PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS

RIZAL’S CONTEXT
GROUP 1: GEM-14
PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS

RIZAL’S CONTEXT Bandoy, Mikaela

Martin, Magelyn
Montenegro, Keanna Faith
Rafer, Darlene
Rivera, Mico
Lesson Objectives
Define the term 'context' and describe the difference
1 between context of production and context of
reception.

List some of the different types of context, briefly

2 define them and explain where you might look if you
wanted to find information on them.

Undertake research to find information on different

3 types of context that may have influenced the
construction and reception of a text.
Contents: 1 Definition

2 Authorial Context

3 Historical Context

4 Social Context

5 Political Context

6 Educational Context
How did Rizal
became who he
was?
Have you ever
wondered
what makes
you, you?
It’s like a puzzle, with many different
factors coming together create the
bigger picture.
Jose Rizal
Rizal was born in the 19th century a time marked by significant changes in the
world.

He grew up amidst the Philippines struggle for independence and the shifting
social, economic, and political landscape of the time.
The 19th
Century
The term modernity emphasizes the break from traditional ways of life and the emergence of new ideas, attitudes,
and institutions that marked the transition to a new era.

Before The 19th Century

Monarchy Democracy

Feudalism Capitalism
 Before The 19th Century

Paasive-Accepting Reform-Minded

The 19th Century

Part of Age of Revolution

During this era, the industrial revolution was taking place. New modes of production, transportation and
communication were introduced bringing about a shift from manual labor to machine based production. This
transformation of the economy and society resulted in new forms of work and leaisure, as well as urbanization
and the growth of cities.
Various political revolutions also happened during the late 18th
and 19th Century. This era was characteried by various political
upheavals, including the Americal Revolution and the French
Revolution which were both heavily influenced by the
Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that valued
reason, rationality and individualism.

The wave of political change challenged the power of the

monarchy and paved the way for new forms of governance
based on individual rights, nationalism, and freedom.

The 19th Century encompasses a new way of thinking about

the world and one’s place in it, characterized by increased
focus on individualism, rationality, and the belief in
progress and the ability to shape the world through
scientific, technological and social advancement.
 Economical Condition

Trading

The Spanish Crown saw an opportunity to

profit from this trade and eventually closed
the ports of Manila to all countries except
Mexico
Why still open for Mexico?
During the 16th century Mexico was colony
of Spain, just like the Philippines. This
created a monopoly because Spain had
exclusive control over the traded. Hence,
the birth of the Manila-Acapulco Trade.
Galleon
Trade

Presented by: Olivia Wilson

 The trade monopoly that emerged from this decision made
Manila the center of commerce in the east.

On the return voyage, numerous and valuable flora and fauna were brought into the Philippines,
including guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, horse and cattle. Spain became a mercantilist
superpower but not forever.
 By the late 18th century, the Galleon system faced
tough competition as the other nations became
self-sufficient and preferred direct trade.
Spain’s trading system and the demand for Asian
goods eventually declined.

Spain was heavily dependent on the silver mines of its colonies in South America, which
slowly dwindled.
The value of silver also declined due to the increased production of silver in the
Americas, reducing the profit margins of Galleon Trade merchants.

Revolts, particularly in the War for Independence in Mexico, took place in the New World,
thus shifting the focus and priority of consumers away from trade.
With the old trade system no longer sustainable, the Galleon Trade was ended by decree
during the first decade of the 19th century.
The economic opportunities created by the Industrial Revolution had encouraged Spain in 1834 to
open the Philippine economy to world commerce.

The Philippines became a supplier of raw materials for the industries of the West by utilizing its
underutilized land resources to venture into cash crop agriculture.

British, Dutch and American treading companies invested large capital in the country for the
large-scale production of different products, such as tobacco and sugar. To make transaction
easier, foreign investors need peole who are already in the Philippines.
The fast tempo of economic progress in the Philippines during the 19th century facilitated by
Industrial Revolution resulted to the rise to a new breed of rich and influential Filipino middle class
This made the Inquilino class wealthy, which include the Rizal
patriarch, the family Mercado.

When Rizal’s Chinese ancetor Domingo Lam-co had cme to the

Binan hacienda in mid-eighteenth century, the average holding
of an Inquilino was 2.9 hecatres.

