lOMoARcPSD|7194595

Ilyia's MPU3313 V2 health and wellness

health and wellness 2 (Open University Malaysia)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

BACHELOR OF NURSING SCIENCE WITH

HONOURS (BNS)

MAY/2021

MPU3313_V2

HEALTH AND WELLNESS 2

MATRICULATION NO: 910802015240001

IDENTITY CARD NO. : 910802-01-5240

TELEPHONE NO. : 0127439230

E-MAIL : ilyia123456@oum.edu.my

LEARNING CENTRE : OUM JOHOR BHARU

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

TABLE OF CONTENTS

QUESTION 1a...............................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1

2.0 DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................2

3.0 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................4

4.0 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................5

QUESTION 1b...............................................................................................................................6

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................6

2.0 CONTENT............................................................................................................................7

3.0 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................11

4.0 REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................12

QUESTION 2..............................................................................................................................13

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................17

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

QUESTION 1a

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A healthy lifestyle can define how one lives, and it involves a healthy body and a healthy
mind. Care for healthy body weight is an essential factor in the health and wellness of a person.
However, no number can define one's health. The best indicators for overall health are how we
treat our bodies and mind. A healthy body without a healthy mind does not consider a healthy
person and vice versa[ CITATION Wil20 \l 1033 ].

These days, we live in a time wherever we need evidence for every simple thing. That is
why doctors and health professionals need to use charts, data, and other measurements to create a
standard definition of health as a baseline. There are many tools to measure someone's health.
Tools we use nowadays is body mass index or BMI. Besides body mass index, frequent tools to
analyze a healthy body are Body Composition Analysis or BCA [ CITATION Sar19 \l 1033 ].

This assignment will discuss the differences between body mass index (BMI) and body
composition analysis (BCA), including the advantages and disadvantages. We will also learn
how necessary these two tools about bodyweight management are to use as guidance in
achieving a healthy body. However, according to Lindberg (2019), although BMI and BCA
provide baseline data, they should not focus on inspiring well-being.

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

2.0 DISCUSSION

Body Mass Index, also called BMI, calculates using a person's weight in kilogram
divided by height in meters squared. It is usually applied to determine one's health condition,
consisting of average weight, overweight, and obesity. Obesity person will have a BMI of more
than 30 despite gender, and overweight starts at more than 27.3 for women, 27.8 for men. Digits
less than that consider having an average weight[ CITATION Wil20 \l 1033 ].

BMI can measure one's risk of obesity-related illness, so BMI frequently uses as a
healthy marker. However, it is not accurate as we should look at body fat percentage and body fat
distribution. For example, it is inaccurate due to muscle weight being more than fat, and thus if
body fat percentage is low, bodyweight will have more than average for one's height. It will
result in obesity while they are not.

African Women with the same BMIs as white women have better health markers in
average blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The result may bias if one has figured define as
unhealthy when in reality they are not. That is why BMI is inaccurate for some populations
though it is time and cost-effective. Body fat consists of muscle tissue under the skin or
subcutaneous tissue and visceral fats covering our organs. At the same time, non-fat mass
consists of bone, water, muscle, organs, tissues, or lean tissue. It is metabolically active, burns
calories for energy while body fat does not.

BCA is more accurate than BMI to measure body health because it takes adipose tissue
instead of lumping body fat and lean mass together. Ways to measure body fat, including Dexa
Scans, are usually used to measure bone mass and detect osteoporosis. Hydro densitometry test is
a test that will measure buoyancy of body weight. This test is uncomfortable and challenging to
find an available center.

Bod Pod is a device to measure body fat via air displacement plethysmography (ADP).
This device is limited so that testing will be expensive. Though the above test accurately
measures a healthy body, there are costly and constrained availability [ CITATION Kri19 \l
1033 ].

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

One way to measure BCA in cost-effectiveness is skin-fold calipers done by one's or a

certified trainer to take measurements and calculate body fat percentage. However, results may
vary if it does not have the same skilled professional because monitoring one's body health
progress may take longer. It is best to done by a trainer to get an accurate result.

There is pro and cons between BMI and BCA in measuring one's health condition. For
example, while BMI is time and cost-effective, it is inaccurate cause it uses height, weight, age,
and sex to calculate. Older people are losing more muscle mass than young people. According to
gender, women will have more body fat than men due to nature's pregnancy and nursing.

