 Republic of Korea IQ1NO 4,780,330 2569 1010
SJØX 3,356,947 2128 869 *D7ØLW 179,550 537 210 MX4Y 4,579,238 2294 883
SKØQO 1,208,000 1007 604 Vienna Intl Ctr
England *C7A 1,838,538 1520 702 9H6A 4,431,660 2746 932
G5O 4,308,005 2036 955 West Malaysia DC6O 4,026,840 2122 920
Ukraine *9M4CPS 61,908 202 154 YL21ICE 3,332,103 2396 807
Estonia EN4U 3,598,372 2304 838 *9A1ØFF 1,349,786 1272 634
ES9C 21,147,547 5935 1579 UR4NWW 40,612 192 143 OCEANIA IZ8VKW 338,136 531 386
EUROPE Australia DKØDI 210,372 392 282
European Russia Austria *VK4SK 54,740 144 115 *G4EKT 2,706 44 41
District 1
OCEANIA *OE2S 4,754,074 1913 1079
Australia Indonesia
RU1A 16,731,396 5349 1452 VK5GR 366,212 412 287 Bosnia-Herzegovina *YB9DE 558,363 541 309 SOUTH AMERICA
*E7CW 4,137,443 2144 947 *7I1A 473,026 518 326 PT5T 23,236,390 4881 1321
District 3 Indonesia *7B1B 359,653 407 269 *ZV2F 14,616 83 72
RL3A 20,359,070 5770 1577 7A1A 1,235,334 853 454 Crete *7AØD 126,224 216 161
RY5A 574,128 654 443 7D1C 106,080 212 156 *SX9V 4,008,300 2051 930
Philippines CHECK LOGS
*DX1SPC 126,480 260 136 4U1UN, 8N1OLP, 8N7OLP, 9A2X, 9A7Y,
Looking Ahead SOUTH AMERICA
9M6ZAE, 9V1KG, AA5AU, AB1BX, AB5XM,
AD7MC, AE6BH, AF6GA, AI9K, AU2HFI,
BA5AB, BD7OB, BH8PHG, BI4VIP,
Chile CO2CW, CO2JD, CX1AA, CX2DK, DD7CW,
Here are some of the articles we’re working on for upcoming issues of CQ: *XQ3WD 399,456 422 288 DF2KK, DF3NW, DJ6ZM, DK3RED, DK8SR,
DL1DQW, DL2DXA, DL2HWI, DL2RTJ,
Technology Special in December! MULTI-OPERATOR
DL6FBR, DL6GBL, DL6KWU, DL6NDW,
DL6OAA, DL6RAI, DL8IH, DL8MBS, E7ØT,
• Arducon ARDF Beacon TWO-TRANSMITTER
E74Y, EA2AGV, EA2GP, EA3FNT,
EA4GOY, EA4MY, EA5JAB, EA6EJ,
• Centennial of the 1921 Transatlantic Tests EC7AKV, ED7G, EI6KW, EI7CC, ER3DX,
NORTH AMERICA ES2RR, EU1KY, EU2EU, EW4R, EW7DK,
• A Deep Dive Into End-Fed Half-Wave Antennas United States F3WT, F5NZY, F5VBU, F6HBR, F6KPQ,
NI4W 16,972,659 5099 1329 F8AKC, F8FQJ, G7PVZ, GM4AFF, HA3MN,
Plus… NS1DX
KW1K
11,777,952
9,929,360
3713
3683
1264
1190
HA7PO, HB9AFZ, HB9CIC, HB9ON, HF6C,
HVØA, IKØHBN, IT9PPG, IU8MOA, IV3ARJ,
• New column: “Ham Radio Explorer” NJ6G
KW7Y
9,724,010
8,599,022
3553
3453
1159
1073
IV3IXN, IV3TRK, IZ3VTH, IZ4KBW, J42L,
JE1CAC, JE4IVN, JF1VYX, JH1FSB,
• Rules, 2022 CQ WPX RTTY Contest WT3K
W4IX
7,194,048
4,528,684
2826
2013
1068
892
JI3BFC, JJ2QXI, JK1TCV, JR9CPT, JT1CS,
K1SX, K3WWT, K5LGX, K5LH, K6WIL,
KT7E 3,398,920 2017 796 K7EA, K7GQ, K8DE, K8RXB, K8YC,