After Rizal’s father had moved too the Calamba hacienda, the
Rizal family in te 1980's rented from the hacienda over 390
hectares. The family Mercado became one of the mot affluent
family in Calamba.
This enabled the family to live a prosperous and comfortable
life, thus giving the Rizal children more time and focus toward
education.
 Inquilinos

When the Suez Canal, an artificial sea-level waterway, was opened,

the distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was
considerably shortened.

The opening of the Suez Canal, construction of steel bridges, and

safer and faster gave way to more intensive production of crops,
which provided a huge advantage in commercial enterprises.

1. The Philippines was opened for world 5. People were encourage to participate in the
commerce. trade.
2. Foreigners were engaged in manufacuring 6. Migration and increase in population were
and agriculture. encouraged.
3. The Philippine economy became dynaic and
balanced.
4. There was rise of new influential and
wealthy Filipin middle class.
Ris e o f
Ch in e s e
o & Rise
Me st iz
q u ilinos
o f In
MESTIZO VS. INQUILINOS
CHINESE MESTIZO INQUILINOS
Any person born of a chinese means “tenant.”
father and an indio mother was Rich Natives became tenants,
classified as Chinese mestizo. A known as “Inquilinos” in Spanish
mestiza who married a Chinese or Inquilinos oversee the production
mestizo as well their children of cash crops by subleasing large
registers as mestizo estates or hacienda from friars and
then subletting them to indigenous
SANGLEY/ MEZTIZO DE SANGLEY farmers.
 help
n d sagot ka
se ds! namin lods
lo basta ikaw!
Chinese History in the
Philippines
Chinese mestizo were an important element of
Philippine society in the 19th century because
they played a significant role in the formation of
the Filipinos middle class.
Spanish colonial period where in the Chinese
immigrants became prominent in Philippine
society.
Binondo also became the place of intermarriage
between Chinese immigrants and Filipino
natives, thus the immergence of Chinese Mestizo
Chinese Mestizo in
19th Century
In 19th Century, there are social classes
wherein:
1. Spaniards and Spanish mestizas
2. Indios
3. Chinese
4. Chinese mestizos

Spanish mestizos were not required to pay

taxes depending on their income
 dlem a n be tw ee n
s se rve d a s m id
se im m ig ra n t an d t he
Chine cr op s w e r e p la n te d,
in ce s, w h e re t he
the pr ov s in M a nila
e s o f th e M es tiz o
merchant h ou s

f c as h cr o ps by
th e pr od uc t io n o
ee
Inquilinos overs or h a cie nda s fro m fr ia rs an d
es ta te s
subleasing large d ige n o u s fa rm e rs.
bletting th em to in
then su
 en
ga w
uga
n ?

WH A T D O ES
ALL O F TH IS
HA V E TO D O
W IT H R IZA L?
 A FIFTH
RIZAL IS INESE
R AT IO N OF CH
GE NE Generational

M ES TIZ O Wealth

C LA SS M A DE
THE INQUILINO A L
HY IN CLU D IN G RIZ
W EA LT
H, M ER C A DO
PATRIARC
FAMILY
RT ABLE LI FE
S & COMFO
POSPORU

LIGHTENMENT
EN
 O NSIDERED A
C ATIO N IS C
EDU
TU S SYM BO L
STA

Only a few people, usually those with spanish

blood, have the opportunity to experience
college education

This privilaged belong to the highest racial

class
Social Hierarchy in 19th
Century
 Social Hierarchy in 19th
Century
Peninsulares- pure-blooded spaniards who were born in the Iberian Peninsula, such as
Spain. They were the officials and friars who had the power and authority to rule over the
Filipinos.

Insulares or Creoles- this is given to creoles (full blooded spaniards born in the colonies)
born in the Philippines.

Mestizos or Sangley - refer to people of mixed native Filipino and any foreign ancestry

Indios- refer to the poor people of the country who were viewed as inferior and treated as
second-class citizens.
The Spanish colonial Government‘s discrimination against
Indios limited their opportunities and social mobility

Since the Spaniards viewed Filipinos as inferior, they

denied them access to education, associating them with
backwardneess, primitiveness and inferiority.

