Group 2 Highway Development and Planning

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CEP333 HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
HIGHWAY
DEVELOPMENT
AND PLANNING
PRESENTERS:
Neziah Ner Pucate, Fe Talon, Mark Lui Hugo, Anthony Glenn Geolin, Reezer John Bautista
NOVEMBER 9, 2021 CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 1
On this lesson…
01 Importance of Highway Development and
Planning
02 Classification of Roads
03 Road Patterns
04 Planning Surveys
05 Highway Alignment and Surveys
CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

2
IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY AND
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
PRESENTED BY:
REEZER JOHN BAUTISTA
3
WHY ARE HIGHWAYS SO IMPORTANT?
✓ It is used to develop an economy of country
✓ They provide more employment opportunities to the people
✓ It is used to reducing journey time and cost
✓ It is used to reduce the accidents rate
✓ They enhance land value and thus help in bringing better revenue
CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 4

Planning
According to Mugdha, planning is a
prerequisite for any engineering
activity or project; this is particularly
true for the development of a
highway network or system in a
country.
Highway planning involves the

estimation of current and future
traffic volumes on a road network.
The Highway planning is also a basic
need for the Highway development.
OBJECTIVES OF
HIGHWAY PLANNING
✓ Planning a highway network for safe, efficient and fast movement of people and goods.
✓ Keeping the overall cost of construction and maintenance of the roads in the network to a
minimum.
✓ Planning for future development and anticipated traffic needs for a specific design period.
✓ Phasing road development programmes from considerations of utility and importance as also
of financial resources.
PRINCIPLES OF
HIGHWAY PLANNING
✓ A highway should be plan according to the volume of daily traffic flow from a particular path.
✓ The highways develop must be efficient, but at a minimum cost, especially in cases of
developing and underdeveloped countries.
✓ The highways should be safe and secure.
✓ The planning must have a forecast for next several years in order plan fix periods for
maintenance, renewal and widening as well.
PRINCIPLES OF
HIGHWAY PLANNING
✓ The proposed road links should be a part of the planned road network for the state/nation.
✓ The importance of the road shall be based on the traffic demand, and hence its type
should fall under the standard classification.
✓ The maintenance needs of the roads should receive prompt attention by setting aside
funds for this purpose.

WHAT TYPE OF DATA IS
COLLECTED AND HOW?
Before developing a highway, number of surveys are done at various

sites to collect data.

TRAFFIC DATA
This data is beneficial for the best utilized type of
road (MDR, NH, SH) to be created on the path.
This includes traffic volume survey, origin
destination survey, vehicles damage surveys (vdf)
etc.
TYPE OF DATA

Traffic surveys aim to capture data that accurately reflects the real-world traffic
situation in the area.
TRADITIONAL METHODS OF TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTION
Traditional — old-school solutions include human counters, pressure hoses, piezo-electric sensors, radars
or custom HW image analysis appliances.

Artificial Intelligence for Traffic Data
Collection
It is advantageous to use the systems based on

artificial intelligence by combining existing camera
equipment, multi-modal counting capabilities,
complex traffic patterns monitoring and constantly
high accuracy.

SELECTING THE RIGHT METHOD FOR
TRAFFIC COLLECTION
• Accuracy — Counter — a person is subject to stress, fatigue, and his

biological needs. These factors affect data quality. In the manual
method, attention span of a counter decreases with the length of the
survey, and thus the error rate is increasing.
• Expenses — In the case of extensive surveys on multiple locations at

one time, it is necessary to consider the financial difficulty of purchasing
of technical devices that is worthwhile only if repeating such surveys.
• Purpose of the Survey — With most traditional methods it is necessary

to determine up-front what data we need to measure and what it will
be used for. Manual counters are not able to capture complicated traffic
patterns or advanced data like travel time.

SOCIAL DATA
While constructing a highway, many shops and
houses got affected or damaged. Thus, a social
survey is done along roadside, town villages
and shops. The surveyors collect data about
villagers and have discussions about the project
and ask for cooperation during the years for
construction.
TYPE OF DATA

ENVIRONMENT DATA
A report regarding affecting number of trees,
flora and fauna near construction sites,
pollutants increased during construction in air
and water must be prepared and submitted to
environment ministry to get the green signal for
development.
TYPE OF DATA

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS
PRESENTED BY:
ANTHONY GLENN GEOLIN
17
Why do we classify roads?
Why do we need to know the

classification of roads?