Upcoming Special Issues WG3J 2,667,324 1824 726 KG5DKG, KG6T, KI7PKL, KM6CPF, KN8U,
K3CCR 1,983,870 955 658 KO8SCA, KP4/K9AW, LA7THA, LCØC,
February: QRP K3CT 620,466 638 462 LG9L, LS2D, LT5A, LU1ICX, LU5DF,
NY6Y 13,724 111 94 LW5HR, LY1CT, LY2BNL, LY3NX,
June: Take it to the Field LZ/S55M, LZØM, LZ1JZ, LZ1ND, LZ1UK,
October: Emergency Communications NORTH AMERICA LZ3FN, LZ3YY, LZ3ZZ, LZ5KW, LZ7DX,
MØCVO, M2U, M5ADL, N2BZD, N4EFS,
KL7RA 14,039,808 3783 1212
VA7AAA 6,628,401 2316 939 N6HCN, N6WT, N8OO, N8QNT, NA9J,
Do you have a hobby radio story to tell? Something for one of our specials? VA7DX 4,539,060 2142 755 NS4T, OG6ØBBM, OH1NPM, OK1DM,
OK1DWC, OK1FMX, OK1ITK, OK2AP,
CQ now covers the entire radio hobby. See our writers’ guidelines on the ASIA OK2BHD, OK2BOB, OK2CSU, OK2FB,
OK2FD, OK2PAY, OK2VWB, OK3C,
CQ website at <http://bit.ly/2qBFOdU>. JH8YOH 7,246,204 3106 959 OK7SX, OM2ZZ, ON4LDP, OS7AR, OV5O,
E2A 4,969,544 2216 824 OZ6TL, PA2ST, PA3DZM, PA3I, PA7JWC,
B1Z 4,120,351 2263 757 PU5UAI, PX1C, PY1NP, PY4NF, PY7OJ,
BG6SNJ 1,391,668 1189 556 RØRG, R2PA, R4SA, R6KY, R6YY, R7NK,
BY3GA 932,124 1057 449 R9AB, R9PS, RAØR, RA3VGS, RA4WE,
RA5W, RA6FUZ, RA6YDX, RA9DZ, RD9CX,
EUROPE RG7K, RL9L, RM2A, RM4C, RN4WA, RT3G,
OM7M 27,181,924 6884 1582 RT6C, RU3A, RU6AV, RU6K, RU7K,
OL3Z 22,302,826 6114 1534 RV1OO, RW3AG, RW9LL, RX6CB, RY7Y,
UA4M 20,901,622 6914 1526 RZ3F, S51J, S51R, S52MM, S52WD,
HG7T 20,699,970 5694 1506 S52WW, S58WW, SC3A, SD5M, SG5Z,
DM6V 18,400,732 5180 1462 SMØFPR, SMØHRP, SMØQ, SM2OTU,
IO1T 17,039,568 4995 1456 SN5Y, SN6S, SP2GOW, SP2HMT, SP4F,
LY4A 14,391,244 4646 1379 SP4G, SP4TKR, SP4W, SP6HEQ, SP6NVN,
RA5G 13,637,568 5389 1344 SP6OWY, SP7CDH, SP9RCL, SQ8L,
OZ5E 9,869,569 3358 1273 SQ9JYK, SQ9NFC, SV1GRB, SV3DCX,
DAØT 5,931,675 3054 1025 SV3RF, SV8PMM, TF3DC, TF3JB, TF3SG,
HB7X 4,472,250 2189 1005 TK5MH, TM5EE, UAØQNV, UA3EDQ,
UA3GX, UA4NAL, UA6EC, UA7K, UA9LBQ,
UD4F, UG1B, UN7FW, UR3QGJ, UR5E,
OCEANIA UR5WCW, UR7MZ, UR8UX, US2MT,
KH6LC 13,700,517 3649 1077 US5EEK, US5IQW, US8ZAL, UT5AX, UT7E,
UT7IS, UW7CN, UW7W, UX2IJ, V73NS,
VA2EW, VA2IG, VA3OB, VE2ZWA, VP8NO,
VU3BYD, VU3ESV, WØOEP, W2TZ,
MULTI-OPERATOR W3NO, W3QT, W3RE, W4/YL2QD, W6SY,
W8/LZ2SX, WA4TTK, WA8CLT, WK5T,
MULTI-TRANSMITTER WQ5OO, WW3S, YC7YGR, YO3FRI,
United States YO4GVC, YO4MM, YO4NA, YO4NF,
ND7K 16,947,487 5666 1349 YO5FMT, YO6KGS, YO9CB, YU1LD, ZF5T,
NR6O 10,794,386 4328 1153 ZL2AIM, ZL4AS, ZX2E.

