Nucleotides Specifically Pair Up With Each Other: Father's Gene Mother's Gene

GENETICS  2 Types of 5-C sugar:
 a study that involved several personalities for its a. ribose

development b. deoxyribose – 1 oxygen remove
 Gregor Mendel – father of genetics  2 Types of N-base:
 observed the variations in his pea plant a. purine – adenine and guanine
which led to the discovery of “factors” b. pyrimidine – cytosine, uracil, thymine
(gene) of inheritance  uracil seen only in RNA
 Four Postulates which is still used today in  thymine seen only in DNA
understanding basic concepts of genetics.
1. Units of inheritance in pairs Watson and Crick Model of the DNA
2. Dominance and recessiveness  Watson and Crick described the DNA as a
3. Equal segregation twisted ladder
4. Independent assortment
Base Pairing
Nucleotides specifically pair up with each other
Methods of Diagnosis Complementarity
1. Phenotypic Methods  Adenine – Thymine (or Uracil in RNA)
 use characteristics to determine the cause  Guanine – Cytosine
of disease  there is a bond between them, which is very
 basis for the production of strong, not easily destroyed/separated
characteristics is on the DNA found in
genes Codon
 E.g.: Diabetes  triplet (combination of three N-base)
 increase glucose, decrease insulin  1 codon = 1 amino acid
2. Genotypic  amino acid is the building blocks of
 use the gene (DNA) to determine the cause protein (CHON)
of disease
 greatest advantage is its accuracy and turn- Anticodon
around time while its disadvantage is its  counterpart of codon or the opposite pair
cost
Genetic Structure
Chromosome
 where your genetic information is found
 where the genes are located, it contains
nucleoproteins which serves to maneuver
DNA during cell division
 humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
 22 pairs are called autosomes
 1 pair is called sex chromosomes
 These are responsible for the sex of an
individual. XX are for females and XY are
for males.
Genes
DNA (nucleic acid) → Amino Acid → Proteins
 functional unit of inheritance, it controls
“CHON” (responsible for characteristics)
transmission and expression of traits
 what dictates your characteristics? genes.
 specific sequences of nucleotides in a DNA
 but not always true, there are some
or RNA
possibilities you can control your
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) characteristics
 molecular basis of heredity; these nucleic
Homozygous Dominant
acids are held together by a powerful
 AA (homogenous/dominant A) – Genotype
Hydrogen bond forming a helix
 type of a nucleic acid which is composed of  Expressed → blood type A – Phenotype
several nucleotides or a polynucleotide Heterozygous
 AO (O is a symbol for recessive gene)
Nucleotides  Expressed → blood type A
 made up of nucleosides and phosphate Homozygous Recessive
ester (-PO4)  OO (both recessive gene)
 E.g.  Expressed → blood type O
 adenine + deoxyribose + phosphate =
adenosine monophosphate Punnett Square – both genes have 50% chance to
 guanine + deoxyribose + 2 phosphates be inherited
= guanosine diphosphate  AA/AO
father’s gene
Nucleosides A A
 made up of N-base and 5-C sugar mother’s A AA → A AA →A
 E.g.: gene O AO → A AO → A
 adenine + deoxyribose = adenosine
 thymine + 5 carbon sugar = thymidine  AO/BO
father’s gene
A O
mother’s B AB → AB BO → B
gene O AO → A OO → O
DNA (nucleic acid) → Amino Acid → Proteins

“CHON” (responsible for characteristics)
 what dictates your characteristics? genes.
 but not always true, there are some
possibilities you can control your
characteristics
Process of converting nucleic acid to proteins:
1. Uncoiling
 DNA is in a helix, enzyme “helicase” will
uncoil the DNA
 open up the DNA
2. Unzipping
 enzyme “polymerase”
 exposed the nucleic acid
3. Synthesis (copying)
 mRNA (messenger RNA) will make a copy
of your nucleotides (N-base)
 the mRNA will be taken by tRNA (transfer
RNA) and will be brought to ribosome called
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
 the “copy” will be used to code for an
amino acid
 when the amino acid will bind to other

amino acids, it forms proteins that will
lead to the formation of characteristics

Nucleotides Specifically Pair Up With Each Other: Father's Gene Mother's Gene

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Nucleotides Specifically Pair Up With Each Other: Father's Gene Mother's Gene

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GENETICS  2 Types of 5-C sugar:

 a study that involved several personalities for its a. ribose

DNA (nucleic acid) → Amino Acid → Proteins

Process of converting nucleic acid to proteins:

 when the amino acid will bind to other

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