✓ It helps us to be knowledgeable when it comes to roads, we become

aware of what roads we pass on and what roads we travel.
✓ It helps us to know what speed restriction should be impose or to

whether not impose speed restrictions.
✓ It helps prioritize what type of roads need to be repaired first in case of

a lot of roads are needed to be repaired, and budget.

✓ It helps us to know how much load is to be restricted on types of roads.

It helps us systematize implementation of policies imposed by the
government and also to prioritize budget and capital for developments.
✓ It helps in research and understanding of the roads better - when you

are simulating and evaluating a road network for commuter preference
or performance.
✓ It helps us to know whether a certain vehicle can pass through a road

or not.

Classification based on the following:
1. According to Traffic Volume

2. According to Transport Tonnage
3. According to Importance
4. According to Location and Function
5. According to Material Used
6. According to Rigidity
7. According to Topography
8. According to Speed and Accessibibilty
9. According to Economy
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 1 According to Traffic Volume
Traffic volume is the number of vehicles passing at a given point
on a roadway.
No. Types of Road Vehicle Per Day

1 Very Heavy Traffic Road Above 600
2 Heavy Traffic Road 251 to 600
3 Medium Traffic Road 70 to 250
4 Light Traffic Road Below 70

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 2
According to Transport Tonnage
It is the capacity of maximum traffic flow that can be
accommodated in a highway, or it may also be referred to as load
transported per day.
No. Types of Road Vehicle Per Day

1 Very Heavy Traffic Road Above 1524
2 Heavy Traffic Road 1017 to 1524
3 Medium Traffic Road 508 to 1017
4 Light Traffic Road Below 508

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 3
According to Importance
According to importance of connecting holy places, stations or major
cities etc., roads are classified as follows :
Class I Roads - international and national roads / expressways

and national highways.
Class II Roads - region to region or neighboring parts / major

district roads.
Class III Roads - region to region or neighboring parts / major

district roads

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 4 According to Location and Function
Classification based on location and function is defined clearly
therefore it is more acceptable for a country. The Nagpur road
plan classifies the road in India based on location and function
into following 5 categories :
1. National Highways (NH)

2. State Highways (SH)
3. Major District Roads (MDR)
4. Other District Roads (ODR)
5. Village Roads (VR)
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS (NH)
National highways are the main roads that connect all
major cities to the capital of the country.
They run throughout the length and breadth of the

country. A minimum two-lane road is provided for
national highways.
The Road width varies from 7 m to 15 m for the

National highways in India.

27
STATE HIGHWAYS (SH)
The highways linking up with the national highways
of adjacent states, district headquarters and
important cities with the states are known as State
Highways (SHs).
The geometric design specifications and design
speed for NH and SH are same. These highways
serve as arterial routes of traffic from district road
within the state.
The responsibility of construction and maintenance
of these roads lies with state government. However,
the central government gives grant for development.
The length of state highway roads varies from 7

m to 10 m.
MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS (MDR)
The important roads within a district serving areas of
production and markets and connecting these places
with each other or with the main highways are known as
Major District Roads (MDRs).
The responsibility of construction and maintenance of

these roads lies with District Authorities. However, the
state government gives grant for development of these
roads.

OTHER DISTRICT ROADS (ODR)
The roads serving rural areas of production and
providing them with outlet to market centers, tahsil
headquarters, block development headquarters,
railway stations etc. are known as Other District
Roads (ODRs). This have lower design specification
than MDR.

VILLAGE ROADS (VR)
The roads connecting villages or group of villages with
each other or with the nearest road of higher
category are known as village roads.
These roads are very important from the rural area

development point of view. They are generally un-
metalled with single lane width of stabilized soil or
gravel. The responsibility of construction and
maintenance of these roads lies with the local district
authorities.

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 5 According to Material Used
1. Earthen Roads
2. Gravel Roads
3. Murrum Roads
4. Kankar Roads
5. WBM Roads
6. Bituminous Road
7. Concrete Roads
EARTHEN ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper

than all types of roads. This type of roads is
provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside
areas..

GRAVEL ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Gravel roads are also low-quality roads, but they

are better when compared within earthen roads. A
compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as
pavement material in this case.

MURRUM ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Murrum is a matter obtained from the

disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering
agencies.