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
NOVEMBER 2021
Advertiser Page Phone Website

100 Watts & A Wire ..................................110 ............................www.100WATTSANDAWIRE.COM
Advanced Specialties Inc. .......................39 201-VHF-2067 .....www.advancedspecialties.net
Alaskit..........................................................58 907-488-0483 ...ZZZalaskit.QHW
Amateur Radio Roundtable.....................80 901-570-2188......www.W5KUB.com
Bioenno Power...........................................39 888-336-7864......www.bioennopower.com
Buckmaster International LLC ..................60 540-894-0907 ....ZZZHamCall.net
Buddipole Antennas .................................67 503-591-8001......www.buddipole.com
CQ Amateur Radio Calendar .................12 516-681-2922......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
CQ Mechandise .......................23,37,Cov III 516-681-2922......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
CW Easy/Success Easy..............................80 561-302-7731......www.success-is-easy.com
Communications Concepts, Inc. .............47 937-426-8600 ......www.communication-concepts.com
Electric Radio Magazine ..........................60 720-924-0171......www.ermag.com
HamTestOnline...........................................53 888-857-6164......www.hamtestonline.com
Icom America Inc................................Cov II ............................www.icomamerica.com
Impulse Electronics....................................39 866-747-5277......www.impulseelectronics.com
International DX Association ....................79 ............................www.indexa.org
LDG Electronics.............................1,45,57,91 410-586-2177......www.ldgelectronics.com
Ni4L Antennas...........................................39 828-738-6445.....www.ni4l.com
Pacific Antenna.........................................53 ............................www.qrpkits.com
preciseRF ......................................................5 503-915-2490......www.preciserf.com
PreppComm.............................................53 ...........................www.PreppComm.com
QCWA.........................................................53 352-425-1097......www.qcwa.org
RF Parts........................................................13 800-921-4834......www.rfparts.com
RT Systems................................................7,75 800-921-4834......www.rtsystemsinc.com
REACT Int’l ..................................................76 301-316-2900......www.REACTintl.org
VHQ HexBeam .........................................79 603-731-7935 .....ZZZVHQHEX.com
W2IHY Technologies ..................................47 845-889-4253......www.w2ihy.com
W5SWL ..........................................................87 .............................www.W5SWL.com
W7DXX Remote ...........................................60 .............................www.w7dxx.com
YLRL .............................................................58 ............................www.ylrl.org
Yaesu..............................................11,Cov IV 714-827-7600......www.yaesu.com
Let CQ help you get the most for your advertising dollar!
Contact Dottie K, CQ’s Advertising Director
at 516-681-2922 x 106 or via email at ads@cq-amateur-radio.com
HAMSHOP
Advertising Rates: Non-commercial ads are 20 cents per word including abbreviations and addresses. Commercial and organization ads are $1.00 per word. Boldface
words are $1.50 each (specify which words). Minimum charge $2.00. No ad will be printed unless accompanied by full remittance. All ads must be typewritten
double-spaced.
Closing Date: The 10th day in the third month preceding date of publication (example: Jan. 10th for the March issue). Because the advertisers and equipment con-
