Summit 1 Third Edition PDF

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ENGLISH FOR TODAY’S WORLD
JOAN SASLOW
ALLEN ASCHER
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Summit: English for Today’s World Level 1, Third Edition

Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. ABOUT THE AUTHORS
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Joan Saslow
Pearson, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030 Joan Saslow has taught in a variety of programs in South America and the United States. She is author or coauthor
Staff credits: The people who made up the Summit team representing editorial, production, design, manufacturing, and marketing are Pietro of a number of widely used courses, some of which are Ready to Go, Workplace Plus , Literacy Plus , and Top Notch .
Alongi, Rhea Banker, Peter Benson, Stephanie Bullard, Jennifer Castro, Tracey Munz Cataldo, Rosa Chapinal, Aerin Csigay, Dave Dickey, Gina
She is also author of English in Context , a series for reading science and technology. Ms. Saslow was the series
DiLillo, Christopher Leonowicz, Laurie Neaman, Alison Pei, Sherri Pemberton, Jennifer Raspiller, Mary Rich, Courtney Steers, Katherine Sullivan,
and Paula Van Ells.

director of True Colors and True Voices. She has participated in the English Language Specialist Program in the
U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.

Cover credit: Tonis Pan/Shutterstock
Text composition: emc design ltd
Allen Ascher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Allen Ascher has been a teacher and teacher trainer in China and the United States, as well as academic director
Names: Saslow, Joan M., author. | Ascher, Allen, author.
Title: Summit : English for today’s world / Joan Saslow and Allen Ascher. of the intensive English program at Hunter College. Mr. Ascher has also been an ELT publisher and was responsible
Description: Third Edition. | White Plains, NY : Pearson Education, [2017]
for publication and expansion of numerous well-known courses including True Colors, NorthStar , the Longman
Identifiers: LCCN 2016017942| ISBN 9780134096070 (book w/ CD) | ISBN
9780134176888 (book w/ CD) | ISBN 013409607X (book w/ CD) TOEFL Preparation Series , and the Longman Academic Writing Series. He is coauthor of Top Notch, and he wrote the
Subjects: LCSH: English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. | English
“Teaching Speaking” module of Teacher Development Interactive, an online multimedia teacher-training program.
language--Rhetoric. | English language--Sound recording for foreign
speakers.
Classification: LCC PE1128 .S2757 2017 | DDC 428.2/4--dc23 Ms. Saslow and Mr. Ascher are frequent presenters at professional conferences and have been coauthoring courses
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017942
for teens, adults, and young adults since 2002.
Photo credits: Original photography by Libby Ballengee/MPS. Page 2 Trevor Clifford/Pearson Education; p. 3 Jenner/Fotolia; p. 4 (top left to
right) Ammentorp/Fotolia, Fotos593/Shutterstock, Mark Bowden/Getty Images, Claudia Paulussen/Fotolia, (bottom left to right) Viorel Sima/
Shutterstock, Avava/Fotolia, DragonImages/Fotolia, Antonioguillem/Fotolia; p. 5 CP Cheah/Moment Open/Getty Images; p. 6 (tl) Tatyana
Gladskih/Fotolia, (tr) Asife/Fotolia, (bl) michael spring/Fotolia, (br) Minerva Studio/Fotolia; p. 10 Kris Yeager/Shutterstock; p. 11 Nik_Merkulov/
AUTHORS’ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Fotolia; p. 14 (tr) Blend Images/KidStock/Getty Images, (mr) Kevin Dodge/Blend Images/Getty Images, (br) Brian A Jackson/Shutterstock, (bottom)
DJ/AAD/starmaxinc.com/Newscom; p. 16 (tl) Philip Date/Fotolia, (r) Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock, (bl) nyul/Fotolia, p. 17 V&P Photo The authors wish to thank Katherine Klagsbrun for developing the digital Extra Challenge Reading Activities that
Studio/Fotolia; p. 18 (girl) Deposit Photos/Glow Images, (background) karandaev/Fotolia; p. 19 Astarot/Fotolia; p. 20 (bl) Alexander Tihonov/
appear with all reading selections in Summit 1.
Shutterstock; p. 21 (gears) ShpilbergStudios/Fotolia, (l) RSD/APC/ZOJ WENN Photos/Newscom, (c) DESRUS BENEDICTE/SIPA/Newscom, (r)
Graham Whitby Boot/Allstar/Sportsphoto Ltd./Allstar/Newscom; p. 22 (tl) EDHAR/Shutterstock, (tc) rasstock/Fotolia, (tr) aastock/Shutterstock, The authors are indebted to these reviewers, who provided extensive and detailed feedback and suggestions for
(bl) Mike Goldwater/Alamy Stock Photo, (br) TommL/Vetta/Getty Images; p. 23 Lance Iversen/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis; p. 27 Fancy
Summit , as well as the hundreds of teachers who completed surveys and participated in focus groups.
Collection/Superstock; p. 29 Vereshchagin Dmitry/Shutterstock; p. 30 (tl) Blvdone/Fotolia, (r) nyul/Fotolia, (b) vadymvdrobot/Fotolia; p. 31
Karen Roach/Fotolia; p. 33 photobuay/Fotolia; p. 34 Doctors Without Borders, Coral Reef Alliance, (l) dpa picture alliance/Alamy Stock Photo,
Cris Asperti, CEL LEP, São Paulo, Huanambal Díaz, ICPNA Chiclayo, Cuernavaca, Mexico • José Luis Pérez
(r) Vlad61/Shutterstock; p. 35 ballabeyla/Fotolia; p. 38 (left to right) Raisa Kanareva/Fotolia, Olga Bogatyrenko/Shutterstock, Maridav/Fotolia,
leungchopan/Fotolia, mimagephotography/Shutterstock, Sundikova/Fotolia; p. 41 (left to right) DRB Images, LLC/E+/Getty Images, Vlad Teodor/ Brazil • Diana Alicia Ávila Martínez, Peru • Chandra Víctor Jacobs Sukahai, Treviño, Instituto Obispado, Monterrey,
Shutterstock, Andrey Kiselev/Fotolia, Andrey Kiselev/Fotolia, Jenner/Fotolia, (b) djoronimo/Fotolia; p. 42 (l) Gstockstudio/Fotolia, (c) Matthew CUEC, Monterrey, Mexico • Shannon Universidad de Valle de México, Mexico • Evelize Maria Plácido Florian,
Cole/Shutterstock, (r) michaeljung/Fotolia; p. 44 Meffista/Fotolia; p. 45 (l) RUNGROJ YONGRIT/Newscom, (c) Valua Vitaly/Shutterstock, (r) Pearson
Brown, Nagoya University of Foreign Monterrey, Mexico • Yeni Jiménez São Paulo, Brazil • Armida Rivas,
Education; p. 46 Imagine China/Newscom; p. 47 Zdenka Darula/Fotolia; p. 50 (l) anzemulec/Fotolia, (r) Photodisc/Fotolia; p. 51 Stock Rocket/
Studies, Nagoya, Japan • Cesar Byrd, Torres, Centro Colombo Americano Monterrey, Mexico • Luis Rodríguez
Shutterstock, (inset) maron/Fotolia; p. 55 Deyan Georgiev/Fotolia; p. 56 davidf/E+/Getty Images; p. 58 (inset) INB/Ivan Nikolov/WENN/Newscom,
(bottom) Savostyanov/ZUMA Press/Newscom; p. 59 (left to right) Jerry Sharp/Shutterstock, FiCo74/Fotolia, kalpis/Fotolia; p. 60 icsnaps/Fotolia; Universidad ETAC Campus Chalco , Bogotá, Colombia • Simon Lees, Nagoya Amau, ICPNA Chiclayo, Peru • Fabio
p. 61 wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 62 (spider) Eric Isselee/Shutterstock, (bee) paulrommer/Shutterstock, (worm) Valentina Razumova/ Mexico City, Mexico • Maria Claudia University of Foreign Studies, Nagoya, Ossaamn Rok Kaku, Prize Language
Shutterstock, (dolphin) FineShine/Shutterstock, (mouse) Tsekhmister/Shutterstock, (dog) Andresr/Shutterstock, (elephant) Richard Peterson/
Campos de Freitas, Metalanguage, São Japan • Thomas LeViness, PROULEX, School, São Paulo, Brazil • Ana María
Shutterstock, (horse) Eric Isselee/Shutterstock, (lion) Eric Isselee/123 RF, (baboon) Eric Isselee/Shutterstock, (bunny) Joshua Lewis/Shutterstock,
Paulo, Brazil • Alvaro Del Castillo Alba, Guadalajara, Mexico • Amy Lewis, Román Villareal, CUEC, Monterrey,
(sheep) Eric Isselee/Shutterstock, (parrot) Denis Tabler/Fotolia, (eagle) Eric Isselee/Shutterstock, (snake) Kruglov_Orda/Shutterstock, (crocodile)
nattanan726/Shutterstock, (frog) Eric Isselee/Shutterstock, (salamander) Vitalii Hulai/Shuttersock, (eel) Eric Isselée/Fotolia, (goldfish) Gunnar CBA, Santa Cruz, Bolivia • Isidro Castro Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan • Luz Mexico • Reynaldo Romano C., CBA, La
Pippel/Shutterstock; p. 63 Ghislain & Marie David de Lossy/Cultura/Corbis; p. 64 (t) Joshua Rainey Photography/Shutterstock, (m) Suna/Fotolia, Galván, Instituto Teocalli, Monterrey, Libia Rey, Centro Colombo Americano, Paz, Bolivia • Francisco Rondón, Centro
(b) Yanlev/Fotolia; p. 65 yulia-zl18/Fotolia; p. 66 (t) Tono Balaguer/123rf (b) Alena Ozerova/Shutterstock; p. 67 hin255/Shutterstock; (guinea
Mexico • Melisa Celi, Idiomas Católica, Bogotá, Colombia • Diego López, Colombo Americano, Bogotá, Colombia •
pig) Inkwelldodo/Fotolia; p. 68 (top, left to right) Feng Yu/123rf, dazb75/Fotolia, Soren Egeberg Photography/Shutterstock, Meoita/Fotolia,
Lima, Peru • Carlos Celis, CEL LEP, São Idiomas Católica, Lima, Peru • Junior Peter Russell, Waseda University, Tokyo,
(bottom, left to right) Valdecasas/Shutterstock, Lubos Chlubny/Fotolia, John Foxx/Getty Images, sbthegreenman/Fotolia; p. 69 (b) ARTENS/
Fotolia; p. 70 (t) Jeff Foott. Alamy, (l) PARIS PIERCE/Alamy Stock Photo, (r) Everett Historical/Shutterstock; p. 75 Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Getty
Paulo, Brazil • Jussara Costa e Silva, Lozano, Idiomas Católica, Lima, Peru Japan • Rubena St. Louis, Universidad
Images; p. 77 Photosindia/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 78 (tl) Nicolas McComber/E+/Getty Images, (tr) DanielBendjy/E+/Getty Images, (bl) Rob Byron/ Prize Language School, São Paulo, Brazil • Tanja McCandie, Nanzan University, Simón Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela
Shutterstock, (br) Glow Images/Getty Images; p. 80 Tetra Images/Shutterstock; p. 86 bst2012/Fotolia; p. 87 Alistair Berg/DigitalVision/Getty
• Inara Couto, CEL LEP, São Paulo, Brazil Nagoya, Japan • Tammy Martínez • Marisol Salazar, Centro Colombo
Images; p. 88 Christin Lola/Shutterstock; p. 89 Monkey Business/Fotolia; p. 91 Jetta Productions/Blend Images/Getty Images; p. 92 (background)
• Gemma Crouch, ICPNA Chiclayo, Nieves, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Americano, Bogotá, Colombia • Miguel
Anton Gvozdikov/Fotolia; (man) Syda Productions/Fotolia; p. 93 pressmaster/Fotolia; p. 94 (l) Robert Kneschke/Fotolia, (r) Monkey Business
Peru • Ingrid Valverde Diaz del Olmo, León, Monterrey, Mexico • María Teresa Sierra, Idiomas Católica, Lima, Peru •
Images/Shutterstock; p. 95 (tl) Ana Bokan/Shutterstock, (r) Imtmphoto/Fotolia, (bl) Jim Pruitt/Shutterstock; p. 97 glisic albina/Fotolia; p. 98
(hat) cratervalley/fotolia, (canary) glifeisgood/Fotolia, (coin) MAC1/Shutterstock, (bird) kukies/Fotolia (arms) IgorGolovniov/Shutterstock; p. 99 ICPNA Cusco, Peru • Jacqueline Díaz Meléndez Mantilla, ICPNA Chiclayo, Greg Strong, Aoyama Gakuin University,
(l) bokan/Fotolia, (r) DragonImages/Fotolia; p. 102 (l) Leksele/Shutterstock, (r) Everett Collection/Newscom; p. 103 (left to right) meunierd/ Esquivel, PROULEX, Guadalajara, Peru • Mónica Nomberto, ICPNA Tokyo, Japan • Gerald Talandis, Toyama
Shutterstock, Pecold/Shutterstock, Jgz/Fotolia; p. 104 (top and bottom) aleciccotelli/Fotolia, (l) Cimmerian/Getty Images, photoBeard/
Mexico • María Eid Ceneviva, CBA, Chiclayo, Peru • Otilia Ojeda, Monterrey, University, Toyama, Japan • Stephen
Shutterstock, (r) Oleg Prikhodko/Getty Images (right, inset) photoBeard/Shutterstock; p. 105 sss78/Fotolia; p. 106 Jeremy Craine/REX/Newscom;
Cochabamba, Bolivia • Erika Licia Mexico • Juana Palacios, Idiomas Thompson, Nagoya University of Foreign
p. 107 michaeljung/Fotolia; p. 109 Monkey Business/Fotolia; p. 110 (fans) Chris Whitehead/Cultura/Getty Images, (skydivers) Joggie Botma/
Shutterstock, (hammock) saras66/Shutterstock, (chess) auremar/Shutterstock; p. 113 Stockbroker/MBI / Alamy Stock Photo; p. 114 (t) Hurst Photo/ Esteves Silva, Murphy English, São Paulo, Católica, Lima, Peru • Giuseppe Paldino Studies, Nagoya, Japan • José Luis
Shutterstock, (m) khwanchai s/Fotolia, (b) Fotokvadrat/Fotolia; p. 115 paultarasenko/Fotolia; p. 116 Focus Pocus LTD/Fotolia; p. 117 ldprod/Fotolia; Brazil • Cristian Garay, Idiomas Católica, Mayorga, Jellyfish Learning Center, San Urbina Hurtado, Instituto Tecnológico de
p. 118 (left to right) 2happy/Fotolia, creative soul/Fotolia, bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock, Maridav/Fotolia, Digital Vision/Getty Images; p. 119
Lima, Peru • Miguel Angel Guerrero Cristobal, Ecuador • Henry Eduardo León, Mexico • René F. Valdivia Pereyra,
Photocreo Bednarek/Fotolia; p. 138 Axel Bueckert/Fotolia (male), zea_lenanet/Fotolia (female).
Pozos, PROULEX, Guadalajara, Mexico Pardo Lamprea, Universidad Militar CBA, Santa Cruz, Bolivia • Magno
Illustration credits: Aptara pp. 9, 40(b), 69, 74; Steve Attoe pp. 52, 90; Mark Collins p. 65, (map, flag, camel, cat) 98; Francois Escalmel p. 83; • Anderson Francisco Guimarães Nueva Granada, Colombia • Dario Alejandro Vivar Hurtado, Salesian
Dusan Petricic pp. 28, 100(b), 101; Shannon Wheelie pp. 32, 54, 100(t); el Primo Ramon p. 40(t); Liza Donnelley p. 76; Jerome Studer p. 81.
Maia, Centro Cultural Brasil Estados Paredes, Centro Colombo Americano, Polytechnic University, Ecuador • Belkis
Printed in the United States of America Unidos, Belém, Brazil • Cesar Guzmán, Bogotá, Colombia • Teresa Noemí Parra Yanes, Caracas, Venezuela • Holger
CAADI Monterrey, Mexico • César Alarcón, Centro Anglo Americano de Zamora, ICPNA Cusco, Peru • Maria
ISBN-10: 0-13-409607-X ISBN-10: 0-13-449893-3 (with MyEnglishLab)
Iván Hernández Escobedo, PROULEX, Cuernavaca, S.C., Cuernavaca, Mexico • Cristina Zanon Costa, Metalanguage,
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-409607-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-13449893-5 (with MyEnglishLab)
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Guadalajara, Mexico • Robert Hinton, Carlos Eduardo de la Paz Arroyo, Centro São Paulo, Brazil • Kathia Zegarra,
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Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan • Segundo Anglo Americano de Cuernavaca, S.C., Idiomas Católica, Lima, Peru.
pearsonelt.com/summit3e
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT COMMUNICATION GOALS VOCABULARY GRAMMAR CONVERSATION STRATEGIES LISTENING / PRONUNCIATION READING WRITING
• Describe your personality • Adjectives to describe personality • Gerunds and infinitives: review and expansion • Use I’d say to soften an assertive opinion • Listen to activate grammar Texts: Task:
UNIT
• Discuss someone’s behavior traits • Verbs that require a noun or pronoun before an • Use I don’t see [myself] that way to • Listen to classify • A survey about positive and • Write about your outlook
• Compare perspectives on world infinitive politely contradict another’s statement • Listen for main ideas negative outlooks on a world problem
Word Study:
• Descriptions of other people’s
1 problems
• Discuss creative ways to achieve
• Adjective suffixes -ful and -less
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
• Say I see [you] as to explain your own
point of view
•
•
Listen for details
Understand meaning from context
behavior
Skill:
• Paragraph structure:
a goal • Infinitives: review, expansion, and common errors • Use tend to and seem to to make • A newspaper article about a Review
Outlook and generalizations creative solution to a problem
• Grammar for writing: parallelism with gerunds and PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
Behavior infinitives Skills / strategies:
• Content words and function words • Understand idioms and expressions
PAGE 2
• Determine the main idea
• Understand meaning from context
• Summarize
• Describe how you’ve been enjoying • Elements of music • The present perfect continuous • Use To tell the truth, To be honest, and • Listen to activate vocabulary Texts: Task:
UNIT the arts • Negative descriptions of music • Cleft sentences with What I hate to say it, but to politely introduce a • Listen for main ideas • A survey about musical memories • Describe your interests and
• Express a negative opinion politely • Describing creative personalities contrary opinion • Listen for supporting information • Commentaries about enjoying the personality
arts
2 • Describe a creative personality
• Discuss the benefits of the arts
Word Study:
• Using participial adjectives
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
• Finished and unfinished actions: summary

•
•
Listen to take notes
Listen for details • A short biography
Skill:
• Parallel structure
• Noun clauses: review and expansion Skills / strategies
Music and
• Grammar for Writing: noun clauses as adjective PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
• Understand idioms and expressions
Other Arts and noun complements • Infer information
• Intonation patterns
PAGE 14 • Identify supporting details
• Express and support an opinion
• Express buyer’s remorse • Describing spending styles • Expressing regrets about the past: wish + past • Use You know, … to introduce a new • Listen for details Texts: Task:
UNIT
• Talk about financial goals and plans • Expressing buyer’s remorse perfect; should have / ought to have + past topic of conversation • Listen to activate vocabulary • A spending habits self-test • Write a personal statement
• Discuss good and bad money • Good and bad money participle; if only + past perfect. • Use I hate to say it, but to introduce • Listen to confirm content • Interview responses about about how you manage
• Completed future actions and plans: The future negative information financial goals financial responsibilities
3 management
• Explain reasons for charitable
management
Word Study:
perfect and perfect infinitives • Ask What do you mean? to invite
•
•
Listen to summarize
Listen to evaluate • A guide to charitable giving Skill:
giving someone to elaborate • Organizing information by
• Parts of speech Skills / strategies: degrees of importance
Money, GRAMMAR BOOSTER • Say That’s a shame to show empathy • Understand idioms and expressions
PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
Finance, • The past unreal conditional: inverted form • Say I’ll think about that when you’re non- • Understand meaning from context
• The future continuous committal about someone’s suggestion • Sentence rhythm: thought groups
and You • Draw conclusions
• The future perfect continuous • Express and support an opinion
PAGE 26
• Describe clothing details and • Adjectives to describe fashion • Quantifiers: review and expansion • Use Can I ask you a question about…? to • Listen for main ideas Texts: Task:
UNIT formality • Describing clothes introduce a subject you are unsure of • Listen for details • Descriptions of personal style • Write two paragraphs
• Talk about changes in clothing GRAMMAR BOOSTER • Use I mean to elaborate on a prior • Listen to summarize • An article about the evolution of comparing tastes in fashion
customs Word Study: statement or question “business casual” attire
4 • Examine questionable cosmetic
• Compound words with self- • A few / few; a little / little
• Quantifiers: using of for specific reference • Use Actually, to assert a point of view PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
• An article about questionable
Skill:
• Compare and contrast:
procedures • Begin a question with So to affirm cosmetic procedures Review
Clothing
• Quantifiers used without referents • Linking sounds
• Discuss appearance and self- understanding of someone’s earlier • Advertisements for cosmetic
esteem • Grammar for Writing: subject-verb agreement of statement procedures
and quantifiers followed by of
• Say I think that might be … to gently Skills / strategies:
Appearance warn that something is inappropriate • Understand idioms and expressions
PAGE 38 • Understand meaning from context
• Identify supporting details
• Express and support an opinion
• Politely ask someone not to do • Types of locations • Possessive gerunds • Use Do you mind…? to ask permission to • Listen to summarize Texts: Task:
UNIT something • Community service activities • Paired conjunctions do something • Listen for details • A questionnaire about community • Write a formal letter of
• Complain about public conduct • Use Not at all to affirm that you are not • Listen to confirm content • Interview responses about pet complaint
Word Study: bothered or inconvenienced peeves
5 • Suggest ways to avoid being a
victim of urban crime
• Using negative prefixes to form
antonyms
GRAMMAR BOOSTER
• Conjunctions with so, too, neither, or not either • Use That’s very [considerate] of you to
• Listen to infer
• A magazine article about urban
Skill:
• Formal letters: Review
• Discuss the meaning of community thank someone for accommodating you crime
Communities
• So, too, neither, or not either: short responses PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
• A website about community
• Unstressed syllables: vowel projects
PAGE 50 reduction to /ə/
Skills / strategies:
• Classify
• Critical thinking
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UNIT COMMUNICATION GOALS VOCABULARY GRAMMAR CONVERSATION STRATEGIES LISTENING / PRONUNCIATION READING WRITING
• Exchange opinions about the • Categories of animals • Passive modals • Use I’ve heard to introduce a commonly- • Listen to activate vocabulary Texts: Task:
UNIT treatment of animals • Describing pets held belief or opinion • Listen to define terms • Social media posts about • Write a persuasive essay
• Discuss the pros and cons of • Respond with In what way? to request treatment of animals about the treatment of
6
• Animal social groups and physical GRAMMAR BOOSTER • Listen for examples animals
certain pets features • Modals and modal-like expressions: summary further explanation • Listen for details • An article about animal
• Compare animal and human • Use For one thing to introduce a first conservation Skill:
behavior supporting argument Skills / strategies: • Supporting a point of view
PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
Animals • Debate the value of animal • Use And besides to add another • Understand idioms and expressions
conservation supporting argument • Sound reduction
PAGE 62 • Understand meaning from context
• Use But what if to suggest a hypothetical • Recognize cause and effect
situation
• Evaluate ways and places to shop • Verbs for shopping activities • Passive forms of gerunds and infinitives • Say Quick question to indicate one wants • Listen to activate vocabulary Texts: Task:
UNIT
• Discuss your reactions to ads • Ways to persuade some simple information • Listen to infer • Self-tests about shopping mistakes • Write a summary of an
• Introduce an opinion with I find and behavior article
7
• Discuss problem shopping behavior GRAMMAR BOOSTER
• Persuade someone to buy a • The passive voice: review and expansion • Say That’s good to know to express PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
• Descriptions of techniques used in Skill:
product satisfaction for information advertising • Summarize and paraphrase
• Vowel sounds /i/ and /ɪ/ • Interview responses about
• Use Why don’t you… to offer advice someone’s point of view
Advertising compulsive shopping
and Skills / strategies:
Consumers
PAGE 74 • Identify supporting details
• Describe family trends • Describing parent and teen • Repeated comparatives and double comparatives • Ask Why’s that? to ask someone to • Listen to activate grammar Texts: Task:
UNIT
• Discuss parent-teen issues behavior elaborate on an opinion • Listen to activate vocabulary • A survey about parents and teens • Write a blog post of three
• Say I suppose, but … to signal partial • A brochure about falling birthrates or more paragraphs about
8
• Compare generations Word Study: GRAMMAR BOOSTER • Listen for supporting information advice for parents and
• Discuss caring for the elderly • Transforming verbs and • Making comparisons: review and expansion agreement • Listen for details • A report on the increase in global
population of older people teens
adjectives into nouns • Other uses of comparatives, superlatives, and • Listen to compare and contrast
comparisons with as…as Skills / strategies: Skill:
Family
• Understand idioms and expressions • Avoiding run-on sentences
PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER and comma splices
Trends • Summarize
• Stress placement: prefixes and
PAGE 86 suffixes • Understand meaning from context
• Critical thinking
• Draw conclusions
• Speculate about everyday situations • Degrees of certainty • Perfect modals for speculating about the past: • Use I wonder to introduce something • Listen to activate vocabulary Texts: Task:
UNIT
• Present a theory active and passive voice you’re not sure about • Listen for main ideas • A quiz about tricky facts • Write a news article about
Word Study: a mysterious event
• Say I’m sure it’s nothing to indicate that • An article about Rapa Nui
9
• Discuss how believable a story is • Adjectives with the suffix -able • Listen to draw conclusions
• Evaluate the trustworthiness of GRAMMAR BOOSTER something is probably not serious • Facts and theories about mysteries Skill:
news sources • Perfect modals: short responses (active and • Say I suppose you’re right to PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER • An article about a UFO conspiracy • Avoiding sentence
passive voice) acknowledge someone’s point of view theory fragments
Facts, • Say There must be a good explanation • Reduction and linking in perfect
modals in the passive voice • A survey about the trustworthiness
Theories, to assure someone that things will turn of information sources
out OK
and Hoaxes Skills / strategies:
PAGE 98
• Confirm point of view
• Infer information
• Suggest ways to reduce stress • Ways to describe people • Expressing an expectation with be supposed to • Say Uh-oh to indicate that you realize • Listen to activate vocabulary Texts: Task:
UNIT
• Describe how you got interested in • Ways to reduce stress • Describing past repeated or habitual actions: you’ve made a mistake • Listen for main ideas • A survey about free time • Write a critique of an
a hobby would and the past continuous with always • Use I just realized to acknowledge a • Descriptions of how people got article
10 Word Study: • Listen for supporting details

• Discuss how mobile devices mistake • Listen to understand meaning from interested in their hobbies Skill:
• Adverbs of manner
affect us GRAMMAR BOOSTER • Use Well, frankly to indicate that you are context • An article about the impact of • Presenting and supporting
• Compare attitudes about taking • Be supposed to: expansion going to be honest about something mobile devices opinions clearly
Your Free risks • Use It’s just that or Let’s face it to • A survey about mobile device
• Would: review PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER
Time introduce an honest criticism or usage
• Grammar for Writing: placement of adverbs of assessment • Vowel sounds /eɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/ , and /ʌ/
PAGE 110 manner Skills / strategies:
• Use You know what? to introduce a piece • Understand idioms and expressions
of advice
• Identify supporting details
• Infer point of view
Reference Charts page 122
Grammar Booster page 125
Pronunciation Booster page 141
Test-Taking Skills Booster page 151
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TO THE TEACHER COMPONENTS
Maximize the impact of your Summit lessons. Digital Student’s Book pages with access to
What is Summit? ActiveTeach all audio and video provide an interactive classroom experience that can be used with or
without an interactive whiteboard (IWB). It includes a full array of easy-to-access digital and
Summit is a two-level high-intermediate to advanced communicative course that develops confident,
printable features.
culturally fluent English speakers able to navigate the social, travel, and professional situations For class presentation . . . For planning . . .
they will encounter as they use English in their lives. Summit can follow the intermediate level of any • A Methods Handbook for a
Conversation
communicative series, including the four-level Top Notch course. communicative classroom
Activator videos: increase
students’ confidence in oral • Detailed timed lesson plans for

Summit delivers immediate, demonstrable results in every class session through its proven pedagogy communication each two-page lesson
and systematic and intensive recycling of language. Each goal- and achievement-based lesson is tightly
Discussion Activator • Summit TV teaching notes
correlated to the Can-Do Statements of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). The course
videos: increase quality
is fully benchmarked to the Global Scale of English (GSE). • Complete answer keys, audio
and quantity of expression
scripts, and video scripts
Each level of Summit contains material for 60 to 90 hours of classroom instruction. Its full array of additional
print and digital components can extend instruction to 120 hours if desired. Furthermore, the entire Summit Extra Grammar
course can be tailored to blended learning with its integrated online component, MyEnglishLab. Summit offers Exercises: ensure mastery
For extra support . . .
more ready-to-use teacher resources than any other course available today. of grammar
• Hundreds of extra printable
This third edition represents a major revision of content and has a greatly increased quantity of exercises, both Extra Challenge Reading activities, with teaching notes
print and digital. Following are some key new features: Activities: help students succeed at
• Summit TV activity worksheets
standardized proficiency tests.
• Conversation Activator Videos to build communicative competence
• Discussion Activator Videos to increase quality and quantity of expression
For assessment . . .
• A Test-Taking Skills Booster (and Extra Challenge Reading Activities) to help students succeed in the reading
• Interactive Whiteboard tools, including zoom, highlight, links, • Ready-made unit and review
and listening sections of standardized tests
notes, and more. achievement tests with options
• An Understand Idioms and Expressions section in each unit increases the authenticity of student spoken language
• Clickable Audio: instant access to the complete to edit, add, or delete items.
classroom audio program
• Summit TV Video Program: fully-revised authentic TV

Award-Winning Instructional Design* documentaries as well as unscripted on-the-street interviews,
Ready-made Summit Web Projects provide
authentic application of lesson language.

featuring a variety of regional and non-native accents
Demonstrable confirmation of progress Conversation and Discussion Activators
Memorable conversation models with audio provide appealing
Every two-page lesson has a clearly stated communication
goal and culminates in a guided conversation, free discussion,
natural social language and conversation strategies essential MyEnglishLab Workbook Full-Course
debate, presentation, role play, or project that achieves the for post-secondary learners. Rigorous Conversation Activator An optional online learning tool Lesson-by-lesson Placement Tests
goal. Idea framing and notepadding activities lead students to and Discussion Activator activities with video systematically
written exercises
stimulate recycling of social language, ensuring it is not Choose printable or
confident spoken expression. to accompany the
forgotten. A unique Pronunciation Booster provides lessons and online version
Student’s Book
interactive practice, with audio, so students can improve their
Cultural fluency spoken expression.
Summit audio familiarizes students with a wide variety of
native and non-native accents. Discussion activities reflect the
Classroom Audio Program
topics people of diverse cultural backgrounds talk about in
Systematic writing skills development
• A set of Audio CDs, as an alternative to the clickable
Summit teaches the conventions of correct English writing so
their social and professional lives. audio in ActiveTeach
students will be prepared for standardized tests, academic
study, and professional communication. Lessons cover key • Contains a variety of authentic regional and
Explicit vocabulary and grammar writing and rhetorical skills such as using parallel structure and non-native accents to build comprehension of diverse
Clear captioned illustrations and dictionary-style presentations, avoiding sentence fragments, run-on sentences, and comma English speakers
all with audio, take the guesswork out of meaning and ensure splices. Intensive work in paragraph and essay development • The app Summit Go allows access anytime,
comprehensible pronunciation. Grammar is embedded in
ensures confident and successful writing. anywhere and lets students practice at their own
context and presented explicitly for form, meaning, and
pace. The entire audio program is also available for
use. The unique “Recycle this Language” feature encourages
active use of newly learned words and grammar during
Reading skills and strategies • Immediate, meaningful feedback on wrong answers
students at www.english.com/summit3e.
Each unit of Summit builds critical thinking and key reading

communication practice. • Remedial grammar exercises
skills and strategies such as paraphrasing, drawing conclusions,
expressing and supporting an opinion, and activating prior • Grammar Coach videos for general reference Teacher’s Edition and
Active listening syllabus knowledge. Learners develop analytical skills and increase • Interactive practice of all material presented in the course
More than 50 listening tasks at each level of Summit develop
fluency while supporting their answers through speaking.
Lesson Planner
critical thinking and crucial listening comprehension skills • Grade reports that display performance and time on task
• Detailed interleaved lesson plans, language and
such as listen for details, main ideas, confirmation of content, • Auto-graded achievement tests
We wish you and your students enjoyment and culture notes, answer keys, and more
inference, and understand meaning from context.
success with Summit. We wrote it for you. • Also accessible in digital form in ActiveTeach
*Summit is the recipient of the Association of Educational Publishers’
Distinguished Achievement Award. Joan Saslow and Allen Ascher
For more information: www.pearsonelt.com/summit3e
viii ix
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2
UNIT COMMUNICATION GOALS

1 Describe your personality Understand a variety of accents.
Leo = American English (standard)

2 Discuss someone’s behavior D 1:02 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to two friends talking about a new virus
Nora = American English (standard)
3 Compare perspectives on world problems they’re concerned about. Notice the spotlighted language.
Outlook and Behavior 4 Discuss creative ways to achieve a goal
Leo: Did you hear about that new virus going around? Chikungunya?
Nora: Chikun- what? Oh! You mean the one that comes from mosquitos?
Leo: As a matter of fact, yes. Just like Zika.

preview
Nora: We’ve never had either of those viruses here before.
Leo: Well, they say it’s due to global warming — all those mosquitos from the warmer
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the quiz by writing your points in the circles. Then calculate your score.
weather. I suppose it’s just a matter of time ‘til we get all kinds of new diseases.
Nora: You sure are a pessimist. I agree it’s scary. But hey, what are you going to do?
1 Leo: I’m just saying this has started getting to me and I’m scared. I read that if
You wake up you come down with Chikungunya, you can be sick for a year … or even more.
in the middle of
QUIZ
Nora: Right. But they say it’s still pretty rare around here. These things are
the night with a just part of life. You’ve got to roll with the punches, if you know what
Optimist, stomachache. Your

first thought is...
I mean. I’m not going to worry about it.
Leo: Well, I am. Anyway, I’m not going to the company dinner at that
“I’m sure it’s nothing.

Realist, or
outdoor restaurant. You’re just a sitting duck out there, with the
I’ll just go back to sleep.” mosquitos and everything.
1 point
Nora: What about just wearing long sleeves and hoping for the best?
Pessimist?
“It’s probably nothing I mean, how unlucky could you be?
serious. I’ll just take Leo: Well, I’m going to call in sick and say I can’t go. Better safe than sorry .
some medicine.”
2 points
Is the glass half full “This could be serious.

or half empty?” How do you see the world? Do you I’d better go to the E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Find the following expressions in
doctor.”
have a positive or a negative outlook? 3 points
Spotlight. Choose the meaning that more closely explains each one.
1 It’s just a matter of time.

2 3 4 5 6 a It will take a long time. 5 You’re just a sitting duck out there.
b It will certainly happen in the future.
You apply for When you If someone Your boss invites News about a There’s nothing you can do to protect
your “dream job,” are introduced unexpectedly you to have lunch in crime or disasters 2 Hey, what are you going to do? yourself.
but you don’t get it. to someone knocks on your door, a restaurant. You say makes you... a There’s nothing anyone can do about it. b You probably won’t get sick.
You think... new, you... you think... to yourself...
think about how b What plans do you have? 6 Better safe than sorry.
“I guess this wasn’t assume that person “Great! It’s probably a “I must be getting a you can help. a It’s better to stay safe and have
3 This has started getting to me.
really my dream job. is a nice person. friend or a relative here promotion or a raise. 1 point
no regrets.
I’ll find a better job 1 point to surprise me.” That’s really nice!” a This is beginning to bother me.
somewhere else.” 1 point 1 point realize that b I’m beginning to get sick. b I’m sorry, but I’m sick.
1 point keep an open mind sometimes bad

about whether you’ll “I wonder who that “My boss must like to things happen. 4 You’ve got to roll with the punches.
“Oh, well. You win some like each other. could be. I’ll go find out.” socialize with everyone 2 points a You have to deal with life’s difficulties and move on.
and you lose some.” 2 points 2 points from time to time.”
2 points 2 points feel very unsafe. b You shouldn’t accept the difficulties life brings.
assume that “I’m not answering. 3 points

“I’ll never get the job I person won’t like It could be a “Uh-oh! There must be
want.” or respect you. salesperson or some problem with my F COMPARE AND CONTRAST Discuss the questions.
3 points 3 points even a criminal.” work.”
3 points 3 points
1 How would you describe Leo’s and Nora’s outlooks? How are they different?
2 Who are you more like, Leo or Nora?
6–9 POINTS 10–14 POINTS 15–18 POINTS

ADD UP
You’re an optimist. You’re a realist. You’re a pessimist.
YOUR SPEAKING ROLE PLAY Take turns responding to the following statements related
You have a positive outlook and You tend to see the You have a negative outlook and
POINTS
tend to see the glass half full. world as it really is. tend to see the glass half empty.
to the situations in the quiz on page 2. Use idioms from Exercise E in your responses.
Then change roles.
B PAIR WORK Compare answers with a partner. Are your scores similar, or very different? Which
of you has the more optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic outlook on life, according to the quiz?
C GROUP WORK Calculate the average score for the members of the class. On average,
how optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic is your class?
2 UNIT 1 3
/
4
NOSSEL
Prepositions can be followed by gerunds, not by infinitives. Adjectives can be followed by infinitives, not by gerunds.
GOAL Describe your personality

I saw a film about driving across the United States. We’re ready to go. NOT We’re ready going.
1 NOT I saw a film about to drive across the United States.
A
Other uses of infinitives:
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES 1:03 VOCABULARY ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE PERSONALITY TRAITS To state a fact or an opinion with an impersonal it + an infinitive. GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 125
Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat. It’s a good day to meet the new boss. • Infinitives: review, expansion,
and common errors
Sonia’s a tennis champion, but To state the purpose of an action.
• Parallelism with gerunds and
Nothing seems to bother Donna. Jason never wastes time at work Andrés is always helpful. He’s she doesn’t think she’s better infinitives
We used an insect repellent to avoid mosquito bites.
She just rolls with the punches. and always gets a lot done. aware of other people’s needs. than anyone else.
To modify an adjective with too or enough. Note: Enough follows an adjective.
They were too late to make the plane to Boston, but they were early enough to catch the bus.
NOT … they were enough early to catch the bus.
DIGITAL
MORE
EXERCISES
D 1:04 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE GRAMMAR Listen to the conversations. Then complete each statement
with the gerund or infinitive form of one of the verbs from List 1 and a word from List 2.
She’s pretty easygoing . He’s quite hardworking . He’s really considerate. She’s quite modest .
1 He’s going to come home early .
List 1: List 2:
2 She’s worried about Jack about her .
Eric is not at all shy. He loves You can trust Irene to be reliable. Jared rarely acts silly. He is paint the bedroom
meeting and chatting with She always does a good job and thoughtful and pays attention to Isabelle and Anna enjoy chatting 3 He says it’s too late . have to Friday
new people. finishes it on time. the important things. with each other. tell an office
4 She doesn’t mind in .
be rude
5 She’s apologizing for to him the night before. work keyboard
watch a movie
6 He’s a little down about work late on .
E PAIR WORK Complete the questions with your own ideas, using gerunds or infinitives.
Answer your partner’s questions.
1 Do you avoid ? 5 Do you object to ?
He’s so outgoing . She’s very trustworthy. He’s pretty serious. They’re really talkative.
2 When are you too old ? 6 Do you think it’s a good time ?
B
3 In your family, who doesn’t mind ? 7 Do you ever stay up late ?
CLASSIFY THE VOCABULARY On the chart, classify the adjectives from the Vocabulary,
Other adjectives
4 Do you believe in ? 8 What don’t you mind ?
and other adjectives you know, according to your opinion. Then discuss with a partner. polite
impolite
Are always positive Can be either Are always negative
punctual
rude
friendly
NOW YOU CAN Describe your personality
unfriendly
A
nice
liberal 1:05 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen.

conservative
Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies.
interesting
A: So how would you describe yourself?
intelligent
independent B: Me? Well, I’d say I’m pretty easygoing. I don’t let
things get to me.
A: Easygoing? I see you as serious.
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE
ACTIVITY
C GRAMMAR GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES: REVIEW AND EXPANSION
B: You think so? I don’t see myself that way. In any
case, can’t you be both easygoing and serious?

Remember: Gerunds and infinitives function as subjects, objects, and subject complements in
For lists of verbs followed A: I guess. And how would you describe me?
sentences.
by gerunds and / or B: You? I see you as pretty outgoing.
infinitives, see pages
Subject: Sharing tasks with co-workers is helpful. A: You do? Why do you say that?
123–124.
Direct object of a verb: I avoid calling the doctor too often. B: Because you tend to be talkative and you seem
For a list of expressions
Subject complement: Our dream is to make a trip to Africa next year. followed by gerunds, see to like being with people a lot.
page 123.
Some verbs can only be followed by gerunds as the object of the verb. Some verbs can
only be followed by infinitives. Others can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive.

For a list of adjectives
followed by infinitives,
B 1:06 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and repeat. don’t stop!
• Say more about your personality.

Then practice the conversation with a partner.
see page 124.
• Ask about other people’s personalities.
We considered going to the picnic. NOT We considered to go to the picnic.
They have decided to invite their teacher to the play. NOT They have decided inviting their teacher to the play.
DIGITAL
VIDEO C CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a similar conversation,
• Say as much as you can.
BUT DIGITAL using the Vocabulary or other adjectives that describe your
SPEAKING RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
BOOSTER
She prefers going to the early show. OR She prefers to go to the early show. personality. Start like this: So how would you describe yourself?
be an optimist / a pessimist / a realist
Be sure to change roles and then partners.
4 UNIT 1 5
/
6
NOSSEL
These verbs require a noun or pronoun object before an infinitive in the active voice.
2
For a list of verbs that can
GOAL Discuss someone’s behavior
advise convince force invite permit require be followed directly by an
infinitive in the active voice,

allow encourage hire order persuade teach
see page 124.
cause forbid instruct pay remind warn
A 1:07 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read how these four people describe other people’s
E
behavior. Notice the spotlighted grammar.
DIGITAL
MORE UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR On a separate sheet of paper, change
EXERCISES
each sentence to the active voice. Use the by phrase as the subject. The CEO invited spouses of
My manager, Chris, is a real sweetheart. I share an apartment with three roommates, but one of
co-workers to attend the reception.
He wants all of us to succeed . And them, Erika, is an annoying pain in the neck! First, she’s a total 1 Spouses of co-workers were invited (by the CEO) to attend the reception.
he encourages us to learn new skills workaholic. Between her studies and her after-school job, she’s 2 Drivers were told (by the hotel security guards) to stop at the entrance to the hotel.
so we can move up in the company. He’s rarely here, and when she is, she just keeps working. My other
3 Employees were required (by the rules) to return from lunch at 2:00.
also really kind and understanding. He two roommates and I do all the chores: shop for groceries, cook,
4 We were encouraged (by our manager) to tweet our questions to the speaker.
permits us to work at home when we wash the dishes, and so on. When we complain that Erika’s not
have a sick kid. You’ll never find a better pulling her weight, she just asks us to do her chores because 5 They were advised (by the invitation) to be at the restaurant before 8:00 P.M.
boss than Chris! she doesn’t have time! Time? It’s time for her to move out!
Sarah Beth Linehan, 30 Melbourne, Australia Martina Braun, 21 Frankfurt, Germany

F GRAMMAR PRACTICE Complete the sentences with your own ideas, an object, and an infinitive.
1 The change in the meeting schedule caused us to postpone our flight .

My colleague Lily at the travel agency where I work I’ll never forget my high-school drama teacher, Mr.
2 The bad weather on the day of the game convinced to .
is a real people person. Most of us prefer to do Mellon. He was such a tyrant! He used to force
3 Should we remind to ?
everything by e-mail or online, but Lily invites all us to say our lines over and over until it drove
her clients (even the diffi cult ones!) to come in us crazy. And if anyone forgot even one word, he 4 The sign at the entrance to the event warned to .
to the office and tell her their dream vacation would forbid them to go home until they had
5 Why don’t you pay to ?
ideas, and she tries to make those a reality for learned the line. He would warn them to learn
6 The article in the newspaper about the accident persuaded to .
them. And Lily’s such a team player. If one of every line perfectly by the next class, or they
G
us has too much to do, she offers to help. couldn’t be in the play. Everyone hated him.
Everyone loves Lily. He took all the fun out of drama.

