AS6000 Structures assignment sheet

A rectangular element in a linearly elastic isotropic material is subjected to tensile stresses of 83 and 65 N/mm2 on
mutually perpendicular planes. Determine the strain in the direction of each stress and in the direction perpendicular to
both stresses. Find also the principal strains, the maximum shear stress, the maximum shear strain and their directions at
the point. Take E =200 000 N/mm2 and v=0.3. If we assume that σx =83 N/mm2 and σy =65 N/mm2 then from Eqs (1.52)
εx = 1
200 000
(83 − 0.3 × 65) = 3.175 × 10−4
εy = 1
200 000
(65 − 0.3 × 83) = 2.005 × 10−4
εz =
−0.3
200 000
(83 + 65) = −2.220 × 10−4
In this case, since there are no shear stresses on the given planes, σx and σy are principal stresses so that εx and εy are the
principal strains and are in the directions of σx and σy. It follows from Eq. (1.15) that the maximum shear stress (in the
plane of the
stresses) is
τmax = 83 − 65
2
= 9N/mm2
acting on planes at 45◦ to the principal planes.
Further, using Eq. (1.50), the maximum shear strain is
γmax = 2 × (1 + 0.3) × 9
200 000
so that γmax =1.17×10−4 on the planes of maximum shear stress.
Example 1.5
At a particular point in a structural member a two-dimensional stress system exists where σx =60 N/mm2, σy=−40 N/mm2
and τxy =50 N/mm2. If Young’s modulus E =200 000 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio ν=0.3 calculate the direct strain in the x
and y directions and the shear strain at the point.

Basic elasticity
From Eqs (1.52)
εx = 1
200 000
(60 + 0.3 × 40) = 360 × 10−6
εy = 1
200 000
(−40 − 0.3 × 60) = −290 × 10−6
From Eq. (1.50) the shear modulus, G, is given by
G=E
2(1 + ν)
= 200 000
2(1 + 0.3)
= 76 923N/mm2
Hence, from Eqs (1.52)
γxy = τxy
G
= 50
76 923
= 650 × 10−6
P.16.1 Figure P.16.1 shows the section of an angle purlin. A bending moment of 3000Nm is applied to the purlin in a
plane at an angle of 30◦ to the vertical y axis. If the sense of the bending moment is such that its components Mx and My
both produce tension in the positive xy quadrant, calculate the maximum direct stress in the purlin stating clearly the point
at which it acts.
Ans. σz,max=−63.3 N/mm2 at C.

P.16.2 A thin-walled, cantilever beam of unsymmetrical cross-section supports shear loads at its free end as shown in Fig.
P.16.2. Calculate the value of direct stress at the extremity of the lower flange (point A) at a section half-way along the
beam if the position of the shear loads is such that no twisting of the beam occurs.
Ans. 194.7 N/mm2 (tension).

P.16.3 A beam, simply supported at each end, has a thin-walled cross-section shown in Fig. P.16.3. If a uniformly
distributed loading of intensity w/unit length acts on the beam in the plane of the lower, horizontal flange, calculate the
maximum direct stress due to bending of the beam and show diagrammatically the distribution of the stress at the section
where the maximum occurs. The thickness t is to be taken as small in comparison with the other cross-sectional
dimensions in calculating the section properties Ixx, Iyy and Ixy.
Ans. σz,max =σz,3 =13wl2/384a2t, σz,1 =wl2/96a2t, σz,2=−wl2/48a2t.
P.16.4 A thin-walled cantilever with walls of constant thickness t has the cross-section shown in Fig. P.16.4. It is loaded
by a vertical forceW at the tip and a horizontal force 2W at the mid-section, both forces acting through the shear centre.
Determine and sketch the distribution of direct stress, according to the basic theory of bending, along the length of the
beam for the points 1 and 2 of the cross-section. The wall thickness t can be taken as very small in comparison with d in
calculating the sectional properties Ixx, Ixy, etc.
Ans. σz,1 (mid-point)=−0.05 Wl/td2, σz,1 (built-in end)=−1.85 Wl/td2
σz,2 (mid-point)=−0.63 Wl/td2, σz,2 (built-in end)=0.1 Wl/td2.

