Review questions

I. Single Choice questions

1.Which of these characteristics is most important to a systems analyst?

A) communicator

B) problem solver

C) programmer

D) project manager

2.System maintenance must be performed to: ( )

A) correct software errors.

B) add new features that have never been requested before.

C) remove features that none of the users are using.

D) keep programmers employed.

3.Object-oriented approaches use what industry standard for modeling object-oriented

systems?

A) artificial intelligence

B) a distributed system

C) the unified modeling language

D) multi-view

4.The most prominent quality of an analyst is that of a(n):

A) problem solver.

B) consultant.

C) programmer.

D) agent of change.
5.One important justification for CASE tools is to increase analyst: ( )

A) confidence.

B) productivity.

C) skill.

D) None of the above

6.Object-oriented approaches use the industry standard for modeling object-oriented

systems, called ________ to break down a system into a use case model.

A) Extensible Markup Language (XML)

B) HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

C) Unified Modeling Language (UML)

D) Vector Markup Language (VML)

7.Which graphically characterize(s) data processes and flows through a business

system?

A) data dictionary

B) data flow diagrams

C) structured analysis

D) design

8. A primitive process is:

A) a process that is not exploded to a child diagram.

B) the central process on a context level diagram.

C) a process that requires two or more data flow into it.

D) a process that has only base elements flowing in or out of it.

9.A use case:

A) summarizes an activity, its trigger, input, and output.

B) describes a subsystem of a data flow diagram showing how the processes use data
produced by other processes.

C) describes how the data is partitioned into programs for different users.

D) shows when the data is updated, read, created or deleted.

10. An external entity is called a source or ________ of data, and is considered to be

external to the study.

A) destination

B) result

C) answer

D) confusion

11. With a ________ approach, the diagrams move from general to specific.

A) top-down

B) bottom-up

C) management-centered

D) employee-centered

12.While the first ________ diagram helps the systems analyst grasp basic data
movement, its general nature limits its usefulness.

A) context

B) concept

C) user interface

D) design

13.When the first ________ diagram is made, inputs and outputs are specified and
these remain constant throughout all of the following diagrams.

A) concept

B) user interface

C) design

D) context

14. ________ are used when complex branching occurs in a structured decision
process.

A) Decision tables

B) Data dictionaries

C) Decision trees

D) All of the above.

15. In a decision table, ________ occur(s) when rules suggest different actions but
satisfy the same conditions.

A) contradictions

B) conditions

C) redundancy

D) incompleteness

16. Which of the following are not shown on an activity diagram?

A) classes

B) events

C) decisions that are made

D) sequence of activities

17. Which of following is not a UML diagram used creating a system analysis model?
 A) activity diagram
 B) class diagram
 C) dataflow diagram
 D) state diagram
18.When classes are involved in inheritance, another name for a child class is:

A) a base class.

B) a derived class.

C) a superclass.

D) an instantiated class.

19.Objects are represented by and grouped into ________ that are optimal for reuse
and maintainability.

A) objects

B) views

C) classes

D) displays

20.When one class is created from another class it is called:

A) inheritance.

B) dower.

C) parenting.
D) settlement.

II. True/False

1. During the life cycle of an information system, more time is spent in system
maintenance than it took to design and develop the system.

2. CASE tools can allow the user to easily draw and modify diagrams.

3. In the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), several activities may occur
simultaneously, and activities may be repeated.

4.After a system is implemented, businesses spend little money on system

maintenance.

4. Object-oriented programming differs from traditional procedural programming in

that it examines objects that are part of a system.

6.Each external entity is labeled with a noun.

Answer: TRUE

7.Processes that transform data should be named with a noun which indicates the data
that has been transformed.

8.The systems analyst needs to conceptualize data flows from a top-down perspective.

9. The highest level data flow diagram is called Diagram 0.

10. Unbalanced decomposition means that the data flow to or from a parent process
does not match the data flow in or out of a child diagram.

11.Balanced decomposition is when the data flow in or out of a child diagram does
not match the data flow in or out of a parent process.

12.Use decision tables when complex combinations of conditions, actions, and rules
are found.

13. Decision trees are useful when it is essential to keep a string of decisions in a
particular sequence.

14. A use case model describes what a system does without describing how the system
does it.

15.An activity diagram shows the flow of information between two or more use cases.
16. An object defines a set of shared attributes and behaviors found in each class for
the object.

17.In inheritance, the original or parent class is known as the derived class.

18.An abstract class cannot be directly instantiated.

19. An association class is used to represent whole/part relationships.

20. Collection is the relationship that exists when the whole has a responsibility for
the part.

III. Short Answer

1. Compose a structured English statement for the following supermarket

scenario:

Answer:

DO WHILE there are customers in line

IF customer has stopped here before

THEN give customer a bonus coupon

ELSE

THEN give a free membership card

END DO

2.Describe the difference between a class and an object.