PAIR WORK With a partner, take turns answering the questions, using the cues provided.
1 A: Is Mark bringing the food for the picnic?

Cindy Yu, 27 Boston, USA Richard Rowan, 43 Saint Louis, USA
B: No, Mark expects us to bring the food. (expect / us / bring)
B
2 A: Have you spoken to the manager about the broken equipment?
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES RELATE TO PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Find these words and phrases in
a pain in the neck a team player B: No. I to her about it. (ask / Ken / speak)
the Grammar Spotlight. With a partner, talk about people you know or
a people person a tyrant
3 A: Who’s going to be the first speaker at the event?
have known who behave like people described in the Grammar Spotlight.
a sweetheart a workaholic
Provide examples. B: Actually, I the first one. (would like / you / be)
4 A: Do you want to write the summary of what happened at the meeting?
C 1:08 LISTEN TO CLASSIFY Listen to people describe other people’s behavior, using
B: I’d rather not. I it. (want / Kathy / write) PRONUNCIATION
noun and pronoun objects before infinitives. Check the description(s) of each person, BOOSTER
p. 141
5 B: Didn’t you need to discuss the new e-mail system with Mr. Green?
according to the opinions expressed. Content words and
A: Actually, I with him about it. (want / function words

1 Margaret is: a workaholic a pain in the neck a team player
my assistant / speak)
2 Peter is: a people person a tyrant a pain in the neck
3 Tim is: a tyrant a pain in the neck a workaholic
NOW YOU CAN Discuss someone’s behavior

DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE
ACTIVITY
D GRAMMAR VERBS THAT REQUIRE A NOUN OR PRONOUN BEFORE AN INFINITIVE
Negative infinitives
Remember: Some verbs can be followed directly by an infinitive. However, in the active voice, some
A
To make an infinitive RECYCLE THIS
verbs must have a noun or pronoun object before the infinitive. NOTEPADDING Choose two people you know. Make statements about LANGUAGE
negative, place not
Active Passive before the infinitive: each person’s personality and behavior, using one of the verbs from the • easygoing
They advised us not list in the chart at the top of this page. • hardworking
He ordered us to leave the office. (We were ordered to leave the office.)
to come late to
• helpful
The sign warned drivers not to speed. (Drivers were warned not to speed.) the meeting. Description Description
• modest
We told them to be on time. (They were told to be on time.) Descript ion
Remember: To make a 1 1 • outgoing
art.
She taught them to swim last year. (They were taught to swim last year.) gerund negative, also 1 My sister is a sweethe
• reliable
place not before the e
Some verbs, such as would like, want, ask, expect, and need, are used with or without a noun or She encoura ges everyon • serious
gerund: 2 2
• talkative
pronoun object in the active voice, depending on the meaning. to get along.
They complained
• an optimist
Without an object With an object about not having
• a pessimist
B
enough time.
We’d like to eat healthier food. We ’d like our children to eat healthier food, too. DIGITAL • a realist
VIDEO DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Discuss the people you wrote about on your
She wants to drive the new car. She wants me to drive the new car. • a sweetheart
notepads. Say as much as you can about them.
Tom asked to see the director. Tom asked Emily to see the director. • a team player
6 UNIT 1 7
/
8
NOSSEL
3
GROUP WORK Answer each question and explain your answers. Listen again if you disagree.
GOAL Compare perspectives on world problems
Conversation 1
1 What does the man think we can do about crime?
A LISTENING WARM-UP How much do you worry about epidemics, terrorism, and crime? Write 2 Why does the woman think he is practical?
each one on the graph. Then discuss with a partner. 3 Which speaker’s outlook is closer to yours, the man’s or the woman’s?
NOT AT ALL A LOT Conversation 2
1 What reasons do the speakers give for why so many people will get the Marburg virus sooner or later?
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 1:09 LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen. Write the problem discussed in each conversation.
2 Which speaker is more optimistic—the man or the woman?
3 Which speaker’s outlook is closer to yours, the man’s or the woman’s?

Conversation 1 Conversation 2 Conversation 3
Conversation 3
C 1:10 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Listen again. Circle T (true), F (false), or ND (not discussed). 1 What does the woman think we can do about terrorism?
2 Which speaker has a more realistic outlook—the man or the woman?
a She says there aren’t a lot of newspaper articles about crime. T F ND

3 Which speaker’s outlook is closer to yours, the man’s or the woman’s?
1
b He thinks there’s nothing anyone can do about crime. T F ND
a She thinks breathing the air on planes can be dangerous. T F ND

2
b He thinks international travel will spread the disease all over the world. T F ND
a He worries about terrorism in crowded places. T F ND

NOW YOU CAN Compare perspectives on world problems
3
b She thinks terrorism is caused by poverty. T F ND
A NOTEPADDING Write a list of world problems that you worry about.
D UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Read each quotation. Then listen again and Or use the ideas in the pictures. Write why you worry about them.
complete each statement.

enough
that we won’t have
Epidemi cs: I worry
Conversation 1
of people will die.
medicin es, and lots
1 When the woman says, “Crime is just out of control,” she means .
a there’s a huge amount of crime b we have to control crime

War
2 When the man says, “What is the world coming to?” he is asking,
a “Where in the world can we go to avoid crime?” b “What is the future of the world?”
3 When he says, “Better safe than sorry,” he is saying .
a don’t tempt criminals by wearing jewelry b just stay home where it’s safe
Conversation 2
4 When the man says, “I think I’m getting a little obsessed,” he means,
a “I’m thinking about this way too much.” b “I’m afraid I’m getting sick.” Political corruption
5 When she says, “Well, I don’t think that’s crazy,” she means . Drug trafficking
a he’s right to be worried b the disease is extremely bad Public sanitation
6 When the woman says, “It’s even more contagious,” she worries .
a it could cause an epidemic b it won’t last for long
Conversation 3
7 When the man says, “I don’t know about you, but I’m getting a little freaked out about
terrorism,” he’s really saying,
a “Are you as scared as I am about terrorism?” b “I don’t know how to stop terrorism. Do you?”
8 When the woman says, “Well, that’s no way to live,” she means,
a “You are going to die.” b “It’s impossible to live normally with that outlook.”
RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
Global warming
9 When she says, “It is what it is,” she means,
• It’s just a matter of time until …
a “What is it?” b “There’s nothing anyone can do about it.” • I mean, what are you going to do?
• These things are just part of life.

10 When the man says, “I guess I’m going a little overboard,” he means,
• You’ve got to roll with the punches.
a “I’m making this too important.” b “I’m not interested in this issue.”
DIGITAL
SPEAKING
BOOSTER
B DISCUSSION Meet with classmates who listed the same problems on • You’re just a sitting duck.
• It is what it is.
their notepads. Discuss the problem and explain why you worry about it,
• It’s started getting to me.
providing details of experiences you or others you know have had with it.
• Better safe than sorry.
Discuss what, if anything, can be done about the problem.
8 UNIT 1 9
/
10
NOSSEL
4
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES F 1:12 WORD STUDY ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES -FUL AND -LESS Expand your vocabulary
GOAL Discuss creative ways to achieve a goal
by learning these adjectives from the Reading on page 10 with the suffixes -ful (meaning
“with”) and -less (meaning “without”). Write one sentence using one of each pair.
A READING WARM-UP In what ways can a person’s attitude help in solving a problem or achieving a goal?
-ful -less My sentence
careful careless
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 1:11 READING Read the newspaper article, which is based on a true story in the news.
hopeful
meaningful
hopeless
meaningless
What was Phil Cooper’s mistake?
painful painless
powerful powerless
purposeful purposeless
useful useless
Be careful!
G WORD STUDY PRACTICE The following pairs of words aren’t opposite
Not all words that end in
equivalents. With a partner, discuss the difference in meaning of the words -ful and -less are opposite
August 7
in these pairs. equivalents. Restful refers to
a calm place or an experience,
restful / restless: We had a very restful vacation and didn’t do much. / while restless refers to a
“I felt sort of like a snoop, but my
person’s feeling of physical
FACEBOOK SAVES THE DAY spying was purposeful,” he said. “I was

I was so restless last night. I couldn’t sleep.
nervousness. Always check the
looking for clues to the owner’s identity, dictionary to confirm meaning.
helpful / helpless: Your brother is so helpful. He always offers to do the
WESTON—In a painful ending to an and I was optimistic that I would find
chores at home. /
otherwise glorious vacation, Phil and something.”
Virginia Cooper and their daughters, Babies are so helpless. They can’t do anything for themselves.
Soon he came across a photo of
Miranda and Grace, arrived home without
two young girls getting on a yellow pitiful / pitiless: It was pitiful to see that poor cat looking for food. /
the hundreds of vacation snapshots they
school bus with the words WESTON, NJ
How can people be so pitiless that they’d let a cat starve?
had taken.
on the side. In a burst of creative
“We’ll always have our memories,” thinking, Secrest thought someone
said Phil, “but no pictures of our family’s might recognize the girls, so he posted
activities or the beautiful New England the photo on Facebook and urged his
scenery and Cape Cod beaches where we friends to share it, with this message:
NOW YOU CAN Discuss creative ways to achieve a goal
spent the last two weeks of our summer Do you know these kids from
vacation.” Weston, New Jersey? I found a
“Phil has always been a little absent- camera with this photo in Barton,
hopeless. Days had passed. The camera would
minded, but this takes the cake,” Virginia Massachusetts, and want to locate A NOTEPADDING Adam Secrest’s goal was to find Goals:
have been lying on the ground through bad
said with an affectionate smile. “We were the owner. Please share .
the camera’s owner. With a partner, brainstorm
weather, or perhaps someone had found it and a good cause
getting settled in the car for the long drive Facebook friends shared the To collect money for
taken it home,” Phil said. The camera case and write creative ways to achieve the goals on the
home, and Phil got out to snap one last photo hundreds of times. It was just a
picture of the sunset. Then he set the
had the Coopers’ name and address, but the notepad.
matter of time until it appeared on the
camera hadn’t been in the case.
camera on the roof of the car while he Weston Community page and someone
Last weekend, while training for an for a sick person
got his jacket out of the trunk.” Needless recognized Miranda and Grace and To locate an organ donor
Ironman Triathlon event, Adam Secrest, 24,
B DISCUSSION Choose one goal and in a small
to say, the camera fell off the car as they called Virginia Cooper, who contacted
spotted the camera along the side of Callman
group discuss ways to achieve it, based on your
drove off. The family discovered the
Secrest, first through Facebook, and
camera was missing when they got home. Road near Barton Beach, Massachusetts. He ideas from Exercise A. Present your ideas to
then by phone. The camera arrived at
picked it up, looked for a name, and finding
Then Phil suddenly remembered placing the class. a danger
the Coopers’ house by mail yesterday. To warn people about
the camera on the top of the car. none, stashed it in his car, thinking he would
“Lots of people say social media is a
try to locate the owner after his run. Once
“I felt terrible for having been so meaningless waste of time, but here’s an Not everyone will want to donate a lot of
home, Secrest turned on the camera and
careless and was sure the situation was money. So it’s important to keep a positive
example of how powerful and useful it
scrolled through the photos.
attitude. If everyone gives a little, or donates
can be,” said Secrest.
To find a lost person
time to help, we can still reach our goal.
C DETERMINE THE MAIN IDEA Which statement expresses the main idea of the article?
OPTIONAL WRITING In a paragraph, present
1 There’s nothing worse than losing one’s vacation memories. To spread a political
message
the ideas you developed in Exercise B.
2 Creative thinking can help solve problems in unexpected ways.
3 Being a forgetful person can cause a lot of problems.
D UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Locate these adjectives and expressions in
the article and classify them as positive (+) or negative (-). Then, with a partner, try to
explain the meaning of each one in your own words.
absent-minded hopeless meaningless useful
affectionate purposeful powerful
DIGITAL
EXTRA
E SUMMARIZE Read the article again. Then close your book and, with a partner,
CHALLENGE summarize the story in your own words.
10 UNIT 1 11
/
12
WRITING Paragraph structure: Review

DIGITAL
GAME review
A A
WRITING MODE
L
WRITING SKILL Study the rules. 1:13 Listen to the people talking about their reactions to events in the news. Decide if
Workaholics
lead unbalance
d each speaker is an optimist, a pessimist, or a realist.
lives. They spend
A paragraph consists of sentences about one topic. The most important all their energy
on work. They
rarely take time
sentence in a paragraph is the topic sentence. It is often (though not to 1 John 2 Susan 3 Matt
relax and let
their minds rest.
I know,
always) the first sentence, and it introduces, states, or summarizes the because my
B
father was a
workaholic,
topic of a paragraph. For example: Workaholics lead unbalanced lives. and he worke
d every day of Now read the statements. Write the name of the person from the listening who is most
the week.
We hardly ever
saw him. Even
when likely to have said each statement. Listen again if necessary.
In formal or academic writing, all the supporting sentences that follow, he was not at
work, we knew
he was
surround, or precede a topic sentence—details, examples, and other thinking abou
t work. He seem 1 “You’ve got to be practical. There will be some problems in life that you can solve and
ed
never to think
facts—must be related to the topic presented in the topic sentence. of anything else. some that you can’t. What’s important is realizing when something is beyond your
In summary,
not knowing
how to control. I mean, it is what it is.”
escape from
If the last sentence of a paragraph isn’t its topic sentence, and especially work makes
it difficult
for a workaholi 2 “Life is full of hard times. Bad things happen and there’s very little you can do about
c to find balan
if the paragraph is a long one, writers sometimes end it with a concluding ce in
his or her life. it.”
sentence that restates the topic sentence or summarizes the paragraph.
3 “It’s important to see a problem as both a challenge and an opportunity for success.
Concluding sentences commonly use phrases such as In conclusion or
Difficult experiences can make a person stronger.”
In summary.
C Complete each description in your own words.
B PRACTICE The sentences below form a paragraph, but they are out of order. Write T 1 An easygoing person is someone who .
next to the topic sentence, S next to each of the four supporting sentences, and C next to
2 An outgoing person is someone who .
the concluding sentence. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, put the sentences in order
3 A reliable person is someone who .
and rewrite the paragraph.
4 A helpful person is someone who .
1 She took a night-shift job so she didn’t have to do much work.
2 Since they’re very intelligent, some figure out how to do less work.
3 Very intelligent people, or “brains,” are sometimes lazy people.

D Complete each conversation with one of the words that describe behavior from page 6.
1 A: Looks like I have to work overtime again tonight. My boss just gave me three
4 I had a friend who was a member of Mensa, an organization for people who are really smart.
projects to complete by the end of the day.
5 To sum up, sometimes intelligent people use their intelligence to get out of doing work.
B: You’re kidding. He sounds like a real !
6 She could read novels most of the night and still get a paycheck.
2 A: You know, without Sarah’s help, I would never have completed that presentation
C
in time.
PRACTICE Read the two paragraphs. Find and underline the topic sentence and the
B: Tell me about it. She really helped me out with my sales campaign last month.
concluding sentence in each paragraph.
She’s such a .
3 A: Tom is really a . I ran into him in the park last weekend,

Terrorist acts take many forms, but all The things that worry many people don’t worry
and he was sitting on a bench and working on that report.
have one thing in common: the senseless me. For example, many people worry about war,
targeting of innocent people to achieve epidemics, and natural catastrophes, such as storms B: Yeah, that’s Tom all right. He never stops!
maximum pain, fear, and disruption. In and earthquakes. An individual person can’t do 4 A: I don’t think Jill had a very good time at the party—she didn’t say a word the
one type of act, a terrorist kills or harms a anything about war, so why worry about it? I believe whole evening.
single individual for no apparent reason. in hoping for the best. Epidemics can be terrible, but
B: Well, Jill doesn’t feel comfortable in social situations. She’s just not
In others, terrorists detonate explosives I trust in modern medicine and think scientists are
a .
or bombs in crowded markets or at public doing everything they can to discover vaccines and
E
events. In still others, terrorists attack treatments for them. And storms and earthquakes
public transportation, harming or killing are relatively rare and can’t be prevented, so it’s best Complete each sentence with one of the adjectives from Word Study on page 11.
many people at once. In conclusion, just to keep an optimistic outlook. Of course it would 1 Excellent dental anesthesia today makes almost all dental treatment .
although I generally have a positive be silly not to take precautions that can help. “Better
2 Sometimes we feel completely ; there’s just nothing we can do to
outlook, I think it is just a matter of time safe than sorry,” as they say, but in most cases it’s
make something happen.
until terrorists harm me or people I know best just to try to roll with the punches.
and love. 3 The Internet can be very in helping us communicate with a large
number of people at once.
D
4 I’m about the future. I think things will change for the better.
DIGITAL
APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Choose one (or more) world problems that SELF-CHECK
WRITING
PROCESS 5 Some say the colors of a painting create a more impression than the
worry you. Write a paragraph describing your outlook and attitude about
Does my paragraph have a topic sentence?
black and white of a pencil drawing.
the problem. Use the writing models in Exercise C as an example.
Do the supporting sentences in my
paragraph all relate to the topic? Web Project: Personality Types

TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER
p. 151 www.english.com/summit3e
Do I have a concluding sentence?
12 UNIT 1 13
/
14

1 Describe how you’ve been enjoying the arts Understand a variety of accents.
Amalia = Spanish
2 Express a negative opinion politely D 1:15 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to three colleagues discussing
Sandy = Chinese
3 Describe a creative personality what to do after a meeting. Notice the spotlighted language. Paul = American English (standard)
Music and Other Arts 4 Discuss the benefits of the arts
Amalia: Hey, guys, we’ve got a free evening tonight. Why
don’t we see if there’s anything to do? Sandy: Hold on! Here’s something that might
Sandy: Good idea! Let me see if I can find something be right up your alley, Paul. There’s an
online. exhibit of modern American art at the Grant

preview
Paul: I’m in … Check out eTix. They usually have some Gallery. And they’re open late on Thursdays.
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the survey. Then tell a partner about the great deals. Paul: Now you’re talking!
songs and artists you listed. Explain why each one is memorable for you. Sandy: Let’s see … Hey, The Phantom of the Opera is at Sandy: And what I really love is the location.
the Palladium. I saw the movie, but I’ve never seen it live. The gallery’s right around the corner from
WRITE ONE OR MORE EXAMPLES OF YOUR What do you think? here.
Paul: I saw it back home in Chicago at least ten years ago.
MUSICAL MEMORIES Hasn’t that thing been playing for like twenty years now?
Amalia: At least! I’ve actually seen it on stage. But I guess I
wouldn’t mind seeing it again. The music is awesome.
Paul: Yeah, it’s got some catchy melodies, but the

1 A song with a really danceable beat that made you 6 A group or performer with an innovative sound
want to get up and move to the music unlike anything you’d heard before story’s nothing to write home about.
Sandy: Hey, here’s something that might be
good! It looks like tickets are still available

2 A song with a catchy, unforgettable melody that you 7 A singer that blew you away with his
for Swan Lake . That’s supposed to be an
loved—you couldn’t get the music out of your head or her extraordinary singing voice
amazing ballet.
Paul: Uh, no offense, but ballet isn’t my thing.
3 A song with an annoying melody that drove you 8 A top-notch musician you thought was Amalia: I can see Paul’s going to be hard to
crazy every time you heard it one of the most talented artists ever please!
Paul: Sorry, I don’t mean to be a pain. I guess
I’m not really in the mood for a show tonight.

4 A song with really moving lyrics—you got 9 A singer, musician, or group that put on an
Maybe there’s a museum that stays open late.
emotional every time you heard the words amazing and memorable performance
E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Find these expressions in Spotlight.

5 A song with interesting lyrics that made you really
Match each with its correct usage.
think about the song’s meaning
1 I’m in. a You think someone will definitely be interested in something.
2 It’s nothing to write home about. b You want to apologize for making trouble.
3 It isn’t my thing. c You think someone has made a good suggestion.
4 He’s hard to please. d You think someone is difficult to satisfy.
5 I don’t mean to be a pain. e You think there’s nothing special about something.
6 It’s right up your alley. f You want to indicate your willingness to participate.
7 Now you’re talking. g You indicate that something isn’t to your personal taste.
F THINK AND EXPLAIN Discuss these questions.
1 Who’s willing to see The Phantom of the Opera and who’s not? Explain each person’s point of view.
2 Why do you think Sandy thinks the art exhibit might be just right for Paul?
SPEAKING PAIR WORK Rate the events on a scale of 1 to 5
(with 5 being most enjoyable). Then tell your partner about the
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 1:14 VOCABULARY ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Work with a partner to a beat a sound
kinds of events you’d like to attend. Explain your reasons in detail.
explain the meanings of the words on the right. Use the survey to support a melody a voice
lyrics a performance
your explanation. Then listen and repeat.
an art exhibit a modern dance performance a play
a rock concert a classical music concert a musical

C PAIR WORK Tell your partner about the
performers you’d like to see, or not like a comedy show a jazz performance a ballet
to see, in the future. Explain your reasons.
14 UNIT 2 15
/
16
NOSSEL
DIGITAL
MORE D NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find an example of the present perfect continuous in Spotlight on page 15.
1
GOAL Describe how you’ve been enjoying the arts EXERCISES
Does it describe an action that has finished or one that may continue in the future?
E UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Check the sentences in which the present perfect continuous
A 1:16 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the commentaries. Notice the spotlighted grammar. can also be used. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, rewrite those sentences in the present
perfect continuous.
1 He’s played with their band for almost 5 We’ve gone to a lot of concerts lately.
I try to get to MASP—that’s ten years.

6 Have you ever visited the Museum of
Over the past few years, I ’ve been going to see a lot
the São Paulo Museum of Art—
2 Justin Timberlake has already given two Contemporary Art?
of live theater. I’ve seen some classic but still-popular
whenever I can. Because it’s
concerts in my town.
shows like Les Misérables and The Phantom of the 7 How many times have you seen the musical
not far from work, I ’ve been
Opera. Recently, I booked a trip to New York, and 3 She’s looked online this morning for a good Les Misérables?
dropping by about every month
I’ve been checking online to see what’s playing. deal on show tickets.
8 Lately, audiences have asked them to play
or so to see what’s new and visit
I couldn’t go to the Big Apple without seeing a 4 Since he got promoted to stage manager, more songs from their new album.
its excellent library. Lately,
few good shows, right? Mark’s arrived early at the theater every day.
I ’ve been exploring
the Antiques Market
outside as well. They F GRAMMAR PRACTICE Complete the questions, using the present perfect continuous
Amy Chen, 18 San Francisco, USA
always have a lot of when possible. Otherwise, use the present perfect.
interesting stuff to

1 A: music videos on my tablet?
you / watch
look at.
Music plays a pretty big part in my life. Lately B: Yes, I have. But I’m done.
I ’ve been using music to wake me up in the
2 A: the musical Wicked yet?
Max / see
morning, get me moving at the gym, and help me
unwind after work. Speaking of work, B: No, he hasn’t. But he should. It’s unforgettable.
I ’ve been listening to music more

3 A: ?
what / you / do
during the day and I’ve noticed that it
actually makes me more productive. B: Just now? I’ve been checking to see if there are any interesting art exhibits this week.
4 A: late again?
Vickie / work
Nicole Clarkson, 34 Chicago, USA Fabiano Valle, 22 São Paulo, Brazil

B: I’m afraid so. But she’ll be heading home in a few minutes.
5 A: to a Broadway musical?
Jerry / go
PRONUNCIATION
BOOSTER
B MAKE PERSONAL COMPARISONS Which person’s tastes, interests, and activities are B: Never. But he’s going to his first one tonight. p. 142
the most like (or the least like) your own? Explain why. 6 A: in line to get in to the concert? Intonation patterns
how long / you / wait
B: About twenty minutes. But it looks like we’re finally moving now.
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE C GRAMMAR THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
ACTIVITY
Use the present perfect continuous to express a continuing action that began in
Remember: NOW YOU CAN Describe how you’ve been enjoying the arts
the past and continues in the present. Depending on the context, the action
The present perfect can also be
may continue in the future. Use have / has + been and a present participle.
used to describe a continuing action
Statements that began in the past. There is no

significant difference in meaning. A NOTEPADDING Write about your experiences with the arts recently. Explain why you’ve
She’s been practicing ballet for years.
She ’s practiced ballet for years. been doing some things and not doing others. Use the present perfect continuous.
I’ve been listening to classical music since I was a kid.
I’ve listened to classical music
Questions since I was a kid.
Have you played the piano for a Art

Have you been playing the piano for a long time? Music
long time? to any art
I haven’t been going
How long has your son been painting portraits? to a lot of
How long has your son painted I’ve been listening
to tell the
portraits? exhibits lately. But
helps
jazz these days. It
These words and phrases are often used with the present perfect continuous truth, it’s not really
my thing.
However, use the present perfect, me unwind.
(and the present perfect) when describing continuing actions:
not the present perfect continuous,
for [two months] lately these days in sentences with already, yet, M usic Art Theater
before, and ever, because they
for a while recently this [year]
describe finished actions.
since [2013] all day How long … ?
She ’s already practiced ballet
this week.
Note: The present perfect continuous, rather than the present perfect, is Have you ever studied piano?
generally used to describe a recent continuous action, especially when there is
visible evidence that the action has just ended.
Have you been going

What’s Nora’s violin doing on the table? Has she been practicing ? DIGITAL
GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 126 VIDEO B DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Discuss the role the arts have been playing in to many plays or
Finished and unfinished actions: summary

your life recently. Use your notes to discuss what you’ve been doing (or not musicals recently?
doing) lately. Ask your partner questions. Say as much as you can. 17
16 UNIT 2
/
18
NOSSEL
GRAMMAR PRACTICE Rewrite each statement as a cleft sentence with What.
GOAL Express a negative opinion politely
2 1 I can’t stand long classical music concerts. What I can’t stand are long classical music concerts.
2 I didn’t care for Adele’s overly sentimental lyrics.
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 1:17 VOCABULARY NEGATIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF MUSIC
3 Jessica doesn’t particularly like Bono’s voice.
4 I’d really enjoy seeing a live Lady Gaga performance.

Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat.
5 The song “I Gotta Feeling” by the Black Eyed Peas really makes me want to dance.
G PAIR WORK Take turns reading a statement aloud. Your partner restates it as a
cleft sentence with What.
1 “Jazz always puts me to sleep.”

The melody is so sentimental.
(overly emotional or romantic) 2 “I can’t stand the loud beat in techno-pop.”
3 “A good melody can make even bad lyrics seem acceptable.”

Her lyrics are way too serious. 4 “Listening to my brother try to sing drives me crazy.”
(not fun or happy)
5 “Dancing to the music of a great salsa band helps me unwind.”
Their music is so commercial. 6 “I love downloading songs by unknown new artists.”
(of little artistic value; focused on popular success)
His sound is really dated. Also:
(not up-to-date; not modern) annoying
boring
Their songs are kind of repetitive.
depressing
NOW YOU CAN Express a negative opinion politely
(always repeat the same beat, lyrics, or melodies)
loud
No offense, but I find her

offensive
silly
A 1:19 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT
Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted

songs way too sentimental.
weird
conversation strategies.
A: Are you as much of a Michael Bublé
B
fan as I am?
1:18 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to each conversation. Then complete the description.
B: Michael Bublé? To tell the truth, I’m
1 He finds Jackie Evancho’s music way too (repetitive / commercial / sentimental / serious). not crazy about him.
2 She finds Maná very (repetitive / commercial / dated / serious). A: How can you not like Michael Bublé?
3 He finds Caetano Veloso a little too (repetitive / sentimental / dated / serious). B: To be honest, what I don’t like is his
4 She thinks reggae music is really (repetitive / sentimental / dated / commercial). sound. It’s so commercial. But you
know who I really like?
5 He thinks Anthony Hopkins’s music is too (repetitive / sentimental / dated / serious).
A: Who?
C APPLY THE VOCABULARY With a partner, describe singers and bands you don’t like, B: Sting.
using the Vocabulary. A: Sting? I hate to say it, but I find his
music a little dated.
B 1:20 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and
repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner.
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE D GRAMMAR CLEFT SENTENCES WITH WHAT
C NOTEPADDING Write about some of
Artists or groups W hat I like
ACTIVITY your favorite musical artists and groups.
One way to emphasize the action in a sentence is to use a noun clause with What as the subject of the
Use cleft sentences with What.
sentence + the verb be. Make sure the form of the verb be agrees with its complement.
Cleft sentences
(I really don’t like traditional music.) → What I really don’t like is traditional music.
What I love are their
(He doesn’t understand jazz.) → What he doesn’t understand is jazz. Black Eyed Peas
(They really loved the lyrics.) → What they really loved were the lyrics. GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 128
great dance beats.
(The melody made everyone cry.) → What made everyone cry was the melody. • Noun clauses: review and
D
expansion
DIGITAL
• Noun clauses as adjective
VIDEO CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a conversation similar don’t stop!
DIGITAL
MORE
EXERCISES
E NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find an example of a cleft sentence with What in
and noun complements DIGITAL
SPEAKING
BOOSTER
to the one in Exercise A. Start like this: Are you as much of a • Discuss other artists
you like or don’t like.

Spotlight on page 15. __ fan as I am? Be sure to change roles and then partners.
18 UNIT 2 19
/
20
NOSSEL
3
E IDENTIFY SUPPORTING DETAILS On a separate sheet of paper, write examples from
GOAL Describe a creative personality
the Reading of Beethoven’s behavior that illustrate each personality trait. Use your own
words. Explain your answers.
1 that he was gifted 4 that he was passionate 7 that he was moody

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 1:21 VOCABULARY DESCRIBING CREATIVE PERSONALITIES 2 that he was energetic 5 that he was eccentric 8 that he was egotistical
Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat. 3 that he was imaginative 6 that he was difficult
Positive qualities Negative qualities

F EXPRESS AND SUPPORT AN OPINION Discuss the questions. Activate the Vocabulary
gifted having a natural ability to do one or more eccentric behaving in an unusual way or appearing to support your opinion.
things extremely well different from most people
1 Why do you think every woman that Beethoven asked to marry him rejected him? Do you
energetic very active, physically and mentally difficult never satisfied and hard to please
think they made the right decision?
imaginative able to think of new and interesting ideas moody becoming quickly and easily annoyed or unhappy
DIGITAL 2 Why do you think Beethoven was able to write some of his most popular pieces of music
passionate showing a strong liking for something and egotistical believing oneself to be better or more important EXTRA
CHALLENGE when he could no longer hear?
being very dedicated to it than other people
B READING WARM-UP It is often said that gifted people have eccentric, moody, or difficult
personalities. Do you agree? Explain. NOW YOU CAN Describe a creative personality
Gen us
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES C 1:22 READING Read the short biography. What effect did Beethoven’s personality have on his life?
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Do you think you I’m not particularly creative,
have a creative personality? Rate yourself but I’m very passionate. I

stamping his feet. He completely neglected his personal
think it’s really important
appearance; he had wild hair, and his clothes would get for the qualities below on a scale from
nate
ssio
to love what you do. What
Pa 0 to 3. Compare answers with a partner.

so dirty that his friends would come during the night and
about you?
A replace his old clothes with new ones. What amazed his
friends was that he never noticed the difference.
Beethoven wrote two famous works, Moonlight Sonata and

gifted difficult
0 = not at all
Für Elise, for two different women he loved. He was almost
always passionately in love, often with a woman who was already 1 = a little eccentric energetic
married or engaged. Although Beethoven asked several women to 2 = somewhat passionate moody
marry him, they all rejected him.
Born in 1770 in Bonn, Germany, Ludwig van Beethoven started 3 = extremely imaginative egotistical
playing the piano before he was four years old. Clearly gifted, The most tragic aspect of Beethoven’s life was his gradual loss of hearing,
he had already composed his first piece of music by the time beginning in his late twenties until he became completely deaf in his
he was twelve. When Beethoven was just sixteen, he went to forties. However, even as his hearing grew worse, Beethoven continued to
study in Vienna, Austria, then the center of European cultural be energetic and productive; his creative activity remained intense, and
B DISCUSSION Provide details to complete the descriptions of these creative
life and home to the most brilliant musicians and composers audiences were deeply touched by his music. In 1826, Beethoven held his
personalities, or write complete descriptions of others you find interesting.
of the period. Beethoven proved to be both a gifted pianist and last public performance of his famous Ninth Symphony. By this time, the
composer was completely deaf. When he was turned around so he could

Be sure to use the Vocabulary and provide examples. Say as much as you can.
an imaginative composer. He went on to create his own unique
sound and melodies loved by millions. see the roaring applause that he could not hear, Beethoven began to cry.
Beethoven is remembered not only for his great genius, but Beethoven died in Vienna at age fifty-seven. One out of ten people
also for his strong and difficult personality. In one infamous who lived in Vienna came to his funeral. And millions of people all over the Michael Jackson was a
incident, Beethoven became so annoyed with a waiter that he world have been enjoying his music ever since. gifted singer, songwriter,
emptied a plate of food over the man’s head. He could also be and dancer from the
quite egotistical, saying once, “There are and will be thousands of U.S. But a lot of people
princes. There is only one Beethoven.” During concerts, if people found him eccentric. For
talked while he was performing, he would stop and walk out. example, …
Despite this type of behavior, many in musical and aristocratic
circles admired Beethoven, and music lovers were always Christian Bale is a Hollywood
Beethoven’s greatest supporters. This fact did not prevent him actor who is originally from
from losing his temper with one or another of them. However, the U.K. He is very talented
because of his talent, Beethoven’s friends always forgave his insults Frida Kahlo was a famous and is known to be very
and moody temperament. Mexican painter. They passionate about acting.
say that, at times, she But it is said that he can be
In addition to being difficult, Beethoven was also well-known
could be quite moody. egotistical and difficult to
for his eccentric behavior. He had the odd habit of putting his
For example, … work with. For example, …
head in cold water before he composed any music. He often
walked through the streets of Vienna muttering to himself and

D INFER INFORMATION Infer the information from the Reading. Explain your answers. OPTIONAL WRITING Write a biography
• a pain in the neck • a team player
of a creative person. Present it to the class.
1 the year Beethoven moved away from Bonn 3 the reason he cried • a people person • a tyrant
2 Beethoven’s age when he gave his last public performance 4 the year Beethoven died • a sweetheart • a workaholic
20 UNIT 2 21
/
22
NOSSEL
4 GOAL Discuss the benefits of the arts
3 The Walker Institute provides support for

adults who have suddenly found themselves
without a job or a place to live. As a result, these
A LISTENING WARM-UP DISCUSSION In what ways do you think the arts could be used people feel separated from others socially.
to help children who are under emotional stress or the elderly with memory problems? Understandably, they feel bad about their current
circumstances and worry a lot about the future.
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 1:23 LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen to the radio program for descriptions of how the
arts are used as therapy. Write the type of therapy that is described by each therapist.
F
1:26 Participial adjectives
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES WORD STUDY USING PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES Verb Present participle Past participle
(amaze) amazing amazed
The present and past participial forms of many verbs (annoy) annoying annoyed
can function as adjectives. (bore) boring bored
(depress) depressing depressed

The past participle has a passive meaning. It can (disappoint) disappointing disappointed
usually be restated with a by phrase. (entertain) entertaining entertained
The patient is depressed [by his life]. (excite) exciting excited
Mark Branch 1
Bruce Nelson 2
Carla Burgess 3 I’m bored [by this movie].
(interest) interesting interested
(please) pleasing pleased
C
The present participle does not have a passive (relax) relaxing relaxed
1:24 LISTEN FOR SUPPORTING INFORMATION Listen to the radio program again and meaning. It can usually be restated with an active verb. (soothe) soothing soothed
(stimulate) stimulating stimulated

complete each statement. Then explain what the therapist does to achieve each goal.
That book is depressing . [It depresses everyone.] (surprise) surprising surprised
1 Mark Branch uses the arts to help patients with intellectual disabilities improve .
It’s so boring . [It bores me.] (touch) touching touched
a their schoolwork b their ability to socialize (trouble) troubling troubled
2 Bruce Nelson uses the arts to help troubled teens .
a talk about their problems more easily b socialize with others more easily
G WORD STUDY PRACTICE Circle an adjective to complete each sentence.
3 Carla Burgess uses the arts to help the elderly .
1 Music can make language students feel (relaxed / relaxing).
a tell others about their problems b socialize with others
2 Drawing pictures about their problems can make patients feel less (depressed / depressing).
D 1:25 LISTEN TO TAKE NOTES Listen to the radio program again. Work with a partner
3 Some patients find movement therapy to be very (soothed / soothing).
to define these words and phrases. 4 For patients in physical pain, the benefits of music therapy can be (surprised / surprising).
5 Researchers are (amazed / amazing) that the results have been so positive.
1 an intellectual disability:
6 Many doctors report they are (pleased / pleasing) with the progress their patients make.
2 a troubled teen:
7 Many teen patients feel that drama therapy is (entertained / entertaining).
3 a senior:
E APPLY IDEAS Read each situation. Which therapies mentioned in the radio program would H WORD STUDY PRACTICE With a partner, take turns choosing
you recommend for each situation and why? Compare and discuss your answers with a partner. a present participial adjective from Exercise F and using it in a
sentence. Your partner then creates a sentence using the past
1 2
participial form.
A number of humanitarian organizations have Greenwood Hospital specializes
been working with children who were forced in helping patients who have been
to become soldiers and fight in local wars. In many in car accidents and sports- or work-
cases these children have participated in violent acts. related accidents. Patients struggle
NOW YOU CAN Discuss the benefits of the arts
Their experiences make it hard to sleep or interact with physical pain,
normally with others. limited movement
in arms and legs, and
depression. They
A NOTEPADDING What are some benefits that music, art, dance, and theater bring to
people’s everyday lives? With a partner, make a list and discuss. Use participial adjectives.
need emotional
support.
Benefits
Examples
m
Playing music at work relaxes
.
Music can be soothing
Mu
productive.
people so they’re more
DIGITAL
SPEAKING
BOOSTER
B GROUP WORK Present your ideas to your
class or group. Comment on your classmates’
22 UNIT 2 ideas and ask questions. 23
/
24
WRITING Parallel structure: writing words in a series

DIGITAL
GAME review
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. A 1:27 Listen to the conversations about musical preferences. Check the person who
doesn’t like the music. Then listen again and write what the person doesn’t like about it.
When listing two or more words in a series, be sure to use parallel structure. All the words, phrases, or The man The woman What he or she doesn’t like
clauses should be in the same form. Study the examples.

1 One Direction
I like dancing, painting, and singing. (All are gerunds.)

2 Vanessa-Mae
I like to dance, to paint, and to sing. (All are infinitives.)
3 Josh Groban
The picture was painted, framed, and sold. (All are passives.)
She’s a friendly, helpful, and intelligent human being. (All are adjectives.) 4 Lady Gaga
5 Antonio Carlos Jobim

If you are listing two or more infinitives, either use to with all of them or use it only with the first one.
She wants to eat, to drink, and to go to sleep. OR She wants to eat, drink, and go to sleep.
B Complete the statements with an appropriate adjective from the box.
With a pair or series of nouns, either use the article with all of them, or use it only with the first one.
eccentric egotistical energetic gifted moody passionate
I’m a student, a musician, and a mother. OR I’m a student, musician, and mother.
1 Sarah is a very musician. She started playing the piano when
If another word refers to all of the words in the series, you can use it with all of them or only with the first. she was three.
I don’t think I’m very interesting or very smart. OR I don’t think I’m very interesting or smart. 2 My neighbor has thirty cats. You could say he’s a bit .
I prefer people who make me laugh and who like outdoor activities.
3 Franco is an extremely person. He only thinks of himself.
OR I prefer people who make me laugh and like outdoor activities.
4 Dalia has been so lately. She gets angry at the smallest thing.
5 My brother is really . He’s always doing something productive.
B ERROR CORRECTION Find and correct the errors. 6 My boss is so about the products we sell. She really believes in them.
My personality
C Check the sentences in which the present perfect continuous or present perfect are used
correctly. Correct and rewrite the incorrect sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
Some people think I am moody, a pessimistic person, and cautious, because
1 I’ve already been writing two reports for my boss this month.
I sometimes worry about the future. However, this is very surprising to
2 Kate hasn’t seen the movie Interstellar yet, but all her friends have been telling
me. What I think is that I have always been a passionate, a positive, and
her how great it is.
optimistic person. The fact that I love traveling, to meet new people, and
learning about new places proves that I don’t have a pessimistic outlook. 3 They’ve never been hearing about art therapy before.
Most of my friends find me to be energetic and imaginative. 4 Most likely, Lance studied late. His bedroom light is still on.
5 We haven’t been making reservations for our flight yet.
6 I’ll bet you’ve done the laundry. I can hear the washing machine.
C On a separate sheet of paper, complete each statement with the words in

D
PRACTICE
parentheses, using parallel structure. Then write at least two similar sentences about your Rewrite each statement as a cleft sentence with What.
own personality and interests. 1 Life without the arts wouldn’t be much fun.
1 I like (read, listen to music, go to movies).
2 I’ve been (teacher, stay-at-home mom, office manager). 2 I don’t like a band whose music is really commercial.
3 I enjoy (hike, ski, swim in the ocean).
4 (see new places, have new experiences, make new friends) are all reasons I like to travel. 3 The beat made everyone feel like dancing.
5 Last year I (join the volleyball team, play in ten games, win an award).
6 What energizes and relaxes me is (paint portraits, cook great meals, play my guitar). 4 I like to listen to music that has fun lyrics and a great melody.
DIGITAL
WRITING
PROCESS
D APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Write a paragraph describing your interests
5 They should go see anything that’s playing on Broadway.
and personality. Try to include at least one sentence using the present
perfect continuous and one using a cleft sentence with What. Use the
SELF-CHECK
Vocabulary from Units 1 and 2.
Does my paragraph have a topic
Web Project: Benefits of the Arts
sentence and supporting sentences? TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER
Do I have a concluding sentence?
Did I use parallel structure?
24 UNIT 2 25
/
26

1 Express buyer’s remorse Understand a variety of accents.
Brad = American English (standard)

2 Talk about financial goals and plans D 2:02 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation between
Brad’s dad = American English (standard)
3 Discuss good and bad money management a father and son about spending. Notice the spotlighted language.
Money, Finance, and You

pm
54
13:
4 Explain reasons for charitable giving gle
Goo
Brad: Dad! Check out the smart bikes! Are impulse item . They want you to
they cool, or what? And there’s a place for buy it without thinking. And the
your smart phone on the handlebars so you handlebars are just a gimmick to
preview can get texts. You don’t have to look for your get you to want it.
phone while you’re riding! Brad: But for once, I’d like to be the
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Take the test to learn about your personal spending style. Dad: You’ve got to be kidding. “S mart bike”? first person to have something
Circle the letter that best describes you. Sounds more like a dumb bike. Don’t tell me cool, you know?
you text while you’re riding your bike! Dad: Well, if you have your heart
Brad: Oops. I shouldn’t have said that. set on this smart bike, then you’ll
SPENDING HABITS SELF-TEST What I meant is that I could just stop and
take a look.
have to save up and pay for it
yourself. But I’ll need your word
Dad: Look. Even if this were a great bike, of honor you won’t text while
1 You hear about the latest (expensive!) 2 You are invited to a birthday party 3 You discover a hole in which it isn’t, it’s way over our budget . you’re riding.
smart phone with the coolest new and know a gift is expected, but your pants. You … Look at the price—it’s astronomical! And Brad: OK. But Dad, by the time I
features. You … you’re short on cash right now. A go out and buy new pants. what’s so special about it except for the have enough money to buy a
You … ridiculous handlebars?—which should be smart bike myself, all my friends

A run to the store and stand in line to be one B have the pants repaired.
of the first people to have it. A spend more on the gift than you can C fix the pants yourself. illegal in my opinion … will have already gotten theirs!
B compare prices online so you can get the afford anyway. D other Brad: Well, I could chip in part of the cost. Dad: That may be true, but Mom
best deal right away. B try to find a nice gift that’s not too and I won’t shell out that much
I’ve saved up a little for a rainy day, like
C tell yourself that the price always comes expensive.
you’ve always told me to. money for this bike, even if
down after a while and decide to wait. C say you are busy and don’t go, so you
Dad: Hey, I’m really proud of you for not you do chip in. It’s a matter of
D other don’t have to buy a gift.
spending all your money. But this isn’t a principle. You know, money
D other
rainy day. The bike is a totally unnecessary doesn’t grow on trees.
4 You would love to have a fancy high-
tech entertainment system in your 5 You always split the restaurant

E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Match the expressions from Spotlight
living room, but you just don’t have bill equally with two work
with their meaning.
the money right now. You … colleagues when you eat lunch.
1 way over our budget a promise
This time you weren’t hungry and
A buy it with your credit card and hope you
ate very little. You … 2 astronomical b very, very high
find the money to pay for it later.
B cut back on other expenses until you’ve A pay your usual 1/3 of the bill. 3 chip in c more than we can spend
saved enough to buy it. B offer to pay for just the small amount
4 saved up a little for a rainy day d pay
C decide you have more important spending you ate.
priorities than buying an entertainment C ask the others to treat you, since your 5 impulse item e contribute some of the cost
system. amount was so small.