P. 16.5 A thin-walled beam has the cross-section shown in Fig. P.16.5. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment Mx
in the plane of the web 23 calculate and sketch the distribution of direct stress in the beam cross-section.
Ans. At 1, 0.92Mx/th2; At 2, −0.65Mx/th2; At 3, 0.65Mx/th2;
At 4, −0.135Mx/th2

P.16.6 The thin-walled beam section shown in Fig. P.16.6 is subjected to a bending moment Mx applied in a negative
sense. Find the position of the neutral axis and the maximum direct stress in the section.
Ans. NA inclined at 40.9◦ to Cx. }0.74 Mx/ta2 at 1 and 2, respectively.
P.16.7 Athin-walled cantilever has a constant cross-section of uniform thickness with the dimensions shown in Fig.
P.16.7. It is subjected to a system of point loads acting in the planes of the walls of the section in the directions shown.
Calculate the direct stresses according to the basic theory of bending at the points 1, 2 and 3 of the cross-section at the
built-in end and half-way along the beam. Illustrate your answer by means of a suitable sketch. The thickness is to be
taken as small in comparison with the other cross-sectional dimensions in calculating the section properties Ixx, Ixy, etc.
Ans. At built-in end, σz,1=−11.4 N/mm2, σz,2=−18.9 N/mm2, σz,3=39.1 N/mm2
Half-way, σz,1=−20.3 N/mm2, σz,2=−1.1 N/mm2, σz,3 =15.4 N/mm2.

P.16.8 A uniform thin-walled beam has the open cross-section shown in Fig. P.16.8. The wall thickness t is constant.
Calculate the position of the neutral axis and the maximum direct stress for a bending moment Mx =3.5Nm applied about
the horizontal axis Cx. Take r =5 mm, t =0.64 mm.
Ans. α=51.9◦, σz,max =101 N/mm2.
184 Solutions Manual

Solutions to Chapter 16 Problems

S.16.1

From Section 16.2.2 the components of the bending moment about the x and y axes
are, respectively

Mx = 3000 × 103 cos 30◦ = 2.6 × 106 N mm

My = 3000 × 103 sin 30◦ = 1.5 × 106 N mm

The direct stress distribution is given by Eq. (16.18) so that, initially, the position of
the centroid of area, C, must be found. Referring to Fig. S.16.1 and taking moments of
area about the edge BC

(100 × 10 + 115 × 10) x̄ = 100 × 10 × 50 + 115 × 10 × 5

i.e.

x̄ = 25.9 mm

100 mm
y
B A
10 mm
E 30° y F
x
C
125 mm

C D

10 mm

Fig. S.16.1

Now taking moments of area about AB

(100 × 10 + 115 × 10) ȳ = 100 × 10 × 5 + 115 × 10 × 67.5

from which

ȳ = 38.4 mm
 Solutions to Chapter 16 Problems 185

The second moments of area are then

100 × 103 2 10 × 1153
Ixx = + 100 × 10 × 33.4 + + 10 × 115 × 29.12
12 12
6 4
= 3.37 × 10 mm
10 × 1003 115 × 103
Iyy = + 10 × 100 × 24.12 + + 115 × 10 × 20.92
12 12
= 1.93 × 106 mm4
Ixy = 100 × 10 × 33.4 × 24.1 + 115 × 10(−20.9)(−29.1)
= 1.50 × 106 mm4
Substituting for Mx , My , Ixx , Iyy and Ixy in Eq. (16.18) gives
σz = 0.27x + 0.65y (i)
Since the coefficients of x and y in Eq. (i) have the same sign the maximum value of
direct stress will occur in either the first or third quadrants. Then
σz(A) = 0.27 × 74.1 + 0.65 × 38.4 = 45.0 N/mm2 (tension)
σz(C) = 0.27 × (−25.9) + 0.65 × (−86.6) = −63.3 N/mm2 (compression)
The maximum direct stress therefore occurs at C and is 63.3 N/mm2 compression.