It is also inaccurate to put an athlete into the obesity category because their BMI is higher
due to high muscle mass levels, thus impacting their body weight. There are several ways to
measure BCA, and the most popular device nowadays is bioelectrical impedance. It is easy to
use and measured by handheld units such as Fitbit Aria 2. It syncs with a fitness tracker and can
utilize while having exercise and daily chores. It can also see any changes in daily activity and
whether a healthy diet affects one's body weight [ CITATION eli21 \l 1033 ].

Though BCA is accurate than BMI, there are some disadvantages because fat stored in
our body is essential. Usually, measurements taken in the midsection area allow people with an
hourglass shape to be healthier due to fat in their bodies accumulating in the chest and hips.
Body fat distribution is measure by alcohol intake, cigarette use, and genetic component in one's
body[ CITATION Car20 \l 1033 ].

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

3.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, according to Lindberg (2019), a healthy lifestyle can be defined as a way

of life that includes both a healthy body and a healthy mind. In order to identify a healthy body,
Body Composition Analysis, or BCA, is a standard tool used to examine a healthy body in
addition to BMI. However, muscle weighs more than fat. Thus, BMI is often unreliable because
bodyweight will be higher than usual for one's height if body fat percentage is low.

BCA is more accurate than BMI in defining a healthy body. For example, muscle tissue
under the skin, often known as subcutaneous fat, and visceral fats, which cover our organs, make
up body fat. BCA measures adipose tissue instead of lumping body fat and lean mass together;
thus, the result will be more precise.

On the whole, there are the advantages and disadvantages of BMI and BCA usage to
measure body health. Although BCA is more accurate than BMI, it requires skills, time, and cost.
Unlike BMI, it is more straightforward and cost-effective despite the time and skills needed.
Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and a genetic component in one's body are all used to determine
one's health too. [ CITATION Car20 \l 1033 ].

(1047 words)

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

4.0 REFERENCES

Cherney, K. (2019, July 22). How Accurate Are Body Fat Scales? Retrieved from Healthline:
https://www.healthline.com/health/body-fat-scale-accuracy

Lindberg, S. (2019, August 16). What Is My Ideal Body Fat Percentage? Retrieved from
Healthline: https://www.healthline.com/health/exercise-fitness/ideal-body-fat-percentage

Quinn, E. (2021). What Is Body Mass Index (BMI) and What Does It Measure? Retrieved from
very well fit: https://www.verywellfit.com/bmi-what-is-bmi-or-body-mass-index-
3120088

Roberts, C. (2020, July 16). Body mass index vs. body fat percentage: Only one of them actually
matters. Retrieved from cNet Health and Wellness: https://www.cnet.com/health/whats-
the-difference-between-bmi-and-body-composition/

William C. Shiel Jr., M. F. (2020). Medical Definition of Body Mass Index (BMI). Retrieved from
MedicineNet: https://www.medicinenet.com/body_mass_index/definition.htm

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

QUESTION 1b
1.0 INTRODUCTION

According to WHO (2021), obesity has roughly tripled globally since 1975. More than
1.9 billion adults aged 18 and over were overweight in 2016. Over 650 million of them were fat.
In 2016, 39 percent of adults aged 18 and above were overweight, 13 percent being obese.
Overweight and obesity killing more individuals than underweight in the majority of the world's
population. In the year 2020, 39 million children under the age of five were overweight or obese.
In 2016, approximately 340 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 were overweight or
obese.

Obesity is an illness in which a person has a harmful amount of body fat or an unhealthy
distribution of body fat. Obesity can be chronic, relapsing, multi-factorial, and neuro-behavioral
disease depending on one's condition. A person with obesity may have a higher risk for several
serious health complications than a person with a normal BMI (Cafasso, 2020).

When body fat increases in a person with obesity, it promotes adipose tissue dysfunction
and abnormal fat mass physical forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and
psychosocial health consequences [ CITATION Mel17 \l 1033 ]. It also may cause complex
changes in hormones and metabolism.

In this segment, we will discuss the risk of health problems that may affect an obese
person. It includes lifestyle, emotional, and a person's well-being.

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

2.0 CONTENT

2.1 – OBESITY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE

A person who is having obesity, they prone to have a weaker immune system than
ordinary people. Obese people have dysfunctional immune systems as their fat tissue, for
example, serves as a reservoir for immune cells known as macrophages. They also may easily
expose to infection because as the infection progresses and the virus infects more and more cells,
the demand for oxygen in the tissues in an obese person is much higher than in a lean individual.
Eventually, the obese body is overwhelmed by a lack of oxygen reaching the significant organs.