KANKAR ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Kankar is an impure form of limestone. Kankar

roads are provided where lime is available in a
reasonable quantity.

WBM ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain

crushed stone aggregate in its base course. The
aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled
after sprinkling water.

BITUMINOUS ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Bituminous roads are prevalent roads around the

world. They are the most used roads in the world.

CONCRETE ROADS
How Social Media

Influences Purchase
Decisions
Cement concrete is used to construct the

pavements in case of concrete roads. These are
very popular and costlier than all other types of
roads.

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CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 6 According to Rigidity
1. Flexible Roads 2. Rigid Roads
RIGID PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 6 According to Rigidity
1. Flexible Roads 2. Rigid Roads
RIGID PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

ADDITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 6.1 According to Traffic Types
1. Pedestrian ways – built for pedestrians exclusively, and no vehicles are
permitted to pass.
2. Cycle Tracks / Bicycle Tracks – built for cyclists which are provided on
both sides of pavement so they can travel safely.
3. Motorways – also known as expressways. Only few vehicles are allowed

to use these roads such as vehicles that accelerate at high speeds. It
makes travelling quicker and provides comfort for high-speed vehicles.

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 7 According to Topography
1. Hilly Roads 2. Plain Area Roads
44
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 8 According to Speed and Accessibility
1. Freeways
2. Expressways
3. Highways
4. Arterials
5. Local Streets
6. Collector Roads
FREEWAYS
Freeways are also called as access-controlled highways.
Freeways are wide roads designed for fast-moving

vehicles to travel long distances with higher speeds.
These are generally designed in four lanes, two lanes in
each direction. Traffic movement on freeways is
continuous and unhindered because there are no
railway or road intersections and no signals.
46
EXPRESSWAYS
Expressways are one of the superior types of access-
controlled roadways where the entry and exit of the
expressway are fully controlled by ramps.
Expressways are designed to travel quickly with great

comfort and safety by avoiding sharp curves, busy traffic
intersections, railway junctions.
47
COMPARISON TABLE BETWEEN FREEWAY AND EXPRESSWAY
Parameters of Freeway Expressway

Comparison
Definition They are to aid homes and They are urban
businesses. socializers.
Lanes 2-3 lanes 2-8 lanes
Toll Poles Not included Included
Motorway Included Not included
Standards
Signs and Signals No signs of divergence or Involves signalized
traffic signals are involved. intersections and
divergences
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HIGHWAYS
Highways connect villages to cities or cities to cities
or state to state or the roads connect the state
capital to the national capital are called highways.
Highways are the roads run through the length and

breadth of the country.
50
51
ARTERIALS
Arterials are the roads laid inside the city or town
for the movement high volume of traffic.
An arterial road joins the central business point

to the outside residential areas.
Arterials provide access to the highways.
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LOCAL STREETS
Local streets don’t carry a large volume of traffic like
arterials.
The speed limit is restricted to 30km/hr in a local

street.
Local streets allow you to properties around it.
In simple words, the road which you to take to reach

the nearest vegetable market is the local street.
53
COLLECTOR ROADS
Collector roads collect and deliver the traffic to and
from local streets and arterials.
The speed limit usually ranges between 35-55km/hr.
Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at

intersections. Parking can be allowed except at peak
times.
54
55
ADDITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 8.1 Main Type of Roads in the
Philippines
1. National Roads are those connecting major cities.
2. Provincial Roads are those connecting cities and municipalities. They connect
national roads to barangays.
3. Municipal and City Roads are roads within cities or towns. They connect to
provincial and national roads.
4. Barangay (Village or Suburb) Roads are other public roads within the
barangay.
5. Expressways are highways with interchanges. Expressways in the Philippines
are toll roads. Toll rates vary and payments are made in cash. Electronic payment
is an option on some of the major expressways in the country.

ADDITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 8.2 Speed Limits for Cars and
Motorcycles
Speed limit signs are not always displayed on the roads. However,
the following generally applies:
▪ Expressways: 100 km/h
▪ National and provincial roads: 80 km/h
▪ Through streets or boulevards, clear of traffic: 40 km/h
▪ City and municipal roads, with light traffic: 30 km/h
▪ Crowded streets, school zones, roads where drivers must

pass stationary vehicles: 20 km/h

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS 9 According to Economy
1. Low-Cost Roads - The road that is constructed and maintained at a low cost by
utilizing the locally available materials & labor is a low-cost road. It is also referred to as
a cheap road.
2. Medium Cost Roads - The funds required for constructing medium-cost roads are
higher than the low-cost roads. Road to travel from village to nearest town is one of the
examples of medium-cost roads. These roads are considered when there is occasional
high traffic. These roads are generally built using bitumen.
3. High-Cost Roads - These roads require huge capital to construct. State Highways and
National highways are the best examples of the high-cost roads. Bitumen or Cement
concrete is used in High-cost roads

ROAD PRESENTED BY:
MARK LUI HUGO
PATTERNS
59
Rectangular or Block Pattern
a. In this pattern; the whole area is divided into rectangular
blocks.
b. Streets or branch roads intersect with each other at the right
angle.
c. The main roads always pass through the center, and it should
be wide enough.
d. Branch roads may be narrow as compared to main roads.
e. The main roads should be provided with a direct approach to
outside the city.

ROAD PATTERNS
Pros
1 Rectangular or Block Pattern
Cons
• The rectangular • It is not convenient
blocks can be because roads are
further fractioned perpendicular to
into small each other. This
rectangles that may increases the rate of
be used for the accidents due to
construction of poor visibility at a
buildings placed perpendicular
back-to-back, junction.
having roads on
their front.
• It is widely adopted
on city roads.
• Construction and
Maintenance is
quite easy. 61
Radial or Star and Block Pattern
a. It is a combination of star and block patterns.
b. The entire area is divided into a radial network of roads

radiating from the center outwardly with a block pattern
network of roads in between the radial main streets.

ROAD PATTERNS
Pros
2 Radial or Star Block Pattern
Cons
• Less risky as • Lack of safety
compared to the appurtenances like
rectangular rail transitions,
pattern. crash attenuators
• It reduces the level and post support
of congestion at bases.
the primary
bottleneck • It is only effective
location. when two-lane
• If one radial road is ramp traffic does
blocked, then not have to merge
another can be at the downstream
used as an end of the ramp.
alternative.
63
Radial or Star and Circular Pattern
a. It is the pattern in which the main roads(radial roads)
radiates from the central point and are connected with
concentric roads(ring roads) that are also radiating
outwardly.

ROAD PATTERNS
Pros
3 Radial or Star Circular Pattern
Cons
• It is safe as • Providing a good
compared to the curve during the
previous patterns implementation of
because vehicles this pattern is quite
travel in the same challenging.
direction.
• It affects the driving
• Roundabouts ability. Mainly, old
present in this drivers face this
pattern improves problem due to
the efficiency of declines(decrease)
traffic flow. This also in vision, hearing,
reduces fuel and cognitive
consumption and function.
emissions of the
vehicle. 65
Radial or Star and Grid Pattern
a. This pattern is formed by the combination of Star and
Grid Pattern.
b. As in other, a radial network of road radiates from the
center outwardly. Then, the main radial streets are
interconnected by providing a grid pattern.

ROAD PATTERNS
Pros
4 Radial or Star Grid Pattern
Cons
• It increases the • Splitter islands
efficiency of land should be extended
usage and unit far enough.
density.
• It improves the • High construction
traffic flow in both cost because of the
directions utilizing need for extra
Savannah’s cellular traffic signals, road
structure. marking and
• It provides high lighting.
safety to vehicular
traffic with a high
proportion of 3-way
intersections.
67
Hexagonal Pattern
a. In this, the entire area is divided into hexagonal patterns.
b. Three roads meet the built-up area boundary by the

sides of the hexagons at every corner of the hexagon which
can be further divided into suitable sizes.

ROAD PATTERNS
Pros
5 Hexagonal Pattern
Cons
• Three roads meet • Traffic signs,
the built-up area pavement
boundary by markings, and
the sides of lighting should be
the hexagons. adequate so that
drivers are aware
that they
should reduce
their travel
speed.
69
Minimum Travel Pattern
• In this, the city center is connected with suburban centers and
neighbor centers with the shortest roads. To make the road short;
road alignment is made straight.
• In this pattern, road pattern grows linearly in one direction

possible (straight roads) only due to the presence of some
adjacent natural forces like sea or ocean on one side of
the city. These are short roads.