Obtaining a college education was difficult for those at

the bottom of the hierarchy while wealthy family like the
Rizals were able to send their children to study in
prestigious schools
 ILLUSTRADO

means “erudite”, “learned” , or “enlightened

ones”

a group of educated natives who sought

freedom and independence from Spanish rule.

One of their aims was to be in the same level

with the proud spaniards.
 uc at ion
Ed
Sy st em
Education System
Up to the middle of the 19th century, schools were
under the control of friars
Primary education was not given attention despite
the establishment of parochial schools in many
towns
Instructions centered on the teaching of fear of
God and obedience to friars
Children in schools were taught that they were of
inferior intelligence and were suited only for manual
work
Filipino children were not able to develop self-
confidence in their ability to learn
They keep the Filipinos ignorance and opposed all
efforts to improve education
Education System
By the end of 19th century, only the
University of Santo Tomas (UST)
was the existing higher education
institution in the Philippines
UST, founded by the Dominicans in
1611, was the only university which
offered courses in medicine,
pharmacy, theology, philosophy, as
well as canon and civil law
It opened to the Filipinos during the
last half of the 19th century
Education System
The Spaniards also opened secondary schools for
boys
Notable among these schools were the Colegio de
Santo Tomas, Colegio de San Juan de Letran and
Ateneo Municipal
Secondary education for girls were provided by
the following schools in Manila namely: Santa Isabel;
La Concordia; Santa Rosa; and Santa Catalina
It was also in this century (19th century) when
public education for the natives was begun
The Educational Decree of 1863 was implemented
in the country - it required the establishment of
one elementary school for boys and one
elementary for girls in each town in the Philippines
 Education System
Although the Spanish government exerted efforts to educate the
Filipinos in the 19th century, the educational system implemented
in the country had serious weaknesses.
✓ Over-emphasis on religion:
✓Limited and irrelevant curriculum;
✓Obsolete classroom facilities;
✓Inadequate instructional materials;
✓Absence of academic freedom and; and
✓Racial prejudice against the Filipinos in school
 ol itic al
P
f lu e nc es
In
Liber alism

ou rbo n R e form
B
Constitution
Cadiz
Political History
Political History
The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
was highly centralized and authoritarian.
It enforced strict social and political hierarchies,
denying Filipinos basic political rights and
freedoms.
The Church played a significant role in the state’s
proceedings, manipulating the indigenous people
to comply with the state’s law as it saw fit.
Colonial government primarily interested in
exploiting the country’s natural resources and
labor for the benefit of spain.

The court of Justice in the Philippines was notoriously corrupt. Court Officials were inept, venal
and arogant.

Racial prejudice was rampant in the Philippines. Brown Filipinos were often treated unfairly and
justice was costly,partial, and slow.
By Emphasizing humanistic education and principles
of Justice and equality through Educational and
Economic Reforms. It helped to undermine the
foundations of Spanish colonial Regime and inspired
a growing sense of national identity among Filipinos.

The Growing sense of Nationalism would ultimately

pave the way for significant political Developments,
Including the pursuit of greater democracy.
Liberalism
Liber (L) - free man, ideas of freedom and equality.
Government is necessary to protect individuals
from being abused by others though they are also
aware that government itself can pose a threat to
liberty.

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Liberty, Equality and Fraternity as its battle cry,
it changed from absolute monarchy (with feudal
privileges for the rich and clergy) into a more
liberal government system founded on the
principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
This led to political disturbances in Spain, including
changes in parliaments and constitutions.
Liberalist Concepts in the Philippines
Anti-clericalism (opposition to religious authority
typically in social or political matter).
Influx of liberal ideas due to world trade.
Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Thomas
Paine Thomas Jefferson, Montesquieu, Voltaire
Opening of suez canal
Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre -
1st liberal governor general of the PH
The liberal regime in Spain came to an end in
November 1870.
Prince Amadeo of Savoy as the new King of Spain.
General Rafael de Izquierdo replace De la Torre.
declared himself "with a crucifix in one hand and a
sword in the other" and immediately implemented
harsher laws.
Bourbon Reforms
Spanish Bourbon King Philip V (1700-1746)
advocated a century-long effort to reform and
modify the Spanish empire.