6 gimmick f kept some money in case of an emergency
D other D other
7 have your heart set on g something you buy without thinking much about it
8 word of honor h something that’s right

If you circled If you circled If you circled If you wrote your
three or more A’s: three or more B’s: three or more C ’s: own answers (D) 9 shell out i a valueless feature
for three or more

You are definitely a big You’ve got a good head You are thrifty and don’t 10 matter of principle j really want
questions:
spender. on your shoulders about waste money.
money. How would you

Your motto is: Your motto is: F THINK AND EXPLAIN Support your answers to the questions with information from Spotlight.
describe your spending
Easy come, easy go. Your motto is: Waste not, want not.
style?
Everything in 1 In your opinion, will Brad buy the smart bike for himself?
moderation . 2 Do you think Brad sees his dad as a big spender, thrifty, or a cheapskate? How does his dad see him?.
SPEAKING GROUP WORK Discuss some worthless gimmicks and worthwhile features
you’ve seen promoted for the following products.

B 2:01 VOCABULARY DESCRIBING SPENDING STYLES C DISCUSSION Do you know anyone
1 an electronic product
Listen and repeat. you would call a big spender, thrifty, or a
cheapskate? Give one or more examples of 2 a personal-care product

a big spender a person who regularly spends a lot of money
that person’s behavior to support your opinion. 3 a shoe for a specific sport
thrifty careful not to spend too much money
a cheapskate a person who hates to spend money 4 another product
26 UNIT 3 27
/
28
NOSSEL
UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the statements
GOAL Express buyer’s remorse
and questions, changing wish or if only + the past perfect to should have or ought to have.
1
1 She wishes she had bought a new car. (ought to)
She ought to have bought a new car.
A 2:03 VOCABULARY EXPRESSING BUYER’S REMORSE

2 Do you wish you had read the owner’s manual before
you tried to use the espresso maker? (should)

3 We wish we had gone to a discount store instead of this fancy department store. (ought to)
4 If only I hadn’t been in such a hurry to sell my house! (should)
5 Doesn’t he wish he had taken the tutorial for his new computer? (should)
6 I wish I hadn’t bought these gimmicky basketball shoes! (should)
G PAIR WORK Read each quotation. Then take turns asking each question. Your partner
answers with a statement using wish + the past perfect.
1 Steven said, “I should have exchanged those 3 Michelle’s husband said, “You should have
shoes.” What does Steven wish? bought a convertible.” What does Michelle’s
husband wish?
It costs so much It takes up so It’s so hard It’s so hard to It just sits around 4 Clark said, “My dad should have returned the
to maintain. much room. to operate. put together. collecting dust.
defective tires as soon as he read about the
2 Kate said, “I shouldn’t have tried to repair
B 2:04 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Listen to conversations about items people bought. Write this air-conditioner myself.” What does Kate
problem in the news.” What does Clark wish?
5 The teacher told Suzanne, “The kids ought to

the product they’re discussing. wish?
have taken the school bus this morning.” What
1 3 5
does Suzanne’s children’s teacher wish?
2 4
C 2:05 ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen again. Pay attention to the people’s regrets. From
NOW YOU CAN Express buyer’s remorse
what they say, infer the reason for the regrets, using expressions from the Vocabulary. Use
each Vocabulary expression only one time.
1 It takes up too much room. 4

A 2:06 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen.
2 5 Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies.
3 A: You know, I wish I hadn’t gotten that exercise machine.
B: What do you mean?
D
A: Well, I hate to say it, but it’s pretty hard to operate.
DIGITAL
GRAMMAR EXPRESSING REGRETS ABOUT THE PAST
INDUCTIVE
• Return it.
ACTIVITY
B: That’s a shame. Can you return it?
Wish + the past perfect • Sell it.
A: It’s too late. If only I’d thought about that sooner.
• Give it away.
I wish I had bought a smart bike. And I wish I hadn’t bought this car!
GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 129 • Give it to someone.
B: Well, maybe you can sell it.
Do they wish they had joined a gym instead of buying that treadmill?
The past unreal conditional: inverted form • Donate it.
A: I’ll think about that. Thanks.
Don’t you wish the store had had the uPhone a month ago?
B
Why does Ann wish she had gotten the more expensive model?
2:07 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again
and repeat. Then practice the conversation W hat did you buy?
Should have or ought to have + past participle
with a partner.
I should have waited to buy a food processor = I ought to have waited to buy a food processor.
it?
Did you still have
Note: American English speakers use should have, not ought to have, in negative statements and in questions.
He shouldn’t have bought the shoes in size 40. NOT He ought not to have bought the shoes in size 40.
C NOTEPADDING Answer the questions on the
notepad about something you regret buying. ,

If not w hat did
you do w ith it?
Should you have sold your house? NOT Ought you to have sold your house?
If only + the past perfect

DIGITAL
VIDEO D CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a
W ould you ever
buy a similar item
again?
DIGITAL conversation expressing regret. Use the

Express very strong regret with If only + the past perfect. You can also use if only in SPEAKING
BOOSTER Vocabulary and the Grammar. Start like this:

a past unreal conditional statement and include a result clause.
You know, I wish… Be sure to change roles
If only I had bought an underwater camera! (regret: I wish I had.)
don’t stop!
and partners.
If only we hadn’t bought that car! (regret: We wish we hadn’t.)
• Make other suggestions about
If only I had bought an underwater camera, I would have taken pictures of the coral reef. what to do with the item.
• Accept or decline the suggestion.
E
• If you decline, explain why.
DIGITAL
MORE
NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find one regret about the past in Spotlight on page 27. • Say as much as you can.
EXERCISES
28 UNIT 3 29
/
30
NOSSEL
DIGITAL
2
MORE NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find a statement in Spotlight on page 27 with the future perfect.
GOAL Talk about financial goals and plans EXERCISES
E GRAMMAR PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, use the cues to write sentences
with the future perfect.
A 2:08 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the interview responses. Notice the spotlighted grammar. 1 By the end of this month / I / put half my paycheck in the bank.
2 By next summer / Stan / save enough to make a down payment on an apartment.
Q: Tell us about your short-term and long-term financial goals and plans. 3 Do you think you / lower / your credit card debt by December?
4 When / they / start / spending less than they earn?

I’ve decided to set a long-term goal I find it helpful to try to
F
for myself—to save enough money picture where I want to
to buy a new car. By this time next be in the next few years. By GRAMMAR PRACTICE Complete the paragraph, using perfect infinitives.
year, I’ll have put away enough next year, if I play my cards
cash for a down payment. I’m right, I figure I’ll have gotten a Ed Compton has been drowning in debt, so he has some emergency short-term goals.
optimistic that I’ll be able to afford good job as a financial consultant.

By the end of the month, he a realistic budget that he can stick to.
the monthly payments after that. That’s a short-term plan, I guess. 1 intend / create
My short-term goal is to make My long-term goals? They’re still

As a matter of fact, he the last payment on his car loan by October 30th.
2 hope / made
a budget for my monthly a little up in the air, but my
Hana Paul
Sung, 28 expenses and stick to it. Drake, 24 goal is to be financially In addition, he saving 10% of his paycheck even before that. If he can stick to his
3 plan / begin
Incheon, Sydney,
independent, able to retire if
South Korea Australia budget and savings plan, Mr. Compton all the money he owes within the year.
I want to, before I’m fifty. 4 expect / pay back
G
I’m not a big spender, but my college expenses
ERROR CORRECTION These sentences all have errors. On a separate sheet of paper,
have been astronomical, and now I’m in debt. My
rewrite them correctly.
salary from my part-time job helps a bit, but I still had to
borrow money from my family, and paying back those loans 1 I expect to will earn enough money to buy a car by the end of the year.
will take some time. Here’s my plan: By this time next year,
2 Before they come back home, they will to have spent all the money they
I’ll have graduated. My immediate goal is to find a job and took with them. PRONUNCIATION
make enough money to be able to put away 10% every month, BOOSTER
p. 143
3 We hope having completed our driver training by the end of the week.
which I’ll use to begin paying off the loans. After I’ve advanced Sentence rhythm: thought groups
4 By the time I’m thirty I will to be married for five years.
in my career, say after four or five years, I expect to
Sara
have started earning enough so that 10% of my salary Williams, 21
will amount to more money. I really hope to have Detroit,
USA
paid back all my loans by the time I turn thirty.
NOW YOU CAN Talk about financial goals and plans
B MAKE PERSONAL COMPARISONS Discuss the questions.

A NOTEPADDING Write your short-term and long-term financial goals.
1 How are you similar to or different from any of the people in the Grammar Spotlight?
completion dates
2 Do you cut back on your spending to buy something you want? Are you financially independent? long-term goals
completion dates
short-term goals
Give specific examples from your own life. by the time I’m thirty
buy a house
by this time next year
buy a racing bike
short-term goals completion dates long-term goals completion dates
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE
ACTIVITY
C GRAMMAR COMPLETED FUTURE ACTIONS AND PLANS: THE FUTURE
PERFECT AND PERFECT INFINITIVES

Note: These are some
Use the future perfect to indicate an action that will be completed by a specified time in the expressions that commonly
future. It’s common to state the particular time somewhere in the sentence. Form the future accompany statements in
perfect with will have or won’t have + a past participle. You can contract will. the future perfect:
before / after [May 15]

By the time Cleo gets her visa, she will have waited for two years.
on / by [Tuesday]
I’ll have finished paying for my car before the end of the year. by the time [she arrives]
They won’t have eaten lunch before 2:00. in the next [month]
Will she have finished work by 9:00? (Yes, she will. / No, she won’t.)
DIGITAL
VIDEO B DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Discuss your financial goals with a partner, using Ideas
information from your notepad. Make statements in the future perfect and • be financially independent
Use a perfect infinitive after hope, expect, intend, or plan to indicate that an action will
statements with hope, expect, plan, and • be out of debt
or might take place before a specified time in the future. Form the perfect infinitive with A year from now I’ll have • cut back on spending
intend with perfect infinitives. Say as much
to have + past participle. paid back my loans.
• create a realistic budget
as you can. Be sure to change roles and
By this time next year, I plan to have saved enough cash to buy a car. GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 130 • stick to a budget
then partners.
By the time I graduate, I hope to have • start saving money
They intend to have completed their studies by June 10th. • The future continuous
• The future perfect continuous saved enough to buy a new car.

Do you expect to have paid back your loans in the next year? (Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.)
30 UNIT 3 31
/
32
NOSSEL
DIGITAL
3
STRATEGIES 2:10 LISTEN TO CONFIRM CONTENT Listen to three calls to a radio financial adviser.
GOAL Discuss good and bad money management
Check one or more suggestions the host gives each caller.
Caller 1 Caller 2 Caller 3
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 2:09 LISTENING WARM-UP VOCABULARY GOOD AND BAD MONEY MANAGEMENT
1 Save all your loose change. 1 Avoid impulse items. 1 Use only one or two cards.
2 Take money out of the ATM. 2 Talk to your parents. 2 Pay each month’s bill in full.
3 Put money in the bank. 3 Save some money. 3 Stop using credit cards.
Good money management 4 Stick to a budget. 4 Don’t complain. 4 Stick to a budget.
D 2:11 LISTEN TO SUMMARIZE Listen again. On a separate sheet of paper, write a
summary in two sentences of the reason each caller called the radio program.
E 2:12 LISTEN TO EVALUATE Choose one of the callers. Explain to a partner why you think
Mack’s advice is good or not. If so, add another suggestion. If not, offer your own advice.
I live within I keep track of I save regularly. I always pay my credit
my means. my expenses. card bills in full.
NOW YOU CAN Discuss good and bad money management
Bad money management

A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Analyze your own money management style.
Choose the statements on the survey that best apply to you.
I live beyond I don’t know where I live paycheck I’m drowning
my means. the money goes. to paycheck. in debt.
B VOCABULARY PRACTICE Complete each statement about money management, using the Vocabulary.
Use each expression only once.
1 Some people say Mr. and Mrs. Strong are thrifty. They don’t spend too much, and they always have money
in the bank for a rainy day.
Mr. and Mrs. Strong save regularly.
2 Andrew earns a small salary, but he’s a big spender, so he’s always out of cash.
B PAIR WORK Compare your answers on the survey.
Andrew Do you have the same money management style?
3 The Wilsons spend everything they earn and have almost no savings in the bank. Explain the reasons for your choices and give
real-life examples. Use the Vocabulary.

The Wilsons
4 When Katherine’s credit card statement comes each month, she writes a check for the full balance.
Katherine
• a big spender
5 Sam acts as if he thinks money grows on trees. He can’t remember where he spent this week’s allowance. • a cheapskate
• an impulse item
Sam
• stick to a budget
6 Every month, Melanie pays a lot of interest and a late fee on her credit card bill. She can’t sleep at night • save for a rainy day
because of all that debt. • chip in
• way over my budget

Melanie
7 Martha and Bill have everything they need and never spend more than they earn.
Martha and Bill
8 Sally always knows where her money goes. Every day she writes down everything she has bought.
Sally
32 UNIT 3 33
/
34
NOSSEL
4
E DRAW CONCLUSIONS Complete each statement with the most likely conclusion, based
GOAL Explain reasons for charitable giving
on the Reading.
1 The purpose of the Charities of the Week column is .
a to tell readers which charities they should volunteer for

A READING WARM-UP What are some reasons people donate money to or volunteer for charities?
b to educate the public each week about some good charities
DIGITAL 2 The medical personnel of MSF usually .

STRATEGIES B 2:13 READING Read about some charities. How would you describe what a charity is?
a travel to places where they are needed
b assist the people mostly in the countries where the medical personnel live
HOME NEWS CHARITIES CONTACT US
3 The people helped by the Coral Reef alliance are probably .
The following non-governmental, non-profit organizations have been among the most
a people who fish for a living near coral reefs
CHARITIES popular charities supported by both philanthropists and other generous people over the
past year. Both of them have excellent reputations and both have been shown to use a high
b tourists who visit areas with coral reefs
percentage of their funds for their work rather than for administrative expenses. They both
OF THE
seek contributions, and you can donate to each one through its website. If you are interested
DIGITAL F EXPRESS AND SUPPORT AN OPINION Which of the two charities does more important
WEEK in volunteering your time, information about that can be found on the websites as well. EXTRA
CHALLENGE work? Explain your opinion.
DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS CORAL REEF ALLIANCE

This well-known Pollution, overfishing, and rapid
charitable organization development are threatening coral reefs NOW YOU CAN Explain reasons for charitable giving
dates from 1971, when around the world. The guiding belief of
300 doctors, nurses, the Coral Reef Alliance is that since these
and other staff, including journalists, officially formed it. problems are caused by humans, A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Write a checkmark next to people or organizations you would contribute to.
Originally named (in French) Médecins Sans Frontières they can be solved by humans.
Write an X next to the ones you wouldn’t. Then tell your partner your reasons.
(MSF), it became known internationally in English as Corals are resilient to change,
Doctors Without Borders. MSF’s founding belief is that but if subjected to current levels
“
a homeless person a school in a poor neighborhood
medical care should be available to everyone, regardless of stress, they are in danger I’d contribute
of location. Every year MSF provides of extinction within a few to an animal
emergency care to millions of decades. Coral Reef Alliance an organization that helps the homeless a museum protection
agency. I
people caught in crises in volunteers work in partnership
think it’s our
some 70 countries around the with the people and groups a disaster relief agency a religious institution
responsibility
world. It offers assistance who depend on reefs for their
to protect
”
when catastrophic events survival. They employ a three- an animal protection agency other animals.
such as armed conflicts, pronged approach: reducing threats
epidemics, malnutrition, or such as overfishing and poor water
natural disasters overwhelm quality; helping communities benefit

B PAIR WORK First rate the reasons you think
health resources. MSF also socially, culturally, and economically
A healthy coral reef teeming with fish people donate money to charities from 1 to 8,
assists people who are neglected from conservation; and working directly
with 1 being the best reason. Compare and
by their local health systems with the tourism industry to decrease its environmental footprint.
MSF medical personnel wear discuss your ratings with a partner.
or who are otherwise If the Coral Reef Alliance is successful, we will be able to enjoy
protective gear to avoid getting Ebola
excluded from medical care. beautiful coral reefs for a long time to come.
to change society
so people will admire them

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES C WORD STUDY PARTS OF SPEECH Write the noun, adjective, or verb form of each of to be a good example
these words used in the Reading. Use a dictionary if necessary.

so people will thank them
noun: charity adjective: verb: assist noun: for religious reasons
noun: contribution verb: noun: pollution verb: to feel good
verb: volunteer noun: noun: threat verb: to help others
verb: donate noun: noun: extinction adjective: other
“
D UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Complete the statements about information in the Reading DIGITAL
SPEAKING C DISCUSSION Put together the My motivation for
with a word from Exercise C. BOOSTER
contributing to charity
information from Exercises A and B.
is mostly to help other
1 Poor water quality is a to healthy coral reefs. Discuss your general and specific reasons
people. That’s the reason
2 from the Coral Reef Alliance help communities conserve the health of their coral reefs.
for contributing to the charities you I give money to homeless
checked, saying as much as you can. Use people and organizations
”
3 If we don’t improve the environment, coral reefs may face within a few years.
that help the homeless.
words from Word Study when possible.
4 MSF provides emergency medical when there aren’t enough local resources.
5 Tourism has contributed to the of the water around coral reefs.

OPTIONAL WRITING Choose a charity. Write a paragraph
6 The of philanthropists and others are welcomed by MSF and the Coral Reef Alliance. explaining why people should donate or volunteer for this cause.
Present your ideas to your class or group.
34 UNIT 3 35
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36
WRITING Organizing information by degrees of importance

DIGITAL
GAME review
A A
WRITING MODE
L
WRITING SKILL Study the rules. 2:14 Listen to the conversations. Then write the letter of the statement that best
I am proud to
say that I am
summarizes each conversation. Listen again if necessary.
financially indep
endent. My friend
s
When writing a paragraph, organize your ideas and sentences logically. occasionally
ask me how I a He should be more thrifty.
did it and
ask me to give
Use words and phrases to indicate to the reader the relative importance them advice.
I like
to say, “You b He’s not really a big spender. He’s just feeling generous today.
have to be financ
of the ideas. Write the ideas in order of importance, starting with the most ially
intelligent.” How?
First and most c If he’d known it would be so hard to put together, he never would have bought it.
important. Notice the commas. importantly
, spend less than
you
earn. One way
to do that is Conversation 1 Conversation 2 Conversation 3
First, in order of importance, to creat e
a budget and
stick to it. Seco
ndly,
B
Most importantly, don’t charge
things on credi
t cards
To begin with, that you can’t Complete the statements about bad money management, using four different phrases
pay for at the
end of
the month. Last
but not least
from the Vocabulary in Lesson 3.
, put
Secondly, / Thirdly, etc. a little mone
y into savings
whenever 1 Marian Bates receives her salary on the last Friday of every month. By the end of the next month,
Following that, you can.
she has no money left. She .
After that,
2 Paul and Clare Oliver never pay their credit cards in full, and every month the balance on their
Finally, card is bigger. They’re .
Last but not least,

3 Cheryl spends more than she earns. She .
Least importantly,
4 Eleanor’s mother gives her money every week for transportation to and from school, but by
As a final point,
Thursday the money’s gone. Eleanor .
C Complete each statement with true information, using the future perfect or a
B PRACTICE Complete the paragraph with words and phrases indicating perfect infinitive.
order of importance.
1 By this weekend, .
2 At the end of this school year, I intend .

I try to be generous to those in need and always contribute a
3 By the time I retire .
portion of my income to charities that I think are worthwhile. Since
4 By the year 2020, I hope .
I don’t have a lot of money, I have to consider where my money can
5 Before I leave this English program, I expect .
do the most good. There are several issues I need to think about
before sending money.

1
, I want to know if the charity is
D On a separate sheet of paper, answer each question using wish and the past perfect or
financially sound; that is, does most of the money it receives actually should have and a past participle to express a true regret from the past.
go to the people in need? Or does it spend too much money on 1 What do you wish you had done differently in your life?
salaries for employees of the organization? I get this information from
2 What decision should you have made that you didn’t?

Charity Navigator on the Internet. , although nearly as
2
important to me, is does the charity address a crisis of some sort, such
as an epidemic? There are so many worthy charities, but to me, the

E Explain in your own words the meaning of the following words and phrases.
ones that provide immediate help that can prevent death are the most 1 financially independent:
important. , I always ask if the charity provides help to 2 a budget:

3
all people, regardless of who they are. I don’t care if the people I help 3 a short-term goal
are in my country or some other country, and I don’t care about their 4 a long-term goal
religion, race, or nationality. 5 astronomical
6 a loan
SELF-CHECK
DIGITAL
WRITING
PROCESS
C APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Write a one-paragraph Did I present my ideas in order of
personal statement for a job or university application. importance?
Describe three ways you manage your financial Did I use the words and
phrases to indicate their relative

responsibilities. Use vocabulary from this unit and
importance?
organize your ideas in order of importance. Provide
Did I use correct punctuation?
Web Project: Charities
examples to support your claims. TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER
36 UNIT 3 37
/
38

1 Describe clothing details and formality Understand a variety of accents.
Karen = American English (standard)

2 Talk about changes in clothing customs D 2:16 SPOTLIGHT Read a conversation between two travelers
Clothing and 3 Examine questionable cosmetic procedures in an airport duty-free shop. Notice the spotlighted language.
Roya = Arabic
4 Discuss appearance and self-esteem
Appearance Karen: Roya, could I get your opinion on something? Roya: But they draw attention to a part of the
Roya: Sure. What’s up? body you don’t want people staring at, right?
Karen: What do you think of these pants? For a teenager, Karen: Well, come to think of it, you have a
preview
I mean. Not for me. point . But personally, I think the jeans are
Roya: The ones with the sequins on the bottom? A bit pretty cute. I guess customs are different
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Match each quotation with the person or people you think most likely said it.
flashy, don’t you think? I think they’d attract too everywhere.
much attention, know what I’m saying? Roya: It’s not that I think girls and women should
WHAT’S YOUR
*
Karen: Funny. To me they’re kind of cute, maybe a little always wear frumpy, baggy clothes. But people
Write the
funky—but not over the top. At least not where I can be modern and fashionable and still show
number of a
PERSONAL STYLE?
come from. some self-respect.
quote for each Roya: Well, it may just be a cultural thing, but in my
person. country, no girl from a nice family would be caught
dead wearing something as immodest as that. In fact,
her parents would never even let her buy them.
Karen: Interesting . . . But you must be right. This has
got to be cultural. In the U.S., no one would even give
them a second thought. If they had a bunch of holes
in them, I’d agree that they were in bad taste.
*frumpy = old-fashioned, loose (only used for women’s clothes)
E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Paraphrase these quotations from Spotlight.
1 2 3 1 “I think they ’d attract too much attention.”

I don’t go for a trendy look. I prefer to wear I prefer being comfortable in Clothing should express your
2 “… but not over the top.”
things that will still be in style next year. And I like my clothes. What I wear may not be the individuality. I don’t want to dress the
clothes that are elegant and well made. most fashionable or stylish, but I like same as everyone else. I prefer to stand 3 “No girl … would be caught dead wearing something as immodest as that.”
it that way. out in a crowd, even if it’s not the most
4 “… no one would even give them a second thought.”
attractive look.
5 “… you have a point.”

4 5 6
I like to be fashionable, so I usually I think I look best in clothes The way you dress affects how
like the clothes of the best fashion that are funky— a little weird to other people perceive you, so it’s F THINK AND EXPLAIN Discuss these questions.
designers. But I don’t like loud colors. I just people perhaps, but very stylish and in important to dress well. Also, I like
1 In what way do Karen and Roya’s perspectives on good and bad taste differ?
good taste to me. my clothes to have a designer’s logo so
don’t like to attract attention to myself. I’m a lot
more comfortable in subdued colors and classic people know they’re not cheap. 2 Whose opinion represents the opinion of a majority of people in your country?
designs that will never go out of style.
SPEAKING
B 2:15 VOCABULARY ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE FASHION Listen and repeat. Don’t forget
A PAIR WORK Read the quotations and sayings about the significance of clothes. Then work with a
partner to paraphrase them. Think of sayings in your own language that express similar ideas.
wild
fashionable / stylish representing a style being worn by many people who dress well
conservative
“
funky modern and attractive, but in an unconventional way modest DON’T BE INTO
“ FASHIONS “ FASHION “ FASHION “

SO SOON AS A TRENDS . DON’T
appropriate
trendy a temporarily popular style that probably won’t last MAKE FASHION
inappropriate IS
UNIVERSAL,
OWN YOU, BUT YOU WHOEVER SAID
classic an unchanging style that is always fashionable casual FADE; STYLE IS DESIGNERS DECIDE WHAT YOU THAT MONEY CAN’T BUY
ETERNAL.
ARE—WHAT YOU
IT IS OUT OF DATE.
ARE DICTATORS OF HAPPINESS
”
formal WANT TO EXPRESS
TASTE.
elegant beautiful and of high quality
informal
BY THE WAY YOU SIMPLY DIDN’T
”
DRESS AND THE
subdued (of colors) not too bright or too colorful KNOW WHERE TO GO
”
WAY YOU LIVE.
”
SHOPPING.
”
Marie Von Ebner-
loud (of colors) very bright and too attention-getting
Yves Saint-Laurent Eschenbach Karl Lagerfeld Gianni Versace Bo Derek
French fashion designer Austrian writer German fashion designer Italian fashion designer American actor and model
C DISCUSSION Describe the outfit of each person in the photos above, using one or more
of the adjectives from the Vocabulary. Explain, using examples.

B DISCUSSION What, in your opinion, do our clothes tell others about us?
38 UNIT 4 39
/
40
NOSSEL
D APPLY THE VOCABULARY With a partner, discuss your
GOAL Describe clothing details and formality
opinions about these fashions. Use the Vocabulary and
1 other adjectives you know to describe the clothing details.
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 2:17 VOCABULARY DESCRIBING CLOTHES 2:19 Formal clothes
a cocktail dress
Read and listen.
a dress shirt
an evening gown
2:18 Adjectives
a tuxedo
long-sleeved
I’ve got on a long-sleeved
low-cut
cocktail dress. A bit
Don’t forget
print
low-cut, but appropriate… .
striped Informal clothes
What color? Actually, it’s a V-neck
plaid
short-sleeved
black-and-white print. crewneck
solid turtleneck
sweater
polo shirt
jeans
T-shirt
You should see my costume for the
blazer
play! I’m wearing a nice dress shirt—
cardigan
like for the office. But I’m also
wearing striped shorts and carrying
a plaid jacket! Ridiculous and in
terrible taste, but great!
NOW YOU CAN Describe clothing details and formality
A 2:21 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted

Hi, Mom … Dan and I are on conversation strategies.
our way to the charity ball.
A: Can I ask you a question about the reception this weekend?
It’s formal, so I’ve got on a
B: Sure. What would you like to know?
short-sleeved evening gown in a
A: How formal will it be? I mean, what kind of clothes are we expected to wear?
great solid dark purple color. Dan’s
B: Actually, it’ll be pretty formal, I think.
got on a tuxedo. I’ll send you a selfie!
A: So would a nice long-sleeved blouse and a pair of black dress pants be OK? Formality
B: I think that might be a little underdressed. Most women will probably wear underdressed
overdressed
cocktail dresses.
B 2:20 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Listen to the conversations. A: Great! I’ve got a beautiful cocktail dress I can wear.
Circle the letter of the illustration that answers each question.

B 2:22 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner.
1 Which man are they talking about? 2 Which girl are they discussing?
a b c a b c
DIGITAL
VIDEO C CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a similar conversation about formality at a different kind of
DIGITAL event. Ask about specific clothes, using clothing and adjectives from the Vocabulary. Start like this:
SPEAKING
BOOSTER
Can I ask you a question about…? Be sure to change roles and then partners.
don’t stop!
• Ask more questions about the event.
• Provide details about the clothes.
• Make a decision about what to wear.

3 Which dress are they describing? 4 Which shirt will he buy? • Say as much as you can.
a b c a b c
• trendy • subdued
• funky • loud
• frumpy • flashy
• classic • in good taste
• elegant • in bad taste
OPTIONAL WRITING Write about

C PAIR WORK Take turns describing the clothes in Exercise B. Your partner says
PRONUNCIATION
a real or invented event when someone
which clothes you are describing. Use the Vocabulary. BOOSTER
p. 143
was underdressed (or overdressed).
Linking sounds
Use the Vocabulary.
40 UNIT 4 41
/
42
NOSSEL
Some quantifiers can be used with both count and non-count nouns.
2 GOAL Talk about changes in clothing customs Count nouns
no people
some / any cocktail dresses

Non-count nouns
no choice
some / any fashion
a lot of / lots of windbreakers a lot of / lots of style

A 2:23 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the article. Notice the spotlighted grammar.
a third of the offices a third of the money GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 131
plenty of young men plenty of interest • Quantifiers: a few and few; a little
and little
most clothes most criticism
• Quantifiers: using of
dna
all young people all fashion • Quantifiers used without referents
Dressing up
• Subject-verb agreement of
more evening gowns more music
quantifiers followed by of
more and more women more and more clothing
Dressing down DIGITAL

MORE
EXERCISES
D UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Circle the correct quantifier. Explain your answer.
Walk around any urban business district The trend spread to the state of 1 (Most / Much) men and women today like having a wide choice of clothes to wear.
in the U.S., and you’ll see a majority California, which has always had less 2 (A number of / A great deal of) stores in this mall sell trendy clothes.
of office workers in “business casual” office formality than the rest of the
3 (All / Every) guest at the dinner wore formal clothing.
attire. Only a few will be wearing the country. There, people called the trend
4 A more liberal dress code has resulted in (less / fewer) choices in formal clothing.
more formal suits, skirts, and dresses “casual Friday.” Later, in the 1990s, the
seen in more conservative locations concept got more of a boost, again by 5 Seventy-five years ago, there were (a little / a few) stores that sold women’s pants.
around the world. Business casual the clothing industry. It was during that
style developed in several steps, most time that a number of companies began E GRAMMAR PRACTICE Circle the letters of all the quantifiers that can complete each
people say, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. promoting casual khaki pants. Lots of ads sentence correctly. Explain your answer, based on the grammar chart.
Here’s a little history: showed both men and women wearing 1 If people go to formal events, they need appropriate clothes.
them with dress shirts and blazers or a a lot of b several c a number of d a great deal of
In 1966, the Hawaiian clothing industry was
sweaters. This look quickly became the
trying to sell more Hawaiian, or “aloha,” 2 children don’t think much about what clothes to wear.
new office standard.
shirts. The industry encouraged Hawaiian a most b a great deal of c every d a majority of
businesses to let their employees wear Some wish the pendulum would swing back towards 3 Since the invitation doesn’t specify the level of formality, it’s clear
these colorful print shirts to a more traditional, elegant look, but plenty of that person needs to decide on his or her own what to wear.
the office one day a other people say this is unlikely. In fact, more and a some b each c every d most
week, on Fridays. But more companies, particularly in the creative and
4 There are tailors who can make anything you buy look great on you.
the style became so technology sectors, now permit jeans and even
a a number of b a few c plenty of d a little
popular that by 1970 it T-shirts in the office. Many younger people are used
5 I was surprised to read that women didn’t wear pants 50 years ago.
had become standard dress to this look and would resist going back to more
a a lot of b some c every d less
all days of the week there. conservative office dress.
NOW YOU CAN Talk about changes in clothing customs
B EXAMINE CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS Discuss the questions.
1 Can clothing affect people’s work quality and productivity in offices? How?
A NOTEPADDING Contrast what you imagine young people wore 100 years ago with what they wear today.
2 What should the limits of formality be in office dress? Be specific.
Event 100 years ago Today
DIGITAL a walk in the park

INDUCTIVE C GRAMMAR QUANTIFIERS: REVIEW AND EXPANSION
ACTIVITY a formal reception or wedding
Some quantifiers can only be used with singular count nouns.
dinner at a nice restaurant
one shoe each man every friend
dinner at a friend’s home
Some quantifiers can only be used with plural count nouns.
a party at school or in the office
a few sports both stores a pair of shoes Note: The quantifier a majority of
can also be used with singular

many workers several men a number of trends
count nouns that include more
B SUMMARIZE In a group, compare your classmates’ ideas. A majority of the class
a couple of skirts at least three a majority of tuxedos than one person. Use a third-
Use quantifiers to summarize your classmates’ ideas. said they thought …
person singular verb.
Some quantifiers can only be used with non-count nouns.
A majority of the class thinks
DIGITAL A few students said …
a little formality much choice a great deal of conflict shorts are inappropriate for
VIDEO C DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR How much would you say clothing
school.
less fun not as much formality a great amount of interest
trends have changed in your country? Describe how they have
A majority of the population
prefers casual clothes in the changed. Use the information from your
office. In the old days, everyone wore pretty formal clothes to a
notepad. Say as much as you can.
dinner in a nice restaurant, but today fewer people do.
42 UNIT 4 43
/
44
NOSSEL
3
IDENTIFY SUPPORTING DETAILS Choose the correct answer and support it with information from the article.
GOAL Examine questionable cosmetic procedures
1 Where can you get a fish pedicure?
a In many countries around the world. b In all the U.S. states and Canadian provinces.
A
2 What is one reason that fish pedicures aren’t permitted in some places?
READING WARM-UP Are there any cosmetic procedures you think should be illegal? Explain. a They have caused serious illnesses. b They can cause infection.
B
3 Where can bacteria enter a client’s skin?
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES 2:24 READING Read about fish pedicures. In what ways is this treatment risky? a In the fish’s mouth. b In a cut in the client’s skin.
4 What makes chinchin more dangerous than garrra rufa?
Questionable
a They can reproduce in the wild.
Chinchin, a species often mislabeled as Garra rufa and
b They have teeth that can break the client’s skin, which can cause infection.
used in pedicures, grows teeth and can break the skin,
further increasing the risk. Garra rufa, on the other hand, 5 What would salon owners have to do to keep the water free of pathogens?
TREATMENTS
are toothless. a They would have to wash the tank and change the fish after each pedicure.
b They would have to clean each client’s feet.

According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Garra
rufa could pose a threat to native plant and animal life 6 Why do some people consider the treatment of pedicure fish cruel?
if released into the wild in places where it isn’t native. a Because in order to get them to eat skin, they have to be starved.
Non-native species can reproduce without limit because b Because keeping them in aquariums is unsanitary and can cause infection.
In this wide world, there’s always someone
there may be few natural predators to kill them and
ready to shell out money for a treatment
E
control their numbers.
DIGITAL
that promises results. EXTRA
EXPRESS AND SUPPORT AN OPINION Discuss with a partner. Would you consider getting
And in addition to the harm these pedicures can do to CHALLENGE
a fish pedicure? Explain your reasons.

the environment and human health, the fish at a salon
Is it safe to let Garra rufa fish, or “doctor fish,”
or spa must be contained in an aquarium with no natural
exfoliate your feet in a fish spa pedicure, eating away
food source and depend on human skin to survive. In W
quantities of dead skin and leaving your feet looking
order to get the fish to eat the skin on a client’s feet,
sandal-ready? Although fish pedicures are popular NOW YOU CAN Examine questionable cosmetic procedures
they must be starved, and this could be considered
in many parts of the world, the governments of a
animal cruelty, which is illegal in many places.
number of U.S. states and at least two Canadian
A
Ratings.
provinces have banned the practice, making it illegal
to provide this service. Although some experts say

The preponderance of evidence leads one to believe
that fish pedicures are doubtful at best and dangerous at

FRAME YOUR IDEAS Read the ads and rate them.
✓ = Looks good to me.
Discuss your ratings and reasons with a partner.
worst. And public opinion seems to be building against ? = I’d have to know more.
✗
there is not much of a serious risk to health, and
although no actual illnesses have been caused by this them, with city after city making them illegal. = I wouldn’t try it even if you paid me!
procedure, most bans are based on one or more of
the following reasons: Face-Slapping Massage … The Swiss Chocolate

Fish pedicures? Yuck and double yuck! Just
Tapeworm E
xpre
Mud Wrap is a
Based on science!
ss D iet*
Since the fish remain in the pedicure tubs, it’s get a nice clean pedicure from a licensed
“sweet experience.”
impossible to clean them between clients. Bacteria cosmetician. If the hygiene argument doesn‘t
Rejuvenate your aging face with
and other pathogens can build up in the water, convince you, just think how terrible the Don’t knock it if
the ancient practice of face-
and if a client has a cut or break in the skin, these you haven’t tried it! Under a doctor’s
experience is for the poor little fishies!
slapping. Based on scientifically
supervision, you simply swallow
organisms can enter and cause infection. In fact, New –Minnie Edwards, biology teacher
proven physical tapping known as
a small pill. Within days, one or
York dermatologist Dr. Riya Prasad says, “Today there
“tapotement” and used extensively more tapeworms will absorb all the
are so many antibiotic-resistant bacteria that I advise
in Swedish massage, both gentle food you eat, resulting in extra-fast
my patients to walk the other way when they see a
and more aggressive slaps with a flat weight loss. Once you have reached
salon or spa offering these pedicures. Better safe
or cupped palm improve circulation your ideal weight, the doctor will
than sorry!”
and reduce the appearance of
Swiss Chocolate administer an anti-parasite pill, killing
the tapeworm, which will pass out of

The fish themselves cannot be disinfected or wrinkles, resulting in a more youthful
sanitized to prevent them from spreading bacteria. appearance.
Mud Wrap your body harmlessly.
Due to the cost of the fish, salon owners are likely to Soak in the luxury of the finest Swiss chocolate
use the same fish multiple times with different clients, mixed with sticky Mississippi River mud—
which increases the risk of spreading infection. the ultimate full-body mask to hydrate your
skin, slim your silhouette, and stimulate your “I tried this diet
circulation all at once. Effects are achieved by
and reached my
the natural essential oils in the chocolate that
ideal weight fast!”
are released as the mud dries and contracts.
C
Emerge from a series of three treatments a * Only for healthy individuals. The tapeworm
UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Complete the statements with words from the box. newer, smoother, slimmer you.
express diet can cause abdominal
complications, meningitis, and dementia.
1 When someone uses something to your feet, he or she removes dead skin. bacteria
bans
My rating My rating My rating
2 Another way to say that a government doesn’t permit something is to say it it.
disinfect
4 When you
are pathogenic organisms that can grow in water.
something, you clean it to remove harmful organisms.

exfoliate
mislabel
B DISCUSSION What specific dangerous or harmful procedures have you RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
predator seen or heard about? What can or should be done about them? • It’s just a matter of time until …
5 When you something, it means that you give it the wrong name. • I mean, what are you going to do?
• It is what it is.
6 A is an animal that kills and eats other animals.
• Better safe than sorry.
• Can I ask you a question?

44 UNIT 4 45
/
46
NOSSEL
4
2:27 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Read the following questions. Answer them,
GOAL Discuss appearance and self-esteem
listening again if necessary.
1 What kind of body is currently in style?
A
2 What change has taken place in the look of fashion models over the
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES 2:25 LISTENING WARM-UP WORD STUDY: COMPOUND WORDS WITH SELF- Study the words. last fifty years?
Then use a dictionary to find two more nouns and two more adjectives with the prefix self-.
3 What is one serious consequence of feeling like you’re fat all the time?
4 How can women help themselves overcome the negative messages in

self-confidence the belief that one has the ability to self-centered interested only in oneself
the media?
do things well Children are naturally self-centered, but they
Parents can build their children’s self-confidence usually learn to be more interested in others as 5 How can people help their daughters avoid a negative self-image?
by helping them develop their talents and abilities. they grow up.
self-esteem the attitude of acceptance and approval self-confident believing that one has the ability to E 2:28 LISTEN TO SUMMARIZE With a partner,
Photos are often altered to
make models and actresses

write a summary statement about the lecture.
of oneself do things well; not shy or nervous in social situations
SEVITCEJDA
appear thinner than they are.
High self-esteem can help a person succeed, and Janet is a very self-confident young woman.
SNUON
low self-esteem can be damaging. She’ll do well at the university.
self-image the opinion one has about one’s own self-conscious worried about what one looks like
abilities, appearance, and character or what other people think of one’s appearance Discuss appearance and self-esteem
NOW YOU CAN
A person’s self-image is often formed very early Everyone at the meeting was dressed casually,
in life. so I felt self-conscious in my suit.
self-pity the feeling of being sorry for oneself self-critical tending to find fault with oneself A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Take the survey. Then compare ratings with a partner.
When you feel that life is unfair and that others have Paul is too self-critical. He always focuses on
treated you poorly, it’s not unusual to feel self-pity. his mistakes rather than his accomplishments.
HOW MUCH DO YOU AGREE WITH EACH STATEMENT

ABOUT MEN AND WOMEN IN YOUR COUNTRY?
B WORD STUDY PRACTICE Complete each statement, using one of the
STRONGLY DISAGREE STRONGLY AGREE
compound words with self-.

1 Most women are self-conscious about their bodies. 1 2 3 4 5
1 Eleanor Ricci entered the auditorium with her usual
and began her presentation. 2 Most men are self-conscious about their bodies. 1 2 3 4 5
2 Even though my brother Martin always wears great clothes, he feels

3 Most women are self-conscious about their faces. 1 2 3 4 5
and usually asks me to tell him if he looks OK.
4 Most men are self-conscious about their faces. 1 2 3 4 5
3 They say that children’s is built by receiving
parental praise for their accomplishments. 5 Most women want to look more like women in the media. 1 2 3 4 5
4 A positive can help people through the difficulties of

6 Most men want to look more like men in the media. 1 2 3 4 5
life without feeling like failures when things go wrong.
7 Most women think women need to be beautiful. 1 2 3 4 5
5 People who spend a lot of time talking about themselves are
. 8 Most men think women need to be beautiful. 1 2 3 4 5
6 I don’t know why Paul is so . He’s great at everything

9 Most women think men need to be handsome. 1 2 3 4 5
and more successful than almost everyone else.
10 Most men think men need to be handsome. 1 2 3 4 5
7 We tried to encourage Sylvie to look on the bright side, but after she lost
her job, she just couldn’t stop wallowing in .
8 people don’t just sit around worrying about not
being able to do things. They try their best and assume their best is good B NOTEPADDING Make a list of positive and negative factors that affect self-esteem.
enough.
Build self-esteem Harm self-esteem
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES C 2:26 LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen to a university lecture. Then read the
Build self-esteem
Harm self-esteem
statements and choose the one that expresses the main idea of the lecture. “Messages” in the
media
Parental love
1 Female self-image is heavily influenced by messages in the media.
2 Many fashion models today are super-thin.
3 Eighty per cent of ten-year-olds are on diets.

DIGITAL
SPEAKING
BOOSTER
C DISCUSSION
4 Anorexia is a common eating disorder. 1 How can the positive factors you listed on your notepad be promoted?
2 Which of the negative factors on your notepad can be changed or corrected?