Under normal circumstances, these cells reside in our fat; however, in obesity, they
proliferate and become more problematic. They begin to produce inflammatory cytokines
immune-fighting proteins, which harm immune and metabolic health. As a result, the immune
response to the virus is most likely ineffective in obese people. Cytokines are proteins that are
released to help regulate immunity. Excessive amounts can cause a "cytokine storm," resulting in
hyper-inflammation [CITATION Per12 \l 1033 ].

2.2 – OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE

Obesity causes premature morbidity and mortality and increases the risk of Type 2
diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. This risk is because adiposity has a strong
influence on all three diseases by being severely overweight. Obesity and overweight are the
main hazard factors for diet-related severe chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,
stroke, and certain cancers. The health significances range from an increased risk of dying
prematurely to severe chronic conditions that reduce the overall quality of life [ CITATION
Ade17 \l 1033 ].

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

Obesity is well known for raising bad cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and it can also
lower good high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. HDL cholesterol is essential for
removing bad cholesterol and lowering the risk of heart disease. In hypertension, obese people
require more blood to supply oxygen and nutrients to their bodies, which raises blood pressure.
Additionally, the body will require more pressure to move this blood around. High blood
pressure is also a common cause of heart attacks, unfortunately, are common in obese
people[ CITATION Jia16 \l 1033 ].

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is related to obesity, characterize by hyperglycemia, insulin

resistance, relative insulin secretion impairment, and the possibility of long-term complications.
Obesity also causes insulin resistance and many other molecules that predispose people to an
inflammatory state and metabolic complications. Insulin resistance causes by genetic factors as
well as environmental factors such as a high-energy and saturated and trans-fat diet, obesity,
aging, and sedentarism [ CITATION Ana19 \l 1033 ].

2.3- OBESITY AND SELF-ESTEEM

Obesity has a significant impact on self-esteem since it causes people to lose motivation
and confidence. Their self-esteem drives people's activities because they act on how they feel.
Someone who feels loved, accepted, and cared for is more likely to be engaged in their career,
family, and personal lives. People who are depressed about themselves, on the other hand, are
unable to pursue their ambitions confidently.

People with solid self-esteem perform better in all areas of their lives, including
employment, hobbies, and family life. As a result, when the opportunity to boost one’s, self-
esteem presents itself, it is usually a good idea to take advantage of it. Obesity has a significant
impact on one's life. The body sets over its paces, and as a result, the mind will suffer
[ CITATION Dan16 \l 1033 ] .

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

2.4 – OBESITY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

Individuals who are obese are more socially left out than those who are not obese. One
possible explanation for this is that people who are obese feel like outsiders. Another reason they
may be stigmatized is that they do not meet social norms of attractiveness. Obesity may impair
social relationships, both in terms of quantity and quality, and participation in social activities,
due to feelings of self-consciousness. As a result, people who are obese may feel socially
excluded. Individuals with obesity, on the other hand, may befriend other people with obesity to
cope better with life [ CITATION Haj18 \l 1033 ].

2.5 - OBESITY AND MENTAL HEALTH

There is a solid link between obesity and mental health, where people with obesity often
experience discrimination based on their body size. Mental health, on the other hand, may
contribute to obesity and vice versa. For example, a medication used to treat psychiatric illness
can cause weight gain and insulin resistance, contributing to obesity. An obese person tends to
feel sad and lack self-worth in response to weight bias and surrounding stigma. Over time, this
can lead to depression. It is advisable to screen for mental health in obese persons, and people
with mental health problems need to be monitored for weight as well[ CITATION Mel17 \l
1033 ].

2.6 – OBESITY AND INFERTILITY

Obesity is harmful to both men and women. In women, obesity can cause irregular
periods, poor egg quality, and a lower chance of success with fertility treatments. While excess
weight, especially the accumulation of fat in the abdomen, can affect male sexual function.
Obesity will interfere with the body's ability to supply blood to the penis and cause decreased

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

10

testosterone production. Facts show that physically active men and healthy eating habits are
more likely to have a quality sex life and good health[ CITATION Emi17 \l 1033 ].

2.7 - OBESITY AND SOCIAL STIGMA

Obesity discrimination and stigmatization have become widespread, occurring in public

places, public transportation, and workplaces. The reasons for this level of discrimination may
link to both perceived and real problems associated with obesity. However, the effects of stigma
and discrimination on the physical and mental health of obese people necessitate immediate
action to address these social injustices.