S.16.2

The bending moments half-way along the beam are

Mx = −800 × 1000 = −800 000 N mm My = 400 × 1000 = 400 000 N mm
By inspection the centroid of area (Fig. S.16.2) is midway between the flanges. Its
distance x̄ from the vertical web is given by
(40 × 2 + 100 × 2 + 80 × 1) x̄ = 40 × 2 × 20 + 80 × 1 × 40
i.e.
x̄ = 13.33 mm
The second moments of area of the cross-section are calculated using the approxima-
tions for thin-walled sections described in Section 16.4.5. Then
2 × 1003
Ixx = 40 × 2 × 502 + 80 × 1 × 502 + = 5.67 × 105 mm4
12
2 2 × 403 2 1 × 803
Iyy = 100 × 2 × 13.33 + + 2 × 40 × 6.67 +
12 12
2
+ 1 × 80 × 26.67
= 1.49 × 105 mm4
Ixy = 40 × 2(6.67)(50) + 80 × 1(26.67)(−50) = −0.8 × 105 mm4
186 Solutions Manual

40 mm

y
2.0 mm

2.0 mm
y

C x 100 mm

x
1.0 mm

80 mm

Fig. S.16.2

The denominator in Eq. (16.18) is then (5.67 × 1.49 − 0.82 ) × 1010 = 7.81 × 1010 .
From Eq. (16.18)
! "
400 000 × 5.67 × 105 − 800 000 × 0.8 × 105
σ= x
7.81 × 1010
! "
−800 000 × 1.49 × 105 + 400 000 × 0.8 × 105
+ y
7.81 × 1010

i.e.
σ = 2.08x − 1.12y
and at the point A where x = 66.67 mm, y = −50 mm

σ(A) = 194.7 N/mm2 (tension)

S.16.3

Initially, the section properties are determined. By inspection the centroid of area, C,
is a horizontal distance 2a from the point 2. Now referring to Fig. S.16.3 and taking
moments of area about the flange 23

(5a + 4a)t ȳ = 5at(3a/2)

from which
ȳ = 5a/6
 Solutions to Chapter 16 Problems 187

y
1
t
5a
3a

x
C
t y
2 3
4a

Fig. S.16.3

From Section 16.4.5

Ixx = 4at(5a/6)2 + (5a)3 t(3/5)2 /12 + 5at(2a/3)2 = 105a3 t/12

Iyy = t(4a)3 /12 + (5a)3 t(4/5)2 /12 = 12a3 t
Ixy = t(5a)3 (3/5) (4/5)/12 = 5a3 t

From Fig. P.16.3 the maximum bending moment occurs at the mid-span section in a
horizontal plane about the y axis. Thus

Mx = 0 My (max) = wl2/8

Substituting these values and the values of Ixx , Iyy and Ixy in Eq. (16.18)

# $
wl2 7 1
σz = 3 x− y (i)
8a t 64 16

From Eq. (i) it can be seen that σz varies linearly along each flange. Thus

13a wl2
At 1 where x = 2a y=
σz,1 =
6 96a2 t
−5a −wl2
At 2 where x = −2a y = σz,2 =
6 48a2 t
−5a 13wl2
At 3 where x = 2a y = σz,3 =
6 384a2 t

Therefore, the maximum stress occurs at 3 and is 13wl 2 /384a2 t.

188 Solutions Manual

S.16.4

Referring to Fig. S.16.4.