Bourbon reform - these are the policy changes

endeavored to curtail contraband commerce,
reclaim control over transatlantic trade, restrict
the church's power, reform state finances to fill
dwindling royal coffers, and found tighter
administrative and political control within the
empire.
Effect of Bourbon Reforms in PH
The Philippines, under Spanish rule from 1565-
1898, experienced limited impact on Spanish
administration due to its remote location, making
it challenging for Bourbon advocates to verify the
effectiveness of reform policies.

Is it Effective?
The policies of the Spanish crown were complex
and lacked ideological coherence, with Spanish
reformers promoting different policies for
provinces and Charles IV adjusting policies due to
European conflicts (Wars).
Impact of Bourbon Reforms in PH

Its impact at least is that it gave people,

especially the natives in the Philippines,
the idea that colonization could be
done without much intervention from
the Catholic Church.
Cadiz Constitutions
A liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in
March 1812.
Drafted by elected representatives was put in
practice in almost all the areas of the Hispanic
Monarchy still under the control of the Spanish
crown.
first constitution in Europe to deal with national
sovereignty as coming from the people and not
from the king.
Cadiz Constitutions in PH
The first delegates from the Philippines were
Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manual Coretto
who took their office in Madrid.
The Cadiz Constitution, which was formally
implemented in Manila soon after established the

(1) principles of universal male suffrage

(2) national sovereignty
(3) constitutional monarchy and
(4) freedom of the press and
(5) advocated land reform and free enterprise.
Invalidation of Liberal
Constitution
Invalidation of the Liberal Constitution May of
1814, King Fernando VII declared it invalid and
restored absolutism.
However, Cadiz was a very significant period in
the political history of the Spanish-speaking world
at least. On the part of the locals in the
Philippines, one crucial creed embodied in the
constitution was the exemption of the natives
from paying tributes and rendering public services
based on its equality clause.
Political Systems
in 19th Century
The Philippines in the nineteenth century was
under the ONE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
established by the Spain.

Thus, for the first time in history, the country

was became united as one nation and called
"Filipinas"

INTRODUCTION
The 19th century (1801-1900) was a century
of changes and filled of turning points in our
historyand identity. It was this time when a
lot of changes happened in aspects of
political, economical and social. The
nationalist sentiments awakened, a
propaganda movement started, a national
anti-colonial movement and revolution
ignited, and our independence declared.

The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th

century. The Filipinos became the
Spaniard'sslave. The Spaniards claimed their
taxes and they worked under the power of
the Spaniards.
 Central Government
Under Spain
Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish
king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of
Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony

VICEROY
KING OF
OF PHILIPPINES
SPAIN
MEXICO
 Central Government
Under Spain
When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the
Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a
Governor General.

KING OF GOVERNOR
PHILIPPINES
SPAIN GENERAL
Governor General
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
The King's representative and the highest
ranking official in the Philippines.

He had GREAT POWERS. He had

the power to
appoint and dismiss public officials,
except those
personally chosen by the King. He was
the
commander in chief of the colonial
armed forces.
Diego de los
Rios
He was also the president of the
Royal Audiencia.
(Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court today)

The first one was Miguel Lopez de

Legazpi and the
last was Diego de los Rios
Residencia
This was a special judicial court that
investigates the performance of a
Governor General who was about to be
replaced.

The Residencia, of which the incoming

Governor General was usually a member.
submitted a report of its findings to the
King.
Visitador
General
The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a
government official called the Visitador
General to observe the conditions of the
colony.

The Visitador General reported his

findings directly to the king.

José de Gálvez became one of the

Visitador General here in the Philippines.
Royal Audencia
Considered to be the highest court in the land
during the Spanish Regime.

Served as an advisory body to the Governor

General and had the power to check and report
his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the
expenditures of the colonial government and
send an annual report to Spain.

The Archbishop and other government officials

could also report the abuses of the colonial
govenrment.
 Political Conditions
The Gobernador y capitan-general was the
representative of the King of Spain in the Islands, also
the commander-in-chief of the army and navy, president
of the Real Audienciaor the Supreme Court, and the vice-
real patron who appoints someone over ecclesiastical
position. The Intramuros was the seat of government,
religion, and economy.

The Alcalde mayores headed the provinces.

Political Conditions

The gobernadorcillo was the counterpart of

today's municipal mayor.

The Cabeza de barangay served as the

Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain
Responsible for the peace and order of the
barrio and were recruited men for public
works