METHODOLOGY:

The following methodology is being adopted to carry out the above mentioned objectives:
1. The ansys achieved by aircraft landing gear and CAD model was designed by CATIA V5
2. Using ANSYS the overall buckling load are computed and tried to validate with classical
theory.
3. Using these equivalent properties of the composite the natural frequency computations are done.
Fig.3.1 shows present methodology.

4 INTRODUCTION TO CATIA
CATIA which stands for computer aided three dimensional interactive applications is the
most powerful and widely used CAD (computer aided design) software of its kind in the world.
CATIA is owned/developed by Dassault system of France and until 2010, was marketed
worldwide by IBM.
The Following general methodologies and best practices can be followed in the modeling
of components in CATIA. The Below methodologies and Best practices followed will help in
capturing the design intent of the Feature that is to be Modeled and will make the design robust
and easy to navigate through.
 Specification tree structuring
 Renaming appropriate features & bodies in specification tree
 Handling input data & foreign bodies
 Dimensioning & constraining in sketches
 Parameters and relations.
4.1 SPECIFICATION TREE STRUCTURING
a) The SPECIFICATION TREE is the place where the histories of the features modeled are
captured. So it is highly important to have an organized tree structure which gives ease for
navigation of the features when any modification takes place.

b) The SPECIFICATION TREE in a structured manner. The Machining Body features are
grouped under one body and base block features in another and so on with appropriate
feature operations.
c) It is also important in structuring the reference and construction element in the tree in an
orderly manner.
d) The points that would be often used (like the Global Origin Point 0, 0, 0,) can be created
under Points GEOMETRICAL SET and any reference planes defining legal limits can be
created in the planes GEOMETRICAL SET.

4.2 RENAMING APPROPRIATE FEATURES & BODIES IN SPECIFICATION TREE

a) The renaming of features within the design becomes mandatory as it will be useful for the
end users to by far identify things for modification.
b) For instance an end user who wants to identify the M5 holes on the model the
SPECIFICATION TREE helps easily in identifying the M5 holes in the model there by
making modifications easy.
c) Also renaming all the features every now and then as it is created will easy things at the
end.
d) “Base Block Sketch” and “Base Block” is which will be useful in identifying them at a
later stage.
e) Renaming the Bodies also helps in navigation.

4.3 HANDLING INPUT DATA AND FOREIGN BODIES

a) Any external data that are to be handled in the model can be grouped under a
GEOMETRICAL SET called input data which can be used in the model when
situation demands.

b) Some foreign elements like planes, points, curves and surfaces that would be used in the
modeling process.
 c) By grouping the foreign elements in a separate GEOMETRICAL SET it is easy to identify
them in the SPECIFICATION TREE.

4.4 DIMENSIONING AND CONSTRAINING IN SKETCHES

a) Planes should be intersected in the sketches and made as construction elements and should
be used as dimension reference for geometries, this helps in identifying the dimension line
clearly in a complex sketch.
b) Equivalent dimension should be used wherever possible to minimize modification time in
the sketches.
c) Usage of sketch analysis command is mandatory at the end of every sketch build which
helps in diagnosing the sketch thereby identifying abnormalities.
Robust design Intent can be Achieved with the Integration of Parameters and Relations

The rocket nozzle which we used in this project is C-D Nozzle is designed using the Catia
designing software.

3.1 CATIA

Catia was developed by Dassault Systems, France, is a completely re-engineered, next

generation family of CAD/CAM/CAE software solutions for product Lifecycle
Management. Through its exceptionally easy-to-use and state-of-the-art face, Catia delis
innovative technologies for maximum productivity and creativity, from the inception
concept to the final product.

There are many workbenches in this designing software some of them are listed below
 Part Design Workbench
 Assembly Design Workbench
 Wire Frame and Surface Design Workbench
 Drafting Workbench

The work bench used to design the rocket nozzle is Part design workbench. The below is
the detailed designing process of the rocket nozzle using part design workbench.

we are going to design rocket nozzle with same dimensions for different cross sections
namely
 Circular Cross Section
 Rectangular Cross Section
 Square Cross Section
3.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING

3.2.1 Circular Cross Section

After opening the catia the window opened will be as shown in figure 3.1.

Click on the start and in Mechanical module select mechanical workbench. The
dimensions used for designing the nozzle is as follows.

Make a note that all the dimensions in designing the converter is taken as mm.
 Figure 3.1 Opening window of catia

After opening the catia click on the start go to mechanical module and click on part design

Start> Mechanical > Part Design

After opening part design, it appears like below shown figure

Figure 3.2 Window of part design

14
 Select the plane option in reference tool bar and make 2 planes one on right and other on
left of the vertical plane as shown in figure 3.3

By using shaft option generating 3d model

SIMULATION

Conventional analytical methods at solving for stresses and strains become very complex
and almost impossible when the part geometry in intricate. In such cases, Finite Element
Modeling becomes a very convenient means to carry out the analysis. The Finite Element
Analysis is very powerful analysis tool, which can be applied to a range of engineering
problems.