ROAD PATTERNS
Pros
6 Minimum Travel Pattern
Cons
• These types of • Traffic
signs, pavement
potentially serious markings,
crashes and lighting shoul
d be adequate so
essentially that drivers are
are eliminated. aware that they
should reduce
their travel
speed.
• Intersections can
be
especially challen
ging for older
drivers. 71
PLANNING
SURVEYS
PRESENTED BY:
NEZIAH NER PUCATE
72
1 Economic Studies
Details of the existing facilities, their utility, distribution of the existing population in the
area, population growth trends, existing products in the agricultural and industrial sectors,
future trends of development in these sectors, existing communication and education
facilities, and the per capita income are to be collected.
2 Financial Studies
Source of income; Various financial aspects such as the sources of funding, estimated
revenue from taxes on vehicles, toll tax, and indirect benefits of raising the living
standards of the people due to the proposed road network are considered.

3 Traffic or Road Use Studies
Details of the existing road facilities, traffic volume in vehicles per day, traffic flow patterns,
classes of traffic such as passenger cars, busses and trucks, loads carried, average speeds,
anticipated future trends of traffic growth, and other traffic-related studies are to be
conducted.
4 Engineering Studies
These include study of the topography, soil, road life and special problems, if any, relating
to construction, drainage and maintenance.

PREPARATION
OF PLANS
PRESENTED BY:
NEZIAH NER PUCATE
PLAN I
General area plan showing almost all existing details viz, topography existing road
network and drainage structure, rivers, canals, etc.
PLAN II
This plan includes the distribution of population groups in accordance with the
categories made in the appropriate plan.
PLAN III
This plan shows the locations of places with their respective quantities of productivity.
PLAN IV
This plan shows the existing road network with traffic flows and desire lines obtained
from origin and destination studies of traffic.
INTERPRETATION OF PLANNING
SURVEYS
Interpretation of Planning Surveys
• To arrive at the road network that offers the most value among many alternatives
systems.
• To determine the priority of construction projects to phase the road development plan
of a region across various time periods, such as five-year and yearly plans.
• To assess the actual road use by studying the traffic flow patterns.

Interpretation of Planning Surveys
• Based on the traffic type and intensity and the performance of existing types of
pavement and cross drainage structures.
• Comparison of the areas may be obtained based on their economic activities.
• The data collected in fact finding surveys may be evaluated statistically for future
patterns in an area’s development, such as rise in productivity and population, which
leads to increased traffic flow

HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
AND SURVEYS PRESENTED BY:
NEZIAH NER PUCATE
80
Alignment
✓ The laying out of the center line of a proposed highway on the ground is called its
‘alignment’.
✓ A new road should be aligned carefully since any change in alignment may not be
possible or may be expensive at a later stage, owing to increased land
acquisition costs and roadside structures constructed after the road has taken
shape.

ALIGNMENT

ALIGNMENT

Requirements of an Ideal Alignment
1. Safe
The alignment need to be safe during construction, operation and maintenance
especially at slopes, embankments and cutting.
2. Easy:
The construction materials if present at the place of construction makes the construction
easier. Similarly, it should be easy during the operation of vehicles with easy gradients
and curves.
3. Short:
The distance between the initial and final point need to be short so as to reduce the
construction cost.

Requirements of an Ideal Alignment
4. Economical:
The overall cost of construction and maintenance of the road, as also the operation
cost of the vehicles should be as low as possible.
5. Comfort:
The alignment should be fixed such that it provides comfort to the drivers and the
passengers.

Requirements of an Ideal
Alignment
SAFE
EASY
SHORT
ECONOMICAL
COMFORT CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 86
HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
AND SURVEYS PRESENTED BY:
FE TALON
87
Factors Controlling Highway Alignment
1. Government Alignment:
As the road project needs a large investment, the government should be clear about the
requirement of the road (when, what, how and why to construct).
2. Obligatory Points:
Obligatory points determine the highway alignment. They are further divided into positive
obligatory points and negative obligatory points.