Lets us differentiate between these two:

Classes and objects from the essential part of Object-oriented programming, where a
class can be considered as a construct that encapsulates a group of variables and
methods; whereas, an object acts as member or instance of that class.

Class Object
A class is a blueprint from which An object is the instance of the class, which helps
you can create the instance, i.e., programmers to use variables and methods from
objects. inside the class.
A class is used to bind data as well
as methods together as a single Object acts like a variable of the class.
unit.
Classes have logical existence. Objects have a physical existence.
A class doesn't take any memory
An object takes memory when a programmer
spaces when a programmer creates
creates one.
one.
The class has to be declared only Objects can be declared several times depending
once. on the requirement.

3.What models are used for system requirements by object-oriented analysis

technique?

In the system analysis or object-oriented analysis phase of software development, the

system requirements are determined, the classes are identified and the relationships
among classes are identified.

The three analysis techniques that are used in conjunction with each other for object-
oriented analysis are object modelling, dynamic modelling, and functional modelling.

4.What are the five phases of the traditional SDLC?

Five phases of traditional SDLC is given below –

1. Project planning phase

2.Analysis phase
3.Designing phase
4.Implementation phase
5.Deployment(support) phase

5.What graphical model is used with the modern structured analysis technique?

The key model used with the modern structured analysis technique is the –

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) which shows the inputs, processes, storage, and output
requirements of a system in graphical form. It also uses an entity- related diagram
(ERD)

Data flow diagrams

Entity-relationship diagram
5. Describe the six types of feasibility used to evaluate a project. Hw 3

Feasibility Study in Software Engineering is a study to evaluate feasibility of

proposed project or system

There are six types of feasibility study—separate areas that a feasibility study
examines, described below.

ORGANIZATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Organizational feasibility analysis is conducted to determine whether a proposed

business has sufficient management expertise, organizational competence, and
resources to successfully launch its business.
Organizational feasibility focuses on how well a proposed information system
supposes the objective of the organization and its strategic plan for an information
system.

CULTURAL FEASIBILITY
A cultural feasibility study is defined as one that investigates scientific as well as
ethical, behavioral, and social issues in the design . A cultural feasibility study is
known as one that investigates all the environmental factors involved to successfully
carry out a project. It is done to evaluate the impact of the project on the local culture.
The factors need to be well identified in an order not to face any obstacle in further
development of the project.

TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY

This assessment focuses on the technical resources available to the organization. It

helps organizations determine whether the technical resources meet capacity and
whether the technical team is capable of converting the ideas into working systems.
Technical feasibility also involves the evaluation of the hardware, software, and other
technical requirements of the proposed system.

SCHEDULE FEASIBILITY
In Schedule Feasibility Study mainly timelines/deadlines is analyzed for proposed
project which includes how many times teams will take to complete final project
which has a great impact on the organization as purpose of project may fail if it can’t
be completed on time.

RESOURCE FEASIBILITY

The project management team must also assess the availability of resources for the
project. The primary resource consists of team members. Development projects
require the involvement of systems analysts, system technicians, and users. Required
people may not be available to the team at the necessary times.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
In Economic Feasibility study cost and benefit of the project is analyzed. Means under
this feasibility study a detail analysis is carried out what will be cost of the project for
development which includes all required cost for final development like hardware and
software resource required, design and development cost and operational cost and so
on.

7.What is the difference between functional requirements and nonfunctional

requirements? Hw 3

Requirements analysis is very critical process that enables the success of a system or
software project to be assessed. Requirements are generally split into two types:
Functional and Non-functional requirements.

Functional Requirements: These are the requirements that the end user specifically
demands as basic facilities that the system should offer. All these functionalities need
to be necessarily incorporated into the system as a part of the contract. These are
represented or stated in the form of input to be given to the system, the operation
performed and the output expected. They are basically the requirements stated by the
user which one can see directly in the final product, unlike the non-functional
requirements.

Non-functional requirements: These are basically the quality constraints that the
system must satisfy according to the project contract. The priority or extent to which
these factors are implemented varies from one project to other. They are also called
non-behavioral requirements.
They basically deal with issues like:
  Portability
 Security
 Maintainability
 Reliability
 Scalability
 Performance
 Reusability
 Flexibility

8.What graphical model is used with the modern structured analysis technique?

9.List and explain the activities of project planning. Hw3

The project planning activities of the SDLC, as depicted in Figure 3-6, consist of the activities required to
get the project organized and started. As discussed in Chapter 2, project management activity
ties are as follows:
• Define the problem.
• Produce the project schedule.
• Confirm project feasibility.
• Staff the project.
• Launch the project.