Obesity is understood to be preventable and controllable by the majority of people. Obese

people, they believe, are the builders of their predicament due to laziness and overeating. As a
result, they have negative attitudes toward obese people, viewing them as lazy people who lack
willpower and treating them with less respect. Obese persons frequently stigmatize by healthy-
weight people who give them insulting names or make negative comments about them. They
may also be subject to physical violence and social isolation [CITATION Mel21 \l 1033 ].

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

11

3.0 CONCLUSION

To conclude, thirty-nine million children under the age of five will be overweight or
obese by 2020. Obesity is a disease in which a person has unhealthy body fat or improper body
fat distribution. Because the virus infects more and more cells as the infection advances, the
demand for oxygen in the tissues in an obese person is considerably higher than in a lean one.
The obese person is likely to have a more deficient immune system.
Obesity and overweight are the top risk factors for diet-related severe chronic diseases
like heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Obese people need more blood to deliver oxygen and
nutrients to their bodies, which causes their blood pressure to rise. They start producing
inflammatory cytokines, which are immune-fighting substances that impair the immunological
and metabolic systems. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, relative insulin secretion impairment,
and the likelihood of long-term consequences define Type 2 diabetes mellitus, linked to obesity.

In addition, obesity impairs self-esteem since it causes people to lose drive and self-
assurance. People with high self-esteem are more successful than obese people in all aspects of
their lives, including work, hobbies, and family life, compared to an obese person with low self-
esteem. Obese people are more socially lonely than their non-obese counterparts. Obese people
should screen for mental health, and people with mental health issues should track their weight
[ CITATION Mel17 \l 1033 ].

On the whole, obesity in women can lead to irregular periods, poor egg quality, and a
decreased success rate with reproductive treatments. Obesity discrimination and stigmatization
are common in public spaces, public transit, and the job. As a result, they develop negative
opinions toward obese people, see them as sluggish and lacking willpower, and treat them with
less respect.

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

12

(1475 words)

4.0 REFERENCE

Ades, P. A., & Savage, P. D. (2017, April 13). Obesity in coronary heart disease: An
unaddressed behavioral risk factor. Retrieved from Preventive medicine:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.013

Covington, M. (2017, February 8). Why Is Obesity a Disease? Retrieved from Obesity Medicine
Association: https://obesitymedicine.org/why-is-obesity-a-disease/

Dan. (2016, January 19). Obesity and Self Esteem. Retrieved from New You Sleeve:
https://newyousleeve.com/obesity-and-self-esteem/

Fulton, M., & Srinivasan, V. N. (2021, March 16). Obesity, Stigma, And Discrimination.
Retrieved from NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554571/

Hajek, A., & Konig, H.-H. (2018, October 25). The association between obesity and social
exclusion in middle-aged and older adults: findings from a nationally representative
study in Germany. Retrieved from BMC Geriatrics: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-
0946-5

Jiang, S.-Z., Lu, W., Zong, X.-F., Ruan, H.-Y., & Liu, Y. (2016, September 6). Obesity and
Hypertension. Retrieved from Experimental and therapeutic medicine:
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3667

Mandal, A. (2019, February 27). Obesity and Diabetes. Retrieved from News Medical
Lifescience: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Obesity-and-Diabetes.aspx

Perez de Heredia, F., & Gomez-Martinez, S. (2012). Obesity, inflammation, and the immune
system. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 71(2), 332–338.

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

13

Sundquist, E. (2017, June 1). OBESITY AND INFERTILITY. Retrieved from Health University
of Utah: https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/postings/2017/06/Infertility-obesity.php

WHO. (2021, June 9). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved from World Health Organization:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

QUESTION 2

In my reflective journal, I will employ the famous Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, devised by
Graham Gibbs in 1988, to structure learning from events. It provides a framework for analyzing
interactions. Despite its cyclic character, it works particularly well for repeating encounters,
helping you comprehend and prepare for events that went well or poorly. It separates into six
stages:

1. Describe your experience

2. Thoughts and feelings about the encounter

3. Assessment of practice, whether favorable or unfavorable

4. Examination of necessary conditions

5. Summarize what you have learned and what you might do differently in the future.

6. Make a plan for dealing with similar situations in the future, or make any other
modifications you think are essential.