tained in Ham Shop have not been investigated, the Publisher of CQ cannot vouch for the merchandise listed therein. The publisher reserves the right to reject any
advertisement. Direct all correspondence and ad copy to: CQ Ham Shop, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782 (e-mail: <hamshop@cq-amateur-radio.com>).
WWW.CABLEHELP.COM 160M antennas for small spaces. TWO NEW NOVELS involving ham radio: Full Circle, and NEED ROPE? All kinds, types, including: antenna rope,
(662) 332-8454. Frozen in Time, by N4XX. Visit <http://www.theodore-cohen- hauling, gin. FREE, free consultation, Go to <http://www.
novels.com/>. davisropeandcable.com/>. Veteran owned, K1PEK, 978-
For Sale: HF RADIO ICOM IC-78 TRANSCEIVER. New, 369-1738.
unused, perfect condition. Includes power supply. Make offer. QSLing SUPPLIES. e-mail: <plumdx@msn.com>.
chuck_kaptain@wycliffe.org FUTURE TIMES: Dreams and visions of Disasters. Great
CASH FOR COLLINS, HALLICRAFTERS SX-88, & DRAKE guide book for Hams. www.xlibris.com/futuretimes.html
WANNA START A RAG-CHEW WITH THE GENERAL PUB- TR-6. Buy any Collins equipment. Leo, KJ6HI, phone/fax 310-
LIC ABOUT THE VALUE OF AMATEUR RADIO? Introduce 418-9269, e-mail: <radioleo73@gmail.com>. HAWAII DX VACATION: SteppIR antennas, amplifiers, private.
them to Harold, a ham who is trying to keep his day job post- KH6RC, <www.leilanibedandbreakfast.com>.
Pandemic, and his wife, Sabrina, who is hoping to keep her MicroLog by WAØH
yarn shop alive. SIDEWALK SALE ACROSS AMERICA, Easy to use logging program. HAM TRAVELERS Discount travel, tours, cruises, more.
available Amazon Kindle, paperback. Peg Nichols, Free download . . . www.wa0h.com www.GreatExpectationTravel.com
KD0VQO@arrl.net.
www.oldqslcards.com www.peidxlodge.com
FLASH CARDS for ALL FCC exams, Amateur and Com-
mercial. VIS Study Guides <www.visradio.com> 800-655- OVERSEAS AIRMAIL POSTAGE plus complete line of airmail NEAT STUFF! DWM Communications: <http://qth.com/dwm>
4267. Available direct or from Amazon Marketplace. envelopes. Order directly from our website. James E. Mackey,
proprietor. website: <www.airmailpostage. com> PROMOTIONAL VIDEO: 15-minute DVD describes amateur
FOR SALE Rare Collins KW-1, serial number 96. Only radio’s fun and public service. Details: <www.neoham.org>.
150 made and it still works! $16,000 firm. Pictures upon TOWER ACCESSORIES Gin Pole Kits – stand off brackets –
request. Contact Teressa: <Trjtwo@gmail.com> or via antenna mounts – vehicle radio mounts – for 30 years. IIX HAM RADIO GIFTS: <www.mainestore.com>
telephone 805-878-1691. Equipment Ltd., 708-337-8172, <http://www.w9iix.com/>.
WANTED: OLD QSL CARD COLLECTIONS. Collector seeks
Wanted: Original set of knobs for my Heathkit HW-8. HOMEBREW! “Recollections of a Radio Receiver” a 565 page US & DX cards. W2VRK, 5 Mohawk Trail, Branchburg, NJ
Paul, WBØMPG, 538 North Walnut, Wichita, KS 67203. book on HBR homebrew receivers. $10 delivered (eBook on 08876; e-mail: <tpllrs@comcast.net>.
(316) 351-7717. CD-ROM). Details <www.w6hht.com>
Wanted: Old slide rules for personal collection. Send TELEGRAPH KEY INFORMATION AND HISTORY MUSE-
DXPEDITION DVD VIDEOS: For full description and how to UM: <http://w1tp.com>
info to db_cunningham@hotmail.com order . . . <www.k4uee.com/dvd/>.
Morse Code on a CD. Just want A to Z and Zero to 9 in FT243 AND HC6U CRYSTALS: www.af4k.com
ARMS – Amateur Radio Missionary Net. Christian Fellowship
code only. Contact Ronald (KD7FWC) (775) 962-5437. Net, Everyone Welcome. 14.3075 Daily except Sunday OLD QSLs Available. 50’s and 60’s, DX and USA. Specify call,
1500–1700Z, –1 Hr DST. Website: www.qsl.net/arms send SASE. W5SQA@arrl.net
AMECO AC-1 DIY Kits: www.thenewameco.com