Positive Obligatory Points: These are those Negative Obligatory Points: These are those
points through which the alignment should points through which the alignment should not
pass. pass.
• Existing road • Small lakes and ponds
• Intermediate town or villages • Religious places
• Bridge site/existing bridge • Very costly places
• Mountain • Dense forests and agricultural lands

3. Traffic:
The alignment should be according to the traffic amount and flow pattern.
4. Geological Conditions:
Geologically stable hill slope must be considered while selecting the highway alignment.
5. Geometric Design:
Various factors regarding geometric design as the radius of curve, sight distance, gradient determines
the highway alignment.
6. Availability of Construction Materials and Labor:

The construction works become easier and economical when the construction materials are near the
place of highway alignment.
7. Economy:
The construction, operation, and maintenance work should be economical. So, highway alignment is
selected keeping these things in mind.
8. Other Considerations:
• Drainage- The alignment needs to be fixed such that the number of cross
drainage structures are less.
• Political Pressure: The Pressure from the government to run the highway
alignment in the way they decide also affects the selection of highway
alignment.
• Monotony: Setting the straight alignment leads to monotonous driving. So a
small bend is provided to make the driver aware and alert. The roads are
designed as forgiving roads.
9. Special Consideration in Hill Roads:
• Stability: The road should be aligned with the hill side that is stable. Excessive
cutting and filling may affect on their stability.
• Drainage: Adequate drainage facility need to be provided across the road and the
number of cross drainage structures need to be less during construction.
• Geometric Standards: Geometric design parameters also effect on the
construction of roads.
• Resisting Length: The Ineffective rise and excessive fall should be minimum.

Physical Surveys
ENGINEERING SURVEY FOR

HIGHWAY LOCATIONS
PRESENTED BY:
FE TALON
93
MAP STUDY
The study of the topographical map is done
to find out the possible routes of the road.
Following information are obtained from the
map study:
• Alignment avoiding valley, ponds, lakes.

1
• When the road has to carry a row of hills,
mountain pass may be the suitable alternative.
• Approximate location of the bridge site.

RECONNAISSANCE
SURVEY
Simple Survey Instruments are used in
the reconnaissance procedure. Following
2
are the information obtained from the
reconnaissance survey:
• Valley, pond, lakes and other features that were

not present in the topographical map.
• A number of cross drainage structures, High
Flood Level (HFL), Natural Ground Level.
• Values of the gradient, the length of gradients
and radius of the circular curve.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
Sophisticated Survey Instruments are used
during the preliminary survey. Objective of
the Preliminary Survey are listed below:
• To collect necessary physical information

3
and details of topography, drainage, and
soil.
• To compare different proposal in view of
the requirement of good alignment.
• To estimate the quantity of earthwork.
• To finalize the best alignment.
METHODS OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY
Traverse: CONVENTIONAL METHOD
The traverse is run from the starting point to the end point by setting out
1 various control points. Both primary traverse and secondary traverse may need
to be run.
Levelling work: CONVENTIONAL METHOD
2 The levelling work is carried out along the centre line or the proposed road. The
levelling work is used to estimate the volume of the earthwork. Both L-section
and X-section are carried out.
Topographical features: CONVENTIONAL METHOD

3 All geographical and man-made features are survey and plotted which are along
the traverse and for a certain width on either side.
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Drainage Studies and Hydrological data:
4 The number of cross drainage structures are estimated during the preliminary
survey.
Soil Survey: CONVENTIONAL METHOD
The soil survey is conducted in working out details of earthwork, slope, and
5 stability of materials, subsoil and surface drainage requirements and the type of
the pavement requirements.
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Material Survey:
6 The location of construction materials need to be known.
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Traffic Survey:
7 Survey regarding the number of lanes, roadway width, and pavement design
need to be done.
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Determination of final center line:
8 After completion of all the abovementioned steps and calculating the amount of
earthwork, the final center line is determined.
MODERN RAPID APPROACH
1 Taking aerial photographs with required lateral and longitudinal overlaps.

2 These photographs are then examined under stereoscopes and control points
are selected for the establishment of the traverse.

3 The spot levels and contour lines may be obtained from the stereo – pair
observations.

4 Photointerpretation method is used to grab information on the geological
features, soil conditions, drainage requirement, etc.
FINAL LOCATION AND
DETAILED SURVEY
This survey serves the dual purpose of fixing the line of
the road, while at the same, physical data are collected
which are necessary for the preparation of complete
construction plans, profile, cross-section & road
structures.
General Features of Detailed Survey or