1.1- DESCRIPTION

In the hospital that I have been working in, there is a weight loss program that is in
progress. Employees from the various department are welcome to participate. As a staff nurse, I
believed this program would benefit participants living healthy lives and fighting obesity. Those
who achieve normal BMI within the timeframe given will be a reward. Each week, activities are

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

14

scheduled such as Zumba, aerobic, and cooking sessions for healthy food. Surprisingly, the
participation from employees is impressive.

In a few months, some of my colleagues have achieved normal BMI with guidance from
the instructor. They have to measure their BMI from month to month and strictly follow the diet
program given. In conclusion, this weight loss program is such a good idea as I believe that this
contributes to lowering the risk of obesity among healthcare workers. As a staff nurse, I
frequently counsel the patient, my colleagues, and myself on the importance of exercise and a
balanced diet to prevent obesity that can lead to chronic disease in the future. Thus, I need to
shows an excellent example to them by performing healthy living. Just 150 minutes of exercise
per week is ideal. As we learn in Health and Wellness class, this may increase cardiovascular and
blood vessel efficiency. Therefore, the risk of obesity may reduce.

1.2- FEELINGS

I am pretty pleased with the hospital committee who involve in and operates these weight
loss programs. I believed there put much effort into helping workers achieving normal BMI.
Many of the participants have shown improvement in their fitness levels. Moreover, as the
program progressing, our café plays an integral part by providing food for their employees by
following a healthy food pyramid.

However, I am occasionally disappointed and frustrated because I do not meet my targets

in the timeframe given as many obstacles occur. During the programs, activities schedule often
clash with my working hours, which I cannot attend due to time constraints. Nevertheless, I still
manage to lose some weight and am grateful for that.

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

15

1.3- EVALUATION

According to what I have seen, most employees with overweight BMI have conscience
and hunger for healthy living. The disadvantage is that, despite the programs running continually,
I believe that not all participant is interested in doing so. Let us imagine there are 100 persons
targeted for a program. Based on my assessment, only about half of them usually show up for the
activities scheduled and BMI screening. Then, a few participants take shortcuts by consuming
diet products to achieve a normal BMI. I assume they participate to get rewards and not bother
for their health.

1.4- ANALYSIS

I am always curious. Why do not all overweight and obese employees join this program?
Why were they hesitant to seek health-related information? Why don't they show up and take
part in the program? From my perspective, the answer is awareness, mentality, and attitude.
When I have had the opportunity to ask a colleague why they did not participate, I have gotten
excuses. Individuals give justifications for things they do not care about or are oblivious to the
risk, and occasionally people give reasons because that is their mindset.

"Why do I need to join? Just because my body is big does not mean I am not fit and need
to lose my weight." On the other hand, some of them said," This is typical of my family genetic.
I do not have any illness, so it is not a big deal", this is the most common response I get. Even
when we explain how dangerous obesity can lead to chronic disease and why they require early
treatment, they sometimes refuse to believe it, which always stresses me out. However, I am
improving my stress management skills and outlook on life.

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

16

1.5- CONCLUSION

It gives the impression that most people require behavioral modification to increase their
knowledge and health awareness. Our professor constantly reminds us that the only way to alter
anything is to change our attitude toward it throughout the class. This attitude is due to the
widespread belief that people who are obese and overweight are healthy until they are diagnosed
with a disease such as hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes. They are unaware that the
majority of diseases are avoidable. Some people are unaware that they need to do routine check-
ups at least annually. That mindset must be changed. There is a need for action and plans because
huge health advancements appear to necessitate certain significant structural adjustments,
particularly now that a pandemic is underway.

1.6- ACTION PLAN

In the future, I believe that interventions can include behavioral modification, dietary
advice, and physical activity as part of an inclusive program to address obesity and overweight
issues, particularly among patients with chronic diseases. More research should be conduct to
determine the most effective strategies for Malaysians to use to make it possible. Indeed, with
continued rapid expansion and urbanization, a high rate of health-related innovation is required.
It includes improved dissemination and access to new health-related information, resources, and
products.

(867 words)

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|7194595

17

REFERENCES

Gibb's Reflective Cycle. (2020, November 11). Retrieved from The University of Edinburgh:
https://www.ed.ac.uk/reflection/reflectors-toolkit/reflecting-on-experience/gibbs-
reflective-cycle

Downloaded by JENNA JENNANI (jkvsjenn@gmail.com)