VORTEX ANTENNA SYSTEMS specialist in HF and VHF high RFI Filters <www.RFchoke.com>
Affordable Custom Antenna Design www.ant-build.com performance antennas. Yagis and Delta Loops. Linear Loaded
30 and 40m Arrays. OWA Arrays, bespoke individual design CRANK-A-WATT Power & More via KE5NYS. Visit <www.
Recognize the signature CW sounds of over 4000 words!
solutions. Antenna related hardware. We ship worldwide FactorReady.com>
Start to read whole words sent in fast Morse code!
including North America. <www.vortexantennas.co.uk/>. or by
https://www.hearcwwords.com
e-mail to <enquiries@vortexantennas.co.uk>. QRP KITS: <www.breadboardradio.com>
Yaesu FT-100D (HF-VHF-UHF). Great mobile rig with
“World of Keys – Keys III” book features highly detailed views FMTV ARTICLES: Comprehensive transmitter and receiver
manual, internal keyer and mike. $300. (281) 934-8783.
and photos of keys, bugs, and paddles like few people have deviation calibration, standards, intermodulation, power ampli-
RF CONNECTORS & GADGETS - Parts - Products ever seen ($18)!. Also still available, “Keys II” ($16) and “QRP
fier calculations. WB9OQM, http://mathison.freeshell.org
Romps!” ($18), plus “Your Guide to HF Fun” ($16). Available
and More! www.W5SWL.com
from dealers nationwide.
www.SecondHandRadio.com
Keychain QRP: Worlds Smallest HF Transmitter. Handmade
in the USA. <www.bit.ly/KeychainQRP> PACKET RADIO AND MORE! Join TAPR, connect with the
HF Mobile or Fixed Virtual X Antenna Patent: For Sale or
largest amateur radio digital group in the U.S. Creators of the
TNC-2 standard, working on Software Defined Radio technol- License. Request Free Power Point Presentation file. Shows
GET THE F.C.C. “COMMERCIAL” RADIOTELEPHONE design details, pictures, prototype tests. Design applies to a
LICENSE! Fast, inexpensive home study course. Command ogy. Benefits: newsletter, software, discounts on kits and pub-
lications. For membership prices see the TAPR website: broad frequency range for mant antenna arrays/beams/verti-
Productions. www.LicenseTraining.com. Free info: (800) 932- cals. <lgslay@sbcglobal.net>. Larry Slay, K5WUL
4268. <http://www.tapr.org>).
HONDURAS DX VACATION: K3, Alpha 86, SteppIR, Meals, FOR SALE: Samlex Power Supply Model SEC 1223, 13.8V @
NEVER have another fauly patch cable! 15-page, photo-illus- 25 amps. Not working. Includes operating manual and
trated manual details a revolutionary procedure for assembling Private Facilities. HR2J, (206) 259-9688.
schematic. Price $50 or best offer. Contact Harry, W9HRQ, at
failure-proof coaxial cable patches. $10 postpaid U.S., <harrygraziano@gmail.com> or phone 1-773-334-4492.
$15 forgeign. R.W. Parker, 1205 Sleepy Hollow Road, HY POWER ANTENNA COMPANY <http://www. freewebs.
Pennsuburg, PA 18073. com/hypower> Multiband dipoles, delta loops, half squares
and QRP antennas. ANTENNA & TOWER HARDWARE: Aluminum plates: Boom
to elements, boom to mast, GP/ Vertical antennaground plates,
CallSign Stuff www.hamQRU.com KTØMMY
NEW AMATEUR RADIO MAP with DXCC list updates. Full Rohn 25/45 to cross arms plates, Hexabeam / spiderbeam
WANTED: 500-Kc Ships Transmitter. IE: MACKAY MARINE color 22 x 34" – $10. Free shipping on club orders. Hubs, Moxon hubs, U bolts with sadles. All info at: e78WW@
http://www.hamradiomap.qth.com/ yahoo.com or at e-bay store: stores.ebay.com/yz4izØ
2017A. w8wz@aol.com
NO NONSENSE LICENSE STUDY GUIDES: kb6nu.com/cq Wanna ham in the CAYMAN ISLANDS?” Go to <www. WWW.ISOTRONANTENNAS.COM FOR HF. CHECK IT OUT!
martykaiser.com/24a.htm>. Call: 719-687-0650; <wd0eja@isotronantennas. com>
Wanted: Channel Master model 110 Quantum Antennas 1 or
more in box good condition! W.J. Gibbs, Jr. 601 Howard Street.
Columbia, NC 27925
QRP J-36: 1/2-Scale Microkey. Full-Functional “BUG” Made