2
A
2W

1
z
4
B l/2

D 3
l/2

Fig. S.16.4

In DB
Mx = −W (l − z) (i)
My = 0
In BA
Mx = −W (l − z) (ii)
# $
l
My = −2W −z (iii)
2
Now referring to Fig. P.16.4 the centroid of area, C, of the beam cross-section is at the
centre of antisymmetry. Then
% # $ &
d 2 td 3 2td 3
Ixx = 2 td + =
2 12 3
% # $ # $2 &
d 2 td 3 d 5td 3
Iyy = 2 td + + td =
4 12 4 12
# $# $ # $# $
d d d d td 3
Ixy = td + td − − =
4 2 4 2 4
Substituting for Ixx , Iyy and Ixy in Eq. (16.18) gives
1
σz = [(3.10My − 1.16Mx )x + (1.94Mx − 1.16My )y] (iv)
td 3
 Solutions to Chapter 16 Problems 189

Along the edge l, x = 3d/4, y = d/2. Equation (iv) then becomes

1
σz,1 = (1.75My + 0.1Mx ) (v)
td 2
Along the edge 2, x = −d/4, y = d/2. Equation (iv) then becomes
1
σz,2 = (−1.36My + 1.26Mx ) (vi)
td 2
From Eqs (i)–(iii), (v) and (vi)
In DB
0.1W 0.05Wl
σz,1 = − 2
(1 − z) whence σz,1 (B) = −
td td 2
1.26W 0.63Wl
σz,2 = − (1 − z) whence σz,2 (B) = −
td 2 td 2
In BA
W 1.85Wl
σz,1 = 2
(3.6z − 1.85l) whence σz,1 (A) = −
td td 2
W 0.1Wl
σz,2 = (−1.46z + 0.1l) whence σz,2 (A) =
td 2 td 2

S.16.5

By inspection the centroid of the section is at the mid-point of the web. Then
# $
h 2 2 2t(2h)3 10h3 t
Ixx = (2t)h + ht h + =
2 12 3
2t(h/2)3 th3 5h3 t
Iyy = + =
3 3 12
# $# $ # $
h h h 3h3 t
Ixy = 2t − (h) + ht (−h) = −
2 4 2 4

Since My = 0, Eq. (16.18) reduces to

−Mx Ixy Mx Iyy
σz = 2
x+ 2
y (i)
Ixx Iyy − Ixy Ixx Iyy − Ixy

Substituting in Eq. (i) for Ixx , etc.

' (
Mx 3/4 5/12
σz = + 3 x+ y
h t (10/3)(5/12) − (3/4)2 (10/3)(5/12) − (3/4)2
Mx
i.e. σz = 3 (0.91x + 0.50y) (ii)
h t
190 Solutions Manual

y
h
2

4 3
2t

2t
h

x
C

t
l
2

Fig. S.16.5

Between 1 and 2, y = −h and σz is linear. Then

Mx 0.41
σz,1 = 3 (0.91 × h − 0.5h) = 2 Mx
h t h t
Mx 0.5
σz,2 = 3 (0.91 × 0 − 0.5h) = − 2 Mx
h t h t
Between 2 and 3, x = 0 and σz is linear. Then
0.5
σz,2 = − 2 Mx
h t
Mx 0.5
σz,3 = 3 (0.91 × 0 + 0.5h) = 2 Mx
h t h t
# $
Mx h 0.04
σz,4 = 3 −0.91 × + 0.5h = 2 Mx
h t 2 h t

S.16.6

The centroid of the section is at the centre of the inclined web. Then,
◦ 2t(2a)3 sin2 60◦
Ixx = 2 ta(a sin 60 ) + = 2a3 t
12
ta 3 t(2a) cos 60◦
3 2 a3 t
Iyy =2× + =
12 12 3
3 ◦ ◦
√ 3
t(2a) sin 60 cos 60 3a t
Ixy = =
12 6
 Solutions to Chapter 16 Problems 191

l
t
y
A
60°

α
x
C

Fig. S.16.6

Substituting in Eq. (16.18) and simplifying (My = 0)