The FEM process allows for discrediting the intricate geometries into small fundamental
volumes called finite elements. It is then possible to write the governing equations and
material properties for these elements. These equations are then assembled by taking
proper care of the constraints and loading, which results in a set of equations. These
equations when solved give the results that describe the behavior of the original complex
body being analyzed.

Application of FEM is not limited to mechanical systems alone but to a range of

engineering problems such as
 Stress Analysis
 Dynamic Analysis
 Deformation Studies
 Fluid-Flow Analysis
 Heat-Flow Analysis
 Seepage Analysis
  Magnetic-Flux Studies
 Acoustic Analysis

The flow through rocket nozzle is analyzed by Fluid-Flow Analysis (Fluent).

Open ANSYS Workbench to do a simulation in ANSYS Workbench! Open ANSYS

Workbench by going to Start > ANSYS > Workbench.

This will open the startup screen as shown in figure 4.1. After opening this window,
we will find all the analysis systems on left side, as it is discussed before we are
going to make analysis with Fluent.

To make analysis in Fluid – Flow Analysis (Fluent) click on fluent on left side, hold
it and drag it to right side empty space.

After dragging the fluent the fluent workbench is visible on the empty space as shown
in figure 4.2

27
 Figure 4.1Ansys starting window.

Figure 4.2 Fluent work bench

In fluent workbench it has 6 different stages to complete the simulation as listed below
 Importing Geometry
 Mesh
 Setup
 Solution
 Result

Further discussion will give the clarification of above stages to complete the simulation
of flow through rocket nozzle

28
 4.3 IMPORTING GEOMETRY

To start simulation, we must first import geometry that is made in catia, so follow
these steps to import the geometry.

1. Right click on the geometry

2. Click on import
3. Click on browse
4. Select to geometry
5. Click on open

After successful importing of geometry,it must able show the tick mark on right side of
geometry as shown in figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 Successful import

- Geometry:
The modelling of the car was completed in Rhinoceros-3D and the .stp file format was then
imported to Design Modeller in ANSYS

- Mesh:
The imported file geometry is imported into the Meshing module of Ansys.
Here, the default mesh given by Ansys is modified such that the Orthogonal quality
of the modified mesh is closer to unity.
Ansys Meshing allows the user to control every element of the mesh, but it also has
a predetermined settings template for ready-to-use purposes.
The following image will you give you an idea of the settings we used for meshing
our converter

Object Name Mesh

State Solved
Display
Display Style Use Geometry Setting
Defaults
Physics Preference CFD
Solver Preference CFX
Element Order Linear
Element Size 12.917 mm
Sizing
Use Adaptive Sizing No
Growth Rate Default (1.2)
Max Size Default (25.835 mm)
Mesh Defeaturing Yes
Defeature Size Default (6.4587e-002 mm)
Capture Curvature Yes
 Curvature Min Size Default (0.12917 mm)
Curvature Normal Angle Default (18.0°)
Capture Proximity No
Bounding Box Diagonal 518.32 mm
Average Surface Area 7396.9 mm²
Minimum Edge Length 3.6979 mm
Quality
Check Mesh Quality Yes, Errors
Target Skewness Default (0.900000)
Smoothing Medium
Mesh Metric None
Inflation
Use Automatic Inflation None
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio 0.77
Maximum Layers 5
Growth Rate 1.2
Inflation Algorithm Pre
View Advanced Options No
Advanced
Number of CPUs for Parallel Part
Program Controlled
Meshing
Straight Sided Elements
Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced
Triangle Surface Mesher Program Controlled
Topology Checking No
Pinch Tolerance Default (0.11626 mm)
Generate Pinch on Refresh No
Statistics
Nodes 53021
Elements 268341

BOUNDARY CONDITION:
Each surface must be named, i.e they should be named to continue the simulation process,
naming is done as follows
Select the surfaces and right click so that you will find option to give name to that surface
as shown in figure 4.6.
 Figure 4.7 Options for naming surface

Here three surfaces to be named, they are

1. Input
2. Output
3. Walls

After naming each and every surfaces we can check the named surfaces which is clearly
showed in figure 4.8

Click on update option, which is on the top left corner of the window.

SETUP

This is the most important step to make the simulation, in this step properties of fluid,
boundary conditions and the calculation part takes place.

Now go to the first window and double click on setup so that another window where we can input
above discussed properties

Basic Flow definition :

Inlet properties
outlet properties:

Porosity Setting:
Graphene-Properties
Ruthenium- Properties

After inputting boundary conditions, click on reference values option and assign inlet to compute
from drop down as shown
In run calculations the number of iterations given is 150

After giving number of iterations click on calculate

Same procedure must be followed for all other cross sections to make flow through
analysis for
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter we are going to see the results and have brief discussions about the results we got,
the results for pressure, velocity, temperature and the mach number that are obtained by testing
different cross sections like circle, rectangle, square are discussed in this chapter will be in the
format of contours, graphs and table format.

The results provided in this chapter are not assumed, they are obtained by design and simulation
of the design in Ansys CFX

Co2
Velocity contour

Velocity contour shows the flow pattern gas through convertor

Total Pressure
 Temperature

Nox
Velocity contour

Velocity contour shows the flow pattern gas through convertor

Total Pressure

Temperature

So2