Super-thin models are demanded
by fashion designers, magazine 3 Do you think life is easier for people who are attractive? Explain your opinion.
editors, and advertisers.
4 In an ideal world, what should one’s self-esteem be based on? Explain your opinion.
46 UNIT 4 47
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48
WRITING Compare and Contrast: Review

DIGITAL
GAME review
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. A 2:29 Listen to the conversations about fashion and style. Choose the adjective that best
summarizes each speaker’s point of view.
Compare Contrast 1 They think the purses in the magazine are .
Connecting words that show similarities Connecting words that show differences a frumpy b trendy c flashy
2 He thinks the jacket Carl is wearing is .

like unlike
a funky b subdued c loud
Like Sylvia, I wear jeans all the time. OR Unlike her sister, Wendy wears great clothes. OR
3 They think the girl’s hair is .
I wear jeans all the time, like Sylvia. Wendy wears great clothes, unlike her sister.
a elegant b in bad taste c classic
similarly in contrast 4 The salesperson is suggesting that the dress is .
I grew up paying little attention to fashion. I’ve always liked to wear black to evening events. a elegant b funky c trendy
Similarly, my brother was not very In contrast, my sister prefers white. OR 5 She thinks the blouse her friend is holding isn’t .
interested in clothes. OR I’ve always liked to wear black to evening events;
a in bad taste b stylish c frumpy
I grew up paying little attention to fashion; in contrast, my sister prefers white.
B
similarly, my brother was not very interested
in clothes.
Complete each statement with an appropriate word or phrase.
1 A piece of clothing that’s all one color is .

likewise however
2 A shirt with different color lines making square patterns is .
My mother always liked elegant clothes. Lily had to wear a uniform when she was in
3 A piece of clothing with vertical or horizontal lines in different colors is .
Likewise, her two sisters did, too. OR school. However, I was allowed to wear
My mother always liked elegant clothes; anything I wanted. OR 4 A very formal suit a man might wear to a wedding or a reception is .
likewise, her two sisters did, too. Lily had to wear a uniform when she was in
5 A short, elegant dress for a party in the evening is .
school; however, I was allowed to wear
6 A long, very formal dress for a wedding or a reception is .
anything I wanted.
7 When a person is wearing something much too informal for an occasion, he or
as well / not either while / whereas she is .
Many people spend too much money on clothes. Sam spends a lot of money on clothes while 8 If a man comes to the office in a tuxedo, people will say that he’s .
Some spend too much on shoes as well. (or whereas) Jeff rarely does. OR
9 Many people think that a dress or blouse that’s is too
Our parents’ generation didn’t worry so much While (or whereas) Sam spends a lot of money
revealing and in bad taste.
about fashion. Their own parents didn’t on clothes, Jeff rarely does.
either. 10 When it’s cold outside, it’s better to wear a shirt.
C Cross out the one quantifier that cannot be used in each sentence.
B PRACTICE Read the paragraph, inserting logical

DIGITAL
WRITING
PROCESS
C APPLY THE WRITING SKILL 1 (Every / A few / Most) older people find flashy clothes in bad taste.
connecting words for comparing and contrasting. Choose a topic below. Write two
2 The company where I work says that it will permit us to come to the office in jeans
paragraphs comparing and contrasting
(one / a couple of / a few) days a month.
My husband, Jack, generally appreciates fashion, ideas. In your first paragraph, write
3 (Most / Many / Every) young girls aren’t worried about the way they look.
but we don’t always agree on clothes and what about the differences. In your second
paragraph, write about the similarities. 4 (Much / A majority of / A number of) parents are concerned about the effect the media has
to wear. I like to shop in small boutiques;
Use connecting words and include a topic on young boys as well.
, my husband also appreciates
1 sentence for each paragraph. 5 When my great-grandparents were young, (many / most / much) women wore only dresses.
the attention a shopper gets in a small store.
, I always buy funky, trendy 6 I’d say your friends could use (some / a little / a few) fashion advice.
2 Topics
clothes. , Jack is more 7 There are (several / most / many) reasons so many young women have eating disorders.
3
• Compare and contrast your fashion style and
conservative. And it won’t be surprising for anyone tastes with those of someone you know.
8 A new study says that (most / many / every) children who watch TV for more than six hours
to learn that my husband, I tend to • Compare and contrast fashion today with

a day may have problems with self-esteem as teenagers.
4 fashion five, ten, or twenty years ago.
like loud colors and bold prints, he
D
5
prefers a more subdued look. I feel On a separate sheet of paper, write five sentences, each one using one of the quantifiers
6
self-confident that whatever I wear will be OK from the box.
Jack can be a little self-conscious SELF-CHECK

7
and always tries to wear non-controversial clothes. Did I use connecting words for comparing? several a majority few little more and more
But, as they say, “opposites attract,” and we both Did I use connecting words for contrasting?
like the way the other person dresses, even if our

Does each paragraph have a topic Web Project: Trend Spotters
tastes for ourselves aren’t the same. sentence? p. 154 www.english.com/summit3e
48 UNIT 4 49
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50

1 Politely ask someone not to do something Understand a variety of accents.
Luiz = Portuguese
2 Complain about public conduct D 3:02 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation between two former
Bill = British English
3 Suggest ways to avoid being a victim of colleagues. Notice the spotlighted language.
Communities urban crime
4 Discuss the meaning of community

Bill: Hi, Luiz!
Luiz: Bill? What a surprise!
Bill: I just wanted to see how you’re doing. How’s your new
preview place? You and Lourdes must be all settled in by now.
Luiz: Pretty much. But city life sure takes some getting
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the questionnaire about your ideal community. How
used to.
closely do your answers describe where you live now? In what ways are they different?
Bill: In what way?
Luiz: Well, for one thing, not only do we have to deal with
Home About Questionnaires Top stories Search bumper-to-bumper traffic every day, but it’s almost impossible
to find on-the-street parking.
Whether you’re planning to move soon or just Bill: Yeah, that is a pain. Hey, what about your building? How’s that worked out?
dreaming about your future, this questionnaire will Luiz: Pretty well. It’s safe and well-maintained. But, to be honest, it’s been
help you focus on what’s most important to you. a mixed blessing.
Bill: What’s the problem?
Luiz: Well, it’s the neighbors on our floor. Whenever they hear someone get off
1. What kind of environment would you
the elevator, they look out their door to check who it is. I don’t mean to sound
prefer to live in?
unfriendly, but I wish they’d mind their own business.
Bill: Well, I’m sure they mean well . You should look on the bright side.
a densely-populated urban area with skyscrapers
It’s good to be in a building where people look out for each other.
a medium-sized urban area
Luiz: That’s true. We’re very lucky. And I have to say, I’ve fallen in love with
the neighborhood.
a suburb, just outside a city, with convenient
Bill: That’s great!
transportation
Luiz: It ’s really got a lot to offer; we’re never bored. Sometimes we go out
for coffee and just people watch.

a small town in a rural area with a slower pace of life
a rural town
Bill: Well, all in all, it sounds like things are going well.
Luiz: They are. Hey, give my regards to Judy. And let me know if you’re
2. Which of the following describe your
3. Which neighborhood ever in town.
ideal neighborhood?
amenities would you Bill: Will do!
is near my school or job

want easy access to?
is peaceful and quiet reliable public transportation

an urban area
E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Write an expression from Spotlight for each definition.
is lively and bustling with activity a large modern mall
1 choose to have an optimistic viewpoint

is friendly, with people who say hello to each other a variety of small businesses, such as hair salons, dry
2 take care of other people
has a mix of apartment buildings and private homes cleaners, florists, etc.
3 something that has both a good and bad side
has mainly private homes a large supermarket 4 not intrude in other people’s lives
has mainly modern high-rise apartment buildings a market where you can buy fresh farm produce 5 requires time to get comfortable with something
6 have good intentions

has lots of well-maintained historical buildings theaters and stadiums
7 has many advantages

is safe, with very little crime a hospital and clinics
is very secure, with security cameras and guards parks and fitness centers F THINK AND EXPLAIN Answer the questions, supporting your answers with information from Spotlight.
other: other: 1 What does Luiz like about the neighborhood he lives in, and what doesn’t he like?
2 What does Luiz like about his building, and what doesn’t he like?
B 3:01 VOCABULARY TYPES OF LOCATIONS Listen and repeat. an urban area

SPEAKING PAIR WORK On a separate sheet of paper, list the pros and cons of living in a small town,
Then, with a partner, write a definition for each of these location types. a rural area
a big city, and a suburb. Then compare opinions with a partner. Use expressions from Spotlight.
the suburbs
C PAIR WORK Compare your answers in the questionnaire to determine
if you have the same preferences. Discuss and explain the reasons for your choices.
50 UNIT 5 51
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52
NOSSEL
GRAMMAR PRACTICE Combine the two statements, using a possessive gerund.
GOAL Politely ask someone not to do something
1 1 They allow smoking. I’m not in favor of it.
I’m not in favor of their allowing smoking.
A
2 He texted his friends during the concert. I didn’t appreciate that.
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES
3:03 WORD STUDY USING NEGATIVE PREFIXES TO FORM ANTONYMS
Negative prefixes
Listen and repeat.
dis- ir-
3 They eat fast food in the car. Does your mother object to it?
1 acceptable → un acceptable 4 proper → improper im- un-
2 considerate → inconsiderate 5 respectful → dis respectful

in-
4 She’s talking on her cell phone. We don’t mind it.

3 polite → impolite 6 responsible → ir responsible PRONUNCIATION
BOOSTER
p. 144
B WORD STUDY PRACTICE Use a dictionary to find antonyms for these words. Then make
5 My brother didn’t apologize. I’m really annoyed by it.
Unstressed syllables: vowel
ə
reduction to / /
a list of other adjectives with negative prefixes.
1 appropriate 5 honest
2 courteous 6 pleasant
3 excusable 7 rational
NOW YOU CAN Politely ask someone not to do something
4 imaginable 8 mature
C ACTIVATE WORD STUDY Write sentences that describe inappropriate public behavior. A 3:04 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen.
Use adjectives from Exercises A and B. Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies.
Example: It’s inconsiderate to play loud music in the library.

A: Do you mind my smoking here?
B: Actually, smoking kind of bothers me.

1
I hope that’s not a problem.
2
A: Not at all. I can step outside.
3 B: That’s very considerate of you .
4 Thanks for asking.
B 3:05 RHYTHM AND INTONATION
D PAIR WORK Compare the examples you wrote in exercise C. Explain why Listen again and repeat. Then practice
you consider the behavior inappropriate. the conversation with a partner.
C Make a list of situations

E
NOTEPADDING
DIGITAL 3:06 Ways to soften an objection
INDUCTIVE
GRAMMAR USING POSSESSIVE GERUNDS in which you would probably ask for
ACTIVITY I hope that’s not a problem.
You can use a possessive gerund when you want to indicate the performer of the action. permission to do something.
I hope you don’t mind.
I object to their playing loud music late at night. I hope it’s OK / all right.
Jack’s talking during the movie was annoying. I don’t mean to inconvenience you.
Your list
Does my daughter’s playing video games bother you? room

a doctor’s waiting
turning on the TV in
What bothers me is his not apologizing for texting during class. with someone
while having dinner
making a phone call
In informal spoken English, it is acceptable to use a name, a noun, or an object pronoun instead of a
Your list
possessive, but only if the gerund phrase is the direct object in the sentence.
I object to them playing loud music late at night.
BUT Never use a name, noun, or an object pronoun if the gerund is the subject of the sentence. Use a possessive.
Their playing music late at night is a problem. NOT Them playing music late at night is a problem.
DIGITAL
MORE
EXERCISES
F UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Write a check mark next to the sentences that are
incorrect in speaking or writing. Correct them.
D
don’t stop!
1 “Do you mind me eating lunch at my desk?” DIGITAL
VIDEO
CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a conversation similar • Explain why the behavior bothers you.
2 “Your brother not saying hello to her was disrespectful.” DIGITAL to the one in Exercise A, using a situation from your notepad. • Express understanding of your
SPEAKING
partner’s point of view.

Start like this: Do you mind my … ? Be sure to change roles and
BOOSTER
3 “Kevin not agreeing to remove his shoes in my house was kind of impolite.” • Say as much as you can.
then partners.
4 “Isn’t Paula honking her car horn early in the morning inexcusable?”
5 “I don’t like you answering your phone while we’re eating dinner.”
52 UNIT 5 53
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NOSSEL
2
GRAMMAR PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, combine the sentences, using the
GOAL Complain about public conduct
paired conjunction with or, nor, or but (also).
1 People should speak up about what bothers them. They should just learn to live with
A
other people’s habits. (either)
3:07 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the interview responses. Notice the spotlighted grammar.
2 It’s rude when people talk on their phones in theaters. It’s also rude when they talk
on them on buses. (not only)
What are some of your pet peeves? 3 I hate the smell of cigarette smoke. I worry about the danger to my health. (not only)
4 My uncle isn’t willing to give up smoking. My grandparents aren’t willing to give up
smoking. (neither)
“Well, it really bugs me “I’ll tell you what really gets to
when people cut in line at me. I can neither tolerate nor
the theater! They should understand people’s littering in public
either arrive early places. Do they really expect others

NOW YOU CAN Complain about public conduct
enough for a good seat to clean up after them? That’s just so
or wait in line patiently inconsiderate. Either they should
A
like everyone else does. throw their garbage in a trash can
Who do they think or they should hold on to it till they NOTEPADDING Make a list of some of your pet peeves in public places. Then write sentences with
cutting in line littering on the street
they are?” find one.” paired conjunctions to express your opinion. Use some of the adjectives with negative prefixes.
Jean Seyedi Ken Becker
San Francisco, USA Philadelphia, USA

meal
texting during the Ideas
reading e-mail and
In restaurants:
• cutting in line
impolite.
, but it’s also very
Not only is it annoying
• talking in theaters
“It really gets on my “Here’s a pet peeve of mine: I hate it
• playing loud music
nerves when people when people forget to turn off their In restaurants:
• honking a car horn
spit on the street. phones during a lecture or workshop.
• not saying “Excuse me”
Not only do I find Not only is it distracting to the
In stores:
it disgusting, but it’s speaker, but it’s also annoying to the
Adjectives with
also unhygienic. It’s audience. They should either have
negative prefixes
important to think about the courtesy to turn their phones off O n buses and trains:
disrespectful
public health and other or simply leave them at home. It really
spitting on the sidewalk forgetting to turn off immature
people’s feelings.” ticks me off.”
one’s phone impolite
O n the street:
Nancy Shen Paulo Acosta inconsiderate
Shanghai, China Salvador, Brazil inexcusable
In offices: irresponsible
unacceptable
B
unpleasant
In movie theaters:
EXPRESS YOUR IDEAS Which of the examples of public behavior described in the interviews
bug you the most? With a partner, compare your opinions and explain your reasons.
O ther:
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE C GRAMMAR PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
Be careful!
B
ACTIVITY
You can connect related ideas with paired conjunctions. When joining two subjects with either or APPLY THE GRAMMAR In a group, role play on-the-street interviews, with one student as
neither, make sure the verb agrees with the
the interviewer. Use your notepads and the Grammar Spotlight on page 54 as a guide.
either … or subject nearer to the verb.
Either people should smoke outside or they shouldn’t smoke at all. Either the mayor or local businesspeople
Phones should either be turned off or left at home.

need to decide. What really ticks
Either local businesspeople or the mayor me off is … Here’s what really gets on my nerves …
neither … nor needs to decide.
I’ll tell you what really gets to me … Do you want to know

I would allow neither spitting nor littering.
what bugs me?
Neither eating nor drinking is allowed in the lab.
C
not only … but GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 133
DIGITAL
Invert the subject and verb after Not only. Use a comma after the first clause. • Conjunctions with so, too, VIDEO DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Discuss the RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
neither, or not either questions. Say as much as you can. • It takes getting used to.
Not only is it dangerous to text while driving, but it may be illegal.
• So, too, neither, or not either:
1 In your opinion, how should people • It’s a mixed blessing.
Not only did they forget to turn off their phones, but they also talked during the concert. short responses
• [They] should mind [their] own business.
behave in public places? Do you think
• [They] mean well.
it’s important to speak up when people
DIGITAL
MORE
EXERCISES
D NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find an example of paired conjunctions in Spotlight on behave inconsiderately in public?
• Look on the bright side.
page 51. 2 Do you ever do things that annoy other

people? Explain.
54 UNIT 5 55
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NOSSEL
3
C CLASSIFY Look for the words pickpocket, purse snatcher, mugger, and burglar in the
GOAL Suggest ways to avoid being a victim of urban crime
reading. Then choose the kind of criminal who committed each crime below.
1 “I was looking for souvenirs at the market when this kid grabs my bag!”
a pickpocket a purse snatcher a mugger a burglar
A READING WARM-UP Why do you think tourists might make ideal victims for criminals?
2 “I left my laptop in a dresser drawer under my dirty clothes, but when I got back to the hotel it was gone!”

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 3:08 READING Read the interview. Do you agree with Miller’s advice?
3 “I was watching the parade when all of a sudden I realized someone had taken my passport!”
DON’T LET URBAN CRIME SPOIL YOUR VISIT 4 “We were walking on the beach, and three big guys surrounded us and demanded our wallets!”
pickpockets purse snatchers muggers burglars
Since the beginning of the century, there has been a

And what extra precautions should tourists
steady increase in the number of foreign visitors to the D UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Read each statement from the interview.
take in urban areas?
great cities of the world. In this interview, travel writer Match each underlined expression with its meaning.
Hanna Miller suggests ways for visitors to avoid
Miller: It goes without saying: Avoid streets that are not 1 They are also out of their comfort zone. a not be careful
becoming victims of urban crime. well-lit at night. And avoid going out alone, if you can.
2 Tourists are more likely than locals to b be more noticeable than others
While there’s usually safety in numbers, remember that
let their guard down.
You claim that tourists are particularly vulnerable tourist attractions also attract thieves. Stay aware of what’s c checking to see if you might be a good victim
to criminal activities. Why is that? happening around you—as if you had eyes in the back of 3 Tourists stand out. d less risk by doing things with others
your head. On the street, avoid using a smart phone or
4 … there’s usually safety in numbers. e doing what they’re not accustomed to doing
Miller: Well, for one thing, tourists are more likely tablet—or fumbling with a map or guidebook— if you don’t
5 He or she may be sizing you up.
than local people to be carrying large sums of money need to. Be wary if a stranger asks for directions or starts
or valuables such as jewelry and electronics. They are up a conversation. He or she may be sizing you up as a
also out of their comfort zone, being unfamiliar with local potential victim. Be particularly careful in crowds at festivals or E CRITICAL THINKING Discuss the questions. Support your ideas with examples.
customs or places that should be avoided. Because they’re on buses or trains. Be suspicious of any sudden disruption.
1 What are some ways that tourists might let their guard down when traveling?
enjoying themselves, tourists are more likely than locals to Thieves are known to intentionally create a distraction so you
let their guard down, thinking they are safe when in fact won’t realize what they’re actually doing. And a warning to DIGITAL 2 What should a visitor to your country do to not “look like a tourist?” What would you
EXTRA
they are not. And let’s face it: tourists stand out. They look women: Be careful if you wear a cross-body purse. It may be CHALLENGE do to not look like one when you travel?
different and dress differently from the residents of the place harder for a criminal to grab, but you could be injured if the
they’re visiting. purse snatcher is on a motorcycle.
What kinds of crime do tourists need to be Do people need to worry about leaving
NOW YOU CAN Suggest ways to avoid becoming a victim of urban crime
concerned about? valuables in their hotel room?
Miller: All kinds, including violent crime, unfortunately. Miller: Good point! Don’t leave valuables unprotected in
Tourists, however, are primarily targeted for theft of your room, where a burglar might break in and take them. A NOTEPADDING With a partner, discuss ways
while riding in a car
the valuables they have on them and the information Ask the front desk to keep them for you. Better safe than to avoid becoming a crime victim in your own
gained from passports, credit cards, and other forms sorry! Finally, I should mention that, all in all, crime rates are town or city for each situation on the notepad.
of identification. Because out-of-town visitors tend to going down worldwide, and the chances you will become Summarize your ideas.
congregate at tourist attractions, it’s easier for criminals to a crime victim are low. So don’t let worrying about crime while using public transportation
do their work. Not only does this provide the opportunity interfere with your having a great time!
B ROLE PLAY Imagine that you are a tourist
for a pickpocket to take someone’s wallet unnoticed, but
visiting a new city, and your partner is a local.
it also makes it easier for a purse-snatcher to quickly grab
something and run. A mugger can follow a victim until he

Tell your partner about what you’ve been doing while walking on the street
or she is alone at an ATM machine, for example, where the during your visit. Your partner makes suggestions
criminal can demand the victim’s money and property. for how to avoid crime. Summarize your ideas on
the notepad.
while staying in a hotel
So what precautions do you recommend?
OPTIONAL WRITING Write a short guide for

Miller: Before you leave home, use the Internet to learn visitors to your city. Suggest how to stay safe and
about your destination so you can avoid high-crime while getting cash at an ATM machine
avoid becoming a crime victim.
neighborhoods. The more you know, the better you can
protect yourself. Photocopy your passport and make sure
you have a list of all your credit card numbers. When you’re
packing, choose clothes that don’t make you stand out as a other
tourist. By the way, the inside pocket of a jacket may seem
like a good place for a wallet or passport, but it’s a favorite
target for pickpockets. You should either bring pants and
jackets with zippered or buttoned pockets or consider buying
a money belt. And leave unnecessary valuables at home!
56 UNIT 5 57
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58
NOSSEL
4
3:12 LISTEN TO CONFIRM CONTENT The report mentions that some people criticized
GOAL Discuss the meaning of community
the Ice Bucket Challenge. Read the list of criticisms. Then listen again and check the
ones that are actually mentioned in the report.
1 It made people feel bad if they chose not to participate in the challenge.
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 3:09 LISTENING WARM-UP VOCABULARY: COMMUNITY SERVICE ACTIVITIES
2 There are more serious problems for which people could have donated money.

3 People should have paid more attention to the cause rather than on having fun.
4 The challenge didn’t raise a lot of money for research.
GET INVOLVED WITH YOUR COMMUNITY! 5 Dumping ice water on your head could be dangerous.
6 Some celebrities took the challenge just to call attention to themselves.

Home About News Community projects Search
F EXPRESS AND SUPPORT AN OPINION Discuss the questions, using information from
the report and your own ideas.

BEAUTIFY CLEAN UP
YOUR TOWN
RAISE 1 Do you think the Ice Bucket Challenge was a good idea? Do you agree with the critics or
LITTER the supporters? Why?
Plant flowers or trees

where there aren’t any. Pick up trash from parks, MONEY 2 Why do you think people on social media responded so strongly to the Ice Bucket Challenge?
playgrounds, or the street.
NOW YOU CAN Discuss the meaning of community
VOLUNTEER DONATE
YOUR TIME BLOOD Mail letters, make phone A FRAME YOUR IDEAS With a partner, consider each situation and discuss what you might do.
Work without pay in Give the gift of life to someone calls, knock on doors, or set Based on your answers, how would you define the meaning of “community”?
the fire department, a who’s very sick or has been in up a table to raise money for My first responsibility is to my
hospital, or a school. a serious accident. a charity or cause. 1 2 family. I can’t imagine doing
this for a total stranger.
There has been a terrible
B
There has been a natural
VOCABULARY PRACTICE Would you ever consider storm, and many homes have Of course I’d help a
disaster with casualties,
stranger! It’s the right
doing any community service activities? With a been destroyed. You’re asked and someone needs a blood
thing to do.
partner, explain what you would, or would never, do. to let a family live with you transfusion to survive. You
until their home is fixed.

have the same blood type
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES C 3:10 LISTEN TO SUMMARIZE Listen to the report about the What would you say if they
and can donate your blood 3
Ice Bucket Challenge. What was it? Describe the idea in your to save that person’s life.
were …
own words. Developers plan to destroy a
Pete Frates is credited What would you do if the
a. your relatives?
with starting the Ice historic tourist attraction so
D
person were …
Bucket Challenge. b. your neighbors? they can build a new office
3:11 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Read the questions. Then listen
a. a family member?
c. your colleague’s family? building. You’re asked to donate
again and answer them.
b. your neighbor? your time to write letters
1 How much money did the Ice Bucket Challenge suggest d. complete strangers?
c. your classmate? and talk to your friends and

donating if someone didn’t take the challenge?
colleagues to help save it.
d. a complete stranger?
2 How much money was donated in just one month?
What would you say if the
3 What percentage of the videos posted on
tourist attraction were …
Facebook actually led to donations?
a. in your neighborhood?
b. in another part of the city?
c. in another city in your country?
d. in another country?
DIGITAL
SPEAKING
BOOSTER
B PAIR WORK Make a list of ideas for community projects in which you and your classmates could possibly
participate. Share your list with the class and explain why you think your ideas would be worthwhile.
58 UNIT 5 59
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WRITING Formal letters: Review

DIGITAL
GAME review
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. WRITING MODEL A 3:13 Listen carefully to each story. Infer the type of criminal being described and
complete the statements with the details of the crime.

4719 McPherson Avenue
your address
When writing to a friend or relative, it is acceptable to use an
Philadelphia, PA 19102 1 A took his while he was riding on a .
informal tone, casual language, and abbreviations. However,
date June 30, 2018
2 A stole from her while she was walking with a .
when writing to the head of a company, a boss, or someone
you don’t know, standard formal language should be used, and Red Maple Café 3 He saw a running down the street with a girl’s .
recipient’s
708 West Pine Street
regular spelling and punctuation rules apply. Formal letters are 4 A broke into her and took her husband’s .
address
Philadelphia, PA 19102
usually typed, not handwritten. The following salutations and
closings are appropriate for formal letters:

Dear Sir or Madam: salutation B Respond to each statement or question in your own way.
1 “Your texting during the movie kind of bothers me.”

Formal salutations Formal closings I live a few blocks from your restaurant.
For
the past several months, I have You:
noticed that in the
If you know the name: Dear Ms. Krum: Sincerely, evenings there is a lot of trash on
the side of your
building. Cats in the neighborhoo 2 “Would you mind not smoking in here?”
Dear Mr. Paz: Respectfully, d turn over the
garbage cans, and the trash goes
everywhere.
Dear Professor Lee: Best regards, You:
This is not only unpleasant to look
at, but it is also
Dear Dr. Smith: Cordially,
a health hazard.
3 “What bugs you about living in your town?”
Could you please make sure that
when the
If you don’t know the Dear Sir or Madam: You:
trash is put out, the garbage cans
are closed?
name: To whom it may Your helping keep our neighborhoo
d clean and
concern: beautiful would be greatly appreciated. 4 “Who does things that really get to you?”
You:
Respectfully, closing
Letters of Complaint
signature
When writing a formal letter of complaint, first state the C Make each sentence logical by attaching a negative prefix to the adjective. Use a dictionary
reason you are writing and describe the problem. Then inform Olivia Krum if necessary. 5 When a salesperson is rude, I find it not only
whomever you are writing what you would like him or her to respectful but also annoying.
1 Smoking on public buses and trains is really
do about it, or what you plan to do. The language and tone in excusable. inexcusable 6 I should warn you that the air pollution
your message should be formal and polite.
downtown is really pleasant.
2 I believe littering and spitting on the street
are both responsible.

7 I think it’s honest to sell souvenirs to tourists
B PRACTICE Write a salutation appropriate for a formal letter to each of these people. 3 People who play loud music without at higher prices than people usually pay.
consideration for the people around them

1 a teacher at a university whose family name is Smith 8 It doesn’t help when people are courteous to
are exhibiting really proper behavior.
each other.
2 a company manager whose name you don’t know
4 I think it’s appropriate for people to text

3 a female company manager whose family name is Costa
their friends during movies.
4 a male bank manager whose family name is Takata
5 a physician who manages a clinic and whose family name is Grimond D Combine the sentences, using paired conjunctions.
1 Restaurants shouldn’t allow smoking. Theaters shouldn’t allow smoking. (neither … nor)
DIGITAL
WRITING C APPLY THE WRITING SKILL On a separate sheet of paper,
PROCESS
write a letter of complaint about a problem in your city or town. SELF-CHECK
2 Smoking should be banned. It should be restricted. (either … or)
State what you would like to see done to fix the problem.
Did I use the proper salutation and closing?
Remember to be polite and appropriately formal.
Are the tone and language in my letter
appropriate for the intended reader? 3 Littering doesn’t offend me. Spitting doesn’t offend me. (neither ... nor)
OPTIONAL WRITING Exchange letters with a partner. Did I use regular spelling and punctuation
Write an appropriate response to your partner’s letter, as if you and avoid abbreviations?
4 I think loud music is rude. I think loud people are rude. (Not only … but)
were the person to whom it was addressed.
Web Project: Urban Communities

60 UNIT 5 61
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1 Exchange opinions about the Understand a variety of accents.
treatment of animals Pam = Australian English

D 3:15 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation over lunch
Karina = German
2 Discuss the pros and cons of certain pets at an international meeting. Notice the spotlighted language.
Animals 3 Compare animal and human behavior
4 Debate the value of animal conservation Pam: Nice picture. Hey, are those your cats?
Karina: Yeah, they’re my babies. We’ve had the gray one a long time. She’s almost seventeen now.
Pam: No way! She still looks so healthy. What about the white one?
preview Karina: We think he’s pretty young. Actually, he was hanging around outside our house all summer,
and it didn’t seem like anyone was taking care of him. We felt sorry for him, so we took him in.
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the activity. With a partner, explain your choices. Pam: Lucky cat! He looks like a member of the family now. But I’ll bet the older
Which categories of animals invite the most negative or positive responses? one wasn’t too crazy about having a new cat around.
Karina: Well, he thinks he’s still a kitten; he just wants to play all the time.
But I’d say she puts up with him pretty well. She’s really patient.
YOUR Write one or more of the Pam: From the picture, it looks like she’s the one in charge.
ATTITUDES
adjectives below. Karina: Definitely. She doesn’t fool around. If he gets too rough,
TOWARD
she knows how to put him in his place . Hey, do you have
a bee INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS BIRDS any pets?
a salamander Pam: No, we don’t. When we feel like being around animals,
we go to the zoo.
FISH Karina: Actually, I’m not too crazy about zoos. I just don’t think
a frog
animals should be cooped up in small cages.
a goldfish a parrot
Pam: Normally I’d agree with you. But our local zoo isn’t like that
a spider
at all. The larger mammals have plenty of outdoor space.
an eel It’s pretty humane, I think.

an eagle
a worm
Karina: Well, that’s good. I guess we shouldn’t just assume
that animals in captivity aren’t treated well.

a lion
MAMMALS
REPTILES a horse
an elephant
E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Find each expression in Spotlight. Then
complete the statements.
1 When Karina says they “felt sorry for” the younger cat, she means they him.
a crocodile
a apologized to b were concerned about c were annoyed with
2 When she says the older cat “puts up with” the younger one, she means the older cat .
a is annoyed with him b accepts his behavior c is concerned about him
3 When she says the gray cat is the one “in charge,” she means the gray cat .
a snake
a sheep a obeys the white one b is obeyed by the white one c is older than the white one
4 When she says the gray cat put the white one “in his place,” she means the gray one .
a is the boss b isn’t the boss c is his friend
a dog
a lizard 5 When she refers to animals being “cooped up in” cages, she means they .
a rabbit
a are made comfortable b don’t get to go outside c often go outdoors
a monkey
F PAIR WORK Choose one or more of these topics. Tell your partner about:
ADJECTIVES
a mouse a dolphin
attractive cute dangerous disgusting energetic fascinating • a time when you or someone you know felt sorry for an animal and took it in.
frightening funny hardworking independent intelligent
• a time when someone’s pet had to put up with another animal.
lazy noisy patient quiet relaxed tasty ugly useful
• a home where the pet was the one in charge.
B 3:14 VOCABULARY CATEGORIES OF ANIMALS Look at the categories and photos in Exercise A. SPEAKING GROUP WORK Discuss the questions.
Listen and repeat.
1 Do you care if an animal is cooped up in a cage? Why or why not? Are there times when
an animal should be?

C DISCUSSION Discuss the questions.
2 Which animals on page 62 do you think need lots of outdoor space? Why?
1 Would your responses have been different if any of the animals had been babies instead of adults? How?
2 Did any other physical factors affect your choices, such as color or size? In what ways?
3 Did any experiences you’ve had with any of these animals affect your choices? How?
62 UNIT 6 63
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NOSSEL
DIGITAL
MORE D NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find one passive modal in Spotlight on page 63.
1
GOAL Exchange opinions about the treatment of animals EXERCISES
E UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR With a partner, decide who the performer of the action
is. Then choose the active or passive voice to complete each statement.
A 3:16 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the social media posts. Notice the spotlighted grammar. 1 People (should treat / should be treated) animals humanely.
2 Large mammals like lions (shouldn’t keep / shouldn’t be kept) in zoos.
David Suchet June 30 / Seattle, USA 3 In order to help people with disabilities, dogs (have to train / have to be trained) when they are young.
4 They say people (can teach / can be taught) bears to do tricks like dancing or standing up on command.
I really feel sorry for animals that are mistreated. Does anyone else get as fed up as
I do about their inhumane treatment? In my opinion, animals should never be killed 5 Horses (shouldn’t force / shouldn’t be forced) to run in races.
just for sport or entertainment. Hunting, bullfighting, and any other “sport” that
6 Sometimes, in order to protect people, aggressive dogs that live on the street (have to kill / have to be killed).
involves the killing of defenseless animals should be completely banned . And the
idea that monkeys or dogs have to be used in medical research seems ridiculous to
F GRAMMAR PRACTICE Write sentences, using passive modals.
me. What do you all think? Is inhumane treatment of animals ever justified?
1 People / shouldn’t / allow to hunt elephants.
2 New medicines / might / discover through animal research.
Reiko Yamamoto July 1 / Atami, Japan
3 Monkeys / shouldn’t / keep as pets.

Maybe you’re right about killing animals for sport, but don’t you think the
needs of people should sometimes be considered? For example, it 4 A lot / could / do to improve conditions for cattle on factory farms.
seems clear to me that small mammals like mice or rabbits have to be
used for medical research to make sure new medications are safe. It just
5 The treatment of research animals / must / improve.
can’t be avoided . Otherwise, new medical treatments might not be
discovered . We can’t fool around when it comes to medicine.
6 Can’t / zoos / use for performing scientific research to protect animals?
Marie Colbert July 1 / Lyon, France 7 Why / chickens / have to / raise in such crowded conditions?
I agree with Reiko—people first. But that doesn’t mean animals
should be treated inhumanely. I’m sure research methods could be
improved. And recently I was reading about factory farms that raise
chickens or beef cattle, and I was shocked at how crowded and filthy the
conditions were. I know animals have to be slaughtered for food, but
I’m sure they could be raised more humanely. NOW YOU CAN Exchange opinions about the treatment of animals
DIGITAL
VIDEO A DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Use the ideas to exchange
Ideas
B EVALUATE IDEAS Do you agree with any of the opinions expressed
opinions with a partner about the ways animals
• using animals in medical research
in the posts? Why or why not?
are used or treated. Ask and answer questions, using • slaughtering animals for food
GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 134 passive modals. Say as much as you can. • keeping animals in zoos
• Modals and modal-like • raising animals for sports, such as

DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE C GRAMMAR PASSIVE MODALS expressions: summary Do you think animals have to be used
racing or fighting
ACTIVITY • killing animals for their hides and fur a fur coat
Remember: We use the passive voice to focus on the receiver of an action for medical research? I do. We can’t
experiment on humans, can we?
rather than the person or thing that performs the action. Form passive
modals with a modal + be and a past participle. RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
*Note: Have to is a modal-like expression,

Actually, I don’t think animals Express an opinion
Conditions for cattle on factory farms could be improved. not a true modal. It has two present
should be treated that way. • I think [it’s morally wrong].
Alternatives to using mice for research might be found . forms: have and has. It uses Do or Does
I think it’s morally wrong. • I believe [it’s OK under some circumstances].
in questions and don’t and doesn’t in
The hunting of bears should be prohibited.
negative statements. • I feel [it’s wrong no matter what].
Traditions like bullfighting have to* be preserved . • I’m in favor of .
B SUMMARIZE THE DISCUSSION • I’m opposed to .
Yes / no questions Information questions Compare your classmates’ opinions Disagree
Should chickens be cooped up in cages? Why shouldn’t reptiles or amphibians be used for research? about the treatment of animals. • I see what you mean, but .
Can’t factory chicken farms be shut down ? Why must all animals’ lives be respected? Does the majority of the class • That’s one way to look at it, but .
• On the one hand , but on the other

BUT Do large mammals have to be kept in zoos? How might people’s attitudes be changed ? share the same opinions?
hand .
• I completely disagree.
Remember:
Agree
have to = obligatory
• I couldn’t agree with you more.
don’t have to = not obligatory
• I completely agree.
must OR must not = obligatory
• You’re so right.
64 UNIT 6 65
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NOSSEL
GOAL Discuss the pros and cons of certain pets
2 NOW YOU CAN Discuss the pros and cons of certain pets
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 3:17 VOCABULARY DESCRIBING PETS Read and listen. A 3:19 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen.
Then listen again and repeat. Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies.
A: Do you think a poodle would make a good pet?

Puppies are great for kids because
Positive traits
B: Actually, I’m not so sure. I’ve heard they’re
they’re affectionate and playful.
playful active and fun-loving really high-maintenance.
However, they’re also high-maintenance.
affectionate friendly and loving A: In what way?
B: Well, for one thing , they need a lot of attention.

gentle / good-natured easygoing; good with kids and other pets
I’d consider getting a guinea pig instead.
low-maintenance easy to care for and inexpensive to keep
A: Why a guinea pig?
loyal / devoted attentive to its owner; reliable
B: Well, they’re very low-maintenance. And besides,
protective good at protecting its owner from danger they’re really gentle.
A: But what if you were looking for something a

Negative traits a poodle
bit more affectionate than a guinea pig?
high-strung / excitable nervous; easily frightened B: Then I’d get a cat. They’re affectionate and
they’re low-maintenance.
costly expensive to buy and to take care of
destructive harmful to furniture and other things
filthy unclean; makes a mess B 3:20 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and repeat.
a guinea pig
high-maintenance time-consuming to take care of
C
aggressive hard to control; possibly dangerous
NOTEPADDING With a partner, complete the chart with animals that make good
and bad pets. Explain why, using the Vocabulary. Choose animals from page 62 or
B 3:18 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to each conversation others you know.
and complete the chart with the pet and its pros and cons. Use the Vocabulary.
Listen again if necessary. Animals that make exceptionally good pets Reasons
Pet Possible pros Possible cons
3
Animals that make really bad pets Reasons
C EXPRESS AND SUPPORT AN OPINION
Discuss the questions.
1 In what ways can an animal be a good
companion to a child? An adult?
An older person?
2 Do you know anyone who is too attached

DIGITAL
VIDEO D CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR
don’t stop!
DIGITAL Create a conversation similar to the one in RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
to his or her pet? Why do you think
SPEAKING • Make more suggestions.
Exercise A, using the information on your
BOOSTER
some people get emotionally • Describe the pros and • attractive • funny
close to their animals? notepad. Start like this: Do you think a __ cons of other pets. • cute • intelligent
would make a good pet? Be sure to change • Say as much as you can. • dangerous • noisy
D GROUP WORK Use the vocabulary to tell roles and then partners. • disgusting
• energetic
• patient
• quiet
your classmates about your past or present
• fascinating • ugly
pets or about those of people you know. PRONUNCIATION
• frightening
BOOSTER
p. 145
Sound reduction
66 UNIT 6 67
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NOSSEL
3
3:24 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Now listen to Part 2 of the lecture and answer the questions.
GOAL Compare animal and human behavior
1 What is the difference between learned behavior and instinct?
2 What are two examples of learned behavior from the lecture?
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 3:21 LISTENING WARM-UP VOCABULARY: ANIMAL SOCIAL GROUPS AND PROTECTIVE PHYSICAL FEATURES
F THINK AND EXPLAIN Which of these situations do you think illustrate learned behavior
Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat. as opposed to instinct? Explain your reasons, based on information from the lecture.
A B C
ANIMAL SOCIAL GROUPS
Hungry baby birds open their Baby rabbits quickly follow Young cats respond to
beaks wide so that an adult their mother away from a perceived danger by getting
will put a worm inside. potential predator. ready to run away or to fight.
a flock of birds a herd of cattle a school of fish a pack of wolves
G APPLY IDEAS Discuss the questions.
PHYSICAL FEATURES 1 Look at the animals in Preview on page 62. Which are predators and which are prey?
Which are both?
2 What are some ways in which you think humans behave: a) like herd animals or
flocks or b) like animals who socialize in packs? Provide examples.
NOW YOU CAN Compare animal and human behavior
claws hooves (singular: a hoof) a beak horns
A NOTEPADDING In what ways do you think humans are the same as other animals?
In what ways do you think we’re completely different? Write some ideas.
B APPLY NEW VOCABULARY Complete the chart with a partner.
similar How we’re very different

How we’re the same or
Animals with claws Animals with hooves Animals with horns
able to respond
and social Humans are more
Groups provide safety
intelligence.
to danger using their
interaction.
How we’re the same or similar How we’re very different
Birds with powerful beaks Animals that travel in packs Animals that gather in herds
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES C 3:22 LISTEN TO DEFINE TERMS Listen to Part 1 of the lecture to answer this question:
What is the difference between an animal that is a predator and one that is prey?
D 3:23 LISTEN FOR EXAMPLES Listen to Part 1 of the lecture again. With a partner, find
B DISCUSSION Share your ideas with your classmates. Do you think we have more
RECYCLE THIS
LANGUAGE
similarities to or differences from other animals? Use the examples from your notepad.
an example from the listening to explain each of the following: • aggressive
• dangerous
1 a benefit of a social group for animals of prey
• devoted
2 a benefit of a social group for predators • in charge
• intelligent
3 the role of a dominant animal in a social group
• patient
4 the meaning of “fight or flight” • protective
• useful
68 UNIT 6 69
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4
C UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Choose the correct meaning for each word.
GOAL Debate the value of animal conservation
1 biodiversity 4 conservation
a the place where animals live a the protection of animals from extinction
b the variety of living things b a danger to animals
A READING WARM-UP What are some endangered animals you can think of? c the disappearance of a species c a source of food
What are some threats to their survival? 2 a habitat 5 an ecosystem
a the food animals eat a a danger to animals

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 3:25 READING Read the stories. What do you think ensured b the place animals live b the protection of a species
the survival of the buffalo in the U.S.? c the number of species c a community of living things
3 extinction
The Will to Make a Difference a the protection of a species
b the hunting of a species

We live on a planet that is rich in biodiversity—there are millions of c the disappearance of a species
different species of animals and plants across the globe. Yet many
species are disappearing at an alarming rate as the habitats in which plants D RECOGNIZE CAUSE AND EFFECT Discuss these questions with a partner.
and animals live together are reduced year after year. Currently, 11,000
1 What are four reasons the passenger pigeon became extinct? Why did conservation efforts fail?
DIGITAL
species of plants and animals—including over 180 mammals—are at risk of EXTRA
CHALLENGE 2 Why did settlers hunt the buffalo? How did the buffalo come so close to extinction?
becoming extinct because of this loss of habitat. Once gone, their disappearance
is irreversible—they cannot be brought back. In its fast development as
a nation over the last three hundred years, the United States has
experienced some dramatic shifts in animal populations. Here
is the story of a dismal failure and a remarkable success story. an American bison
NOW YOU CAN Debate the value of animal conservation
The Passenger Pigeon

FAILUR The American Bison (or Buffalo)
SUCCE
SS
E A FRAME YOUR IDEAS With a partner, read and discuss the arguments for and against animal conservation.
Which arguments are the strongest for each side of the animal conservation debate? Which are the weakest?
Early European Before European settlers came to North America, there were more
visitors to North than 50 million buffalo roaming in huge herds across the continent’s
America told amazing

For Against
central flatlands, which are today known as the Great Plains. These
stories about huge strange-looking, magnificent creatures—with their furry heads and
flocks of passenger shoulders and distinctive horns—were • Human beings have a responsibility to protect all • Extinctions are simply part of the natural process—it’s the
Buffalo hides were important
pigeons that darkened an important resource for food, clothing, living things. principle of “survival of the fittest.”
in Native American life,
the sky for hours as and shelter for Native Americans living on including for shelter.
• Species should be preserved for future generations. • Environmental protection costs a lot of money. It’s “a
they flew south for the plains. And they played an enormous luxury” for countries that have more serious problems.
• Natural parks that protect wildlife are big tourist attractions
winter. They were part in the plains ecosystem, sustaining
that generate jobs and income for local economies. • Millions of species have already become extinct with
easy targets for other animals and plants. Weaker buffalo
no significant impact on the environment—it’s no big deal.
hunters, delicious to • Species extinction is happening at such a fast rate we’d
provided food for predators like bears
be foolish not to act quickly. • Conservation limits land available to farmers, who
eat, and useful for and wolves. Herds attracted birds that
really need it for their livelihood.
making feather beds. picked at buffalo fur for insects. Thousands of hooves walking over • For every species lost to extinction, humans miss the chance
Estimates put their total population at about five to make new discoveries—for example, new medicines. • Do we really need 2,000 species of mice?
the landscape prevented aggressive plants from taking over.
billion—the same number as the population of all • Your own ideas: • Your own ideas:
In the 1800s, as new settlers moved from the East to settle the
birds combined in the U.S. today.
West, whole herds were slaughtered, often just for sport. Buffalo
By the mid-1800s, the hunting of passenger were considered an obstacle to the settlers’ desire to grow crops
pigeons had become a large-scale commercial and raise cattle. The resource that sustained Native Americans for
enterprise, supplying east coast cities with a DIGITAL I don’t see why we should worry about conserving
centuries began to disappear. By the end of the 1800s, there were as B DEBATE Form two groups—one for and one against
SPEAKING
BOOSTER one type of endangered frog or salamander. There
steady supply of birds. Around 300,000 a year few as 750 buffalo remaining. this statement: It’s important to protect all species of
are many other kinds that are not endangered.
were sent to New York City alone. At the
Many people were shocked that the buffalo, long considered animals from extinction. Take turns presenting and
same time, their habitat and food sources were
a symbol of the West, had been allowed to come so close to supporting your views with reasons and examples. But the extinction of one type of frog
shrinking as forests were cut down for farming could affect mammals and reptiles that
extinction. Fortunately, efforts to save them were begun in 1905.
and construction. In addition, approximately may depend on that species for food.
The remaining herds were gathered together and protected. Their
250,000 birds were killed simply for sport each
number steadily increased to today’s population of about 350,000.
OPTIONAL WRITING Write at least two Come to think of it,
year. Making matters worse, a female passenger
paragraphs about the reasons some animals become you have a point! • amphibians
pigeon laid only one egg each year. By the turn
What conclusion can we draw from these stories?
endangered. Describe the threats to their survival and • birds
of the twentieth century, any attempts to save
In the case of the passenger pigeon, extinction was occurring so fast • fish
what can be done to save them.
the passenger pigeon were too late. The last
that, even with efforts to save them, it was too late to act. However, we • invertebrates
surviving pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo in • mammals
can see that with the American buffalo, conservation efforts can make a
1914—a species lost forever. • reptiles
difference if they are begun early enough.
70 UNIT 6 71
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WRITING Supporting a point of view

DIGITAL
GAME review
WRITING MODE
L
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. A 3:26 Listen to Part 1 of a radio program. Choose the phrase that best completes each
Many people
question wheth
er it’s statement, according to the program.
humane to keep
To persuade readers to agree with your point of view in an essay: animals in zoos.
Howe ver,
today’s zoos 1 Capuchin monkeys can be .
can play an impo
rtant role in
animal conse a used for medical research b loyal friends to humans c trained to help people with disabilities
• State your point of view in the introduction to your essay. rvation. They can do
this in a
number of wa
ys.
• Then provide examples, facts, or experts’ opinions that 2 These monkeys are useful to humans because they .
For one thing
support your point of view. , studies sugg
est a can do simple jobs b can push a wheelchair c can wash dishes
that animal conse
rvation resea
• Another effective technique is to demonstrate the weakness rch and
observation
may be cond
ucted more
of opposing arguments. easily in zoos.
In that way, new
methods B 3:27 Now listen to Part 2 and choose the phrase that best completes each statement.
• Summarize your main point in a concluding sentence. for ensuring
the survival of
endangered
species migh
1 Dolphin-assisted therapy had a positive effect on children’s .
t be discovered
. Furthermore,
Use expressions like these to support your point of view. in her report a moral or ethical development b speech development c physical development
on conservatio
n efforts at
Pay attention to correct punctuation when needed. the Parkland
Zoo, biolo
gist Ann Fishe 2 Children respond to dolphins because dolphins are .
r
states that zoos
can protect the
young a good swimmers b intelligent c playful
of endangere
Support your point of view Offer experts’ opinions d species until
they are old
enough to be
released into 3 Many of these children respond better to people after .
the wild. It
For one thing, [Smith] states that … be argued that can
all animals shoul a a year of treatment b a few treatments c a few weeks of treatment
d be free
For example, According to [Rivera], … and that it is
unethical to keep
any animals
For instance, Studies suggest that … in zoos. Howe
ver, the surviv
al of these
Furthermore,
species in the
wild may actua C Change the adjective in each statement so it makes sense.
lly depend on
the results of
the scientific
studies many 1 A relaxed pet that is good with kids is destructive.
zoos provide.
Refute opposing arguments Conclude your argument 2 A cat that often scratches people with its claws is affectionate.
In conclusion
, I believe enda
ngered
It can be argued that … In conclusion, animals shoul
⎫ d be kept in
zoos in order
to
3 A pet that is loving and friendly is aggressive.
[Some people] think … ⎬ However, In summary,
support conse
rvation effort
s. It’s one way
It [may be] true that … ⎭ To sum up,

that we can help
ensure their
survival.
4 A dog that damages furniture is playful.
5 An animal that is easy to care for is filthy.
6 A dog that is easily frightened is protective.
7 A pet that is expensive to buy and take care of is good-natured.