4
Final Location Survey:
1) Pegging the Center Line
The centerline is pegged with references to the preliminary

traverse or baseline

FINAL LOCATION AND
DETAILED SURVEY
2) Centerline Leveling
Profile levels are taken along the centerline at regular

intervals & at each point of chainage where ground
configuration changes. This profile should generally be
4
extended 150 — 200 m beyond the origin & endpoints,
to allow for transition from a given road
3) Cross Section
Cross-sections should be taken at each station, at all

points of significant change in the ground slope & for a
reasonable distance beyond the beginning & endpoints.
FINAL LOCATION AND
DETAILED SURVEY
4) Property Lines
The position of all property corners, lines, fences,

buildings, the boundary of land, nature of ownership
including name at landowner & kitty number, types of
4
land, other manmade features are accurately
determined & note during final location survey.
5) Temporary Watercourse & Stream Detail
All temporary watercourse & streams within the area of

constriction should be carefully located. Cross-sections
are also be taken to provide the information required for
the hydraulic design. CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 102
FINAL LOCATION AND
DETAILED SURVEY
4
6) Intersecting Roads
The direction with respect to the pegged centerline of

all intersecting roads should be measured. Profile &
cross-section of intersecting roads should be taken for
some length.
7) Material Site Survey
Location of all available sand, stone, boulder queries

should be referenced with respect to the center in
either side of the road.

References:
✓ https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/technological-university-of-the-philippines/bachelor-of-science-in-civil-
engineering/highway-development-and-planning-importance-classification-of-roads-road-patterns-planning-surveys-
highway-alignment-and-surveys/9521269?fbclid=IwAR2ykAgY910MnWMKVaw63ln9wJf4u4bg3PsrXpPx-
coJSS366s6eHMrIL_Y
✓ https://www.slideshare.net/TheRealAkansha/highway-planning?fbclid=IwAR2ykAgY910MnWMKVaw63ln9wJf4u4bg3PsrXpPx-
coJSS366s6eHMrIL_Y
✓ https://civilread.com/road-types/#freeways
✓ https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-freeway-and-expressway/
✓ https://dreamcivil.com/road-pattern/
✓ https://civiljungle.com/road-pattern/
✓ https://civiljungle.com/road-pattern/#Pros_of_Hexagonal_Road_Pattern
✓ https://knowledge4civil.wordpress.com/2016/12/12/highway-alignment-and-survey/
✓ https://www.slideshare.net/mohitkumarpanchal/highway-notes?fbclid=IwAR3889OflTaVpjf73-
_uN4CTwsjXVlcCu5p6dOh7eS4JKujd5oL-DmX-wAI
Video Links:
✓ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AV_0qhNQKHY&ab_channel=CivilMentors
✓ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb7JMbOVkgo&ab_channel=CivilMentors
✓ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQ9CJTc9yps&ab_channel=CivilMentors
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CEP333 HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
THANK YOU
Highway Development and Planning

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CEP333 HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

05 Highway Alignment and Surveys

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

✓ It is used to develop an economy of country

✓ They provide more employment opportunities to the people

✓ It is used to reducing journey time and cost

✓ It is used to reduce the accidents rate

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 4

Highway planning involves the

✓ The highways should be safe and secure.

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 8

Before developing a highway, number of surveys are done at various

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 9

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 10

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 12

It is advantageous to use the systems based on

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

• Accuracy — Counter — a person is subject to stress, fatigue, and his

• Expenses — In the case of extensive surveys on multiple locations at

• Purpose of the Survey — With most traditional methods it is necessary

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 14

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 15

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 16

Why do we need to know the

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 18

✓ It helps us to be knowledgeable when it comes to roads, we become

✓ It helps us to know what speed restriction should be impose or to

✓ It helps prioritize what type of roads need to be repaired first in case of

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 19

✓ It helps us to know how much load is to be restricted on types of roads.

✓ It helps in research and understanding of the roads better - when you

✓ It helps us to know whether a certain vehicle can pass through a road

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 20

1. According to Traffic Volume

No. Types of Road Vehicle Per Day

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 22

No. Types of Road Vehicle Per Day

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 23

Class I Roads - international and national roads / expressways

Class II Roads - region to region or neighboring parts / major

Class III Roads - region to region or neighboring parts / major

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 24

1. National Highways (NH)

They run throughout the length and breadth of the

The Road width varies from 7 m to 15 m for the

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 26

The length of state highway roads varies from 7

The responsibility of construction and maintenance of

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 29

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 30

These roads are very important from the rural area

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 31

How Social Media

Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 33

How Social Media

Gravel roads are also low-quality roads, but they

CEP333 – HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING 34

How Social Media