in the USA by KA6IRL. <QRPJ36.com>
Premium RF Connectors, Antennas, Coax, Parts, and

Accessories. W5SWL’s Ham Store — www.DavesHobby
Shop.com
WANTED: IBM Model M, Space Saving Keyboard, Call KØKG,

(218) 850-1500 or email: <keith.gilbertson@q.com>.
AMATEUR RADIO ELECTRONICS: Home Study Software,

Apps, and eBooks $2.99. <www.eptsoft.com/HomeStudy
POLYESTER ROPE: excellent for antenna support and

guying. Go to <www.audiotronics.us>.
REAL HAMS DO CODE: Move up to CW with CW Mental Block

Buster III. Succeed with hypnosis and NLP. Includes two (2)
CDs and Manual. Only $29.95 plus $7.00 s/h US. FL add $2.14
tax. Success Easy, 568 SE Maple Terrace, Port St. Lucie, FL
34983, phone 561-302-7731, <www.success-is-easy.com>.

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A New Meteor Shower, p.

COMMUNICATIONS & TECHNOLOGY

i9700: VHF / UHF SDR Transceiver i7610: The Perfect Trifecta

i7300: HF / 6M SDR Transceiver

Baluns and Ununs for Everyday Use

AT-100ProII RU-1:1 RU-4:1 RU-9:1

Remote Autotuner RBA-1:1 RBA-4:1

www.ldgelectronics.com • 410-586-2177 • support@ldgelectronics.com

2• CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 3

8 COVER: UCØB: WINNING

FEATURES COLUMNS DEPARTMENTS

40 ANNOUNCING: THE 2022 CQ

HG3 PRO HG3 QRO

The HG3 QRO - Higher Power and Performance

Reimagining the Radio Club

6• CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 7

UCØB: Winning the World From

Photo A. Alexey, RUØA, at RWØA in Krasnoyarsk. Twenty-

8• CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Photo F. Some of the antennas at RC9O

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 9

Photo H. One of the UCØB operators at R8IZ was Sergey,

10 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

UA9UR on 15 meters, RWØA on 20, RC9O on 40, and five

12 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

More Watts per Dollar

3CPX800A7 4CX1000A 810

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 13

14 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Email:<director@cqwpx.com> Table 2. 2021 activity level summary by continent

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 15

2020 CQWW WPX CW TOP SCORES

16 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Multi-op entries ROARED back in 2021

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 17

ing is based on the first 24 hours of oper-

18 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

throughout the weekend. Both teams

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 19

CLUB SCORES New Providence ARC .........................................................................5 ....................221,078

20 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Club # Entrants Score Club # Entrants Score

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 21

22 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

24 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Figure 2. Six-band hex beam showing nested wires (top view).

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 25

Photo B. K1GUY’s prior hex beam after ice storm.

Figure 3. Center post modeling to test robustness. (Illustration

26 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Modeling and Measurements

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 27

Experiences with the VHQ HEX Beam Summary

28 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

Figure 6. Measured VSWR of VHQ HEX Beam mounted on 95-foot tower.

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 29

30 • CQ • November 2021 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com November 2021 • CQ • 31

T E MRJS$FYHHMTSPIGSQ Secure online ordering at