B PRACTICE Complete the arguments to support the point of view.
8 A parrot that has fun holding a ball in its beak is loyal.
Zoos can play an increasingly important role in animal conservation.
1 (For one thing, / However,) a zoo is a good environment for scientists to D Complete each statement with vocabulary from the unit.
observe the behavior of endangered animals. Information from this research 1 Passenger pigeons used to fly together in very large .
can be used to ensure their survival. 2 (Many people think / For example,)
animals are simply cooped up in cages at zoos. 3 (Furthermore, / However,)

2 A cat is a mammal, and a frog is an .
today’s modern zoos try to imitate their natural habitats by providing healthy 3 Dogs that do not have owners sometimes hang out together in .
food and lots of space for exercise and play. Without this intervention, many 4 Lions use their teeth and to kill their prey.
species would not survive in the wild. 4 (According to / To sum up) Dutch
5 Buffalo have a pair of on their furry heads.
scientist Frans de Wall, zoos also serve an important educational purpose.
5 (Furthermore, / For example,) by visiting zoos with their families or school 6 An eel is a kind of fish, and a crocodile is a kind of .
classes, children learn about endangered animals and grow up appreciating the
7 Dominant male sheep fight with their horns to choose who will be the one in charge
importance of protecting them. 6 (To sum up, / It may be true that) there are
of the .
good reasons for keeping endangered animals in zoos.
8 Humans have feet, and horses have .
9 A bird may use its to protect itself from a predator.
DIGITAL
WRITING C APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Write a short essay in which you express your Topics
PROCESS
opinion on the treatment of animals on farms or in research. Use persuasion E Choose four of the topics. Use passive modals to
medical research dog fighting pets
to get the reader to agree with your point of view. State your point of view state your own opinion about each topic.
hunting extinction zoos
in the introduction. Support it with examples, facts, or experts’ opinions. Example: Hunting should be banned because it is inhumane.
Refute opposing arguments. Conclude by restating your main point.

1
SELF-CHECK
2
OPTIONAL WRITING Exchange paragraphs with a partner.
Did I state my point of view clearly in the
Do you agree or disagree with your partner’s point of view? Write a introduction?
3
short response, explaining why. Start like this: I [agree / disagree] Did I provide examples, facts, or experts’ 4
with your argument because … opinions to support my point of view?
Web Project: Treatment of Animals

Did I discuss opposing arguments? TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER
Did I include a concluding sentence?
72 UNIT 6 73
/
74

1 Evaluate ways and places to shop Understand a variety of accents.
Aldo = Italian
2 Discuss your reactions to ads C 4:01 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation between two colleagues.
Advertising and 3 Discuss problem shopping behavior Notice the spotlighted language.
Sofia = Spanish
4 Persuade someone to buy a product
Consumers Aldo: Oh, no! I could kick myself !
Sofia: About what?
Aldo: You know how much I’ve been wanting to learn Spanish, right? Look at this great system
preview I could have gotten for half price. Well, until yesterday, that is.
Sofia: Oh, come on. Don’t fall for that. You can’t learn a language while you sleep.
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Read four examples of shopping behavior and rate them.
Aldo: I don’t know. They say it’s based on brain science. And it’s risk-free. You get
FOUR
your money back if you don’t learn. So it must be true.
Sofia: Oh, Aldo. That’s just wishful thinking. Think about how long it
READ
took you to learn English.
SHOPPING MISTAKES.
ABOUT
Aldo: But you’re comparing apples and oranges. Learning Spanish is
a whole lot easier than learning English for Italian speakers like me.
Sofia: That’s debatable. Not everyone would agree with that.

Number the mistakes in order of seriousness, from 1 to 4, with 4 being the most serious.
But whatever. Any new language takes plenty of study and practice.
Aldo: I know. But I hate being forced to learn grammar. In this method I don’t
think you have to.

LATER LATER
Sofia: Sorry. There are no two ways about it. Learning a language takes
work … . Tell you what. I’ll teach you Spanish myself! Between now and
the end of the year, we’ll have dinner together a couple of evenings a
week. We’ll converse in Spanish. You’ll learn fast.
Aldo: You really mean it? I’d be willing to pay you
Method
RISK
for the lessons.
Miracle
FREE!
Sofia: No way. Just make me a nice Italian dinner on

HURRY!
those nights, and we’ll call it even. It’ll be fun!
in Spanish
Be fluent ice offe
r
Hal f-pr
Aldo: Dinner? No problem! I’d be making that listen
ks. Just emb er
in 6 wee end s Nov
anyway… . Sofia, this is really generous of you. sleep. 15th .

while you
Sofia: Well, you’ve done me a bunch of favors at

’t speak
if you can
ey back
Your mon
work. I figure I owe you one! er 31st.
I may have gone a little overboard this time. by Decemb
When I’m feeling blue, it cheers me up to go Spanish
shopping and splurge on a few luxury items. But I just can’t pass up a good sale, even if I
don’t need anything at the moment.
D UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Write an expression from Spotlight with a similar
meaning to each sentence below.

LATER LATER
1 I’m going to suggest something to you. 5 I regret something I did.
6 There’s only one correct opinion about that.
2 You won’t owe me anything.
7 Don’t believe what they say.
3 These two things are completely different. 8 You are hoping that it’s true, but it isn’t.
4 There is more than one opinion about that. 9 It’s my turn to do something nice for you.
E THINK AND EXPLAIN With a partner, answer each question. Support your answers with
specific information from Spotlight.

Everyone’s buying it, so it must be terrific. When I see a famous person I respect
I guess I’ll buy it, too. endorsing a product, then I know it’s good. 1 What is it about the ad that makes Aldo want to kick himself?
2 What does Sofia think of the Miracle Method?
3 What do you think Aldo hates about traditional language courses? Explain why.
B DISCUSSION In your opinion, what causes people to behave in the ways the people in SPEAKING PAIR WORK Discuss whether you think any of the people in the pictures on
the pictures do? In what way is their behavior similar? Do you know anyone like these page 74 have anything in common with Aldo. Explain your reasons.
people? Explain.
74 UNIT 7 75
/
76
NOSSEL
PAIR WORK First, complete the chart. Then compare information with a partner.
GOAL Evaluate ways and places to shop
1 Activity When and why you do this activity
A
browsing
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES
4:02 VOCABULARY VERBS FOR SHOPPING ACTIVITIES Read and listen to what the
bargain hunting
people are saying. Then listen and repeat.
window shopping
comparison shopping
I’m not looking for
anything in particular. This is the best time

I’m just browsing. to bargain hunt.
NOW YOU CAN Evaluate ways and places to shop
A: Quick question. Where would you go if
you needed some new furniture?
B: Well, I find Morton’s a good place to go bargain
hunting.
A: Morton’s? They can be a little pricey, can’t they?
B: But when their things go on sale their prices are

browse take one’s time looking at things without bargain hunt look around for things one can
necessarily wanting to buy anything buy cheaply for less than their usual price rock bottom.
A: That’s good to know.
B: Why don’t you check out Morton’s online?
Maybe you’ll get lucky.

comparison shop look at the prices of the same window shop look at things in store windows
B
or similar items in order to decide which to buy without going inside or intending to buy them
4:05 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and repeat.

Wow! Here’s the
This place is a little
C
reason to comparison shop
pricey. But it doesn’t
before buying! Everyone NOTEPADDING Make a list of four places to shop, the best items
cost anything to
should shop around before to buy in each place, and the best shopping activities there.
window shop!
making a decision.
ways to shop there

place items to buy there
bargain hunt
handicrafts and gifts
the public market
place items to buy there ways to shop there
B 4:03 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to the conversations about shopping.
Infer what the people are doing. Complete each statement with the correct verb phrase.
D
don’t stop!
DIGITAL
1 The shoppers are (browsing / bargain hunting). CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
VIDEO
• Discuss other places for bargains.
DIGITAL Create a conversation similar to the one • expensive • a bargain
2 The people are (comparison shopping / window shopping). SPEAKING
• Ask for recommendations for
BOOSTER
in Ex. A, using information from your places to buy other things. • cheap • save money
3 The men are (window shopping / comparison shopping). • Suggest shopping together. • affordable • cost an arm
notepad. Start like this: Quick question.
• Say as much as you can. • pricey and a leg
4 The woman is (window shopping / browsing). Where … Be sure to change roles and
• rock bottom
then partners.
76 UNIT 7 77
/
78
NOSSEL
DIGITAL
2
MORE GRAMMAR PRACTICE Complete the conversations with passive gerunds or infinitives.
GOAL Discuss your reactions to ads EXERCISES
1 A: I think people enjoy ( informed) about new products.
B: True, but I don’t want (treat) as if I don’t know anything. Advertisers
A
sometimes make me feel that way.
4:06 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the interviews. Notice the spotlighted grammar.
2 A: I don’t like (show) pictures of suffering animals in ads for animal
charities. They’re just too upsetting.
What’s the most annoying commercial What’s the funniest ad B: I agree. I’m happy (ask) to contribute just based on the facts.
or ad you’ve ever seen? you’ve ever seen? I don’t need (show) pictures.
3 A: This midnight sale is going to be great. Don’t you love (give)

That would be the There’s this one really funny TV
a chance to get everything at half-price?
toothpaste ad they keep commercial for a language school. This
B: Actually, I’m annoyed at (force) to wait in line all day and
playing on my favorite cat sticks its claw into a goldfish bowl.
evening just to get in.
music station. It’s loud and Suddenly, the goldfish starts barking like
obnoxious, and it totally an angry dog and the terrified cat runs Ale x
4 A: When I read an ad in a magazine, I would like (tell)
on,
Wi nst
Nadia
gets on my nerves. I hate away. The words “It never hurts to know the whole truth, not half-truths.
ect
archit
Ba sri
to be forced to listen to a another language” appear on the screen. South
, Pusan,
Engli
sh tea Korea
B: I know how you feel. I expect (treat) with respect.
cher dumb ad over and over. It It just cracks me up every time I see it. I
Amma
n,
Jorda just drives me crazy. enjoy being entertained like that. 5 A: Companies want their products (advertise)
n
on TV during prime time—when the most people are watching.
B: Maybe that’s why advertisers complain about (charge) PRONUNCIATION

What’s the most interesting What’s the most touching BOOSTER
p. 146
so much for every minute they buy.
ad you’ve ever seen? ad you’ve ever seen?
Vowel sounds /i/ and / ɪ/
They say that’s why the products are so expensive.
E
An ad I saw yesterday really blew Actually, there’s a billboard for a tablet
me away. There’s this company that that I see on my way to work. It shows this GRAMMAR PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence, using a passive gerund or
produces sports drinks. Their ad elderly woman having a video chat with her infinitive to replace the underlined words. Don’t use a by phrase.
presents actual statistics of how the daughter and brand-new granddaughter.

Example: I don’t mind when advertisers inform me about new products. I don’t mind being informed about
drink enhances athletic performance. The tablet and the video chat are obviously
1 I can’t stand advertisers’ forcing me to watch ads over and over again. new products.
It was so convincing I totally forgot it something really new for the grandma.
was an ad! Like most people, I resent I’m not an emotional guy, but this ad just 2 I resent one company’s telling me that I shouldn’t buy another
There sa
simply being sold to and really hits me in the heart and chokes me up. I Ma rc
os company’s product.
Selde n,
Teixe
advertising appreciate being informed about a know it’s just an ad, but once in a while it ira ,
medic
al stu 3 We can’t tolerate telemarketers’ calling us while we’re eating dinner.
executive dent Types of ads
product’s benefits. Ads like that can doesn’t hurt to be reminded about the Fortal
, eza,
Minneapolis
Brazil • TV commercials
USA
really build goodwill for a product. important things in life.
• pop-up ads on websites
• radio ads
B NOW YOU CAN Discuss your reactions to ads • magazine or newspaper ads
UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Match the expressions with their meaning. • billboards on highways and
buildings
1 It blows me away. a It makes me feel like crying.
2 It gets on my nerves. b It annoys me.

A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the chart with ads you are familiar with.
• other online ads
Remember:
3 It cracks me up. c It amazes me.
Name or type of product Type of ad
• Some verbs are followed by
4 It chokes me up. d It makes me want to laugh.
gerunds, some by infinitives,
An ad that’s interesting
and some by either.
• Certain adjectives are often

An ad that cracks me up
C
followed by infinitives.
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE GRAMMAR PASSIVE FORMS OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
• Certain expressions are
ACTIVITY An ad that gets on my nerves
Use the passive form of a gerund (being + a past participle) or an infinitive followed by gerunds.
(to be + a past participle) to focus on an action instead of on who performed the action. See pages 123–124 for a An ad that blows me away
complete list.
Gerunds: affirmative and negative Questions An ad that chokes me up
I don’t like being forced to watch commercials. Do you enjoy being entertained by commercials on TV?
An ad that drives me crazy
Susan hates not being told the truth. Don’t you resent being required to watch ads in movie
theaters?
Infinitives: affirmative and negative Doesn’t your sister want to be called by her first name?
DIGITAL
VIDEO B DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Describe and compare the ads on
Describing how you feel
• I like … • I don’t like …

We would like to be called when it goes on sale. Who likes being shown commercials every few minutes? your chart. Use passive forms of gerunds and infinitives.
• I appreciate … • I don’t appreciate …
They were angry not to be told about the meeting. Where do you like being seated in a restaurant? Say as much as you can.
• I love … • I can’t stand …
• I enjoy … • I dislike …
There’s a TV commercial for shampoo
GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 136 • I hate … • I resent …
that really gets on my nerves. I’m sick of
• I prefer … • I miss …
The passive voice: review and expansion being forced to watch it over and over!
• I need … • I want …
78 UNIT 7 79
/
80
NOSSEL
3
D IDENTIFY SUPPORTING DETAILS Answer the questions, providing details from the
GOAL Discuss problem shopping behavior
article to support your answer.
1 In what ways is compulsive shopping like other addictions? Be specific.
2 Why are addictions so hard to overcome?
A READING WARM-UP Are you a careful shopper? Or do you lack self-control when you shop?
3 What are some consequences of shopaholism?
4 What is one possible cause for compulsive shopping in some people?

DIGITAL DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 4:07 READING Read the article. In what ways is compulsive shopping a problem? EXTRA
CHALLENGE
5 In what way is going overboard occasionally different from a true shopping addiction?
An addiction or just something
COMPULSIVE SHOPPING: to get under control?
NOW YOU CAN Discuss problem shopping behavior
For some people, shopping is a Research has shown that compulsive shopping, like other addictions, causes the physical effect
of a “high,” when brain chemicals such as endorphins and dopamine are released. This causes the addict to
favorite pastime and harmless, as
feel pleasurable sensations. These sensations make shopping hard to resist, and thus the habit hard to kick. A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Check the statements that are true for you.
long as they have the money to
What are the warning signs of a shopping addiction, or as it is sometimes called, “shopaholism”?
pay for their purchases. For others,
unfortunately, shopping can First, just as alcoholics tend to hide their bottles, Third, shopaholics, like many people, purchase items on TOTAL THE NUMBER OF BOXES
What kind
spiral out of control and become shopaholics commonly hide their purchases. impulse. But unlike normal people who sometimes splurge YOU CHECKED. IF YOUR TOTAL IS:
Shopaholics often lie to people in their families and pick up an impulse item like a sweater they don’t need, of
SHOPPER
as serious as other destructive
addictions like alcoholism, drug

about how much money they’ve spent. shopaholics might buy ten. are you?
abuse, and compulsive gambling. Second, the problem is long-lived, or “chronic,” Fourth, as with any addiction, a problem exists when Everyone goes a little overboard shopping from time to time.
meaning that the behavior doesn’t occur just the behavior has obvious consequences: going into debt, Take the survey to determine if your shopping is out of control.
once or twice a year. Rather, it’s a continuous going shopping instead of taking care of family or work
problem that repeats itself over and over. responsibilities, or uncontrollable spending that may deprive
I could sometimes kick myself for how I spend my money.
others in the family of money needed for other things.
When I go shopping, I can’t resist the temptation to buy

something—I just can’t come home empty-handed. 0–3 Great! 4–5 Not too bad!
What can true shopaholics do to get help? For some, self-help and group programs can Keep up the good Congratulations for
habits! admitting you’re not
be effective. For others, whose addiction results from underlying depression, seeing a I feel uncomfortable if I haven’t bought anything in a week.
perfect!
psychotherapist or a physician can help, reducing the need to shop compulsively.

I go shopping for an item I need, but I lose control and
Thankfully, many people are able to splurge or buy things on impulse from time to time come home with a lot of things I don’t need.
without being addicts. However, if you are concerned you may be a compulsive shopper,
I spend more than I should in order to get more expensive
here are some tips that can help. designer names and labels.
I can’t pass up a good sale. Even if I don’t need anything,

Avoid sales, coupon
on s, and special
Shop with a list. It keeps you focused offers. I just have to indulge myself and buy something.
Spending any
And money on someth
the things you really need and want. ing you don’t
need is oversp
by ending, even
it ensures that you don’t get distracted if it’s a bargai
n. I sometimes lie to people about how much my purchases cost.
Remember: Specia 6–7 Uh-oh! 8–9 Red alert!
impulse items and go overboard, buying l offers are a
way for store
owners to get Sounds like trouble It’s time to take the
you into the store.
a lot of unneeded things.
I get more pleasure out of spending money than saving money. may be around the bull by the horns
corner! and change some of
the ways you shop
Follow the “thinking time”
I don’t have the patience to wait a day before buying
rule: Don’t buy and spend money.
Always try to be aware
anything new on the spot. something. If I want it, I buy it on the spot.
Make yourself
of your motivations
wait a day, a week, or
some other amount
when you shop. Don’t go
of time before making
a purchase. Or do
shopping when you’re
some comparison-shopping. RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
You
angry or upset. In the DIGITAL
may find you don’t want
the item SPEAKING B DISCUSSION Choose one of the topics and meet in small groups
• That’s debatable.
long run, the problem that BOOSTER
after all, or you may find

it at a with other classmates who have chosen the same topic. Share your • You’re comparing apples and oranges.
upset you in the first place
much better price. conclusions with the class. • There are no two ways about it.
will still be there.
• That’s just wishful thinking.
1 Do you think most people tend to go a little overboard with their
• You really mean it?
shopping? Explain.
• Whatever.
2 Do you think people should spend money only on things they need
C UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Find each of these words and phrases in the and never on things they don’t need? Is it OK to buy on impulse sometimes?
article. With a partner, discuss what they mean and write a sentence using each one.
1 an addiction 4 hard to kick 7 splurge OPTIONAL WRITING Write a brochure offering help or advice for
2 get something under control 5 a shopaholic 8 go overboard people with problem shopping behavior. Include a list of tips.
3 a high 6 chronic 9 on the spot
80 UNIT 7 81
/
82
NOSSEL
4
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES 4:09 LISTEN TO INFER Listen to each ad. Write Ad 2
GOAL Persuade someone to buy a product
two techniques from Exercise A that the advertiser Techniques used
uses in the ad. Then listen again and take notes
of what the ad says to support your choice of
A LISTENING WARM-UP PAIR WORK Read about eight advertising techniques used to
techniques.
persuade people to buy products. With a partner, discuss the techniques and write the
letter of the example that illustrates each technique.

Ad 1 ls
Supporting detai
Examples Techniques used
Eight techniques used by a A professional soccer player
8
recommends a particular brand
SUCCESSFUL ADVERTISERS of shirts.
Ad 3
b A hotel chain shows a
businesswoman in her room, calling Techniques used

PROVIDE FACTS AND FIGURES Supporting details
1 Prove the superiority of a product with
home to talk to her children.
c A soft drink manufacturer shows

statistics and objective, factual information.
young people having a great time
CONVINCE PEOPLE TO “JUMP ON THE BANDWAGON” drinking its product at the beach.
2 Imply that everyone is using a product, and that d A car manufacturer states how Supporting details
others should too, in order to be part of the group.
quickly its car can go from 0 to
100 kilometers per hour.
D
PLAY ON PEOPLE’S HIDDEN FEARS
3 Imply that a product will protect the user from

e A coffee manufacturer shows APPLY IDEAS With a partner, discuss
people dressed in formal attire some ads you know and decide which
some danger or an uncomfortable situation.
drinking its brand of coffee at an
techniques they use.
PLAY ON PEOPLE’S PATRIOTISM art exhibition.
4 Imply that buying a product shows love of f A credit card company claims that
one’s country. its card is used by more people
than any other card.

NOW YOU CAN Persuade someone to buy a product
PROVIDE “SNOB APPEAL”
5 Imply that use of a product makes the

g A clothing manufacturer promotes
its clothes by saying they are made

customer part of an elite group.
by and for people in this country. A NOTEPADDING In a group, choose a product and create Ideas
a magazine, newspaper, Internet pop-up, or radio advertisement • a car

ASSOCIATE POSITIVE QUALITIES WITH A PRODUCT
h An educational toy company
6 Promote a product with words and ideas for it. Use one or more advertising techniques to persuade your
• an airline
suggests that other children will do
• a drink
having positive meanings and associations. classmates to buy the product. Make notes.
better in school than yours will if • a smart phone
you don’t buy its toy today. • a language school

PROVIDE TESTIMONIALS
Plan your ad
7 Use a famous person or an “average consumer” to
• a brand of toothpaste
• your own idea:

Type of product:
endorse a product so the consumer wants it too.
Name of product:
MANIPULATE PEOPLE’S EMOTIONS Type of ad:

8 Use images to appeal to customers’ feelings, Technique(s):
such as love, anger, or sympathy.
B 4:08 VOCABULARY WAYS TO PERSUADE Listen and repeat. Then, based on the endorse
way they are used in Exercise A, write the correct word for each definition. promote
imply
1 personally recommend a product in exchange for payment:
prove
2 show that something is definitely true, especially by providing facts,
information, etc.:
3 suggest that something is true, without saying or showing it directly:

B PRESENTATION Present your ad to your class. Show it, read
• the funniest ad
it, or act it out. Analyze your classmates’ ads and discuss
• the most annoying ad
4 make sure people know about a new product in order to persuade them to buy it:
which techniques were used. As a class, assign awards for
• the most persuasive ad
these categories: • the most interesting ad
• the most touching ad
82 UNIT 7 83
/
84
WRITING Summarize and paraphrase someone’s point of view

DIGITAL
GAME review
MODEL
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. A 4:10 Listen to each statement or question. Choose an appropriate response.
The origin al text: “For some
people,
shopping is a 1 a There are no two ways about it.
favorite pastim
A summary is a shortened explanation of the main ideas of an article. e and
harmless, as b They’re comparing apples and oranges.
long as they
have the
When writing a summary, include only the author’s main points, not your money to pay
for their purch
ases. 2 a Thanks! I owe you one.
own reactions or opinions. In your summary, be sure to paraphrase what For others, unfor
tunately, shopp
ing b That’s just wishful thinking.
the author said, putting the main idea into your own words. can spiral out
of control and
become
as serious as
other destructive 3 a Don’t worry. We’ll call it even.
addictions like
Use a variety of reporting verbs to paraphrase the writer’s ideas: alcoholism, drug b That’s debatable.
abuse, and comp
ulsive gambling.”
The report argues that … The writer points out that … 4 a Don’t fall for that.
Your summary
and paraphrase
: b There are just no two ways about it.
Doctors believe that … The journalist reports that … The author
points out that
shopping
can be harm 5 a I know. I could kick myself!
less for some
Experts explain that … The author concludes that … but a
serious addic
tion for other
s. b Tell you what.
The article states that …
Some other common expressions for reporting another person’s ideas: B On a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions.
1 What always cracks you up about your favorite TV comedy or movie?

According to [Smith], … As [the article explains], …
2 Whose music blows you away?

In [the writer’s] opinion, … From [García’s] point of view, …
3 What songs choke you up?
4 What gets on your nerves about public transportation?

B PRACTICE Paraphrase these sentences from the article on page 80.
1 “Research has shown that compulsive shopping, like other addictions, causes C Complete the statements with passive forms of gerunds or infinitives.
the physical effects of a “high,” when brain chemicals, such as endorphins and
1 I don’t recall any information.
send
dopamine, are released.”
2 They want more time for the project.

give
2 “For others, unfortunately, shopping can spiral out of control and become as serious as 3 She arranged to the airport.
take
other destructive addictions like alcoholism, drug abuse, and compulsive gambling.”
4 I was disappointed the news.
tell
5 He risked from his job.

fire
C PRACTICE Reread the paragraphs that begin with First, Second, Third, and Fourth in the
6 We were delighted to the wedding.
article on page 80. Then, in your own words, state the main idea of each paragraph, using invite
reporting verbs and expressions suggested in Exercise A Writing Skill.

D On a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions in your own way.
First
1 What kinds of things do you like to splurge on?
2 Have you ever gone a little overboard when you were shopping? Explain.
Second
3 What can’t you resist the temptation to do? Why?
Third
E Complete each statement with the correct form of one of the verbs.
Fourth promote endorse prove imply
1 I’m sure Shiny Teeth toothpaste is the best. After all, it’s being by
DIGITAL that British actor with the gorgeous teeth. What’s his name again?
WRITING D APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Write a summary of the article on page 80 SELF-CHECK
PROCESS 2 This month Banana computers is a new laptop. It’s smaller than a
by combining the main ideas from your notepad. Be sure to paraphrase
Does the summary include only the tablet and bigger than a smart phone, but it has full computer functionality.
what the author says, using your own words. Your summary should be no
author’s main ideas?
more than four to six sentences long. 3 Well, they don’t have the statistics to that their shampoo grows
Did I paraphrase the author’s ideas?
hair, but all the pictures and testimonials that it probably will.
Was I careful not to include my
OPTIONAL WRITING Write a short article in which you suggest opinion in the summary?
how to avoid compulsive shopping.
Web Project: Advertising Techniques

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1 Describe family trends Understand a variety of accents.
Grace = American English (standard)

2 Discuss parent-teen issues C 4:11 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation about relationships.
Margot = French
3 Compare generations Notice the spotlighted language.
Family Trends 4 Discuss caring for the elderly
Grace: Did you hear the good news? Emma and Max patched things up!
Margot: They got back together? I didn’t even know they’d split up!
Shows you how out of touch I am. What happened?
preview Grace: Well, from what I understand, first they had a falling out about money,
and then one thing led to another, and the marriage started going downhill.
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Fill out the opinion survey of your attitudes about parent-teen relationships. Margot: What a shame. It’s incredible how little things can snowball… .
You know what, though? There’s usually some bigger underlying
Check the opinion in each pair that YOU agree with more.
issue when a marriage gets into trouble.
Grace: Actually, I think you’ve hit the nail on the head. Emma’s
been making more money than Max for the last couple of years,
and then about six months ago he lost his job. So they figured it
would be economical for him be a stay-at-home dad. I mean, why
1 Teens should have to help around the house. 5 Parents should always ground teens if they misbehave. pay a babysitter?
It helps them develop a sense of responsibility. If they can’t go out with their friends, they’ll stop Margot: Makes sense.
misbehaving and won’t become troublemakers. Grace: But that’s just about the time things began to fall apart , and
Teens shouldn’t have to help around the house. They they started arguing about who should make financial decisions.
already have enough to do with their schoolwork. Teens who don’t obey the rules should be And then the more they fought, the worse things got. Apparently,
given a second chance before being grounded. the constant conflict affected the kids’ behavior. They just stopped
2 Parents should buy things that teens obeying family rules and started texting friends and playing on
demand in order to “keep the peace.” 6 Parents should control what their teenage their phones during dinner—you know what kids do these days…
children do on the Internet. It’s their job Margot: You know, I’m feeling sort of like a gossip talking about
Teens shouldn’t always get everything to protect their children from danger. them behind their backs. Let’s just be thankful they’re back
they ask for. It would be a bad lesson for life. together now.
Teenagers have a right to privacy, and their
parents ought to respect it. What teens do on
3 Parents should set curfews. Teens who the Internet should be off-limits to parents.
stay out late are likely to get in trouble. D UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Choose the word or phrase with the same meaning.
1 It’s hard to patch things up after a breakup. 5 Anne hit the nail on the head when she figured
Teenagers shouldn’t have curfews. They should
a repair a relationship out the underlying problem.
be able to decide what time to come home.
b have financial problems a realized what the real reason was
c get a divorce b became violent
4 Parents should make rules for teen 2 I didn’t realize they’d split up. c made a lot of money
behavior so teens learn right from wrong. a separated 6 A husband and wife should discuss their
b gotten back together problems before things start to fall apart.

Teens need to learn by making
c gotten out of touch a get bad
their own mistakes.
3 Lyn and Ed had a falling out about the children. b get interesting
c get better
a argued
b agreed not to talk 7 When you talk about people behind their backs,
c made strict rules you are a gossip.
4 Our relationship started going downhill last year. a so they know what you think about them
b so they don’t know what you say about them

a improving
c so they’re thankful
b getting worse
c getting back together
E THINK AND EXPLAIN Answer the questions with a partner. Then discuss with the class.
1 What is your opinion of the decision to have Max stay home to care for the kids?
2 Why do you think some couples get back together after breaking up?
B PAIR WORK Compare your opinions on the survey with a partner. Support your opinions with reasons.
SPEAKING GROUP WORK Tell your classmates about a time you or someone you know…
• had a difference of opinion with a parent or child
• had a falling out with a friend, relative, or colleague
86 UNIT 8 Provide specific examples and use language from Spotlight and Preview if possible. 87
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NOSSEL
DIGITAL
MORE NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find a sentence using a double comparative in Spotlight on page 87.
GOAL Describe family trends EXERCISES
1
E 4:13 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE GRAMMAR Listen to three people talking about trends in marriage and family life.
A 4:12 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the information in the article. Notice the
Then listen again and complete each statement, according to what the speaker implies, using double comparatives.
1 education mothers get, medical care they receive.

spotlighted grammar.
2 couples date, they marry.
Today’s News January 22 3 children stay in school, their life expectancy.
F GRAMMAR PAIR WORK First complete the statements logically, using the cues and double comparatives.
Then, with a partner, discuss whether you agree or disagree with each statement. Support your opinion.
urrent trends show the size of families is In addition to the falling birthrate, there is
C changing, impacting societies worldwide. a rising life expectancy. With people living 1
old
people are when they marry,
few
children they have.
Women are marrying later, and couples are waiting longer and longer, families are going to
longer to have children. And the longer couples have to face the challenges posed by an 2 the life expectancy, the elderly population is.
high large
wait to have children, the fewer children they have. aging population. The longer people live,
the more care they require. Traditionally, 3 people work, they are.
Two key factors that impact family size are the hard successful
children have cared for their elderly
education and the employment of women. Studies
parents at home. However, the more the 4 the quality of health care is, the death rate.
show that the more education women get, good low
birthrate falls, the harder the future may
the smaller families they have. Moreover, the
be for the elderly. With fewer children, 5 the country is, the life expectancy.
longer women stay in school, the better their developed low
families may fi nd it more and more
opportunities for employment. Working women are
difficult to care for their older members. 6 women are when they have children, they are to get
less likely to marry young and have large families. young likely
a higher education.
B PAIR WORK Discuss the questions.

G GRAMMAR PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences, using repeated comparative forms.
1 According to the article, what factors explain why more couples are having fewer children?
1 (An increasing number of) couples are having (a decreasing number of) children.
2 Why do you think populations are living longer? What problems can be caused by a
2 Divorces are taking place (with decreasing frequency).
larger elderly population?
3 People say that children are growing up (with increasing speed).
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE
ACTIVITY
C GRAMMAR REPEATED COMPARATIVES AND DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 137
H GRAMMAR PRACTICE Correct the errors in the sentences.
Repeated comparatives
• Making comparisons: review 1 The more I’m eating, the later I’m sleeping.
Use repeated comparatives to describe continuing increases and decreases.
and expansion
The birthrate is getting lower and lower.

• Other uses of comparatives, 2 The fewer grammar mistakes I’m making when I speak English, the better I am communicating.
superlatives, and comparisons
By the end of the twentieth century, couples were waiting longer and longer to marry.
with as … as
Changes are occurring faster and faster.
Use repeated comparatives with more or less to modify adjectives or adverbs that don’t use
NOW YOU CAN Describe family trends
an -er comparative form. When the adjective or adverb is understood, it may be omitted.
It’s becoming more and more difficult to predict life expectancy.
It’s less and less possible to raise birthrates in modern societies. A PAIR WORK With a partner, take turns making statements with repeated Families have been getting
That’s happening more and more (often) these days. and double comparatives about the way families are changing in your country. smaller and smaller.
Use repeated comparatives with more, less, and fewer to compare nouns. When the noun
is understood, it may be omitted.

B SUMMARIZE On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph developing
one of the statements you made in Exercise A. Add details.

More and more people are marrying later.
Fewer and fewer (people) are having children before they are thirty.
In the last few decades, family size has declined. Fewer
Be careful! and fewer people are having big families, so their standard
Double comparatives
Don’t use the present or past of living is higher. The higher the standard of living is, the
Use double comparatives to describe a cause-and-effect process. continuous in either clause
healthier the population will be.
of a double comparative
The more education women get, the later they marry. [Women are getting more
statement. Use the simple
education, so they’re marrying later.]
C
present or the simple past
DIGITAL
The less children studied, the more slowly they learned. [Children studied less, so tense instead.
VIDEO DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR In small groups, discuss family trends in your
they learned more slowly.]

The longer couples wait to
country. Talk about how changing trends will impact the families of the
have children, the fewer
The older one gets, the harder it can be to find a husband or wife. children they have.
future. Include the ideas below in your discussion. Say as much as you can.
NOT The longer couples are

Note: When be is used in double comparatives, it is sometimes omitted. waiting to have children, Ideas It seems like more and more
the fewer they’re having. people are having fewer and

The better the quality of health care (is), the higher the life expectancy (is). • birthrate • health • employment opportunities
fewer children. This could be a
• life expectancy • education • generational differences
problem later because …
• age at marriage • income
88 UNIT 8 89
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4:15 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to the conversations about
GOAL Discuss parent-teen issues
parent and teen behavior. Then listen again and determine which adjective from the
2 Vocabulary best completes each statement.
1 She thinks he’s . 4 He’s angry because she’s being .

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 4:14 VOCABULARY DESCRIBING PARENT AND TEEN BEHAVIOR
2 She thinks he’s acting . 5 He thinks she’s .

3 He thinks she’s . 6 She criticizes him for being .
D MAKE PERSONAL COMPARISONS Are you or anyone you know like any of the speakers in the
Parents can sometimes be … conversations in Exercise C? Explain.
(too) strict (too) lenient overprotective E PROVIDE EXAMPLES With a partner, describe people you know who exhibit the following kinds of
behavior. Explain, providing real details.
1 a parent who is too strict 4 a teenager who is rebellious
2 a parent who is too lenient 5 a teenager who is spoiled
3 a parent who is overprotective 6 a teenager who is disrespectful
NOW YOU CAN Discuss parent-teen issues
They set a lot of restrictions and expect They let their kids have or do anything They worry too much about their kids. A 4:16 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT
kids to obey rules. they want. Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted
A: What do you think

Teenagers can sometimes be … parents should do if
4:18
their teenage kids
rebellious spoiled disrespectful start smoking?

I’m sorry to say
I hate to say it, but

B: Well, I’m sorry to say To tell you the truth,
there’s not much they Unfortunately,
can do. The sad fact is
A: Why’s that?
B: Well, teenagers are out of the house
most of the day, so parents can’t
control everything they do.
A: I suppose. But they can ground
them if they don’t shape up.
B 4:17 RHYTHM AND INTONATION

They refuse to obey family rules and just They expect to have or get whatever They are rude and often talk back to adults.
Listen again and repeat. Then practice
do whatever they want. they want.
the conversation with a partner.
DIGITAL
C CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR
B
VIDEO
VOCABULARY PRACTICE Complete each statement with one of the adjectives. Use too DIGITAL Create a similar conversation. Use the
SPEAKING Examples of bad behavior
don’t stop!
with the adjective if that represents your opinion. BOOSTER
Vocabulary, examples of bad behavior
• acting up at school
• Give examples of your
1 Parents who always allow their teenage children to stay out late are . from the list, and language from Preview • staying out late without permission
own experiences.
on page 86. Start like this: What do you • Discuss other • being rude or disrespectful
2 Teenagers who demand that their parents buy everything they ask for are .
think parents [or teenagers] should do parent-teen issues. • becoming a troublemaker
3 When parents never let their children do things because they are afraid they’ll get sick or hurt, • Say as much as you can. • another example:
if…? Be sure to change roles and then
they are being .
partners.
4 If a father tells his teenage son not to get a tattoo and he disobeys and gets one anyway, we say
he is .
D DISCUSSION If you could give parents
5 Parents who make their teenage children clean their rooms every day are . one piece of advice, what would it be?
6 Teens who act uninterested in class are . If you could give teenagers one piece
of advice, what would it be? Provide
reasons.
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3
E 4:22 LISTEN TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST Now listen to Part 2. Then listen again and complete the
GOAL Compare generations
chart by describing the differences between the two generations. Compare charts with a partner.
How are they different?

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 4:19 LISTENING WARM-UP WORD STUDY TRANSFORMING VERBS AND ADJECTIVES INTO NOUNS
Listen and repeat. Rimas’s parents’ generation Rimas’s generation
career choices
Noun Suffixes Nouns Noun Suffixes Nouns
mobility
expect ➞ expectation fair ➞ fairness
-ation
explain ➞ explanation rebellious ➞ rebelliousness influences from other cultures
-tion -ness
frustrate ➞ frustration selfish ➞ selfishness
-ssion
permit ➞ permission strict ➞ strictness age at marriage and childbearing
develop ➞ development generous ➞ generosity work experience

-ment
involve ➞ involvement mature ➞ maturity
closeness of family
-ity mobile ➞ mobility
courteous ➞ courtesy secure ➞ security
-y
difficult ➞ difficulty productive ➞ productivity
F RELATE TO PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Discuss the questions.
responsible ➞ responsibility important ➞ importance
1 Rimas’s parents worry about him and their own future. From your experience, why do you think
reliable ➞ reliability significant ➞ significance
-ance
-ility capable ➞ capability independent ➞ independence parents worry about their children and the future?
-ence
dependable ➞ dependability lenient ➞ lenience 2 In what ways is the Vilkas family’s story story similar to or different from yours?
disabled ➞ disability obedient ➞ obedience
B WORD STUDY PRACTICE Circle all the words that are nouns.
PRONUNCIATION
Check a dictionary if you are not sure about the meaning of a word. NOW YOU CAN Compare generations
BOOSTER
p. 147
1 dependency depend dependence dependent
Stress placement: prefixes
2 confidence confident confide confidently and suffixes

A NOTEPADDING Compare your parents’ generation with your generation. Write your
3 consider consideration considerate considerately
ideas. Discuss them with a partner.
4 different difference differentiate differentiation
5 attraction attract attractive attractiveness My parents’ generation My generation
6 impatient impatience impatiently music
7 unfair unfairness unfairly

style of clothes
hairstyles / facial hair

8 closeness close closely
attitude toward elders

9 happily happy happiness
family responsibility
DIGITAL language (idioms, slang)

STRATEGIES C 4:20 LISTEN FOR SUPPORTING INFORMATION
marriage and childbearing
Listen to Part 1 of a man’s description of the
generation gap in his family. Then answer the questions. values and beliefs
1 How did Rimas grow up differently from his parents? use of technology
other:
2 Why does Rimas’s father think teenagers nowadays
have more problems than when he was growing up?
D 4:21 LISTEN FOR DETAILS Listen to Part 1 B DISCUSSION Discuss these questions with your classmates.
again. Then complete each statement. Use information from your notepads for examples.
1 In what ways is your generation the most different from your

1 Rimas grew up in , but his
parents’ generation? What do you like best or respect the most
parents grew up in .
about your parents’ generation?
2 Rimas’s extended family includes
aunts and uncles on his mother’s side. 2 What contributions do you think your generation will make
to the next generation? How do you think the next generation

3 When Rimas’s mother was growing
will differ from yours?
up, every evening she ate dinner
However, when Rimas and his sister OPTIONAL WRITING Summarize your discussion in writing.
were kids, they sometimes had to eat

Rimas Vilkas
.
Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
E CRITICAL THINKING Choose the best answer about the future, based on information in the report.
GOAL Discuss caring for the elderly
1 Who will pay for long-term care of people who can no longer live independently?
a Stay-at-home adults.
b Families and society.
A READING WARM-UP In your country, how are older family members traditionally cared for? c Older people themselves.
2 Why will fewer old people be able to get informal home care?
DIGITAL
B 4:23 READING Read the report on the increase in the global population of older a Because their younger relatives may have moved elsewhere.
STRATEGIES
people. What will some consequences of this demographic shift be? b Because there will be more institutional care available for them.
c Because they will seek work.
ELEANOR HARRIS (left)
WORLDWIDE GROWTH OF lived on her own until last

DIGITAL F DRAW CONCLUSIONS Based on information in the report, what challenges do you think
year, when her daughter EXTRA
you will face as the people in your immediate or extended family age?
AGING POPULATIONS
CHALLENGE
found her in the kitchen
cooking what she thought
was soup, but which

he world is facing a huge demographic shift without precedent.
T For the first time in history, we soon will have more elderly people
was actually just a pot of
boiling water. It became

than children, and more extremely old people than ever before. As the NOW YOU CAN Discuss caring for the elderly
obvious that she could no
population of older people gets larger and larger, key questions arise:
longer take care of herself.
will aging be accompanied by a longer period of good health, social
She is now living in a group
engagement, and productivity, or will it be associated with more
home for elderly people. A FRAME YOUR IDEAS With a partner, discuss these statements and check those you
illness, disability, and dependency?
think are true about care for the elderly in your country.
What we do know is that the more elderly people there are in many of the oldest-old lose their ability to live independently,
the population, the more cases of age-related diseases such as heart

Most elderly people are adequately cared for. The government makes sure the elderly have
and many require some form of long-term care, which can
disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer there will be. Societies will have include nursing homes, assisted living facilities, in-home care, affordable care.
The way the elderly are cared for has been
to find ways to address this growing need. And the older people and specialized hospitals.
changing. Younger people accept care for elderly relatives
get, the higher the prevalence of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s The significant costs associated with providing this support
as their responsibility.
The elderly usually live with younger family
disease; an estimated 25–30 percent of people aged 85 or older may need to be borne by families and society. And as fewer
have dementia and lose their ability to remember, have difficulty and fewer adult children are able or want to stay home to care
members. Older people generally prefer not to socialize
reasoning, and undergo some personality changes. for older relatives, the shift to institutional care for elders will with younger people.
The elderly usually live in their own homes
Unless new and more effective ways to treat or represent an immense social change, especially in those cultures
or apartments. Other:
prevent Alzheimer’s disease are found, cases where older generations have traditionally lived with younger
are expected to rise dramatically with the ones. And the more residents of developing countries seek jobs in
The elderly usually live in special nursing homes.
increased aging of the population worldwide. cities or other areas far from where they grew up, the less access
And because most dementia patients to informal family care their older relatives back home will have.
B PAIR WORK With a partner, discuss the challenges each person is facing and
eventually need constant care and help with
recommend solutions.
the most basic activities of daily living, more YOUNGER AND OLDER PEOPLE AS A PERCENT
institutions will need to be built for their OF WORLDWIDE POPULATION BY DECADE
care, more medications provided for their
treatment, and more caregivers trained to aid Suzanne is divorced and has three young Peter’s parents, who live in
them in their daily life. 20% daughters. Her mother died years ago, another city, are in their
AGE <5
What are some of the other social and
15%
and her seventy-five-year-old father can nineties. They continue
economic consequences of this demographic
no longer take care of himself. He often to have a full social
shift? Even if they don’t have dementia,
10%
forgets things. She worries that he might life, and they still
AGE >65
SALVADOR DUARTE is in rehabilitation to learn 5% get hurt. enjoy traveling with
to walk after a stroke. In the coming decades
organized tours. But
more and more elderly patients like Mr. Duarte 0%
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2 020 2030 2040 2050 they are not as strong as
will require costly rehabilitation.
they used to be
and need help

C SUMMARIZE In your own words, summarize the changes described in the article. David and his wife have two children and
with cooking
live in a small two-bedroom apartment.
and cleaning.
D UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Paraphrase the statements, based on your They both work long hours to make ends
understanding of the underlined words and phrases. meet. David’s mother just turned eighty
1 The world is facing a huge demographic shift. and lives alone. David is concerned about
his mother’s well-being.

