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    Modyul 1 Brainstorm - The 19th Century Philippines

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    Lemuel Glen Dacuyan
    The document summarizes the major economic, social, and political changes that occurred in the Philippines during the 19th century and their impacts on Jose Rizal's life and views. Key events included the opening of the Suez Canal, the rise of an export crop economy and monopolies, growth in education, the rise of Chinese mestizos and inquilinos (tenants), and liberal and political reforms from Spain like the Bourbon Reforms and Cadiz Constitution. These changes influenced Rizal's society and allowed him to think critically about what was happening in the world and himself.

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    Modyul 1 Brainstorm - The 19th Century Philippines

    Uploaded by

    Lemuel Glen Dacuyan
    30 views34 pages
    The document summarizes the major economic, social, and political changes that occurred in the Philippines during the 19th century and their impacts on Jose Rizal's life and views. Key events included the opening of the Suez Canal, the rise of an export crop economy and monopolies, growth in education, the rise of Chinese mestizos and inquilinos (tenants), and liberal and political reforms from Spain like the Bourbon Reforms and Cadiz Constitution. These changes influenced Rizal's society and allowed him to think critically about what was happening in the world and himself.

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    modyul 1 Brainstorm - The 19th Century Philippines

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    The document summarizes the major economic, social, and political changes that occurred in the Philippines during the 19th century and their impacts on Jose Rizal's life and views. Key events included the opening of the Suez Canal, the rise of an export crop economy and monopolies, growth in education, the rise of Chinese mestizos and inquilinos (tenants), and liberal and political reforms from Spain like the Bourbon Reforms and Cadiz Constitution. These changes influenced Rizal's society and allowed him to think critically about what was happening in the world and himself.

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    30 views34 pages

    Modyul 1 Brainstorm - The 19th Century Philippines

    Uploaded by

    Lemuel Glen Dacuyan
    The document summarizes the major economic, social, and political changes that occurred in the Philippines during the 19th century and their impacts on Jose Rizal's life and views. Key events included the opening of the Suez Canal, the rise of an export crop economy and monopolies, growth in education, the rise of Chinese mestizos and inquilinos (tenants), and liberal and political reforms from Spain like the Bourbon Reforms and Cadiz Constitution. These changes influenced Rizal's society and allowed him to think critically about what was happening in the world and himself.

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    Brainstorm: The 19th Century Philippines


    Immersive Reader

    UNVEILING THE VARIOUS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND


    POLITICAL CHANGES THE 19TH CENTURY FOCUSING
    ON RIZAL’S VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES
    1. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
    Previously, Spain governed the Philippines from Mexico. The Spanish Crown assumed
    direct control and administration of the Philippines from Madrid. This became more
    convenient with the opening of the Suez Canal and the invention of steam ships, which
    reduced the travel time from Spain to the country to 30 days.
    1. RISE OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY

    The majority of Spaniards in the Philippines were involved in maritime trading


    between Manila and Mexico during the Galleon Trade. Exploitation of the Philippines'
    natural resources and the development of an export crop economy were phenomena of
    the nineteenth century, not of the Spanish rule’s early period.
     
    1. MONOPOLIES
    Monopoly contracting was another significant source of wealth during the post-
    galleon era. After 1850, for the first time, government monopoly contracts for the
    collection of various revenues were opened to foreigners. The Chinese instantly took
    advantage of this commercial opportunity immediately and dominated monopoly
    contracting in the Philippines for the rest of the ninth century.
    THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND
                Concerning the social picture of the 19th century Philippines, at least three topics
    are need to be discussed: (a) education; (b) the rise of Chinese Mestizo; and (c) the rise
    of the Inquilinos.

    1. EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY


    2.
     

    THE RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO


    The sectors that greatly benefited from the changing economy were the Chinese and the
    Chinese mestizos. Since pre-colonial times, the natives of the Philippine had trade relations with
    the Chinese. During the height of the Galleon Trade, it was also Chinese products that
    comprised most of the goods being traded.
    1. THE RISE OF INQUILINOS
           The term inquilino, at least in modern Spanish, has the same meaning as the
    English word "tenant". In the context of the 19 th century inquilino system in the
    Philippines, the term refers to a qualified system of tenancy or the right to use land in
    exchange for rent.

         As previously stated, the end of the Galleon Trade and the opening of the Suez
    Canal enabled more intensive rice cultivation and crop production, including sugar cane
    and tobacco. As a result, many estates gradually adopted the inquilino system of land
    tenure.
    THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
          The so-called political influences that shaped the nineteenth-century Philippines
    disproportionately impacted the locals, particularly Jose Rizal. Among these political
    influences, the following are noteworthy: (a) Liberalism; (b) the Bourbon Reforms'
    impact; and (c) the Cadiz Constitution.
     
    LIBERALISM
     

    Liberalism is a worldview founded on principles of freedom and equality. It


    encompasses a diverse range of political ideologies that consider individual liberty to be
    the most significant political goal, and underscore individual rights and opportunity of
    equality. Liberals generally believe that government is necessary to protect individuals
    from abuse by others, but they also recognize that government can pose a threat to
    liberty.
    IMPACT OF THE BOURBON REFORM
    CADIZ CONSTITUTION

    In March 1812, during Napoleon's occupation of Spain, a liberal constitution was


    promulgated in Cadiz. The Cadiz Constitution, drafted by elected representatives, was
    implemented in almost all areas of the Hispanic Monarchy that remained under the
    Spanish crown's control. The milestone constitution influenced numerous other
    European constitutions, as well as the post-independence American states.
     

    IMPACTS OF THE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED


    DURING THE 19TH CENTURY
    It is a widely accepted principle in various social sciences that we see an
    individual's life through the lens of his or her society, and society through the lens of an
    individual's life. This is precisely why the nineteenth-century Philippines is discussed
    here as Rizal's society as a prelude to studying the hero's life and works.

    However, one distinguishing feature of Rizal is that he does not only


    possess valuable knowledge about his society but also a mentality that enabled him to
    apply the information in such a way that he could think about what was happening in the
    world and what might be happening within himself.
     
    ECONOMIC CONTEXT
     
    End of Galleon Trade
    Opening of the Suez Canal
    Rise of the Export Crop Economy

    Monopolies
    THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND
    Education in the 19th Century
     
    The Rise of Chinese Mestizo

    The Rise of Inquilinos


    POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
    Bourbon Reforms

    Cadiz Constitution
     
    REFERENCES:
       Mañebog, J., et al. (2018). Life and Works of Rizal: Biography, Writings, and Legacies
    Of Our Bayani. 105 Engineering Road, Araneta University Village, Potrero, Malabon
    City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
        Obias, R., Mallari, A., & Estella, J. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. 839 EDSA,
    South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
        Garcia, C., De Viana, A., & Cruz, C. (2015). Rizal and the Development of Filipino
    Nationalism: A Textbook on the Life, Works, and Writings of Our National Hero. 707
    Tiaga corner Kasipagan Streets Barangka Drive, Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
    Publishing Corp.

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