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Thermodynamics Chapter 2 Lec1

The document discusses steam power plants and thermodynamic cycles used for power generation. It classifies power cycles as vapor power cycles, which use vapor as the working fluid, and gas power cycles, which use gas. Vapor power cycles include the Carnot, Rankine, reheat, and regenerative cycles. The document provides objectives and introduces vapor power cycles, then focuses on analyzing the Carnot vapor power cycle as an example, discussing its arrangement, thermal analysis, and providing an example problem calculating efficiency, turbine work, and compression work.

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133 views8 pages

Thermodynamics Chapter 2 Lec1

The document discusses steam power plants and thermodynamic cycles used for power generation. It classifies power cycles as vapor power cycles, which use vapor as the working fluid, and gas power cycles, which use gas. Vapor power cycles include the Carnot, Rankine, reheat, and regenerative cycles. The document provides objectives and introduces vapor power cycles, then focuses on analyzing the Carnot vapor power cycle as an example, discussing its arrangement, thermal analysis, and providing an example problem calculating efficiency, turbine work, and compression work.

Uploaded by

ahmadalsaiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering

Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

Steam Power Plants


Objectives:
1. Classify and distinguish different plants cycles
2. Analyze basic power cycle
3. Analyze basic Rankine cycle
4. Analyze advance power cycles (reheat, regenerative and
combined)
Introduction:
Thermodynamic cycles can be primarily classified based on their
utility such as for power generation, refrigeration etc. Based on this
thermodynamic cycles can be categorized as;
(i) Power cycles,
(ii) Refrigeration and heat pump cycles.
(i) Power cycles: Thermodynamic cycles which are used in devices
producing power are called
power cycles. Power production can be had by using working fluid
either in vapour form or in gaseous form. When vapour is the working
fluid then they are called vapour power cycles, whereas in case of
working fluid being gas these are called gas power cycles. Thus,
power cycles shall be of two types,
(a) Vapour power cycle,
(b) Gas power cycle.
Vapour power cycles can be further classified as,
1. Carnot vapour power cycle
2. Rankine cycle
3. Reheat cycle
4. Regenerative cycle.
AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 1
Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

Gas power cycles can be classified as,


1. Carnot gas power cycle
2. Otto cycle
3. Diesel cycle
4. Dual cycle
5. Stirling cycle
6. Ericsson cycle
7. Brayton cycle
Here in the present text Carnot, Rankine, reheat and regenerative
cycles are discussed.
(ii) Refrigeration and heat pump cycles: Thermodynamic cycles
used for refrigeration and heat
pump are under this category. Similar to power cycles, here also these
cycles can be classified as “air cycles” and “vapour cycles” based on
type of working fluid used.
2.2 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Some of commonly used performance parameters in cycle analysis
are described here.
Thermal efficiency: Thermal efficiency is the parameter which gauges
the extent to which the energy input to the device is converted to net
work output from it.
Thermal efficiency =Net work in cycle/Heat added in cycle Heat rate:
Heat rate refers to the amount of energy added by heat transfer to
cycle to produce unit net work output.
Usually energy added may be in kj, unit of net work output in W

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 2


Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

Back work ratio: Back work ratio is defined as the ratio of pump work
input (–ve work) to the work produced (+ve work) by turbine.
Back work ratio =Wpump /Wturbine Generally, back work ratio is
less than one and as a designer one may be interested in developing a
cycle which has smallest possible back-work ratio. Small back-work
ratio indicates smaller pump work(–ve work) and larger turbine work
(+ve work).
Work ratio: It refers to the ratio of net work to the positive work.
Mathematically, work ratio =Wnet/ Wturbine
Specific steam consumption: It indicates the steam requirement per
unit power output. It is generally given in kg/kW. h
Specific steam consumption =Wnet/3600, kg/kW.h
2.3 CARNOT VAPOUR POWER CYCLE
Carnot cycle has already been defined earlier as an ideal cycle having
highest thermodynamic efficiency. Let us use Carnot cycle for getting
positive work with steam as working fluid. Arrangement proposed
for using Carnot vapour power cycle is as follows.
1 – 2 = Reversible isothermal heat addition in the boiler
2 – 3 = Reversible adiabatic expansion in steam turbine
3 – 4 = Reversible isothermal heat rejection in the condenser
4 – 1 = Reversible adiabatic compression or pumping in feed water
pump

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 3


Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

Fig 1.1

Arrangement for Carnot cycle


Assuming steady flow processes in the cycle and neglecting changes

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 4


Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

in kinetic and potential energies,thermodynamic analysis may be


carried out.
Thermal analysis for Carnot cycle:

The network for unit mass flow:


Wnet = WT – Wp
Wnet  (h3  h4 )  (h2  h1 )

For Boiler:

Qadd  (h3  h2 )

For Condenser:

Qrejected  (h4  h1 )
The thermal efficiency:

Wnet

Qadd
(h  h )  (h2  h1 )
 3 4
(h3  h2 )
Q
  1  rejected
Qadd
The heat added and rejected can be given as function of temperature and
entropy as follows:
Since : Q Ts
Qadd  T2 ( s3  s2 )
Qrejected  T1 ( s4  s1 )
Also : s1 = s2 and s3 = s4
T1
 1
T2

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 5


Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

EXAMPLE 1
A Carnot cycle works on steam between the pressure limits of 7 MPa
and 7 kPa. Determine thermal efficiency, turbine work and
compression work per kg of steam.
SOLUTION:

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 6


Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 7


Engineering
Chapter two
Thermodynamics
Applications Steam Power Plants

H.W

1- A Carnot cycle works on steam between the pressure limits of 7


MPa and 7 kPa. Determine thermal efficiency, turbine work and
compression work per kg of steam.
Answers: Thermal efficiency = 44.21%, Turbine work = 969.57 kJ/kg
(+ve),Compression work = 304.19 kJ/kg (–ve)

2‐ Consider a steady-flow Carnot cycle with water as the working


fluid. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle are 350
and 60°C. The quality of water is 0.891 at the beginning of the heat-
rejection process and 0.1 at the end. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram
relative to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal
efficiency, (b) the pressure at the turbine inlet, and (c) the net work
output.
Answers: (a) 0.465, (b) 1.40 MPa, (c) 1623 kJ/kg

3- Determine the net work output and the thermal efficiency for the
Carnot cycle with steam as the working fluid. Steam enters the turbine
in both cases at 10 MPa as a saturated vapor, and the condenser
pressure is 20 kPa. In the Carnot cycle, the boiler inlet state is
saturated liquid. Draw the T-s diagrams
for this cycle.
Answers: 565.4 kJ/kg , 43%

AHMED MOHSIN ALHSNAWY 8

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