2 These changes are without precedent.
3 We soon will have more elderly people than children.
4 And the older people get, the higher the prevalence of dementia.
5 Many of the oldest of the elderly population lose their ability to live independently.
6 Many require some form of long-term care.

DIGITAL
C DISCUSSION How do you think the elderly will be cared for by the time you are old?
7 Institutional care for the elderly will represent an immense social change. SPEAKING
you like to be cared for? Use Frame Your Ideas for support.
BOOSTER
How would
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WRITING Avoiding run-on sentences and comma splices

DIGITAL
GAME review
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. A 4:24 Listen to the conversations about generational issues. Then listen to each
conversation again and complete the statement with the correct comparative.
Note two common errors that writers often make when joining two sentences:
1 Jordan has been spending time on the Internet.
Run-on sentences (connecting sentences or independent clauses without using punctuation) a more and more b less and less
INCORRECT: My grandmother was strict with my mom however, my mom isn’t at all strict with me.
2 , the more her mother worries.
Comma splices (connecting two sentences or independent clauses with a comma and no conjunction) a The later Sandi stays out b The older Sandi gets
INCORRECT: My dad and I used to have lots of arguments, now we get along great. 3 The stricter Jill’s father gets, she becomes.
a the more rebellious b the more spoiled

To correct a run-on sentence or a comma splice, choose one of the following techniques:
4 The older the sisters get, .
• Use a period, and capitalize My grandmother was strict with my mom. However, my mom isn’t at all
the following word. strict with me. a the smarter they become b the more they appreciate their parents
My dad and I used to have lots of arguments. Now we get along great.
• Use a semicolon. My grandmother was strict with my mom; my mom isn’t at all strict with me.
B Write the adjective that best describes the behavior in each statement.
My dad and I used to have lots of arguments; now we get along great. 1 Mark’s parents don’t allow him to watch more than two hours of TV a day, but
most of his friends can watch as much as they want. He feels that his parents are
• Use a comma and a My grandmother was strict with my mom, but my mom isn’t at all strict with me.
coordinating conjunction. My dad and I used to have lots of arguments, but now we get along great. .
2 Karen has a closet full of expensive clothes, yet she always complains about not
Coordinating conjunctions
and for or yet having anything to wear. Her parents usually buy her whatever she wants. A lot of
but nor so
people think Karen is .
B PRACTICE All the sentences have errors. Label each sentence R (for run-on) or
3 Even though she has had her driver’s license for a year and a half, Marissa’s parents
worry about her driving at night. They say that it’s too dangerous, but Marissa thinks
C (for comma splice). Then, on a separate sheet of paper, correct each sentence,
using one of the techniques. they’re just being .
1 Older people will use a lot of societal resources in the future, they will require 4 When Clyde’s grandfather asked him to turn down the volume of his music, he
caregivers and special institutions.
ignored him. Clyde’s grandfather thought this was very .
2 In the future, there will be many more people in the oldest demographic however,
5 Rodney and Carolyn believe parents don’t need to be so concerned about their
we expect to have more treatments for some of their most common ailments.
children. They rarely set rules for their kids. Carolyn’s sister thinks this is a bad idea.
3 I worry a lot about my grandparents they both have had diabetes for many years.
She feels they’re .
4 It’s very difficult for my mother to stay home to care for my great-grandfather,
6 Deanna wears clothing that her parents find shocking. She also has
he needs care because he has Alzheimer’s disease.
friends that her parents don’t approve of. Her mother wishes she weren’t so
C PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the

DIGITAL
WRITING
PROCESS
D APPLY THE WRITING SKILL .
paragraph, correcting any run-on sentences or comma splices. Write a blog post with advice
for parents and teens who don’t C Read the sentences. If the underlined word is in the incorrect part of speech, correct it.
have a good relationship. Use

My husband and I don’t know what to do with 1 Teenagers were given a lot more responsibility when I was young.
the vocabulary and expressions
our teenage daughter, Beth. Beth has always 2 I think teenagers today lack the mature to make decisions for themselves.
from this unit. Write at least three
been a bit rebellious however, lately her behavior
paragraphs, each one with a topic
3 The main reason young people are rebellious today is selfishness.
has really been going downhill. Yesterday, Beth’s
sentence stating its main idea.
teacher told us that she was disrespectful in class 4 If kids today were taught about courteous, they would be better behaved.
she hadn’t done her homework. We’re at our

5 There’s no question that teenagers today demand more independent than they did
wits’ end with her. At home Beth has developed SELF-CHECK
fifty years ago.
a spoiled attitude, she isn’t willing to help at
Did I avoid run-on sentences and comma
all. She used to make her bed and clean up her splices?
6 It’s important for parents to be involved in their children’s development.
room, recently she has been leaving her things

Do all the sentences support the topic 7 Young people have a lot more mobile than they did several generations ago.
everywhere. My husband and I may have been too sentence?
lenient with Beth as she was growing up, now that 8 It seems like there’s a lot more rebellious among teenagers today.
Did I use the vocabulary and expressions
she’s a teenager we have to get her to shape up. I learned in this unit?
Web Project: Elder Care

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1 Speculate about everyday situations Understand a variety of accents.
Boris = Russian
2 Present a theory C 5:01 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation about a mystery.
Facts, Theories, 3 Discuss how believable a story is Notice the spotlighted language.
Tina = Korean
4 Evaluate the trustworthiness of news sources
and Hoaxes Boris: Have you been keeping up with all the news about that missing military jet?
Tina: Yeah. Very mysterious, don’t you think? The whole thing doesn’t make sense.
Boris: No, it doesn’t. I mean, how can a military plane just vanish without a trace over the
Mediterranean Sea? Where’s the evidence of a crash?

preview
Tina: I have no idea, but apparently there was bad weather. Most likely the pilot lost
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Take the quiz with a partner and discuss your answers. control and it crashed into the water.
Boris: They claim that’s the probable explanation but, in my opinion, they’re barking up
the wrong tree .
THE WORLD’S
Tina: What do you mean?
Be careful: The answers may seem obvious, but they
Boris: Well, I know I’m going out on a limb with this, but the plane
might not be what you think! Will you “take a wild
might have been taken over by someone and flown to a secret location.
EASIEST
guess” by closing your eyes and just choosing A, B, C,
Tina: Oh come on! How could anyone take over a military plane? You
or D? Or will you use “the process of elimination” by
don’t really buy that, do you?
rejecting the answers that can’t possibly be true?
Boris: Why not? Rumor has it that there were two high-level
QUIZ… OR IS IT? government scientists aboard. Maybe someone wanted the
information they might have had.

The Canary Islands in the Atlantic
6 Tina: I’m sorry, but that seems really far-fetched to me. It’s just
Ocean are named after which animal?
not believable! There’s no question the plane crashed. The
How long did the Hundred Years’ A the canary C the dog
1 only question is where.
War in Western Europe last? B the cat D the camel
A 100 years C 50 years
B 116 years D 200 years

What was King George VI of
7 D UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS With a partner, find these expressions in Spotlight
England’s first name?
and discuss the meaning of each. Explain what it means when…
Where do Panama hats come from? A George C Joseph
2 1 something “doesn’t make sense” 4 someone “goes out on a limb”
A Panama C Ecuador B Charles D Albert
B The Philippines D Italy 2 something “vanishes without a trace” 5 someone “doesn’t buy” an idea
What color is a male purple finch? 3 someone “barks up the wrong tree” 6 something seems “far-fetched”
8
From which animals do we get A dark purple C sky blue
3
catgut for violin strings? B pinkish-red D white E DISCUSSION Discuss the questions with a partner.
A cats C sharks 1 Do you think Boris’s theory is far-fetched? Why or why not?
B sheep D dogs
What country do Chinese gooseberries 2 Do you generally believe what you hear or read in the news? Why or why not?
9
come from?
The former U.S.S.R. used to celebrate the A China C Sweden SPEAKING

4
October Revolution in which month? B Japan D New Zealand
A October C December A PAIR WORK Read each rumor and discuss how
believable you think it is. Explain your reasons,

B November D June
How long did the Thirty Years’
10 using the expressions from Exercise D.
War in Central Europe last? most likely might doesn’t sounds
What is a camel hair paintbrush made of? true be true make sense far-fetched
A 30 years C 20 years
5
A camel hair C cat hair B 40 years D 100 years
B squirrel hair D human hair

1 That vaccines cause physical harm to young children
)8461 ot 8161 morf( !esruoc fo ,sraey 03 A .01 ).noisufnoc diova ot tiurf iwik
meht demaner srednalaeZ weN( dnalaeZ weN D .9 ).nworb si elamef eht dnA(
2 That the British monarchy controls the world’s economy
SCORING der-hsiknip B .8 ).gnik emoceb yeht nehw seman wen koot yllausu sgnik hsitirB(
treblA D .7 ).sgod snaem sairanac ,nitaL nI( god eht C .6 ).lemaC saw emanrus 3 That aliens from other planets have visited Earth
1–2 CORRECT 3–5 CORRECT 6–10 CORRECT s’rotnevni hsurb ehT( riah lerriuqs B .5 ).radnelac nailuJ eht esu ot desu snaissuR(
We TOLD you Not bad! Did Either you’re a

rebmevoN B .4 ). nettik :tac gnuoy a rof drow eht htiw ti desufnoc enoemos dna
4 That the 1969 moon landing never actually happened
—niloiv gninaem tik—tugtik morf emoc evah yam tugtac drow ehT( peehs B .3
they weren’t you already great guesser,
)!amanaP morf emoc stah eht skniht enoyreve taht etah snairodaucE dnA(
so easy! know a few of or you’re a
rodaucE C .2 )snoitpurretni htiw ,3541 ot 7331 morf( sraey 611 B .1 SREWSNA
the answers? true scholar!
B DISCUSSION Which did you find more difficult to do: express an opinion on the rumors
in Exercise A, or answer the questions in the quiz on page 98? Why?
B DISCUSSION Did you have a reason for each answer you chose? Did you just take wild guesses,
or did you use the process of elimination? Which method do you think works better? Why?
98 UNIT 9 99
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3 4
GOAL Speculate about everyday situations
A 5:02 VOCABULARY DEGREES OF CERTAINTY Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat.
very certain
Clearly,
⎫
It’s obvious (that) ⎬ she got stuck in traffic.
There’s no question (that)

⎭
almost certain
Most likely ⎫ You go to your favorite restaurant. The lights are on, You expected a package to arrive on Monday.
⎪ but the doors are locked, and there’s no one inside. It’s Friday, and it still hasn’t come.
Probably
⎬ she got stuck in traffic.
I’ll bet ⎪ a a
I suppose ⎭ b b
c c
not certain
Maybe
⎫
It’s possible (that) ⎬ she got stuck in traffic.
I wonder if
⎭ v
Speculate about everyday situations
I wonder what happened to Clare. NOW YOU CAN
B 5:03 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to each conversation and circle the
A 5:04 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT
Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted

phrase that best completes the statement. Then explain your choices.
1 She is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) about the reason Jade got grounded.
A: I wonder where Stacey is. She said
He is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) about the reason Jade got grounded.
she’d be here by ten.
2 She is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) about the reason Jack is in debt.
B: Do you think something happened?
He is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) about the reason Jack is in debt.
A: No idea. But I’m sure it’s nothing.
3 She is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) why Linda got her kids a puppy. I’ll bet she got stuck in traffic.
He is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) why Linda got her kids a puppy. B: I suppose you’re right. But I’m
surprised she hasn’t called.
C APPLY THE VOCABULARY Write three sentences about each situation, each with A: I am, too.
a different degree of certainty. ( a = very certain, b = almost certain, c = not certain) B: There must be a good explanation.
Compare sentences with a partner. Maybe she left her phone at home.
A: Could be. I forget mine all the time.
1 2
5:06 Ways to say 5:07 Responding to
“I don’t know.” speculation
No idea. Could be.
No clue. Maybe.
Beats me. I suppose.
B 5:05 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and
repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner.
DIGITAL
VIDEO C CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a similar conversation, using one of
DIGITAL the situations in Exercise C on pages 100–101 (or another situation.) Start
SPEAKING
You’re trying to take the elevator downstairs to get some lunch. It’s 9:30, and your teacher hasn’t arrived yet BOOSTER
like this: I wonder … Be sure to change roles and then partners.
You’ve been waiting for the elevator for over ten minutes. for your 9:00 class.

don’t stop!
Clearly, the elevator isn’t working. • It doesn’t make sense.

a a • Continue to speculate, using
varying degrees of certainty. • I don’t buy that.
b b • That sounds far-fetched.
c c • There’s no question…
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GRAMMAR PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences with perfect modals
GOAL Present a theory
in the active voice.
2
1 Scientists believe that it’s possible some form of life existed
Scientists believe that some form of life could have
on the planet Mars billions of years ago.
A 5:08 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read about Rapa Nui. Notice the spotlighted grammar. 2 Heyerdahl thought it was possible that they had come on
existed on the planet Mars billions of years ago.
a raft like the Kon-Tiki.
moai using logs.

Rapa Nui (or Easter Island) is the most Peru. He argued that the island might
3 Some historians think that the Rapa Nui islanders probably didn’t move the
remote inhabited island in the world. have been inhabited by people who
Its huge stone figures (called moai ) are came in boats from South America. To 4 It’s possible someone forced the pilot to fly the plane to a different location.
world-famous, but their origin, as well as prove it was possible, he successfully 5 Experts suggest that originally the Rapa Nui people most likely wrote on banana leaves.
much of the island’s history, is shrouded sailed a raft called the Kon-Tiki on that
6 There’s no question that hunting was the cause of the carrier pigeon’s extinction as a species.
in mystery. route. However, experts citing more
Experts believe the stone figures may recent DNA evidence confirmed that the
have been used to establish religious original inhabitants had to have sailed F GRAMMAR PRACTICE Complete the conversations, using perfect modals in the passive voice.
and political authority and power, but no from Polynesia, which lies to the west.
one knows for sure. Islanders moved a The first arrivals most likely found an New Zealand Scientist Argues
Harvard Professor Claims Egyptian
total of 540 figures across the island— inviting habitat lush with palm forests.
Pyramids Built by Aliens from Space Dinosaurs Killed by Giant Tsunami
some as far as 22 kilometers. Several However, today, the native trees are
experts believe the moai could have extinct. Some experts believe that,
1 A: I suppose they 2 A: That sounds far-fetched to me. I think the dinosaurs
been “walked” upright, using ropes to as the population of this small island
by aliens. by something else.
rock the figures back and forth. Others increased, trees must have been cut
B: Come on! You don’t really buy that, do you? B: I suppose you’re right.
theorize the islanders must have laid down to build houses and boats and to
the figures down flat and rolled them make logs for moving the huge moai.
over logs. They point out that moving These are some of the theories
SHOCKING NEW REVELATION: Woman Attacked by Lion While
each figure could not have been about Rapa Nui, its stone figures, and
Artist Vincent van Gogh was actually Shopping in London
accomplished without the help of 70 the people who created them. Perhaps
murdered by brother
island or more people and probably took days someday we will learn all the answers.
4 A: That just doesn’t make sense!
to achieve.
3 A: Do you think that’s possible?
In the early twentieth century, B: Don’t be so sure. Someone
the Kon-Tiki
of Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl B: Of course not. He by a lion
noticed cultural similarities between the by his brother. Everyone knows he killed himself! if it had escaped from the zoo.
people on Rapa Nui and the Incas in

mystery
B DRAW CONCLUSIONS Which theory of how the moai were

NOW YOU CAN Present a theory
moved seems most believable to you? Explain your reasons.
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE C GRAMMAR PERFECT MODALS FOR SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Read about each mystery. On a separate sheet of paper, write a theory
ACTIVITY to explain each one, using perfect modals. Your theories can be believable or far-fetched.
Active voice
You can form perfect modals using may, might, could, must, or had to to speculate with different degrees
The Yeti For centuries, people in Asia’s Stonehenge Stonehenge was The Nazca Lines
of certainty about the past. Remember: A perfect modal is formed with a modal + have and a past participle.
remote Himalayan Mountains have claimed built over 3,000 years ago in England. These huge shapes
very certain: The islanders had to have come from Polynesia.
to have seen a shy, hairy, human-like Experts say the huge stones came from were carved into the
They couldn’t (or can’t) have come from Peru.
creature. However, no one has ever captured mountains 257 kilometers away. earth in Peru more than 1,500 years
almost certain: The figures must have been very important.
a yeti or taken its photo. These sightings No one knows for sure how the ago and can only be seen from an
They must not have been easy to move.

continue to be reported today. stones were carried or put into airplane. No one knows how they
not certain: They might (or may) have moved the moai by “walking” them. place. The purpose of the were designed or made.
PRONUNCIATION
However, they also could have laid the moai flat on logs. stones is unknown.
BOOSTER
p. 149
Passive voice Reduction and linking
Use the passive voice if the performer of the action is unknown or if you want to focus on the in perfect modals in the
passive voice
receiver of the action. To form the passive voice with perfect modals, use a modal + have been
and a past participle. In negative statements, place not before the auxiliary have.
The stone figures must have been moved using ropes and logs.
The secrets of Rapa Nui might not have been lost if their writing system had survived.
The island couldn’t have been inhabited originally by people from South America.
Perfect modals: short responses
(active and passive voice)

DIGITAL
VIDEO B DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Speculate about each mystery, using I believe the stones at Stonehenge
may have been used for religious

active or passive perfect modals when possible. Use Degrees of
purposes. That’s what makes the
Certainty vocabulary from page 100. Say as much as you can.
most sense to me.
DIGITAL
D
C
MORE UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Read the Grammar Spotlight again. Circle the perfect modals that are in the
EXERCISES
active voice. Underline those that are in the passive voice. PRESENTATION Choose one of the mysteries. Present the theory that you
think best explains the mystery and tell the class why you believe it.
102 UNIT 9 103
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3
INFER INFORMATION Based on information from the article, infer the answers to these questions.
GOAL Discuss how believable a story is
1 What did Stanton Friedman’s first witness probably tell him he saw in 1947?
2 When B.D. Gildenberg says the Roswell conspiracy is a “hoax,” what does he mean?
A READING WARM-UP What kind of information would you need to determine

3 When Kal Korff says the Roswell conspiracy is “very good business,” what does he mean?
DIGITAL 4 When the military finally admitted years later that they hadn’t told the truth about the weather
whether or not a news story is true?
EXTRA
CHALLENGE balloon in 1947, how would you guess Roswell conspiracy fans responded?
DIGITAL
B
E
5:09 READING Read the article. Which details do you think are the most questionable
STRATEGIES
DIGITAL
5:10 WORD STUDY ADJECTIVES WITH THE SUFFIX -ABLE Listen and repeat.
or the least believable? STRATEGIES
believable can be accepted as true because it seems possible
debatable more than one explanation is possible
unprovable cannot be shown to be true
questionable likely to be untrue
F WORD STUDY PRACTICE Use the adjectives from Exercise E to complete each statement.
1 His story is really . So many of the details sound far-fetched.
2 I think she’s telling the truth. Her description of the events sounds very to me.
3 Your claims are . It isn’t difficult to find another explanation for what happened.
4 That the military found a flying saucer is . There is no evidence to show that they did.
On June 25th 1947, pilot Kenneth Arnold was flying a plane in location, others believe that aliens might
the northwest of the U.S. when he saw something strange: objects have died in the crash and were most likely
that looked like plates, or saucers, flying across the sky like a being kept frozen for research. Roswell
small flock of birds. His story led to numerous other news stories conspiracy fans meet at annual conferences
NOW YOU CAN Discuss how believable a story is
in which people claimed to have seen similar unidentified flying to debate the various versions.
objects (UFOs)—or “flying saucers.”

The military eventually admitted that
Shortly after, on July 8th, a secret
military balloon crashed near Roswell, New

it had been a secret military balloon.
However, Roswell “experts” claim to have

A NOTEPADDING With a partner, create a story for each of two imaginary
Mexico, in the southwest. However, the local interviewed hundreds of witnesses who witnesses of the 1947 Roswell event: one supporting the conspiracy theory
newspaper reported that a flying saucer say they saw evidence of a flying saucer, and one supporting the military’s version.
had crashed, and the news media from all proving, therefore, that the conspiracy
heard?
over demanded more information. Because theory must be true. B.D. Gildenberg, who claim to have seen or
What did the witness
Witness
the balloon was a secret, the military made has examined such claims, believes that the red aliens
Attendees at annual “Roswell” on the road. Some inju
He saw a flying saucer
an official announcement: that the object Roswell conspiracy stories are a hoax—“the 1 a bus driver
conferences debate conflicting were …
nearby. Some soldiers
that had crashed was just an ordinary world’s most famous, most exhaustively were lying on the ground
theories about alien visitors
A weather balloon weather balloon. investigated, and most thoroughly debunked
and UFOs.
UFO claim.” Other skeptics of the conspiracy, Witness What did the witness claim to have seen or heard?
No one questioned that story for more than thirty years—until
who accept the military’s version, point out that all the interviews occurred
1978. UFO lecturer Stanton Friedman interviewed a man who 1
more than thirty years after the crash and that many of the statements
claimed to have seen something stranger than a weather balloon
made in the interviews were highly questionable. For example, one
in the wreckage of the 1947 crash, and the story of a flying saucer
witness’s name was changed after it became clear that she didn’t exist.
was reborn. Although versions of that story differ, most people
Furthermore, witnesses often seemed to confuse details with military
who believe there was a military conspiracy to hide the truth agree
plane crashes that had occurred in the area at about the same time. 2
on these basic details: a flying saucer crashed near Roswell in 1947.
And because it didn’t want anyone to know the truth, the military All the same, a CNN / Time poll in the U.S. showed that a majority
kept the incident top secret and continues to do so today. of the people who responded found the UFO story very believable.
Conspiracy critic Kal Korff admits, “Let’s not pull any punches here:
However, many details have been added to the story over the
B
The Roswell UFO myth has been very good business for UFO groups,
years. Eleven additional “crash sites” have been identified. While
publishers, Hollywood, the town of Roswell, [and] the media.” GAME “TO TELL THE TRUTH” Divide the class into two opposing groups. Group A will argue that there
some people claim that alien beings from other planets must have
been captured alive and imprisoned by the military in a secret

was a Roswell conspiracy. Group B will defend the military’s version. Students from each group role-play the
witnesses, making their stories as believable as possible. Students in the opposing group ask questions in
order to determine if the witness is telling the truth.
C CONFIRM POINT OF VIEW Write A, B, or C to classify the people or organizations based

How many aliens did you see?
on their point of view. What did they look like?
A = a skeptic of the military’s version of the Roswell incident
C
B = a skeptic of the Roswell conspiracy theory
DISCUSSION Vote to decide which witnesses told
C = not enough information in the article to know for sure
• It doesn’t make sense.
the most believable stories. Explain your reasons.
• I don’t buy that.
1 Kenneth Arnold 4 Roswell conspiracy fans
Time
• You’re barking up the wrong tree.
2 Stanton Friedman 5 CNN / I thought the first witness’s story was
• [You] really went out on a limb.
6 B.D. Gildenberg questionable because he must have …
3 Roswell “experts” • That’s just far-fetched.
7 Kal Korff • There’s no question…
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NOSSEL
4 GOAL Evaluate the trustworthiness of news sources
NOW YOU CAN Evaluate the trustworthiness of news sources
A LISTENING WARM-UP DISCUSSION Look at the photo. Speculate about A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the survey and calculate your score. Then compare results with a partner.
the purpose of the object behind the people. Which one of you is generally more skeptical?
ARE YOU A NOT VERY
skeptic?
s
SKEPTICAL SKEPTICAL
100% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10% 0%
What percentage of the news you read in the newspaper do you think is true?
What percentage of the news you hear on TV or radio do you think is true?
What percentage of what you see on the Internet do you think is true?
What percentage of what politicians say do you think is true?
Falcon Heene (front left)

What percentage of what advertisers say do you think is true?
with his parents, Richard and
Mayumi, and his brothers. What percentage of what your family says do you think is true?
What percentage of what your friends say do you think is true?
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 5:11 LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen to Part 1 of this true story and discuss the questions.
HOW SKEPTICAL ARE YOU?
1 What was the story that was being reported in the news? First add up all the percentage
numbers you checked to get your TOTAL AVERAGE SCORE

2 Why did the Heene family contact the authorities? total. Then calculate your average
score by dividing your total by 7.

3 What happened to the balloon?
4 What surprise did everyone discover afterward?
B NOTEPADDING On the notepad, write news sources you trust and ones you don’t.
C 5:12 LISTEN TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS Listen to Part 2 of the story. Include sources from newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, and the Internet.
Complete the statements. Explain your choices. Explain your reasons.
1 News agencies grew suspicious about the story because .

The news sources i trust the most Some news sources i don’t trust
a Falcon’s father answered interviewers’ questions b Falcon got sick during the interviews
2 Authorities grew suspicious when they learned about Falcon’s father’s .
a interests b inventions
Why? Why not?

3 A publicity stunt is when someone tries to .
a hide the truth from the authorities b get the attention of the media
4 Falcon’s parents agreed to pay $36,000 as .
a a donation b a punishment
DIGITAL
C DISCUSSION Why do you trust some news sources and not others?
D CRITICAL THINKING
SPEAKING
Discuss these questions. Listen to Part 2 again if necessary. BOOSTER
Do you and your classmates agree on any? How can you determine if
1 Do you think the authorities should have been less lenient or more lenient toward
the information you read or hear is true or not?
Falcon’s parents? Why or why not?
2 Do you agree that the media probably made errors in judgment in the way they RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
reported the story? Explain your opinion. • I’m sorry to say … • There’s no question … • believable
• I hate to say it, but … • I don’t buy [that story]. • questionable

3 Do you think the media generally do a good job reporting the news? Provide examples of
• To tell you the truth, … • reliable
good or bad reporting. • … doesn’t make sense to me.
• Unfortunately, … • troubling
• They’re barking up the wrong tree.
• The sad fact is … • careful / careless
• They went out on a limb.
• disappointed / disappointing
OPTIONAL WRITING Write about a news source
you trust, or one you don’t trust. Explain your reasons.

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WRITING Avoiding sentence fragments

DIGITAL
GAME review
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. Remember: A 5:13 Listen to the conversations. Then listen to each conversation again and choose the
An independent clause … statement that is closer in meaning to what each person said.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express • contains a subject and a verb.
1 The woman says .
• expresses a complete thought.
a complete thought. Here are two common fragments.
A complete sentence … a it’s possible Bill overslept
A dependent clause
• starts with a capital letter.
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains both b Bill couldn’t possibly have overslept
• ends with a period.
• expresses a complete thought.

a subject and a verb but begins with a subordinating conjunction, 2 The woman says .
t clause.
• needs at least one independen
making it an incomplete thought.
a it’s possible the wallet is Gina’s
FRAGMENT: Because the military hadn’t told the truth.
b it’s almost certain that the wallet is Gina’s
FRAGMENT: After his mother admitted to lying.
Subordinating conjunctions that
begin a dependent clause 3 The man thinks .

A phrase
after since
A phrase is a group of words that is not a complete sentence. a the president may have been involved in the scandal
as soon as unless
Common phrases are prepositional phrases, verb phrases, because until b the president had clearly been involved in the scandal
before
embedded questions, infinitive phrases, relative clauses, etc. when
even though whenever 4 The man thinks .
FRAGMENT: The people who were at the airport. if while
FRAGMENT: At the end of the year. a the story could possibly be a hoax
FRAGMENT: Are very reliable. b the story couldn’t possibly be true
FRAGMENT: Where the balloon landed.
FRAGMENT: To solve the mystery.

B Rewrite each statement in the passive voice.
To correct a sentence fragment, do one of the following: 1 The military must have moved the aliens’ bodies to a secret place.
• Attach a dependent clause to an independent clause to complete the thought.
People believed the conspiracy theories because the military hadn’t told the truth.
2 Witnesses might have seen evidence of the event.
After his mother admitted to lying, everyone knew the story was a hoax.
• Complete the thought by adding missing information to a phrase so it’s a complete sentence.
3 Stanton Friedman must have written the first account of the Roswell conspiracy.
The people who were at the airport couldn’t board their planes.
They were freed from prison at the end of the year.

4 They couldn’t have moved the stones without lots of help.
Most newspapers are very reliable.
That’s where the balloon landed.
To solve the mystery, they interviewed all the witnesses. 5 Richard Heene had to have asked Falcon to lie to the authorities.
6 The islanders might not have used the stone figures for religious purposes.
B PRACTICE Underline the sentence fragments in

DIGITAL
WRITING
PROCESS
C APPLY THE WRITING SKILL
this paragraph. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, On a separate sheet of paper, write a short
rewrite the paragraph correctly. news article about one of these topics:

C On a separate sheet of paper, write your own response to each question,
a A real or imaginary mysterious using varying degrees of certainty. Explain your theories.
When John Tyler did not appear at his wedding. event, such as a UFO sighting, a
1 Do you think it’s possible that there could really be a I suppose it’s possible, but I really don’t believe it because …
His bride and the wedding guests were worried. disappearance, or the discovery of a
human-like creature in the Himalayas called a yeti?
They called the police for help. The police used helicopters. previously unknown place
2 Do you think the conspiracy theory about the Roswell incident could be true?
To search for John’s car. An hour later, John called his bride
b A real or imaginary story in which the
by phone. She was shocked. Because John told her that he 3 Does it make sense to you that the Bermuda Triangle might cause ships and planes to disappear?
media succeeded at telling, or failed to
had been carjacked. According to his story. The carjackers 4 Do you think it’s possible that the Nazca Lines were designed by aliens?
tell, the truth
had locked him in the trunk of his car. Meanwhile,
the police had found John’s car. In the parking lot of a
SELF-CHECK
hotel. Furthermore, John was found in a hotel room.
Speaking with his wife on the phone. Apparently, he had Do all my sentences express complete thoughts?
been having doubts about getting married and had made

Did I avoid sentence fragments?
up the whole story about the carjacking. John had to repay

Did I avoid run-on sentences?
the town the $3,000 spent trying to rescue him during
his carjacking hoax. He and his bride were married two
weeks later.
Web Project: Mysteries
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1 Suggest ways to reduce stress Understand a variety of accents.
Ava = Arabic
2 Describe how you got interested in a hobby D 5:15 SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation between
Erin = American English (standard)
3 Discuss how mobile devices affect us two friends after work. Notice the spotlighted language.
Your Free Time 4 Compare attitudes about taking risks
Ava: [phone rings] Don’t you need to take that?
Erin: Nah. It’s my new boss. It can wait till tomorrow.
Ava: Really? What if it’s urgent?
preview Erin: She needs to know I’m not always on call. And besides, my workday ended
over two hours ago … I have a life!
A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the survey about your free time. Ava: Well, you’re a lot more laid back than I am. I’ve got a lot on my plate at work
these days. I’d worry my boss might think I was slacking off.
Erin: But he knows that’s not true! You work really hard.
HOW DO YOU LIKE Ava: I do. But I feel like I need to take my work home with me.
to spend your time? Or I’ll never be able to keep up.
Erin: Well, my previous boss was always calling me on the weekend.
Finally, I had to put a stop to it. I just decided I wouldn’t take any more
RATE THESE ACTIVITIES ON A SCALE OF 0 TO 3.
calls after hours. You just have to draw the line somewhere, right?
Ava: I suppose so. But if I did that, I’d be a nervous wreck that I might
3 = extremely important
lose my job.
2 = fairly important
1
Erin: Me, I can’t live like that. When I’m at work, I give it my all .
1 = somewhat important
spending time with my family 0 1 2 3 But my free time is mine … [phone rings] Is that yours?
0 = not important to
2
Ava: I guess so … Oh no … I forgot I was supposed to call my boss
me at all
hanging out with my friends 0 1 2 3 at 7:00. Excuse me for a minute …
3
Erin: Come on! Don’t tell me you’re going to take that!
spending time alone relaxing
0 1 2 3 Ava: Stop that! Shhh!
and doing nothing
4 immersing myself in my
work or studies
0 1 2 3
5
E UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Find these expressions in Spotlight.
seeking excitement 0 1 2 3 Match each with its correct meaning.
6 engaging in quiet activities
at home
0 1 2 3
1 be on call
2 have a lot on one’s plate

a not work as hard as one should
b finish everything that needs to get done
7 participating in sports 0 1 2 3 3 slack off c make it clear that something is unacceptable
8
4 keep up d be anxious or worried about something
working out to stay in shape 0 1 2 3
5 draw the line e make oneself available for someone to contact any time
9 rooting for my favorite teams 0 1 2 3 6 be a nervous wreck f do something with maximum effort
10
7 give something one’s all g have lots of things that need to get done
attending cultural events 0 1 2 3
11 enjoying my hobbies and
other interests
0 1 2 3
F DISCUSSION Whose philosophy about taking work calls after hours makes the most
sense to you — Ava’s or Erin’s? Explain your reasons.
SPEAKING PAIR WORK Complete the chart. Then tell your partner
about the people. Use the Vocabulary from page 110.

B PAIR WORK Compare your survey responses. Ask questions about your partner’s free time.
Someone I know who … Name Relationship to you

DIGITAL
STRATEGIES C 5:14 VOCABULARY WAYS TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE Listen and
is always immersed in his or her work or studies
repeat. Then use the words and the survey to describe your partner.
has a lot on his or her plate right now

• sociable: likes being around other people
• a loner: prefers being alone or hanging out with close friends or family is good at drawing the line between work and private time
• active: enjoys doing lots of activities, has lots of interests

maintains a very active life
• sedentary: somewhat inactive physically
• laid back: relaxed, easygoing slacks off a little too often
• other
gives everything his or her all
110 UNIT 10 111
/
112
NOSSEL
ERROR CORRECTION On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite these sentences correctly.
GOAL Suggest ways to reduce stress
1 1 You don’t suppose to smoke cigarettes inside the office.
2 Wasn’t everyone suppose to turn off their phones during the talk?
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES A 5:16 VOCABULARY WAYS TO REDUCE STRESS Read and listen to the suggestions
3 Lena and Gil didn’t supposed to finish their report before the meeting yesterday.
for reducing the stress of work. Then listen again and repeat. 4 When will he be supposed to let his boss know he’s taking time off?
5 What we suppose to do for tomorrow’s class?
F
TAKE A BREATHER. SET ASIDE SOME SLOW DOWN. PRONUNCIATION
1 2 3 GRAMMAR PRACTICE Rewrite each instruction to express an expectation, BOOSTER

Stop what you’re DOWN TIME. Don’t do everything so p. 150
v
doing from time to Schedule time that’s just fast. Take time to think using be supposed to. Make any other necessary changes. Vowel sounds /eɪ/, / /, /æ/, and / /
time. Take a rest or for you so you can focus about what you’re
1 “Please bring your homework with you tomorrow.”
get some exercise. on relaxing. doing and do it right.
(we / bring)
2 “Please tell Sara to call her mother after class.”
REDUCING THE STRESS OF WORK (Sara / call)
3 “Please inform Walter that he needs to pay his bill by Friday.”

SET LIMITS. LEARN TO LAUGH TAKE UP A HOBBY.
(Walter / pay)
4 Learn to draw the

5 THINGS OFF.
6 Start doing something you’d
4 “Don’t tell anyone about Tom’s surprise birthday party on Sunday.”
line and say no to Stop taking things so enjoy in your free time, such
others’ demands on seriously. Remember to see as making, collecting, fixing, (I / tell)
your private time. the humor in everything. or taking care of things. 5 “Don’t tip people for their service when you’re traveling in Japan.”
(you / tip)
6 “All of our store clerks should be friendly, helpful, and courteous.”
B 5:17 LISTEN TO ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Read the suggestions. Then listen to six people’s (Our store clerks / be)
complaints. Write the number of a speaker in the box next to the suggestion you’d give him or her.
“If I were you, I’d take a breather every few hours.”
“You should set aside some down time each week.”
“Slow down a bit so you can do the job right.” Suggest ways to reduce stress
NOW YOU CAN
“If I were you, I’d try to set some limits.”
“Why don’t you try to laugh things off at work.”
“I think you should take up a hobby.”

GRAMMAR BOOSTER p. 139 A: Uh-oh . I really messed up.
C
Be supposed to: expansion B: Why? What did you do?
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE GRAMMAR EXPRESSING AN EXPECTATION WITH BE SUPPOSED TO
ACTIVITY A: I just realized we were supposed to turn in
Use be supposed to + a base form to express expectation. Use a present form of be for Note: The negative form our reports this morning. It completely slipped
a present or future expectation. Use a past form of be for an expectation in the past. of be supposed to can also
my mind.
express a prohibition.
We ’re supposed to arrive on time today. (Someone expects it.) B: Well, frankly, I’m not surprised.
We’re not supposed to
Marcy is supposed to bring snacks tomorrow. (Someone will expect it.) text during class.
A: What do you mean?
You were supposed to come yesterday. (Someone expected it.) B: It’s just that you’ve been working so hard
lately. Let’s face it … you need a break.

Negative statements
A: You’re probably right. I’ve got way too much on
They aren’t supposed to know about the party.
my plate.
She wasn’t supposed to stay past 5:00.
B: You know what? It’s time to slow down a little.
Be careful!
Yes / no questions
B
Don’t use auxiliary verbs or modals with be supposed to.
Is Paul supposed to give his presentation tomorrow? Don’t say: Marcy will be supposed to bring the snacks. 5:19 RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and
Was the school supposed to pay you a refund? repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner.
Don’t confuse be supposed to with the verb suppose.
I suppose I should call her. (= I assume I should.)
C
Information questions
What do you suppose is wrong? (= What do you guess DIGITAL
VIDEO CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a similar
When were we supposed to buy the tickets?
is wrong?) DIGITAL conversation in which one of you is stressed out about
Who ’s supposed to call us today? SPEAKING
BOOSTER
forgetting to do something. Start like this: Uh-oh. I really
Some ideas
messed up… Be sure to change roles and then partners.
D
You were supposed to …
DIGITAL
MORE UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Speculate about who might have an expectation. • get someone a birthday gift.
EXERCISES RECYCLE THIS LANGUAGE
don’t stop! • pick someone up at the airport.
1 Jeff is supposed to call home before he leaves the office.
• Suggest and discuss other • be on call • give it one’s all • finish your homework.
2 Our teacher is supposed to tell us our final grades today. ways to reduce stress. • be a nervous wreck • draw the line • be at a meeting at work or school.
• Say as much as you can. • can’t keep up • prepare a presentation for an event.
3 Customers are supposed to leave a 15% tip after their meal.
112 UNIT 10 113
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NOSSEL
DIGITAL
2
MORE D NOTICE THE GRAMMAR Find an example of the past continuous with always in
GOAL Describe how you got interested in a hobby EXERCISES
Spotlight on page 111. Restate the sentence, using used to.
E GRAMMAR PRACTICE Write an X next to the statements that cannot be rewritten using
A 5:20 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read about how these people got interested in their would for past repeated or habitual actions. Explain your decision for each item.
hobbies. Notice the spotlighted grammar.
1 Nick used to like everything about going to school.
2 My brother used to collect soda cans when we were kids.

ASSEMBLING MODELS
3 We used to visit antique stores to look for beautiful old things.
When I was a kid, I was crazy about airplanes. My dad did 4 The prices of the model cars I liked the best used to be astronomical.
a lot of traveling for his job, so he would bring me back

5 My family used to live next door to a karate school.
model kits from different airlines. I’d assemble them and
6 When Jan first started her new job, she used to immerse herself in her work.
paint them, and it was fun. My dad was always showing
7 When I was a teenager, I used to seek excitement by taking risks.
off my work to his friends, so I decided to get serious and
make it a real hobby. Now I build my own models with

F GRAMMAR PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement from
engines that can really fly.
Exercise E that can be rewritten with would.
QUILTING My brother would collect soda cans when we were kids.
When I was young, my mom was always collecting old pieces
of colorful cloth. At some point, she would sew them together
into shapes, and then she would combine the shapes together G GRAMMAR PRACTICE With a partner, take turns restating each
to make a huge bed cover. I used to think it was embarrassing to

statement from Exercise F, using the past continuous with always.
have my friends come over and see all those pieces of cloth lying
around. But today I’m really proud of the quilts my mom made.
NOW YOU CAN Describe how you got interested in a hobby

PRACTICING A MARTIAL ART
When I was about eight, my friends were all learning

A NOTEPADDING Using the Grammar W hat is your hoppy?
martial arts. They’d walk past my house in their
Spotlight as a guide, write statements
H ow did you first get interested in it?
uniforms on their way to karate class, and I really
about one of your hobbies. Use
wanted to join them. So I told my mom, and she
would or the past continuous for past
agreed to let me. I’ve been practicing now for more repeated or habitual actions when
than ten years. It’s helped me to feel really confident possible.
physically.
DIGITAL H ow did your interest change over time?

VIDEO B DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Using your
notepad, discuss your hobby with a
B PAIR WORK With a partner, discuss which hobby in Exercise A is the most appealing partner. Find out about your partner’s
to you. Explain your reasons. hobby. Say as much as you can.

C PRESENTATION With your partner,
• Would: review
DIGITAL
INDUCTIVE C GRAMMAR DESCRIBING PAST REPEATED OR HABITUAL ACTIONS • Placement of adverbs of manner
tell your class about how you each got
ACTIVITY
interested in your hobbies.
You can use would + a base form to describe past repeated or habitual actions.
When I was a kid, my mom would sew pieces of cloth together to make quilts.
Every weekend, I would walk around the neighborhood and take photos.
OPTIONAL WRITING Write about
You can also use the past continuous with the frequency adverb always to describe a past habitual action. how your partner got interested in his
or her hobby.
Our grandfather was always fixing things in his garage.
We were always taking care of other people’s pets. Be careful!

