This Study Resource Was: Laguna State Polytechnic University

Republic of the Philippines
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Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Let us check if you are able to understand the key concepts central to developing the competencies
stated at the start of this chapter. On your own, answer the following questions by using what you have
learned from the chapter. When you are ready, discuss your answers with a partner.
1. What are the different models of disability? How would each one define disability?
• The different models of disability show how the world sees the people with disability. It
consists of different views and perceptions on how each model sees people with disability.
Some of the models are:
➢ Moral/Religious Model – in this model they define one’s disability either as a
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blessing or a curse. Blessing because the disability makes one different from the
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others and that disability is a test of their faith. While curse, because they’re belief is
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that they are being punished for a sin.
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➢ Biomedical/Individual Model – this model defines disability as a medical problem
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of an individual that needs to be treated to “made more normal”. Also, this model
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view disability as a “glitch” that needs to be fixed.
➢ Functional/Rehabilitation Model – this model is quite similar to the biomedical
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medical, because they both tries to make the disabled to non-disable by treating it.
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The difference is that biomedical model ‘s help is given to disabilities that are
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manifested early to maximize function while functional model ‘s help is given to

disabilities that are in the hope of gaining back one’s functionality.
➢ Social Model – in this model, disability is seen as a social construct because it is not
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the physical characteristic that makes a person disabled but it is the standard and
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limitations that the people on the society places on specific groups of people.
➢ Rights-Based Model and Twin Track Approach – the rights-based model
recognizes the vulnerability of person with disability experience in his/her society
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that’s why the model addresses this problem by upholding and securing their
identities and rights as a human being. While, twin track approach is a model that
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combines social model and rights-based model.
2. How are impairments different from disabilities?

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• Impairment is sometimes thought to be the same with disabilities but these two differs from
one another for World Health Organization (1980) define impairment as any loss or
abnormality of psychological or anatomical structure or function while disability is define as
any restriction or lack of ability perform an activity in the manner or within the range
considered normal for human being.
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3. What is special needs education? How different is it from inclusive education?

• Special needs education refers to education constructed for students with disabilities. Special
needs because it considers the individuals educational needs in able to attain full development
of the student’s capabilities. It is an attempt to increase fairness of universal public education
for exceptional learners. It is different from inclusive education because in inclusive education,
students with disabilities are included with normal students in normal classroom setting.
4. Which international treatises are directly involved in the pursuit of inclusive education?
• Many people had been vocal in their advocacy for children, persons with disabilities, and
education. Some of the treatises directly involved in the pursuit of inclusive education are:
United Nations (UN) for adopting the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in
2006; Education For All (EFA) for Flagship on the Right to Education for PWDs in 2001; and
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for securing the Guidelines for
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Inclusion in 2005.
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1. How important are models of disability? How can they affect students and the different
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stakeholders of special needs and inclusive education?

• The different models of disability are important for us to understand more about disability
and issues about it. Through these models we’ll learn views and perceptions about
disability and how the society perceives them. It affects students and the different
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stakeholders of special needs and inclusive education for it makes the people become
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aware of this social issue and at the same time make them gain courage to stand for the
persons with disabilities and special needs.
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2. Is it possible for medical practitioners to embrace a social perspective of disability? How

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can they marry two seemingly opposing concepts?

• I think, Yes, it is possible for medical practitioners to embrace a social perspective of
disability. Because if a person is a medical practitioner it is likely to said that what he/she
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believes in is biomedical and functional model but it does not mean that what he/she
believes in is limited to his/her profession. The two seemingly opposing concepts can be
joint together because medical practitioners are also part of the society, thus just like what
other people in the society believes in they might also have that belief too for they are just
like other people in the society.
3. Special needs education is said to address the extreme ends of a normal distribution.
However, who determines the cut-off for either end? To keep a narrow range at the tail
ends would mean less number of students might be in need of Special Education programs
and more “low average students” might be in danger of academic failure, bullying, or
dropping out. To make the tail ends range wider, however, would mean more students will
be segregated, therefore negating the very idea of inclusion. Discuss your thoughts on how
such a dilemma could be resolved.
• I think this dilemma could be resolved if educators would try to understand this situation
and study what should be done to address this problem. Also, I as a teacher, will try to take
a part on this by identifying the students who need more attention than other student.
Understand that every student has different potentials, some are easy learners while others
are not. Help, support, and try to be more patient to them. I will check always how is the
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student adopting and developing so that I could know if someone from my class is being
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left out. In that sense, cases of academic failure, bullying, or dropping out will be prevented.
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4. How can paradigm shift from a medical standpoint to a social perspective happen?
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• Medical standpoint paradigm can shift to a social perspective if aside from the point that
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PWD’s are seen as ill and needed to be cured. What their experiencing from the society
should also be considered. For even though there are laws enacted to protect the rights of
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PWD’s there are still some people who would continue to discriminate them. It is also
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possible that medical standpoint can shift to a social perspective because as of now there
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are still some diseases or disability that science and technology can explain or cure.
5. Study the case of Manuel and Julian below. Answer the questions that follows.
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➢ Drawing from lessons you have learned from the previous chapters as well as this, what
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factors do you think led to Manuel and Julian’s different experiences and life
trajectories?
• I think what caused Manuel and Julian’s different experiences and life trajectories is the
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time they were born. Manuel was born in 1925, and during that time science and
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technology is just beginning to develop. People that time do not understand what Manuel is
experiencing and people around him didn’t know how to help him. Even the pediatrician
who made his diagnosis that Manuel has mental retardation just based on assessment and
observation. Also, he was not given the opportunity to access basic education because of his
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disability and at the same time because of the actions of the people around him. While,
Julian who was born in 2001 was diagnosed earlier compared to Manuel. There is some
development already on different fields of study. He even undergoes speech therapy to
make some improvement on how he speaks at an early age. He was also enrolled in a
school with a SPED-specialized teacher. Those treatment and therapies helped him to
maximize his skills despite his disability that will help him succeed and blend in his
community.
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1. Plot the historical timeline of how the models of disability evolved.
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2. Make a framework for special needs education and inclusive education.
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3. Create an infographic showcasing the differences among the different models of disability.
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What are the different models of disability and how would each define disability?

How are impairments different from disabilities?

Republic of the Philippines

manifested early to maximize function while functional model ‘s help is given to

combines social model and rights-based model.

2. How are impairments different from disabilities?

3. What is special needs education? How different is it from inclusive education?

stakeholders of special needs and inclusive education?

2. Is it possible for medical practitioners to embrace a social perspective of disability? How

can they marry two seemingly opposing concepts?

1. Plot the historical timeline of how the models of disability evolved.

2. Make a framework for special needs education and inclusive education.

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