! √ "
Mx 4 2 3
σz = 3 y− x (i)
a t 7 7
On the neutral axis, σz = 0. Therefore, from Eq. (i)
√
3
y= x
2
and √
3
tan α =
2
so that
α = 40.9◦
The greatest stress will occur at points furthest from the neutral axis, i.e. at points 1
and 2. Then, from Eq. (i) at 1,
! √ √ "
Mx 4 a 3 2 3 a
σz,max = 3 × + ×
a t 7 2 7 2
√
3 3Mx 0.74
i.e. σz,max = 2
= 2 Mx
7a t ta

S.16.7

Referring to Fig. P.16.7, at the built-in end of the beam

Mx = 50 × 100 − 50 × 200 = −5000 N mm
My = 80 × 200 = 16 000 N mm
192 Solutions Manual

and at the half-way section

Mx = −50 × 100 = −5000 N mm

My = 80 × 100 = 8000 N mm

1
y
x
24 mm 1.25 mm
x
C
y
1.25 mm
2 3

36 mm

Fig. S.16.7

Now referring to Fig. S.16.7 and taking moments of areas about 12

(24 × 1.25 + 36 × 1.25) x̄ = 36 × 1.25 × 18

which gives
x̄ = 10.8 mm
Taking moments of areas about 23

(24 × 1.25 + 36 × 1.25) ȳ = 24 × 1.25 × 12

which gives
ȳ = 4.8 mm
Then
1.25 × 243
Ixx = + 1.25 × 24 × 7.22 + 1.25 × 36 × 4.82 = 4032 mm4
12
2 1.25 × 363
Iyy = 1.25 × 24 × 10.8 + + 1.25 × 36 × 7.22 = 10 692 mm4
12
Ixy = 1.25 × 24 × (−10.8)(7.2) + 1.25 × 36 × (7.2)(−4.8) = −3888 mm4

Substituting for Ixx , Iyy and Ixy in Eq. (16.18) gives

σz = (1.44My + 1.39Mx ) × 10−4 x + (3.82Mx + 1.39My ) × 10−4 y (i)

Thus, at the built-in end Eq. (i) becomes

σz = 1.61x + 0.31y (ii)

 Solutions to Chapter 16 Problems 193

whence σz,1 = −11.4 N/mm2 , σz,2 = −18.9 N/mm2 , σz,3 = 39.1 N/mm2 . At the half-
way section Eq. (i) becomes

σz = 0.46x − 0.80y (iii)

whence σz,1 = −20.3 N/mm2 , σz,2 = −1.1 N/mm2 , σz,3 = −15.4 N/mm2 .

S.16.8

The section properties are, from Fig. S.16.8

) π
Ixx = 2 t(r − r cos θ)2 r dθ = 3πtr 3
0
) π
Iyy = 2 t(r sin θ)2 r dθ = πtr 3
0
) π
Ixy = 2 t(−r sin θ)(r − r cos θ)r dθ = −4tr 3
0

y
t B
N
r

x
C α

A
D

Fig. S.16.8

Since My = 0, Eq. (16.22) reduces to

Ixy 4tr 3
tan α = − =
Iyy πtr 3

i.e.
α = 51.9◦
194 Solutions Manual

Substituting for Mx = 3.5 × 103 N mm and My = 0, Eq. (16.18) becomes

103
σz = (1.029x + 0.808y) (i)
tr 3
The maximum value of direct stress will occur at a point a perpendicular distance
furthest from the neutral axis, i.e. by inspection at B or D. Thus

103
σz (max) = (0.808 × 2 × 5)
0.64 × 53
i.e.
σz (max) = 101.0 N/mm2
Alternatively Eq. (i) may be written

103
σz = 3 [1.029(−r sin θ) + 0.808(r − r cos θ)]
tr
or
808
σz = (1 − cos θ − 1.27 sin θ) (ii)
tr 2
The expression in brackets has its greatest value when θ = π, i.e. at B (or D).

S.16.9

The beam is as shown in Fig. S.16.9

90 kN/m

30 kN/m

A B

RA z RB

6m

Fig. S.16.9

Taking moments about B

30 × 62 60 6
RA × 6 − − ×6× =0
2 2 3