With non-action verbs that don’t describe
Remember: You can also use used to + a base form to describe repeated actions, use used to, not would.
We used to be interested in martial arts.

past habitual actions that are no longer true.
NOT We would be interested in martial arts.
My mom used to make quilts. [But she doesn’t anymore.]
She used to dislike sewing.
I used to love assembling model cars. [But I don’t have the time now.] NOT She would dislike sewing.
114 UNIT 10 115
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NOSSEL
3
IDENTIFY SUPPORTING DETAILS Answer the questions, according to the article.
GOAL Discuss how mobile devices affect us
Find examples or information in the article to support your answers.
1 What is wrong with always being “on call” for an employer?
A
2 What are the consequences of checking one’s devices before going to sleep?
READING WARM-UP Do you think technology increases or reduces stress in your life?
3 Why is it a problem to rely on technology for social interaction?
Provide examples.
DIGITAL
STRATEGIES B 5:21 READING Read the article. How would you summarize the author’s main points
E INFER POINT OF VIEW Answer the following questions. Explain your reasons.
1 What kinds of leisure activities do you think the author would recommend?
about technology today? DIGITAL
EXTRA
CHALLENGE 2 Do you think the author’s opinion of electronic devices is more positive or negative? Explain.
Next time you’re in a public place, time off. When we leave the office,
look around. Odds are you’ll see a we continue to stay connected.
ALWAYS large percentage of people on their We are inviting our work world into
phones or tablets texting, chatting, our private lives in ways that never
CONNECTED? checking messages, or surfing the would have been imaginable in the NOW YOU CAN Discuss how mobile devices affect us 4 = Fre
net. We’re more connected to our past. We’re constantly “on call,” quently
The Consequences of Never Switching Off mobile devices than ever before, and our time is never entirely our
3 = So
mewh
at fre
which provides us 24/7 contact own. We just don’t know how to
quently
Alison Murphy
with our work, social media, and “switch off” our work when we get A FRAME YOUR IDEAS Complete the survey. Then compare answers with
2 = On
1 = Ra
ce in
a while
the Internet. The devices even home.

rely
a partner. Describe your habits and explain why you do what you do.
follow us into our bedrooms, where
0 = Ne
ve r
we use technology as a means to In our leisure time, technology

unwind at the end of a long day. appears to be reducing the face-to-
face human interaction that we’ve HOW CONNECTED ARE YOU?
According to a recent poll, a traditionally enjoyed. For example,
majority of respondents said they the trend has been away from the 0 1 2 3 4 not sure
use their devices right before going shared experiences of going out I text to connect with other people.
to bed. Most also reported that to the movies or shopping at the
using their devices keeps them mall, toward the more private acts
up at night and that they don’t of watching movies at home or I make calls to other people.
get enough sleep. Zack Panatera, shopping online. Common leisure

a student at Stanford University, activities of the past, such as I stop whatever I’m doing to respond to calls or texts.
complained, “I’ll take a quick look participating in clubs, took place

at something interesting, and the in the community and provided I check my messages as soon as I wake up.
next thing I know, I’ve spent a extended time to communicate with
few hours online.” According to others and develop relationships.
I check my messages as soon as I get home.
psychiatrist Kyla Greenham, “The In contrast, today’s online posts
Advances in technology come light from our devices throws off and tweets with family, friends,
with the promise of increased our normal sleep cycle and actually and colleagues are shorter, more I check my messages before going to sleep.
reduces production of the sleep superficial, and less satisfying.

efficiency, making us more hormone melatonin.” She advises, Recent research has in fact I wake up during the night and check my messages.
productive and providing more “Switch off any kind of technology suggested that face-to-face family
time to relax and enjoy our leisure at least an hour before going to time is decreasing in homes with I switch off my devices during the day.
bed.” Lack of sleep may not seem Internet connections.
time. However, some experts so important, but it can have a
claim that the opposite is true— huge effect on one’s performance No one wishes to turn back the I switch off my devices at night
clock on what technology can do.

that we’re actually working more the next day, making it harder to
However, switching off our devices
pay attention or remember things. BASED ON YOUR SURVEY RESPONSES, WHICH STATEMENT BELOW BEST DESCRIBES YOU?
and have less time to relax. And, from time to time may be one of
as a result, we are becoming more At work, technology is in fact a the most important decisions we I’m almost always connected, and I think that’s great.
contributing factor in a growing can make to ensure that we are

stressed out. trend toward longer hours and less living full, satisfying lives.
I’m almost always connected, but I wish I weren’t.
I think it’s important to be connected, but I know when to switch off my devices.
I’m hardly ever connected, but I wish I were more often.
C UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT With a partner, find these words and phrases
I’m hardly ever connected, and I’m glad.
in the article. Match each one with its correct meaning.
1 switch off a a way to relax B DISCUSSION Discuss the following questions in small
groups. Then share your ideas with the class.

2 24/7 b all day and night
1 In your opinion, do technological advances save us

3 a means to unwind c insufficient amount or quantity
time or waste more of our time? How?
4 keeps [someone] up at night d prevents from sleeping
2 What are your recommendations for the best ways
5 lack of e by talking to someone directly, in person
to use our devices at work or school? In public
6 throws off f turn off places? At home?

Texting keeps me in touch with more of my
7 face-to-face g makes something not work right 3 Do you think technology adds to or interferes with friends and makes it easier to get together.
I don’t think it interferes with my leisure

your leisure time? Explain how.
116 UNIT 10 time at all. 117
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118
NOSSEL
4
E RELATE TO PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Where do you fit on the risk-taking continuum?
GOAL Compare attitudes about taking risks
Do you have more of a “big T” or “small t” personality? Explain your reasons.
Risk-Avoider Risk-Taker
A LISTENING WARM-UP DISCUSSION Which of the following risks would you find the
easiest to take? Which would you find the most difficult? Explain your reasons.
DIGITAL
F WORD STUDY ADVERBS OF MANNER
STRATEGIES
5:25
Usage note
Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly
Use an adverb of manner to modify a verb or adjective.
to an adjective. Listen and repeat.
Risk-taking affects you physically.
Adjective Adverb [modifies the verb: describes how it affects you]
confident → confident ly I’m afraid of activities that are physically dangerous.
mysterious → mysteriously
[modifies the adjective: describes how they are
dangerous]
quick → quick ly
quiet → quiet ly
Some adverbs such as luckily, fortunately, unfortunately,
and sadly express the speaker’s attitude. They are
safe → safe ly
generally used at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Changing your career Luckily, no one was hurt. I was really frightened,
Jumping out of an airplane Driving way over the speed limit Climbing a live volcano Exceptions: If an adjective ends in …
aﬅer the age of 40
unfortunately.
• -y, change to -ily. (nois y → noisily)
• -l, add -ly. (careful → carefully)
• -ble, change to -bly. (comfortable → comfortably)
G WORD STUDY PRACTICE Complete each statement, using an adverb of manner.
DIGITAL 1 (dangerous) Many people who seek excitement like to live .

STRATEGIES B 5:22 LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen to the interview
with a psychologist. Then listen again and write a 2 (fortunate) My niece climbed a live volcano. Nothing terrible happened, .
description for each of the two personality types the 3 (easy) I don’t like taking risks when I drive. Someone could get hurt.
psychologist describes.
4 (nervous) He checked his parachute before he jumped out of the plane.
5 (sad) , he was badly injured when he jumped off the cliff.

What is a “big T” personality? What is a “small t” personality?
6 (extreme) The hike through the desert is challenging.
7 (beautiful) The stories about her adventures are written.
8 (accidental) She walked into a high-crime neighborhood.
9 (mysterious) Our teacher was absent over the last week.
Do people who ride roller coasters have a
“big T” or “small t” personality?
NOW YOU CAN Compare attitudes about taking risks

C 5:23 LISTEN FOR SUPPORTING DETAILS Read each summary of some of Franklin’s main
points. Listen again, and complete each explanation by providing details from the interview.
Explanation A NOTEPADDING Interview a partner about the Description of w hat happened:
riskiest thing he or she has ever done. Take notes

1 Franklin notes that one cannot simply classify people’s
N ame
on your notepad. Use adverbs of manner if you can.

personalities as either 100% “big T” or “small t.”
2 She clarifies that having a “big T” personality isn’t always

DIGITAL
a positive trait.
SPEAKING B DISCUSSION In small groups, compare your
Time and place
BOOSTER
partners’ experiences. Then decide who is the

3 She argues that even if you are willing to ride on a roller
biggest risk-taker.
coaster, you don’t necessarily have a “big T” personality.
OPTIONAL WRITING Write a paragraph

D 5:24 LISTEN TO UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Listen to each of the
about why you think a person becomes a risk-taker W here?
following comments from the interview and complete the statements.
or a risk-avoider.
1 If you are “faint of heart” and “wouldn’t dare” to do certain things, you have more of a
(big T / small t) personality.
2 A person who “takes chances” and chooses to “live on the edge” has more of a
3 If you feel an “adrenaline rush” when you go “right up to the edge,” you have more of a
118 UNIT 10 119
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120
WRITING Presenting and supporting opinions clearly

DIGITAL
GAME review
A WRITING SKILL Study the rules. A 5:26 Listen to the conversations. Complete each statement with the correct idiom or expression.
1 He has decided to .
When you write to critique or comment on another person’s ideas, it is important
Citing the writer’s words a slack off b draw the line c be on call
to present and support your own opinions clearly. Use connecting words and
Use direct speech to
phrases to present your ideas logically, and support your ideas with reasons. 2 She’s .
quote short statements.
For example: a slacking off b got a lot on her plate c giving it her all
Present your ideas logically
Murphy says, “It may
3 He’s managing to .
First of all, I agree with Alison Murphy’s main point. be one of the most
a keep up b be on call c slack off
important decisions we
In addition, she makes a good point about modern technology.
can make.”
4 Her boss might think she was .
Furthermore, she’s right about its effect on sleep.
For longer statements, a keeping up b giving it her all c slacking off
Finally, I believe we need to decide what we want technology to do for us. use indirect speech
B
to paraphrase what
Murphy says. Use the prompts to write questions using be supposed to.
Support your ideas with reasons
For example:
Since they are able to work from home, people have more free time. 1 (we / read / the article before class tomorrow)
Murphy argues that
technology is interfering
Because of the Internet, people are working more efficiently.
with our sleep.
2 (why / I / contact / the authorities tomorrow morning)
Actually, new technology increases leisure time. That is why I think the author
is wrong.
Due to new technological advances, people are more connected than ever. 3 (what / they / bring / to the party later tonight)
4 (what time / we / call / the office next Friday)
B PRACTICE Write statements using the connecting words.
1 Smart phones are so convenient. It seems like everyone needs to have one. (since)
5 (how long / Daniel / stay at the library this afternoon)
2 Online shopping is the reason fewer people shop at the mall these days. (because of)
6 (where / Lisa / go / tomorrow)
3 Murphy’s arguments are very strong. I agree with her opinions. (that is why)
C Respond to each statement in your own words, using expressions from Preview
or Lesson 1.
4 The light from their devices is the reason people aren’t getting enough sleep. (due to)
1 Uh-oh. I really messed 2 I’m so sorry I forgot to call 3 Let’s face it. You’re
up. you! It completely slipped working too hard.
C
my mind.
PRACTICE On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite this paragraph by adding connecting
words and phrases. Use a comma where necessary. You: You: You:
1 I completely agree with Murphy when she suggests we switch off our
devices more oﬅen. It’s just common sense. 2 I agree with her argument
that our devices are keeping us up at night. 3 I always check my messages D Write an adverb form for each adjective.
before going to bed, I know exactly what she means. 4 she makes a good 1 angry 6 preferable
point when she says that people are interacting face-to-face less and less. My
2 busy 7 respectful
family is trying to change that by setting aside family time. 5 I think
3 responsible 8 honest
she’s right when she says, “Switching off our devices may be one of the most
4 appropriate 9 polite
important decisions we can make. ” 6 I’ve decided to switch off my phone
5 happy
every evening at 7:00 P.±.
DIGITAL
WRITING
PROCESS
D APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Write a critique of the article “Always SELF-CHECK
Connected?” on page 116. Begin by stating your opinion. To comment

Did I use connecting words and phrases
on the article’s point of view, and to support yours, use quotes or to present and support my opinions?
paraphrase what the writer says. Write at least two paragraphs.

Did I use quotation marks when citing Web Project: Extreme Sports
Idea: first, underline sentences in the article you want to comment on. TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER
the writer’s own words? p. 160 www.english.com/summit3e
Did I paraphrase the writer’s words when
I didn’t use direct speech? 121

120 UNIT 10
/
122
Reference Charts
base form simple past past participle base form simple past past participle
PRONUNCIATION TABLE
say said said spring sprang / sprung sprung
These are the pronunciation symbols used in Summit 1. see saw seen stand stood stood
sell sold sold steal stole stolen

Vowels Consonants
send sent sent stick stuck stuck
set set set sting stung stung

Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word
shake shook shaken stink stank / stunk stunk
i beat, fee d ə a a, among
b nan p pack, happy z zip, pleas e, goes shed shed shed strike struck struck / stricken
ɪ i i
b t, d d ɚ sh irt, m urder b back, rubber ʃ ship, mach ine, shine shone shone string strung strung
eɪ date, paid aɪ bite, cry, b uy , eye t tie station, spe cial, shoot shot shot swear swore sworn
ɛ bet, bed aʊ about, h ow d die discussion show showed shown sweep swept swept
æ bat, bad ɔɪ voice, boy k came, key, qui ck ʒ mea sure, vi sion shrink shrank shrunk swim swam swum
ɑ box, odd, f ather ɪr beer g game, guest h h ot, who shut shut shut swing swung swung
ɔ bought, dog ɛr bare tʃ church, nature, m m en, som e sing sang sung take took taken
oʊ boat, r oad ɑr bar watch n sun , kn ow, sink sank sunk teach taught taught
ʊ boo k, good ɔr door dʒ judge, general, pneumonia sit sat sat tear tore torn
u boo t, food, stu dent ʊr tour major ŋ sung , ring ing sleep slept slept tell told told
ʌ bu t, mud, m other f fan, photograph w wet, white slide slid slid think thought thought
v van l light, long smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt throw threw thrown
θ thing, brea th r right, wrong speak spoke spoken understand understood understood
ð then, breathe y yes, use, mu sic speed sped / speeded sped / speeded upset upset upset
s sip, city, t butt er, bottle

spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt wake woke / waked woken / waked
psychology  butt on
spend spent spent wear wore worn
spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt weave wove woven
spin spun spun weep wept wept
spit spit / spat spit / spat win won won

IRREGULAR VERBS
spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt wind wound wound
base form simple past past participle base form simple past past participle spread spread spread write wrote written
be was / were been forget forgot forgotten
beat beat beaten forgive forgave forgiven STATIVE VERBS

become became become freeze froze frozen
amaze desire hear need seem
begin began begun get got gotten
appear* dislike imagine owe smell*
bend bent bent give gave given
appreciate doubt include* own sound
bet bet bet go went gone
astonish envy know please suppose
bite bit bitten grow grew grown
be* equal like possess surprise
bleed bled bled hang hung hung
believe exist look like prefer taste*
blow blew blown have had had
belong fear look* realize think*
break broke broken hear heard heard
care feel* love recognize understand
breed bred bred hide hid hidden
consist of forget matter remember* want*
bring brought brought hit hit hit
contain hate mean resemble weigh*
build built built hold held held
cost have* mind see*
burn burned / burnt burned / burnt hurt hurt hurt
burst burst burst keep kept kept *These verbs also have action meanings. Example: I see a tree. (non-action) I’m seeing her tomorrow. (action)
buy bought bought know knew known
catch caught caught lay laid laid

VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND
choose chose chosen lead led led
come came come leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt

acknowledge consider endure imagine prevent resent
cost cost cost learn learned / learnt learned / learnt
admit delay enjoy justify prohibit resist
creep crept crept leave left left
advise deny escape keep propose risk
cut cut cut lend lent lent
appreciate detest explain mention quit suggest
deal dealt dealt let let let
avoid discontinue feel like mind recall support
dig dug dug lie lay lain
can’t help discuss finish miss recommend tolerate
do did done light lit lit
celebrate dislike forgive postpone report understand
draw drew drawn lose lost lost
complete don’t mind give up practice
dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt make made made
drink drank drunk mean meant meant
drive drove driven meet met met EXPRESSIONS THAT CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A GERUND
eat ate eaten mistake mistook mistaken
be excited about be opposed to believe in blame [someone or something] for
fall fell fallen pay paid paid
be worried about be used to participate in forgive [someone or something] for
feed fed fed put put put
be responsible for complain about succeed in thank [someone or something] for
feel felt felt quit quit quit
be interested in dream about / of take advantage of keep [someone or something] from
fight fought fought read /rid/ ɛ
read /r d/ ɛ
read /r d/
be accused of talk about / of take care of prevent [someone or something] from
find found found ride rode ridden
be capable of think about / of insist on stop [someone or something] from
fit fit fit ring rang rung
be tired of apologize for look forward to
fly flew flown rise rose risen
be accustomed to make an excuse for
forbid forbade forbidden run ran run
be committed to have a reason for
122 REFERENCE CHARTS REFERENCE CHARTS 123
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124
VERBS FOLLOWED DIRECTLY BY AN INFINITIVE

Grammar Booster
afford choose grow mean pretend threaten
agree claim hesitate need promise volunteer The Grammar Booster is optional. It offers more information and extra practice, as well as Grammar for Writing.
appear consent hope neglect refuse wait Sometimes it further explains or expands the unit grammar and points out common errors. In other cases, it reviews and
arrange decide hurry offer request want
practices previously learned grammar that would be helpful when learning new grammar concepts. If you use the Grammar
ask demand intend pay seem wish
attempt deserve learn plan struggle would like

Booster, you will find extra exercises in the Workbook in a separate section labeled Grammar Booster. The Grammar Booster
can’t wait expect manage prepare swear yearn content is not tested on any Summit tests.
care fail
UNIT 1
VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN OBJECT BEFORE AN INFINITIVE*

Infinitives: review, expansion, and common errors
advise choose* force need* remind urge
allow convince get* order request want* Statements
ask* enable help* pay require warn Using an infinitive as the subject of a sentence sounds extremely formal in speaking. There are two ways to
beg encourage hire permit teach wish* express the same idea: (1) Make the infinitive a subject complement, or (2) use an impersonal it.
cause expect* instruct persuade tell would like*
1 My greatest wish is to be a mother.
challenge forbid invite promise* To be a mother is my greatest wish.
2 It’s my greatest wish to be a mother.
*In the active voice, these verbs can be followed by the infinitive without an object (example: want to speak or When making a statement with an impersonal It and an infinitive about a specific person
want someone to speak). or people, use a phrase with for + a noun or a pronoun to name that person or people. Be careful! You can’t use an adjective of feeling
It isn’t hard for me to learn new languages.
or emotion in statements with It’s + adjective and
infinitive. You have to use an actual subject.
It usually takes time for new students to get to know each other.
ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE* My sister is happy to graduate.
It’s too late for Ella and Paul to go out for dinner now. NOT It’s happy to graduate.
afraid content disturbed glad proud sorry
With causative get
alarmed curious eager happy ready surprised
amazed delighted easy hesitant relieved touched Use an infinitive, not a base form, with causative get. Some adjectives of feeling or emotion:
angry depressed embarrassed likely reluctant upset We got everyone to fill out the survey. afraid ashamed excited sad
anxious determined encouraged lucky sad willing
The teacher got me to compare my personality with my mother’s personality.
amazed depressed glad shocked
ashamed disappointed excited pleased shocked angry disappointed happy sorry
certain distressed fortunate prepared In indirect speech anxious embarrassed pleased upset
Use an infinitive to replace an imperative in indirect speech.
*Example: I’m willing to accept that . The manager said, “Be at the meeting at 2:15 sharp.” The manager said to be at the meeting at 2:15 sharp.
She told us, “Don’t call before dinner.” She told us not to call before dinner.
VERBS THAT CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
with a change in meaning without a change in meaning A On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence, changing the subject infinitive to a subject complement.
forget (+ gerund) = forget something that happened begin love 1 To be successful is every new graduate’s wish. 4 To rescue hikers lost in the woods is the
(+ infinitive) = forget something that needs to be done can’t stand prefer responsibility of the park police.
2 To cook dinner is my chore for the evening.
continue start
regret (+ gerund) = regret a past action
5 To win the election is every candidate’s task.
hate try 3 To win the game is every player’s dream.
(+ infinitive) = regret having to inform someone about an action
like
B
remember (+ gerund) = remember something that happened
(+ infinitive) = remember something that needs to be done Rewrite each sentence, beginning with an impersonal it.
stop (+ gerund) = stop a continuous action

1 To be disciplined about an exercise program is 6 To pass the examination is not the easiest thing in
(+ infinitive) = stop in order to do something
difficult for an easygoing person. the world.
2 To get to work on time is a good idea. 7 To live in an English-speaking country might be an
exciting experience.
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES 3 To be outgoing in new situations is helpful.
8 To know when to use an infinitive and when to use a

alarming – alarmed disturbing – disturbed paralyzing – paralyzed 4 To act friendly is always worthwhile.
amazing – amazed embarrassing – embarrassed pleasing – pleased gerund is pretty confusing.
5 To be too talkative can sometimes be a problem.
amusing – amused entertaining – entertained relaxing – relaxed
annoying – annoyed exciting – excited satisfying – satisfied
astonishing
boring
–
–
astonished
bored
exhausting
fascinating
–
–
exhausted
fascinated
shocking
soothing
–
–
shocked
soothed
C Insert a phrase with for in each of the following sentences.
for new drivers

comforting – comforted frightening – frightened startling – startled
1 It’s hard to drive in a lot of traffic. 4 It’s too late to make the early show.
confusing – confused horrifying – horrified stimulating – stimulated
depressing – depressed inspiring – inspired surprising – surprised

2 It’s important to remember that some difficult 5 It’s essential to use insect repellent when you camp
disappointing – disappointed interesting – interested terrifying – terrified
disgusting – disgusted irritating – irritated tiring – tired

things are just a part of life. in the woods.
distressing – distressed moving – moved touching – touched
3 It’s smart to realize that it’s better to be safe 6 It’s good to avoid being too outgoing when you’re
than sorry. starting a new job.
124 REFERENCE CHARTS GRAMMAR BOOSTER 125
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126
D On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement in indirect speech. Use the past perfect for an action that was finished before another action in the past.
When I arrived, they had already watched the movie.

1 Celine said, “Don’t be late for the meeting.” 3 My sister said, “Don’t call me before 7:00 A. M .”
Note: Although the continuous aspect is used for actions in progress, the present perfect continuous is sometimes
2 Last night they told me, “Always take care when you 4 The tour guide told them, “Just roll with the
used for very recently completed actions, especially to emphasize duration.
go out in the evening.” punches.”
They’ve been watching movies all afternoon, but they’re done now.
Unfinished actions
Grammar for Writing: parallelism with gerunds and infinitives Use the past continuous for unfinished actions that continued for a period of time or during a specific time in the past.
I was relaxing at home all morning.

A common error in formal written English is mixing gerunds and infinitives when listing items in a series.
At noon, I was watching a movie.
A list of items should be either all gerunds or all infinitives.
When I take time off from work, I prefer relaxing at home, spending time with my family, and getting Use the present perfect OR the present perfect continuous for unfinished actions that began in the past and may
things done around the house. continue into the future. Use the present perfect continuous to further emphasize that the action is continuous.
NOT I prefer relaxing at home, spending time with my family, and to get things done around the house. She’s listened to R&B for years. [And she may continue.]
I can’t stand getting up late and missing the bus. NOT I can’t stand getting up late and to miss the bus. OR She’s been listening to R&B for years. [And she may continue.]
In a series, either use to with all the infinitives or use it only with the first one.
When I take time off from work, I prefer to relax at home, spend time with my family, and get things done
around the house. NOT When I take time off from work, I prefer to relax at home, spend time with my
A Complete the article, using the simple past tense, the past of be, or the present perfect.
family, and to get things done around the house.
E On a separate sheet of paper, correct the errors in parallelism in the following sentences.
1 After she arrived in London, she began to write long letters home and calling her parents
at all hours of the night.
2 There are two things I really can’t stand doing: speaking in front of large audiences and
chat with people I don’t know at parties.
3 Right before midnight, everyone began to sing, dance, and to welcome in the new year.
4 There’s no question I prefer using all my vacation time and take a long vacation.
F Complete the following sentences, using appropriate gerund or infinitive forms. Refer to pages 122–124 in the
Reference Charts if necessary.
1 I would suggest out the form immediately and a copy for your records.
fill make
2 Did you remember off the stove, the windows, and the
turn close lock
door before you left?
3 It’s obvious from her e-mails that she really loves the culture, new people,
experience meet
and just there.
4 They prohibit
be
photographs or a recorder.
B Read each statement. Then decide which description is closer in meaning.
take use 1 By the time I heard about it, the concert had sold out.
5 I really wouldn’t mind them out to dinner or them around if you’d like
a First I heard about the concert. Then it sold out.
take show
me to. b First the concert sold out. Then I heard about it.
2 After he’d won the award, he got a big recording contract.

6 He promised the report home, it carefully, and to any
take read respond
a First he got the recording contract. Then he won the award.
questions by the next day.
b First he won the award. Then he got the recording contract.
3 We wanted to go to his performance because we’d heard his new album.
UNIT 2 a First we heard his album. Then we wanted to go to his performance.
b First we wanted to go to his performance. Then we heard his album.

Finished and unfinished actions: summary
4 He’d played at a lot of different halls before he performed at Carnegie Hall.

Finished actions
a First he performed at Carnegie Hall. Then he played at a lot of different halls.
Use the simple past tense or the past of be for an action finished at a specified time in the past.
They watched some movies yesterday. b First he played at a lot of different halls. Then he performed at Carnegie Hall.
Use the present perfect for an action finished at an unspecified time in the past.
They’ve watched that movie three times.
126 GRAMMAR BOOSTER GRAMMAR BOOSTER 127
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128
Noun clauses: review and expansion E On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence, using It + be (or a linking verb) + an adjective and a noun
Remember: A noun clause functions as a noun and is often introduced with that.
clause as an adjective complement.
When a noun clause is a direct object, use of that is optional.

Be careful! Don’t use question word order in noun
1 That developing countries address the problems caused by global warming is extremely important.
clauses that are embedded questions.
I didn’t realize (that ) art therapy could be so helpful.
I don’t know where the band is performing. 2 That the president plans on resigning appears obvious to everyone.
Introduce a noun clause with if or whether when it is an embedded yes / no question. NOT I don’t know where is the band performing.
3 That not providing disaster relief will only worsen the situation seems quite clear.
Use a question word when it is an embedded information question. Does he understand what the lyrics mean?
(Does she come from the U.S.?) Do you know if she comes from the U.S.?
NOT Does he understand what do the lyrics mean? 4 That a cure for cancer will be discovered in the next twenty years is certainly possible.
(When does the concert begin?) I’m not sure when the concert begins. Use a period with an embedded question within a 5 That the governments of Argentina and Chile will reach an agreement looks very likely.
statement. Use a question mark with an embedded 6 That Max Bianchi won’t be participating in the Olympics next year is not important.
A noun clause can also function as the subject of a sentence. A noun clause
question within a question.
introduced with a question word can also function as a subject complement.
I don’t know who is singing.
What he said was very interesting. (subject)
That she’s a therapist surprises me. (subject)

Do you know who is singing? F Read each quote from a radio news program. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, complete
each statement, using the noun clause as a noun complement.

Teaching children is what I love. (subject complement)
Example: “Volkswagen announced that they would unveil a new car design early next
year . This is causing a lot of excitement in the auto industry.” [The announcement …]
C Complete each noun clause with that, if (or whether), or a question word. (Some have more than
The announcement that Volkswagen would unveil a new car design
one possible answer.)
early next year is causing a lot of excitement in the auto industry.

1 She thinks classical music is boring.
2 Catching up with friends on social media is I spend Saturday mornings.
3 I don’t remember bands we saw in concert last year. 1 “The Health Ministry announced that they will begin vaccinating all infants for measles.
This was greeted with criticism from the opposition party.” [The announcement …]
4 I like most is electronic pop.
5 Did anyone tell you I’m showing my paintings at the Henderson gallery?
2 “The president said it was possible that he would resign by the end of this year. This has
taken everyone by surprise, including the news media.” [The possibility …]

6 Robert asked me I had bought tickets for the ballet yet.
3 “The London Sun reports that Dr. Regina Blair of the Glasgow Medical Center has discovered
7 I can’t imagine life would be like without the arts.
a new protein . This is attracting much interest in the world of science.” [The report …]
8 I don’t really know to cook very well.
4 “The Auckland Times claimed that a ninety-five-year-old New Zealand man had broken the
9 New York is the Empire State Building is located.
world record for growing the longest beard . This has triggered similar claims across three
10 I wonder the concert begins. continents.” [The claim …]
D Complete each statement, using a noun clause based on the question in parentheses.
UNIT 3
1 (Where did Mozart live?) I don’t know .
2 (What type of music does our teacher like?) I have no idea . The past unreal conditional: inverted form
3 (When did the Black Eyed Peas recently perform in Chicago?) She asked me .
Be careful! Don’t contract not with
The conditional clause of past unreal conditional sentences can be stated without if by simply
had in inverted negative clauses.
4 (Are ballet tickets really expensive?) I don’t know . inverting had and the subject of the clause. Clauses using inverted word order are more formal than
Had they not been there, they
5 (How long is the musical Annie?) I’m not sure .
those using usual (non-inverted) word order. wouldn’t have known the truth.
Usual word order Inverted word order NOT Hadn’t they been there, they
6 (Will the movie end before 6:00?) He’s asking .
If I had known it would take up so much room, I → Had I known it would take up so much
wouldn’t have known the truth.
wouldn’t have bought it. room, I wouldn’t have bought it.
I might have gotten another brand if I had realized → I might have gotten another brand had I realized
Grammar for Writing: noun clauses as adjective and noun complements it would be so hard to operate. it would be so hard to operate.
As adjective complements
If we hadn’t been so busy, we could have shopped → Had we not been so busy, we could have shopped
around. around.
→
To more formally make a point, use It + be or another linking verb + an adjective with
Some adjectives used in expressions with It + be or If she had told me this thing wouldn’t operate Had she told me this thing wouldn’t operate without
a noun clause beginning with that. That is optional.
another linking verb: without batteries, I would never have considered batteries, I would never have considered getting it.
It is clear (that) Hensley has done a lot of research.
obvious getting it.
is
It seems obvious (that) the band needs a new lead singer.
important
was
It was surprising (that) they never performed together again. essential
It will be (that)
As noun complements could be
unacceptable
surprising
A On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the following past unreal conditional sentences, using the inverted form.
seems
To more formally focus on an issue or topic, complete the meaning of a noun phrase interesting 1 They would have lent her their car if she had asked.
with a noun clause. That is necessary.
Some noun phrases used to introduce noun clauses: 2 If I hadn’t spent so much money on my vacation, I would have considered buying a stationary bicycle.
The fact that her songs were extremely popular made her very wealthy.
The announcement that The idea that 3 If the Carsons hadn’t moved into such a small apartment, they would have bought a treadmill.
The belief that vaccines might be harmful led some people to refuse them.
The argument that The news that
The belief that The possibility that 4 Could you have gotten the car if they hadn’t raised the price?
The chance that The proposal that
The claim that The recommendation that
The demand that The report that
The fact that The suggestion that
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130
B On a separate sheet of paper, complete the statements of buyer’s remorse, using the The future perfect continuous
inverted form and the Vocabulary from page 28. Use the future perfect continuous to emphasize the continuous quality of an action that began before a specific
time in the future. To form the future perfect continuous, use will (or won’t) + have been and a present participle.
1 … I would never have gotten that espresso maker.
By next year, I’ll have been studying English for five years. [Describes an action that began before “next year” and
2 … we never would have bought such a large sofa.
may still continue.]
3 … I could have gotten an entertainment center with fewer pieces.

Combine a statement using the future perfect continuous with a time clause to show the relationship between
4 … we probably would have bought a more economical car.
two future actions. Use the simple present tense in the time clause.
5 … I would have gotten a DVR with simpler directions. By the time I arrive in New York, I’ll have been sitting in a plane for over ten hours.
NOT By the time I’ll arrive in New York, I’ll have been sitting in a plane for over ten hours.
The future continuous

E Complete the postcard, using the future continuous or the future perfect continuous.
Use the future continuous for actions that will be in progress at a specific time or over a period of time in the future.
To form the future continuous, use will + be + a present participle OR be going to + be + a present participle.
Dear Ida,
’ll be lying
At this time next week, I on a beach in Hawaii. [specific time]
’m going to be lying Venice was great, bur finally on to Paris! By Tomorrow afternoon, I down
1 stroll
’ll be studying
the Champs Elysées and in the beautiful sights of that great city.
I English in the United States for about two years. [period of time]
’m going to be studying 2 take
In the evening, I an opera by Bizet in the city where he Was born.
3 enjoy
Sometimes sentences in the simple future and the future continuous have almost the same meaning. Choose the
Just think, by Saturday, I delicious French food for a whole Week!
future continuous to emphasize a continuous or uninterrupted activity. 4 eat
Next year, I’ll study English in the United States. Plus, I my French With real native speakers. Then, after Paris, it ’s off to
5 practice
Next year, I’ll be studying English in the United States.
the Riviera, Where I around on the beaches of Nice and Saint-Tropez
Remember: Don’t use a continuous 6 lounge
Questions and short answers
form with a stative verb. Stative verbs are for a week. By that time, I for three Weeks, and it Will almost be time
Will you be working at home? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
“non-action” verbs such as be, have, know, 7 travel
Are you going to be working at home? Yes, I am. / No, I ’m not . remember, like, seem, appreciate, etc. fo come home—a long trip for a homebody like me!
Do not use the continuous with stative See you soon!

Use the future continuous and a time clause with while or when to describe a continuous activity verbs.
that will occur at the same time as another activity. Do not use a future form in the time clause. DON’T SAY By next month, I’ll be having Pavel
I’ll be looking for a job while my wife continues her studies. a new car.
NOT I’ll be looking for a job while my wife will be continuing her studies.
For a complete list of stative verbs, see
When the teacher is speaking, we’ll be listening carefully. page 123 in the Reference Charts.
NOT When the teacher will be speaking , we’ll be listening carefully. UNIT 4
C On a separate sheet of paper, correct the errors in the following sentences.

Quantifiers: a few and few, a little and little
Use a few with plural count nouns and a little with non-count nouns to mean “some.”
1 She’ll be staying at the Newton Hotel when she’s going to be attending the meeting.
Use few with plural count nouns and little with non-count nouns to mean “not many” or “not much.”
2 We won’t be spending much time sightseeing while we’ll be visiting London.
A few / few Quantifiers used without referents
3 When he’s going to stay in town, he’s going to be meeting with some friends.
A few companies are allowing their employees to dress casually on Fridays. [= some companies] Quantifiers can be used without the noun they
4 She’ll be correcting homework while the students will take the test. Few companies are allowing their employees to dress casually on Fridays. [= not many companies]
describe, as long as the context has been
made clear earlier.
5 While Michelle will be serving dessert, Randy will already be washing the dishes.
A little / little Most people don’t think we’ll find life on
6 Won’t they be going to sleep in New York when you’ll be getting up in Taipei? Employees are showing a little interest in this new dress code. [= some interest]
other planets in our lifetime, but a few do.
Employees are showing little interest in this new dress code. [= not much interest]
Several workers in our office think people
should dress down every day, but most
D Complete the following sentences, using the future continuous with will when possible. don’t.
If the future continuous is not possible, use the simple future with will.
A Change the underlined quantifiers to a few, few, a little, or little.
1 After I’ve completed my studies, I for a job. a little

look 1 Would you like to listen to some music?
2 She historic sites while she’s in Turkey.

photograph 2 We actually eat almost no meat.
3 In a few years, they all the problems they had.

not / remember 3 There were several new students in my class today.
4 he very long between flights?

wait 4 I’ve seen hardly any movies in the last month.
5 I’m sure she when you call tonight.

not / sleep 5 I enjoy visiting Ames, but there’s not much to do there.
6 If you look in the fridge, there should be some eggs.
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132
Quantifiers: using of for specific reference C Choose the verb that agrees with each subject.
Use of when a noun is preceded by a possessive adjective, a possessive noun, a demonstrative adjective, or the 1 Every one of these choices (sound / sounds) terrific!
article the.
2 One of the teachers (was / were) going to stay after class.
More general More specific
possessive adjectives = my, her, their, etc. 3 A lot of the problem (is / are) that no one wants to work so hard.
any friends any of her friends
possessive nouns = John’s, the doctor’s
4 Each of the employees (want / wants) to work overtime.
some students some of his students demonstrative adjectives = this, that, these, those
one cat one of my cats 5 Half of the city (was / were) flooded in the storm.
all employees all of our employees

6 None of the players (is coming / are coming) to the game.
most co-workers most of Jack’s co-workers
7 Only 8 percent of their workers prefer shorter work weeks, while at least 90 percent (don’t / doesn’t).
several companies several of these companies
many books many of those books
a few choices a few of the choices

UNIT 5
a little cake a little of the cake
Notice the subject-verb order.

Using of after all or both is optional, with no change in meaning. Be careful! In the superlative, do not Conjunctions with so, too, neither, or not either … and so is littering.
all of our employees OR all our employees NOT all of employees use of after most. Use and so or and … too to join affirmative statements that are similar.
… and littering is, too.
both of those choices OR both those choices NOT both of choices DON’T SAY Tokyo is the city with Spitting on the street is offensive, and so is littering. OR … , and littering is, too. … and neither does littering.
the most of people in Japan.
Playing loud music bothers me, and so does smoking. OR … , and smoking does, too. … and littering doesn’t either.
One and each are used with singular nouns only. But one of and each of are used with plural nouns Of must be included when using an
only. However, the meaning of both expressions is still singular. object pronoun. Use and neither or and … not either to join negative statements that are similar.
One student — One of the students both of them NOT both them Playing loud music isn’t polite, and neither is smoking. OR … and smoking isn’t either. Be careful!
Each class — Each of the classes Spitting on the street doesn’t bother me, and neither does littering. OR … and littering doesn’t either.
Use a negative verb, auxiliary verb, or
modal with either and an affirmative with
If the first clause uses the verb be, an auxiliary verb, or a modal, use the same neither.
Some quantifiers must include of when they modify a noun or noun phrase.
structure in the second clause. … and littering doesn’t either.
a lot of a majority of a couple of a bit of
Tokyo is a huge city, and so is São Paulo.
NOT … and littering does either.
lots of plenty of a number of a great deal of
New York doesn’t have a lot of industry, and neither does London.
… and neither does littering.
NOT … and neither doesn’t littering.
Mexico City has grown a lot, and so has Los Angeles.
B Only one of each pair of sentences is correct. Check the correct sentence and correct the mistake in the other one.
Nancy can’t tolerate loud music, and neither can Tom. With so and neither, the verb (or auxiliary
verb or modal) goes before the subject.
✓
I haven’t been to Tokyo, and neither have you.
1 a She went with several of her classmates. Tokyo is a huge city, and so is São
If the first clause is an affirmative statement in the simple present or Paulo.
b Several of classmates went out for coffee.
simple past tense, use do, does, or did in the second clause. NOT … and so São Paulo is.
2 a Most of companies in the world are fairly formal. John thinks graffiti is a big problem, and so does Helen.
Nancy can’t stand loud music, and
neither can Tom.
My wife enjoyed visiting Paris, and so did I.
b Most of the companies in the United States have dress-down days. NOT … neither Tom can.
3 a All of hot appetizers were delicious.
b Everyone tried all of the cold appetizers. A Find and underline the nine errors. On a separate sheet of paper, write each sentence correctly.
4 a A lot of my friends have traveled to exotic places.
b There are a lot places I’d like to see.
5 a I read a few of Steinbeck’s novels last year.
b A few of novels by Steinbeck take place in Mexico.
6 a Several managers were interviewed, and many them liked the new policy.
b Many of the employees we spoke with liked the new policy.
Grammar for Writing: subject-verb agreement of quantifiers followed by of
In quantifiers with of, the verb must agree with the noun that comes after of.
Some of the movie is in English. — Some of the movies are in English.
A lot of the music was jazz. — A lot of the musicians were young.
In formal written English, none of is traditionally followed by a singular verb. However, in spoken
English it is almost always used with a plural verb. The plural verb is acceptable and correct. Be careful! The quantifiers one of,
Formal: None of the students was late for class. each of, and every one of are always
Informal: None of the students were late for class.
followed by a plural noun, but they
always take a singular verb.
One of the students likes rap music.
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134
B On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement, using the word in parentheses. Modals and modal-like expressions: summary (continued)
Make any necessary changes in verbs or possessive adjectives. Express possibility Give suggestions Express lack of necessity
Quito has a large historic section,
Example: Both Quito and Cuenca have large historic sections. (so) It may rain this afternoon. They really should think about staying longer. You don’t have to have a passport.
and so does Cuenca.
He may not be able to come this morning. He shouldn’t have waited to make a She didn’t have to pay a late fee.
1 Both Bangkok and São Paulo face many problems caused by
She may have forgotten to lock the door. reservation.
too much traffic. (so) Express prohibition or deny permission
She may not have remembered. They should have called first.
New employees cannot (OR shouldn’t) park
2 Both Beijing and London have hosted the Olympic Games in the past. (too)
It might be noisy at that restaurant. You shouldn’t stay at that hotel.
their cars in the garage.
3 Vancouver and Taipei don’t ever get very cold. (neither) She might not want to eat anything. They really ought to think about staying
New employees must not park their cars in
longer.
4 Seoul and Jakarta won’t experience a decrease in their populations any time soon. (not either) He might have gone home already. the garage. [formal]
They ought to have called first.
He might not have paid yet. New employees may not park their cars in
5 Both Hong Kong and Rio de Janeiro are famous for their physical beauty. (so)
Should we have called first?
It could rain tomorrow. the garage. [formal]
6 Prague and Krakow attract people who like old historic architecture. (too)
We could have paid less.
7 The Prado Museum in Madrid and the Louvre in Paris shouldn’t be missed. (neither)
Note: Ought to is not usually used in Note: In questions, have to is generally
Draw conclusions negative statements or questions. used. Questions with must are very formal
8 Tokyo and Mexico City haven’t lost their places among the world’s largest cities yet. (not either)
Your father must be very smart.
Use shouldn’t or should instead. and not very common. Past necessity is
She must not think it’s important.
expressed with had to.
Express necessity Does everyone have to take the test?
They must have been exhausted when they
We have to take the test tomorrow. Must everyone take the test?
So, too, neither, or not either: short responses got home.
We’ve got to arrive on time. [informal,
All students had to take the test.
He must not have sent it.
Use so, too, neither, or not either in short responses to express agreement.
spoken]
A: I hate littering. A: I can’t stand smoking. Suggest alternatives
All students must take the test. [formal]
B: So do I. OR I do, too. B: I can’t either. OR Neither can I. You could take the next train.
NOT So do I hate. / I do hate, too. NOT I can’t stand either. / Neither can I stand.
It is common to express agreement with Me, too or Me neither.
A: I hate littering. A: I can’t stand smoking.

A Cross out the one modal that cannot be used in each sentence or question.
1 (May / Can / Could) your mother please call me tonight?
B: Me, too . B: Me neither .
2 I (wasn’t able to / couldn’t / shouldn’t) get there on time because the traffic was so bad.
C Agree with each statement three ways, using short responses with so, too, neither, or (not) either.
3 She (may / had better / can) be able to complete the job by tomorrow.
4 (Can / Should / Ought to) my students listen in while you practice?

1 “I’ve never been to Ulan Bator.” 5 “I’m getting really tired.”
5 Shoppers (may / have to / must) not park their cars in front of the main entrance.
You: You:
6 Thank goodness she (doesn’t have to / must not / was able to) renew her passport for another five years.
2 “I can’t figure this out.” 6 “I used to travel more.”
7 You (could / had better / should) let them know you won’t be able to make it on time, or you may not get the job.
You: You:
8 This restaurant is so good we (ought to / might / would rather) come here more often.
3 “I loved going there!” 7 “I’ll call her tomorrow.”
B
You: You:
Circle the one modal that best completes each conversation.

4 “I have to get some cash.” 8 “I’m not going to tell her she’s late.”
1 A: Why didn’t you come to the party last night? 5 A: Did you get to go to the movies?
You: You:
B: I (had to / have to / must / have got to) study for B: Yeah. But I (must have / ’d rather have / should
a test. not have / would have) stayed at home.
UNIT 6 2 A: You really (can’t / should / mustn’t / are able to) 6 A: Unfortunately, the doctor (shouldn’t / has to /
call more often. won’t be able to / had better) see you until
Modals and modal-like expressions: summary tomorrow.

B: You’re right. I’m sorry.
Make polite requests Give or ask for permission Give a warning

3 A: She (’d better not have / should have / had to have / B: That’s OK. No problem.
Could I get your phone number? You can open the window if you want. Your mother had better see a doctor right
must have) forgotten the tickets! 7 A: What do you think happened to Judy?
Can my son have just one more cookie? Can I leave this here? away.
B: Uh-oh. I hate to tell you this, but I think she did. B: She (must not have / shouldn’t have / isn’t able to /
Would you please hold this for a second? You may leave early if you need to. (formal) You had better not forget about your
appointment. didn’t have to) known we were starting so early.

(with you only) May I leave my coat here? (formal, with I or 4 A: Do you think I (’m able to / must / would / could)
May I have a cup of coffee? (formal, with I we only) He had better have called this morning. get your phone number?
or we only) They had better not have hurt any animals

Express ability or lack of ability B: Sure.
when they made that movie.
Express preferences He can complete the job for you in an hour.
I would like to see that movie. Can you write well in English? Note: Had better is generally not used
Would you like to go running? We couldn’t finish the report yesterday. in questions. In spoken English, the
I’d rather not see a movie. Couldn’t you find the restaurant?
contraction ’d better is almost always used.
I would rather have left earlier. My grandmother isn’t able to walk any more.
Is she able to take care of herself?
She was able to do a lot more when she
was younger.
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UNIT 7 UNIT 8
The passive voice: review and expansion Making comparisons: review and expansion
Verbs can be transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb can have a direct object. An intransitive Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs show how two Comparisons with as … as show how two things are alike.
verb cannot have a direct object. With an intransitive verb, there can’t be a “receiver” of an action.
Common intransitive verbs things are different. Tom is just as tall as George (is).
arrive rain
Transitive: We bought a car. (a car = a direct object) John is taller than Rob (is).
come seem She still sings as beautifully as she did when she was young.
Intransitive: We slept well. (The verb sleep can’t have an object.) die sit This movie was less interesting than the last one (was). My nephew now weighs as much as I do.
fall sleep My sister types a lot faster than I (do). I have as much money in the bank as I did last year.
Remember: In the active voice, the subject of a sentence performs the action of the verb. In the passive voice,
go stand
the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action of a verb. Form the passive voice with a form of be and
happen stay Superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs show how one thing is Use as … as with almost, about, and not quite to show how two things
a past participle, or with a modal + a form of be and a past participle.
laugh walk different from everything else. are similar, but not equal.
live She was the nicest person I ever met! My nephew weighs almost as much as I do. [I weigh a bit more.]
Statements
That was the least entertaining movie I ever saw. The movie is about as long as his last one. [But it’s a bit shorter.]
The simple present tense The past continuous
The ad is seen by at least a million people a day. Before we had regulations, dangerous products were being tested Of all the actors, she sang the most beautifully . This coat isn’t quite as expensive as it looks. [It’s actually cheaper.]
on small animals. Among my friends, Ned and Stacey definitely have the most money.
The simple past tense
Use as … as with twice, three times, etc., to show that things are not
At the meeting, people were called by their first names. The present perfect Of all the cars we looked at, the Linkus costs the most .
equal at all.
We ’ve been helped a lot by our friends.
The present continuous Use the determiners more, the most, less, least, little, the least, A Linkus sedan is about twice as expensive as a Matsu.
Every house is being painted white. The past perfect fewer, and the fewest with nouns to compare quantities and amounts. My new computer is ten times as fast as my old one.
The aloha shirt had been worn only on Fridays for a couple of years
The future with be going to There is less corruption in the government than there used to be.
before people started wearing them every day. Note: In informal spoken English, it is more common to say “… as tall
Maurizio’s new fashions are going to be shown on TV tonight. I want to be healthy, so I eat fewer sweets than most people.
as me” instead of the more formal “… as tall as I (am).”
Modals
The future perfect Few people went to see Horror City , but last night had the fewest
Sometimes the truth can’t be easily seen.
If I wear this dress before the event, it will have been seen by people in the audience.
everyone and it won’t seem new. My teacher said my essay should be rewritten to make it clearer.
Be careful! Use the with a superlative form. Irregular forms

Note: The passive voice of the future continuous and the present perfect continuous are rarely used, so they aren’t included in this list.
However, you can omit the if the superlative is
not followed by a noun. adjective adverb comparative superlative
Questions
Which student is the tallest OR tallest? good well better (than) the best
Invert the subject and the auxiliary verb (the form of be or have) or the modal.
NOT Which is tallest student? bad badly worse (than) the worst
Is Russian spoken by many people in Chicago? Who have you been called by? far far farther / further (than) the farthest / furthest
Has your uncle been hired by an advertising company? Where should we be married?
When will she be given a new office? How can this house be painted in only two days?
A Read each quoted statement. Then complete each sentence using a comparative, superlative,
or comparison with as … as.
A Write a check mark next to the three sentences that have an intransitive verb. 1 “The textbook we are using now is very good. The textbook we were using last year was also very good.”
1 Valentino’s new line of women’s purses arrives in 4 The owner of the boutique lived in an apartment The textbook we’re using now is the one we were using last year.
stores next week. above the shop.

2 “Star shampoo costs about $6.00. Ravel shampoo costs about $7.00. Sanabel shampoo costs about $5.00.”
2 Models are wearing very short dresses this season. 5 People speak French in Quebec.
Among the three shampoos, Sanabel is .
3 My parents are opening a new restaurant 6 It rained really hard last night.
3 “We paid four hundred euros each for our tickets. They paid three hundred euros.”
downtown.
7 Advertisers never tell the complete story about
We paid they did.
defective products.
4 “Matt has only a little experience working with children. Nancy has a lot of experience.”
B On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite in the passive voice the four sentences from Exercise A that have transitive verbs.
Matt has Nancy.
5 “John’s laptop weighs 2 kilos. Gerry’s laptop weighs 2.1 kilos.”
C On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement in the passive voice.

John’s laptop isn’t
6 “Mark knows only a little Japanese. Jonah knows a lot.”

Gerry’s is.
1 Joan Saslow and Allen Ascher wrote this book. 4 Some ads have manipulated people’s emotions.
Mark knows Jonah does.
2 Students practice English online in most language 5 My friend was driving the car when the accident
7 “Bart ate a lot for lunch. Susan ate a lot for lunch, too.”
schools today. occurred.
Susan ate Bart did for lunch.

3 Ads can persuade people to buy products.
D On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences you wrote for Exercise C as yes / no questions.
Other uses of comparatives, superlatives, and comparisons with as … as
E
For emphasis
On a separate sheet of paper, write information questions, using the question words and phrases in parentheses. The Nile River is more than 5,500 kilometers long. [emphasizes that the river is very long]
1 That new shampoo was endorsed by Larissa La Rue. (when) 4 The winner of the election will be known. (what time) The Dickens School now has fewer than 900 students. [emphasizes that this is a relatively small number]
That was the worst movie ever. [emphasizes that this was a bad movie]
2 Those beauty products are being manufactured. (where) 5 The new school was being built. (in what year)
This meal was the best of all time! [emphasizes that this was a great meal]
3 The car can be bought at the sale price. (for how long)
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138
Respond to each statement or question with a short response, using a perfect modal.
A newborn Asian elephant can weigh as much as 150 kilos. [emphasizes that this is fairly heavy]
As many as 200 of these animals are killed every year. [emphasizes that this is a high number] 1 A: Is it most likely the Nazca Lines were created by humans?
Milton Academy is one of the best schools in the city. B: (must)
Preet Gupta is among the most intelligent commentators on any TV news program today.
2 A: I wonder if the dinosaurs were killed by a meteor, too.
The lions in the Central Zoo are some of the finest examples of African wildlife you can see without going to Africa.
B: (may)
To show progression
3 A: Did Europeans eat potatoes before the discovery of America?
My son is getting taller every day. [He’s growing.]
The economy is stronger now. [It’s improving.] B: (couldn’t)
To show tendencies or preferences 4 A: I guess people didn’t realize that the carrier pigeon would become extinct.
We eat out more than in. [We tend to eat out.]

B: (must not)
Sara likes being alone more than socializing. [She prefers to spend time alone.]
5 A: The settlers in the western part of the U.S. must have known the buffalo were in danger.
To clarify
B: (had to)
He’s a lot friendlier than you would think. [You may think he’s not friendly, but in fact he is.]
She’s more of a singer than a dancer. [People may think she’s mainly a dancer, but in fact she’s mainly a singer.] 6 A: It must not have been easy to move those huge stones.
The movie’s more annoying than scary. [You may think this movie will be scary, but in fact it’s just annoying.] B: (can’t)
It looks more like snow than rain. [You may think it’s going to rain, but in fact it looks like it’s going to snow.]
10
B Use a comparative, a superlative, or a comparison with as … as to complete each statement so it has a similar
UNIT
meaning to the information in quotes.

Be supposed to: expansion
1 “Our meal last night was really inexpensive. It only cost 48 euros for the two of us.”
You can also use be supposed to to express a broadly held opinion. It is similar to “Everyone says … ”
Our meal last night cost 50 euros.
Green tea ice cream is supposed to taste really good.
2 “Our reading club meetings are getting pretty big. On some nights there are thirty students.” Their new album wasn’t supposed to be very good, but I loved it.
Our reading club meetings sometimes have students. John was supposed to have been rude during the dinner, but I just don’t believe it.
3 “I think our teacher is really great!”
Our teacher is ever! A On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement, using be supposed to.
4 “The garden you planted last month has become so beautiful!” Example: They say the new Fernando Meirelles movie is very violent.
Your garden is getting every day! 1 Everyone thinks our new manager is really nice. The new Fernando Meirelles movie
5 “You might think snails would taste strange, but they actually taste quite good.” 2 Many people believe acupuncture is an effective treatment for pain. is supposed to be very violent.
Snails taste you may think. 3 I haven’t heard Ashley Morgan sing, but they say she has a beautiful voice.
6 “You may think Kate is shy, but she’s actually very talkative.” 4 I’ve never had Ethiopian food, but everyone says it’s delicious.
Kate is than you might think. 5 They say Paulo Coelho’s latest novel is his best yet.
7 “There were a lot of great new movies this year. Cool Water was one of them.” 6 Everyone says Myanmar is a fascinating place to visit.
Cool Water was new movies this year. 7 It’s said that corruption is one of the biggest problems in our city right now.
UNIT 9 Would: review
Remember: The modal would can be used to talk about the present The modal would can also be used in the following ways to talk
Perfect modals: short responses
or future. about the past.
Compare short responses with perfect modals in the active voice and passive voice.
For polite requests in the present or future To express past repeated or habitual actions
Active voice Passive voice Would you please close the door? As children, we would play in the park every Saturday.
Would you pick up some milk on your way home?

As the past form of the future with will
Do you think the first I wonder if the
To express a present or future result of an unreal condition He said he would get here before noon. (He said, “I’ll get there
inhabitants of the island stone was moved
“They might have.” “It might have been.”
She wouldn’t be so tired if she took a nap. before noon.”)
came from Sweden? by someone.
“They must have.” “It must have been.” She promised she wouldn’t forget. (She said, “I promise I won’t
I would go see them in concert if the ticket prices weren’t so
“They had to have.” “It had to have been .” forget.”)
astronomical.
“They couldn’t have.” “It couldn’t have been .”

To express past intentions or plans that changed
I thought I would marry Harry, but I changed my mind.
We didn’t think we would enjoy eating alligator, but it was delicious.

Be careful! In a short response to a question (or
statement) with a past form of the verb be, always
include been.
A: Was the story of the yeti just a joke?
B: It must have been. NOT It must have.
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140
B Write a check mark next to each sentence that expresses a past repeated or habitual action.
Pronunciation Booster
1 I thought we would go skiing in Chile, but we didn’t.
2 In the summer, they would sit outside and read books or just take naps. The Pronunciation Booster is optional. It provides a pronunciation lesson and practice to support speaking in each unit,
making students’ speech more comprehensible.
3 I had agreed that I would make breakfast that morning.
4 Every night, he would lie awake for hours thinking about her. Content words
5 She warned them that Jake would forget to bring the keys, and she was right. UNIT 1
nouns boss, Julie, happiness
verbs find, meet, call
6 When Kyle was still living with his parents, he would work on weekdays and study on weekends. adjectives talkative, small, green
Content words and function words adverbs quietly, again, very
7 Leila didn’t think English would be useful on her trip to Moscow, but she was wrong.
possessive pronouns mine, yours, his
8 As a student, I would stay up late every night studying for exams.
In English, content words are generally stressed. demonstrative pronouns this, those, that
Function words are generally unstressed. reflexive pronouns ourselves, herself
9 She asked me if I would help her with her homework that afternoon.
My BOSS is a PAIN in the NECK!
interrogative pronouns what, who, where
10 She wouldn’t have such a hard time doing her homework if she studied harder. He’s REALLY a TERRIFIC BOSS.
11 When I was younger, my dad would always help me with my homework. MARK is SUCH a SMART GUY. Function words
I’m SURE she’ll be a GREAT MANAGER. prepositions of, from, at

12 I wouldn’t go see that new Tom Cruise movie if I were you.
conjunctions and, but, or
13 Would you buy an electric car if it were affordable? Stress in compound nouns determiners a, the, some
Many compound nouns are made up of two nouns, with the first one modifying personal pronouns he, she, they
14 My brother thought he would be late.
the second one. In these compounds, stress usually falls on the first noun.
possessive adjectives my, her, their
auxiliary verbs have + [past participle]
However when a noun is modified by an adjective, stress is equal on both words.
be + [present participle]
noun + noun adjective + noun
Grammar for Writing: placement of adverbs of manner
I drink APPLE juice. BUT I like RED APPLES. Be careful! When an auxiliary verb is negative
Be careful! Don’t place adverbs of manner without -ly or used in short answers, it is generally stressed.
Adverbs of manner modify adjectives or verbs. When they modify adjectives, She’s a PEOPLE person. BUT She’s a NICE PERSON .
before a main verb. I CAN’T GO. He WON’T LIKE it.
they go before the adjective. It’s an APARTMENT building. BUT It’s a TALL BUILDING.
He drives fast. NOT He fast drives. No, they DON’T. Yes, I HAVE.
The path can be dangerously slippery. She can sing really well. NOT She can really well sing. They’re EXERCISE machines. BUT They’re NEW MACHINES.
The architecture is incredibly beautiful.

Don’t place an adverb of manner between a transitive
When they modify transitive verbs, adverbs of manner ending in -ly often go
before the main verb. They can also go after a verb and its direct object.
verb and its direct object.
He drank his tea quickly. OR He quickly drank his tea. A 6:01 Listen and practice.
She slowly opened the door. OR She opened the door slowly . NOT He drank quickly his tea. 1 My BOSS is a PAIN in the NECK .
She should slowly open the door. OR She should open the door slowly . 2 He’s REALLY a TERRIFIC BOSS .
When they modify intransitive verbs, adverbs of manner ending in -ly often go after
Other adverbs of manner 3 MARK is SUCH a SMART GUY.
the main verb. They can also go after a verb and an indirect object. angrily poorly
badly quietly 4 I’m SURE she’ll be a GREAT MANAGER.
He spoke angrily about corruption. OR He spoke about corruption angrily.
fast sadly
happily slowly
C
hard softly B Circle the content words.
Write a check mark if the adverb is correctly placed. Then, on a separate sheet nicely suddenly
1 Learn to live in the present. 3 He asked me to work faster.
of paper, rewrite the sentences that you didn’t check. noisily well
2 He reminded me to call my mother. 4 I prefer to stick closer to home.
1 When the game was over, he left quickly the court.
2 As she drove into town, she sang to herself softly. 6:02 Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to compare.* (Note that your choices may differ from
3 The meeting was suddenly postponed after the CEO arrived. what you hear on the audio.)
4 They washed noisily the dishes after dinner.
5 Tom replied angrily to the text message.

C 6:03 Listen and practice.
1 I drink APPLE juice. I like RED APPLES .

6 They entered quietly the room and sat in the corner.
2 She’s a PEOPLE person. She’s a NICE PERSON.
D On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence with one or more adverbs of manner. 3 It’s an APARTMENT building. It’s a TALL BUILDING.
Choose from the list above and on page 119. 4 They’re EXERCISE machines. They’re NEW MACHINES.
1 I watched the snake until it moved.
2 We chatted until the sun came up the next morning. D 6:04 Practice reading each compound noun aloud and then listen to check.*
3 She speaks Italian, but she doesn’t really understand it. 1 global warming 4 a telephone directory
4 He wrote about his experiences living in Cambodia. 2 tennis courts 5 office managers
DIGITAL
PAIR
5 A cow walked onto the road, and the bus stopped. WORK 3 a reliable person 6 the bullet train
*Note: Whenever you see a listening activity with an asterisk (*), say each word, phrase, or sentence in the
pause after you hear each number. Then listen for confirmation.
140 GRAMMAR BOOSTER PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 141
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142
UNIT 2 UNIT 3
Intonation patterns Sentence rhythm: thought groups Examples of thought groups
subject + verb I don’t know

In statements, commands, and information questions, lower pitch after the stressed syllable in the last stressed Longer sentences are usually divided by rhythm into smaller “thought groups”—
noun phrases my short-term goal
word. If the last syllable in the sentence is stressed, lower pitch on the vowel by lengthening it. groups of words that naturally or logically go together. Exactly how statements prepositional phrases by the end of the month
may be divided into thought groups will vary among speakers. predicates is drowning in debt
I haven’t been going to many concerts lately. Don’t forget to watch them on YouTube tonight. My short-term goal / is to start living / within my means. noun clauses where the money goes
NOT My short-term / goal is to / start living within my / means.
adjective clauses that I paid off last year
How long have you been listening to that song? She’s been practicing for several months.
adverbial clauses when I’ve finished my report
I don’t plan / to be financially dependent / for the rest of my life.
By next year / I hope to have gotten / a good job / as a financial consultant.

Raise pitch after the stressed syllable in the last stressed word in yes / no questions and requests. If the last
syllable in the sentence is stressed, raise pitch on the vowel by lengthening it.
Pitch in longer sentences
In longer sentences, pitch may fall—or rise—after the last stressed syllable in each thought group, with no change in
Have you been listening to Christina Perri lately? Could you pick up the tickets for me?
meaning.
Do you think she has a nice voice? Has he been checking online?
Once he tries keeping / a realistic budget / he’ll find it easy / to save money. OR
A 6:05 Listen and practice.

Once he tries keeping / a realistic budget / he’ll find it easy / to save money.
1 I haven’t been going to many concerts lately.
2 Don’t forget to watch them on YouTube tonight.

1 My short-term goal is to start living within my means.

3 How long have you been listening to that song?
2 I don’t plan to be financially dependent for the rest of my life.

4 She’s been practicing for several months.
3 By next year, I hope to have gotten a good job as a financial consultant.

5 Have you been listening to Christina Perri lately?
4 a Once he tries keeping a realistic budget, he’ll find it easy to save money.
6 Could you pick up the tickets for me?
4 b Once he tries keeping a realistic budget, he’ll find it easy to save money.
7 Do you think she has a nice voice?
B
8 Has he been checking online?
Read the following sentences. Decide how you might break each sentence into thought groups.
B Circle the last stressed content word in each of the following sentences. If that word has more than one syllable,
1 By the end of this month, I hope to have finished paying off my student loans.
underline the stressed syllable. 2 In two months, when we’ve finally paid off our house, we’re going to have a big party to celebrate.
1 That song has a great beat you can dance to. 3 To be perfectly honest, I couldn’t tell you where the money goes.
2 Her catchy lyrics make you want to sing along. 4 By next year, I will have completed my studies, but I don’t think I will have gotten married.
3 Didn’t you like that song’s melody?

DIGITAL 6:08 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to pitch. Listen to compare.* (Note that your
PAIR
4 What time do you think the concert will be finished? WORK

choices may differ from what you hear on the audio.)
5 How long has she been dancing to that song?
DIGITAL 6:06 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, using the intonation patterns you have learned. Listen to check.*
PAIR
WORK UNIT 4
Linking sounds
Linking with vowels
When the final consonant sound of a word is followed by a vowel sound, link the sounds together.
It’s in style now.
She bought him an elegant tie.
I’ve a lready bought a new suit.
Linking identical consonants
When the final consonant sound of a word is followed by the same sound, link the sounds together as one sound.
The blouse is s triped.
They preferred d ark suits.
What an attractive vest!
142 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 143
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144

UNIT 6
1 It’s in style now.
2 She bought him an elegant tie. Sound reduction
3 I’ve already bought a new suit. In everyday speech, sounds in unstressed words are often “reduced”; that is, vowels change to /ə/ or /ɚ/
or consonants are dropped.

4 The blouse is striped.
5 They preferred dark suits. Vowel reduction
The /u/ sound in the function word to is often reduced to /ə/.

6 What an attractive vest! Be careful! Function words that occur at the
I’ll be going to the airport after dinner. /tə/
end of a sentence are never reduced.
B What a beautiful bird you are! /αr/
It’s ten to two. /tə/
Underline all the places where you think the sounds should be linked.
The /æ/ sound in many one-syllable function words is often reduced to /ə/.
What are you looking at? /æt/
1 She wants Susan to dress up next time. What are you waiting for? /fɔr/
Look at that. /ət/
2 It’s fashionable and elegant.

Who’s she talking to? /tu/
I saw an eagle. /ən/
3 It’s out of style. That’s more than I need. /ðən/
4 I wish she preferred dressing down. The /αr/ and /ɔr/ sounds in function words are often reduced to /ɚ/.
5 That blouse isn’t trendy enough for my taste. Pets are no trouble. /ɚ/
Is it black or white? /ɚ/

6 I think Kyle has stylish taste.
Where’s your parrot? /yɚ/
DIGITAL 6:10 Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to check.* He’s been gone for days. /fɚ/
PAIR
WORK
The function word and is often reduced to /ən/ when it occurs
between two subjects, objects, modifiers, verbs, or phrases.

Be careful! The vowel sound /æ/ in and is generally not
reduced when it occurs at the beginning of a clause, but the
/ən/
UNIT 5
They have long arms and legs.
consonant sound /d/ may still be dropped.
She laughed and cried when she heard the news. /ən/
He wore a black suit, and she wore a green dress. /æn/
We stayed out late and went dancing. /ən/
Unstressed syllables: vowel reduction to /ə/
The initial /h/ sound is usually dropped in function words.

In conversation, the vowels in unstressed syllables are often reduced to the sound /ə/. The vowel sound /ə/ occurs
What does h e mean? /dʌzi/
more often in English than any other vowel sound and contributes to maintaining the rhythm of English.
It’s in h is bag. /ɪnɪz/
→ →
• • • • • • •
ac cept a ble /əkˈseptəbəl/ ir re spon si ble /ˌɪrəˈspɑnsəbəl/
con sid er ate

• •
→ /kənˈsɪdərət/
•
po lite → /pəˈlaɪt/
1 I’ll be going to the airport after dinner. 9 He’s been gone for days.
→ →
• • • • • •
dis o be di ent /ˌdɪsəˈbidiənt/ re spect ful /rəˈspektfəl/ 2 It’s ten to two. 10 They have long arms and legs.
3 Look at that. 11 She laughed and cried when she heard the news.
→ →
• • • • • • •
in ex cus a ble /ˌɪnəkˈskyuzəbəl/ ri dic u lous /rɪˈdɪkyələs/
4 I saw an eagle. 12 We stayed out late and went dancing.
5 That’s more than I need. 13 He wore a black suit, and she wore a green dress.
A 6:11 Listen and practice. 6 Pets are no trouble. 14 What does he mean?
1 acceptable 4 inexcusable 7 respectful 7 Is it black or white? 15 It’s in his bag.
2 considerate 5 irresponsible 8 ridiculous 8 Where’s your parrot?
3 disobedient 6 polite
B In the following sentences, circle the words you think will be reduced.
B 6:12 Listen to each word and circle the unstressed syllables that have the sound /ə/. 1 Alternatives can be found for medical research on animals.
1 un ac cept a ble 4 un pleas ant 7 un i mag i na ble 2 A lot can be done to make conditions better on factory farms.
2 in con si de rate 5 ir ra tion al 8 dis re spect ful 3 Some animals are raised to be used for medical research.
3 im po lite 6 im ma ture 9 in ap pro pri ate 4 Do we have to ban hunting and bullfighting?
DIGITAL 6:13 Now practice reading each word aloud and listen again to check.* DIGITAL 6:15 Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to check.*
PAIR
PAIR
WORK
WORK
/
146
UNIT 7 UNIT 8
Vowel sounds /i/ and /ɪ/ Stress placement: prefixes and suffixes
The sound /i/ is longer and is formed by tensing the tongue. Stress placement does not change when most prefixes and suffixes are
The vowel sounds /i/ and /ɪ/ added to a word.
The sound /ɪ/ is shorter and formed with the tongue relaxed.
are represented in spelling in
/i/ /ɪ/ a number of ways. • • • • • • • • • •
/i/ /ɪ/ important unimportant importance im portantly

leave live
team Tim
steal blimp • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
steep syllable obedient obedience disobedience o bediently
feel fill
people busy
steal still handy building • • • • • • •
feet fit believe women happy unhap py hap piness hap pily
receive pretty
The vowel sound /ɪ/ also appears frequently in unstressed syllables. boutique been However, adding the suffixes -ion, -ic, -ity, -ical, and -ian generally shifts stress to
• • • • key give the syllable before the suffix.
pla ces mar ket mi nute wo men
→
• • • • •
educate educa tion

→
• • • • •
photograph photograph ic
1 leave live 4 steal still
→
• • • • • • • •
2 team Tim 5 feet fit
dependable dependa bility
3 feel fill
→
• • • • •
politics polit ical
B 6:17 Listen and practice.

music
•
→ musician
• •
1 places 2 market 3 minute 4 women
Some nouns and verbs have the same spelling. When the word is a noun, the stress
C 6:18 Listen to each pair of words. Circle if they are the same or different.
is on the first syllable. When the word is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable.
nouns verbs
1 same different 5 same different Other words in this category
• •
2 same different 6 same different rebel rebel conduct
conflict
3 same 7 same
different different • • contrast
4 same different 8 same different
protest protest
convert
• •
permit
record
D
present present
6:19 Listen and check which sound you hear in the stressed syllable.
survey
• • suspect
/i/ /ɪ/ /i/ /ɪ/ object object
1 8 • •
progress progress
2 9
A
3 10
6:21 Listen and practice.
4 11
1 important unimportant importance importantly
5 12
2 obedient obedience disobedience obediently
6 13
3 happy unhappy happiness happily
7 14
DIGITAL
PAIR
WORK
6:20 Now listen again and practice. B 6:22 Listen and practice.
1 educate education
2 photograph photographic
3 dependable dependability
4 politics political
5 music musician
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148
C Look at the stressed syllable of each word in Column A. According to the rules given in the chart
UNIT 9
on page 147, mark the stressed syllable of each word in Column B.
A B Reduction and linking in perfect modals in the passive voice
In perfect modals in the passive voice, the modal and the auxiliary verbs have been are said together
1 fa mil iar fa mil iar i ty
as one unit. Note that stress falls on the modal and the main verb. In everyday speech, the /h/ sound
in the auxilliary have is dropped and /æ/ is reduced to /ə/.
2 e mo tion al e mo tion al ly /ˈkʊdəvbɪn/
They COULD have been KILLED.
/ˈmaitəvbɪn/
3 reg u late reg u la tion
They MIGHT have been LOST.
/ˈmʌstəvbɪn /
4 ap pre cia tive ap pre cia tive ly
They MUST have been MOVED .
/ˈmeiyəvbɪn/
5 sym pa thy sym pa thet ic
They MAY have been DISCOVERED .
6 hy poth e size hy po thet i cal With had to, stress had and the main verb. Say had to and have been as one unit.
/ˈhætuəvbɪn/
They HAD to have been STOLEN .

7 beau ty beau ti fy
In negative perfect modals, stress falls on the modal, the word not, and the main verb. In everyday speech,
8 his to ry his tor i cal not and the auxiliary verbs have been are generally said as one unit.
/ˈnatəvbɪn/
They MIGHT NOT have been LOST.

9 ma te ri al ist ma te ri al is tic
They MUST NOT have been MOVED .
10 pol i tics pol i ti cian
6:23 Now practice reading each word aloud and listen to check.*
1 They could have been killed.
D 6:24 Listen and practice.

2 They might have been lost.
3 They must have been moved.

Nouns Verbs Nouns Verbs
4 They may have been discovered.
1 rebel rebel 8 contrast contrast
5 They had to have been stolen.
2 protest protest 9 convert convert
6 They might not have been lost.
3 present present 10 permit permit
7 They must not have been moved.
4 object object 11 record record
5 progress
6 conduct
progress
conduct
12
13
survey
suspect
survey
suspect
B Underline where you think the words should be linked and which sounds should be reduced.
1 The damage may have been caused by a storm.

7 conflict conflict
2 The building could have been destroyed by a fire.
E Circle the syllable you think will be stressed in each blue word.
3 The gold figures couldn’t have been stolen.
4 The stone statues must have been moved using animals.

1 A summer fishing permit permits you to fish all you want.
5 The drawings must not have been discovered until later.
2 The protest was organized to protest government spending.
6 The islands had to have been inhabited by Polynesians.
3 All the employees were surveyed so the results of the survey would be useful.
7 The secrets of Rapa Nui might not have been lost.
4 The contrast between them now is not great compared to how much they contrast
at other times of the year. DIGITAL 6:27 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to reductions. Listen to check.*
PAIR
WORK
5 We strongly object to the decision to sell art objects outside the museum.
DIGITAL 6:25 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to words that are both nouns and verbs.
PAIR
WORK
Listen to check.*
/
150
UNIT 10 Test-Taking Skills Booster

Vowel sounds /eɪ/, /ɛ/ , /æ/, and /ʌ/
The Test-Taking Skills Booster is optional. It provides practice in applying some key logical thinking and comprehension skills
typically included in reading and listening tasks on standardized proficiency tests. Each unit contains one Reading Completion
The sound /eɪ/ is longer and is formed by tensing the tongue with the lips spread.
Mouth positions for vowels activity and one or more Listening Completion activities.
The sounds /ɛ/, /æ/, and /ʌ/ are shorter and are formed with the tongue relaxed.
tongue tensed (long) /eɪ/ The reading selections in the Booster are either adaptations of those from the Summit 1 units or new reading selections about a
Say /eɪ/ and /ɛ/ with the lips spread wide. Say /æ/ with the lips spread slightly and
tongue relaxed (short) /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʌ/
the mouth slightly open. Say /ʌ/ with the tongue and jaw completely relaxed. lips spread /eɪ/, /ɛ/ , /æ/
related topic. Listening Completion exercises are based on the listening passages that can be found on the audio from the Summit
jaw relaxed /ʌ/ units. None of the Reading Completion or Listening Completion tasks duplicate what students have already done in the unit.
/eɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ʌ/
pain pen pan pun

*Note that the practice activities in the Booster are not intended to test student achievement after each unit. Complete Achievement Tests for
The vowel sounds /eɪ/ , /ɛ/, /æ/, and /ʌ/ may Summit can be found in the Summit ActiveTeach.
Dane den Dan done
mate met mat mutt

be represented by these spellings.
/eɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ʌ/
bait bet bat but
pay rest snacks up UNIT 1
weigh sweat have some
shape says laugh touch
A 6:28 Listen and practice. wait said half does
READING COMPLETION
Read the selection. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each statement.
taking friend guarantee blood
1 pain pen pan pun
great guess relax what
2 Dane den Dan done
3 mate met mat mutt
4 bait bet bat but
B 6:29 Listen to each word and place it in the correct column.
a ge a ny ju st ba nned debt l ove edge fa ce ashy great health

fl
ju mp c an’t s ome faint enough ch ance text nothing trait way
/eɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ʌ/
6:30 Now practice reading each word aloud and listen again to check.*
C 6:31 Listen to each sentence and circle the word you hear.
1 Give the money to the (men / man).
2 I think it’s (Dan / done).

1 A except B while C during D because
3 What is that (rag / rug) made of?
2 A reported B said C wanted D stolen
4 Do you need this (pen / pan)?
3 A since B no matter C whether D after
5 He’s a perfect (mutt / mate).
4 A meant B decided C believed D included
6 My (date / debt) is causing me trouble.
5 A Because of B In spite of C Rather than D Due to
7 Could you take that (bug / bag) off the counter?
6 A relate B recognize C resemble D resurrect
8 Please put a bandage on the (cut / cat).
7 A afraid B satisfied C needless D careful
DIGITAL Now practice reading the sentences both ways.
PAIR 8 A Whether B No matter C Suppose D If
WORK
LISTENING COMPLETION
6:32 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work.
The woman thinks that crime is out of (1) . She says that the (2) is full of crime
stories. The man agrees, and he thinks crime represents the whole breakdown in (3) . The woman feels
hopeless about the situation, but the man thinks there’s something we can (4) about crime. First, he says
the local (5) need more money to fight crime. His second suggestion is not to (6)
a lot of jewelry on the street.

150 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER 151
/
152
UNIT 2 UNIT 3
READING COMPLETION READING COMPLETION
Read the selection. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each statement. Read the selection. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each statement.
1 A accept B receive C donate D pay
2 A Because B Although C Nevertheless D Since

1 A Likewise B Then C Since D Now that
3 A ask for B return C spend D accept

2 A heart B importance C well-known D beginning
4 A Because B Regardless C Since D Otherwise

3 A Neither is B Even if C Not only is D However
5 A avoid B donate to C select D choose

4 A In contrast B In addition C While D As a result
6 A hide B provide C donate D invest

5 A For instance B While C If D Because
7 A dishonest B not on the level C reputable D illegal

6 A despite B during C even so D even if
7 A music B mind C temper D personality 8 A trusting B wary C shameful D satisfied
8 A charming B strange C amusing D likeable 9 A Even if B Especially if C Whether D Because
9 A visit B relax C worry D leave 10 A Although B In spite of C In case D Similar to
11 A stop B think C hesitate D remember
A 6:33 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work. A 6:35 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work.
The man mentions that the actor Anthony Hopkins also (1) . The woman is surprised and wants
to know if the man has actually (2) the actor’s music before. He says that he watched a video on The man is asking the woman if she wants (1) for dinner. At first, she declines because she’s
(3) in which an (4) played one of his pieces. However, he found the music a little trying (2) . But he insists, saying that he just got a big raise, and he suggests that they (3) .
(5) for his taste. Again, she says no because she doesn’t (4) right now, but the man offers to (5) .
B 6:34 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement with the B 6:36 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work. with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work.
The woman wonders if the man likes (6) music and he says he’s (7) it because A man is visiting a woman and admiring her (6) furniture. He thinks the sofa is
it always makes him (8) . However, she finds it (9) listen to because she thinks it (7) . He imagines that it must have been (8) and asks her how she managed to pay
always has the same (10) and every song (11) . Whenever she hears it, she wants to for it. She says that she (9) , putting away (10) very month. The man is envious and
(12) and listen to something else. wishes he could do the same thing. He feels bad because all his money is gone by (11) . In spite of
the fact that he makes (12) , he just doesn’t know where all (13) goes.
152 TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER 153
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154
UNIT 4 UNIT 5
1 A Because B As a consequence of C According to D Therefore
2 A Due to the fact that B As a result C Although D Consequently
3 A because B even though C as a consequence D likewise 1 A Since B In C Now that D As a result of
4 A Unlike B Like C In similar fashion D Whereas 2 A part-time B resident C foreign D friendly
5 A not either B therefore C however D as well 3 A ensure B avoid C know D attract
4 A unfamiliar B expensive C possible D afraid

6 A Because B In contrast C Furthermore D Although
5 A remember B forget C realize D worry

7 A whereas B even though C similarly D unlike
6 A not only B neither C either D both

8 A However B In contrast C For instance D As a result
7 A make B ensure C take D require

9 A excellent B high C happy D low
8 A remember B forget C avoid D never

10 A Although B Following that C Before D After that
9 A confuse B interfere C encourage D keep
A 6:37 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work. 6:39 You will hear part of a report. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear in the report. Listen a second time to check your work.
The first woman is looking at a (1) and would like the other woman’s opinion of it. She is
thinking of wearing it for her presentation at the (2) . She asks the other woman if it might be Pete Frates was diagnosed with a rare disease called ALS that (1) the nervous system. He
(3) . The second woman thinks the dress might be better on a younger woman. She thinks clothes came up with a big idea in order to (2) awareness of this terrible disease and to encourage people to
for women their age should be more (4) . (3) to finding a cure. All people had to do was (4) in which they dump a bucket of icy
water over their heads and challenge (5) to either do the same or donate a hundred dollars. In social
B 6:38 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement media, people all over the world posted videos of (6) . On Facebook, these videos were viewed
with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work. (7) times. Everyone (8) about the Ice Bucket Challenge. Even famous
(9) and (10) were taking the challenge and posting videos.
The customer is shopping for a shirt for (5) . He’s thinking he’d like something in a
(6) color, perhaps in a (7) or green. The salesman asks whether the customer is
looking for a (8) or a (9) shirt. The customer says that he’d like a long-sleeve one,
and the clerk offers to show him some (10) ones for him (11) from.
/
156
UNIT 6 UNIT 7
1 A Likewise B To begin with C Secondly D Similarly
2 A whereas B furthermore C in contrast D following that
3 A entertain B travel C work D shop
4 A Third B Least importantly C Secondly D Even though

1 A which B even though C now that D so that
5 A Because B When C Finally D Whereas
2 A While B Because C Before D In fact
6 A while B furthermore C not only D in addition
3 A provided B took C made D sold
7 A since B as well C didn’t either D however
4 A species B character C role D place
8 A Finally B For instance C Therefore D For one thing
5 A as B over C out of D under
9 A yet B because C like D however
6 A To sum up B Secondly C In summary D Unfortunately
10 A According to B Whereas C In contrast to D Not only
7 A In contrast B Consequently C Similarly D Still
8 A environment B ecology C habitat D conservation

9 A progress B reduction C conservation D distance
6:41 You will hear two conversations. Read each paragraph. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear. Listen a second time to check your work.
Nina greets Ross in the store and he asks her what she’s (1) . She tells him that she needs
6:40 You will hear part of a lecture. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
(2) for her (3) because her old one is (4) . She has been told that
with the word or short phrase you hear in the lecture. Listen a second time to check your work.
the store has some really (5) ones. If she can find one with a good price she might buy one for her
The lecturer says that most species can be placed into one of two (1) : predator or prey. However,
(6) too because their air conditioner is really old.
she points out that many animals play (2) in nature, as predator and prey. She further explains that
The woman sees a (7) that she really likes. Her husband agrees that it’s (8) , but he
animals that are prey rely on (3) in order to protect themselves from predators. As an example, she
wonders if it’s (9) since it has no price tag on it. The wife guesses that the store purposely doesn’t put
points out that fish swim in huge (4) in which they move as if the group were one (5) .
the price on items in the window so customers have to (10) and ask. The husband says stores like it
This behavior (6) predators, causing them to only eat the fish that are outside the group. The lecturer
when customers do that because then if you don’t buy the item, they might be able to talk you into (11) .
further points out that predators also often travel in groups called (7) in order to make it easier to hunt
They’re happy they (12) one.

their prey and ensure their own (8) . She notes that (9) in a group makes it possible to
kill (10) animals.
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158
UNIT 8 UNIT 9
1 A elderly B young C married D unhappy
2 A because B due to C until D nevertheless
3 A In conclusion B Whereas C As D For example
4 A as well B either C yet D not either
5 A Because B Since C While D Consequently
6 A Even though B Nevertheless C First of all D Furthermore 1 A If B Because C While D Whenever
2 A instead B likewise C also D besides

7 A for instance B so C whereas D yet
3 A turned on B began C opened D invented

8 A Nevertheless B Because C All the same, D Therefore
4 A insisted B forgot C questioned D told

9 A educational B sporting C technical D charitable
5 A Yet B But C So D Likewise

10 A Furthermore B While C In addition to D Unlike
6 A different B vary C agree D interest

11 A Whenever B So C Yet D While
7 A Since B While C If D Despite that

12 A As a result B Even though C First of all D It’s possible
8 A forget B remember C believe D wonder
LISTENING COMPLETION 9 A Despite that B Similarly C As a result D Even if
6:42 You will hear a conversation. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear in the conversation. Listen a second time to check your work. LISTENING COMPLETION
A father and his daughter are discussing her (1) . The father doesn’t like the boy because he
6:43 You will hear a description. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you heard. Listen a second time to check your work.
thinks he’s (2) . He explains by saying that the boyfriend is always (3) . The daughter
complains that her father doesn’t have any (4) for her (5) . She tells him that just It is believed that the people of Easter Island may have used the stone figures to (1) religious and
because he’s (6) doesn’t mean he knows everything. The father gets angry at her tone of voice and tells political (2) and (3) . In total, 540 figures were moved (4) the island.
her (7) . Now she won’t be able to see any movies or make any (8) for two weeks! They may have (5) “ ” the figures to their final destination by using (6) to rock the
figures back and forth. It’s also possible that they were laid down flat and rolled on logs. However, moving the figures
either way couldn’t have been (7) with fewer than 70 people. Explorer Thor Heyerdahl believed the
island might have been (8) by South Americans. He sailed a raft called the Kon-Tiki in order to
(9) that his theory was possible. Ultimately, DNA evidence (10) that the original
inhabitants must have come from Polynesia.
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160
UNIT 10
READING COMPLETION
Read the selection. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each statement.
1 A whereas B if C even if D if only
2 A where B and C than D since
3 A where B which C that D even if
4 A not only B neither C either D but
5 A Due to B Accordingly C To illustrate D According to
6 A advise B suggest C recommend D report
7 A technology B concern C consequences D symptoms
8 A Moreover B Still C Otherwise D In contrast
9 A stopping B allowing C telling D preventing
6:44 You will hear a speaker. Read the paragraph below. Then listen and complete each statement
with the word or short phrase you hear. Listen a second time to check your work.
The speaker points out a (1) toward longer hours at work and less time off. People seem to be
(2) their work world into their (3) in ways that weren’t (4) in the past.
Even in people’s (5) time, technology has reduced face-to-face human (6) . Instead of
going out with others, people are (7) at home and (8) online. And communication with
family, friends, and colleagues—now mainly online—is shorter and more (9) than it was in the past. At
the end, the lecturer also claims that face-to-face family time is (10) .
160 TEST-TAKING SKILLS BOOSTER

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Cover

To access the Summit Classroom Audio Program, go to:

Summit Audio MP3s

as often as you want.

Get the app that enhances your learning.

ENGLISH FOR TODAY’S WORLD

Summit: English for Today’s World Level 1, Third Edition

and Paula Van Ells.

U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Aﬀairs.

Text composition: emc design ltd

Shutterstock, Avava/Fotolia, DragonImages/Fotolia, Antonioguillem/Fotolia; p. 5 CP Cheah/Moment Open/Getty Images; p. 6 (tl) Tatyana

• Finished and unﬁnished actions: summary

10 Word Study: • Listen for supporting details

Reference Charts page 122

Grammar Booster page 125

Pronunciation Booster page 141

Test-Taking Skills Booster page 151

TO THE TEACHER COMPONENTS

students’ conﬁdence in oral • Detailed timed lesson plans for

• Summit TV Video Program: fully-revised authentic TV

authentic application of lesson language.

Each unit of Summit builds critical thinking and key reading

UNIT COMMUNICATION GOALS

1 Describe your personality Understand a variety of accents.

Leo = American English (standard)

Outlook and Behavior 4 Discuss creative ways to achieve a goal

Leo: As a matter of fact, yes. Just like Zika.

Optimist, stomachache. Your

“I’m sure it’s nothing.

Is the glass half full “This could be serious.

1 It’s just a matter of time.

1 point keep an open mind sometimes bad

assume that “I’m not answering. 3 points

2 Who are you more like, Leo or Nora?

6–9 POINTS 10–14 POINTS 15–18 POINTS

Then change roles.

how optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic is your class?

GOAL Describe your personality

To modify an adjective with too or enough. Note: Enough follows an adjective.

NOT … they were enough early to catch the bus.

5 She’s apologizing for to him the night before. work keyboard

Answer your partner’s questions.

1 Do you avoid ? 5 Do you object to ?

liberal 1:05 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen.

things get to me.

A: Easygoing? I see you as serious.

case, can’t you be both easygoing and serious?

only be followed by inﬁnitives. Others can be followed by either a gerund or an inﬁnitive.

• Say more about your personality.

infinitive in the active voice,

Sarah Beth Linehan, 30 Melbourne, Australia Martina Braun, 21 Frankfurt, Germany

1 The change in the meeting schedule caused us to postpone our flight .

Everyone loves Lily. He took all the fun out of drama.

1 A: Is Mark bringing the food for the picnic?

4 A: Do you want to write the summary of what happened at the meeting?

A: Actually, I with him about it. (want / function words

3 Tim is: a tyrant a pain in the neck a workaholic

NOW YOU CAN Discuss someone’s behavior

1 What does the man think we can do about crime?

NOT AT ALL A LOT Conversation 2