10.Describe the six types of feasibility used to evaluate a project.

11.List the six activities of systems analysis.

1. Technical Knowledge and Skills

2.Business Knowledge and Skills
3.People Knowledge and Skills
4.Integrity and Ethics
5.Use of Web Technology for Flexibility
6.The Analyst’s Role in Strategic Planning

12.What is a use case ? What are three techniques used to identify use cases? Hw 4

A use case is an activity the system performs, usually in response to a request by a

user.
 Three techniques used to identify use cases are given below -
1.User goal technique.
2.CRUD technique.
3.Event decomposition System

13.List the five component parts (symbols) of a DFD. Briefly describe what each
symbol represents. Book 236

All data flow diagrams include five main elements: entity, process, data
store,data flow and Real-time link

External Entity – Known as actors, sources or sinks, and terminators,

external entities produce and consume data that flows between the entity and
the system being diagrammed. These data flows are the inputs and outputs of
the DFD. They can represent another system or indicate a subsystem.

Process – An activity that changes or transforms data flows. Since they

transform incoming data to outgoing data, all processes must have inputs and
outputs on a DFD. Processes are typically oriented from top to bottom and left
to right on a data flow diagram.

Data Store – A data store does not generate any operations but simply holds
data for later access. Data stores could consist of files held long term or a
batch of documents stored briefly while they wait to be processed

Data Flow – Movement of data between external entities, processes and data
stores is represented with an arrow symbol, which indicates the direction of
flow. This data could be electronic, written or verbal.

Real-time link – Communication back and forth between an external agent and
a process as the process is executing (e.g., credit card verification).

14.What are three types of whole-part relationships?

Whole/part relationships have three categories:

aggregation, collection, and composition.

15.What is an activity diagram?

Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe the dynamic

aspects of the system.
Activity diagram is basically a flowchart to represent the flow from one activity to
another activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system.

The control flow is drawn from one operation to another. This flow can be sequential,
branched, or concurrent. Activity diagrams deal with all type of flow control by using
different elements such as fork, join, etc

An activity diagram is a diagram which visually presents a series of actions or flow of

control in a system similar to a flowchart or a data flow diagram. Activity diagrams
are often used in business process modeling. They can also describe the steps in a use
case diagram. Activities modeled can be sequential and concurrent. In both cases an
activity diagram will have a beginning (an initial state) and an end (a final state).

An activity diagram is simply a workflow diagram that describes the various user (or system) activities, the
person who does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities. The activity diagram is one of the
Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams associated with the object-oriented approach, but it can be
used with any development approach.

16.What is a system sequence diagram?

a system sequence diagram (SSD) is a sequence diagram that shows, for a particular
scenario of a use case, the events that external actors generate, their order, and
possible inter-system events.

System sequence diagrams are visual summaries of the individual use cases.

All systems are treated as a black box; the diagram places emphasis on events that
cross the system boundary from actors to systems. A system sequence diagram should
be done for the main success scenario of the use case, and frequent or complex
alternative scenarios.

17.What is a state machine diagram?

State machine diagram is a diagram showing the life of an object in states and
transitions.

State Machine Diagrams (or sometimes referred to as state diagram, state machine or state
chart) show the different states of an entity. State machine diagrams can also show how an
entity responds to various events by changing from one state to another. State machine
diagram is a UML diagram used to model the dynamic nature of a system. So, as with the
class diagram, state machine diagrams can be considered either an analysis tool or a design
tool.

18.What is illustrated in a UML sequence diagram?

A sequence of interactions between the actors in a system's environment and the

objects in the system itself. The sequence of interactions describes the implementation
of a system feature or function.

Sequence diagrams in the UML are primarily used to model the interactions between the
actors and the objects in a system and the interactions between the objects themselves. A
sequence diagram shows the sequence of interactions that take place during a particular use
case or use case instance. The UML has a rich syntax for sequence diagrams, which allows
many different kinds of interaction to be modeled. The objects and actors involved are listed
along the top of the diagram, with a dotted line drawn vertically from these. Interactions
between objects are indicated by annotated arrows.

19.What is UML?

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose modelling language. The

main aim of UML is to define a standard way to visualize the way a system has been
designed. It is quite similar to blueprints used in other fields of engineering.

UML is not a programming language; it is rather a visual language. We use UML

diagrams to portray the behavior and structure of a system. UML helps software
engineers, businessmen and system architects with modelling, design and analysis.
The Object Management Group (OMG) adopted Unified Modelling Language as a
standard in 1997.

20.What is method overloading?

method overloading is the ability to create multiple functions of the same name with
different implementations. Calls to an overloaded function will run a specific
implementation of that function appropriate to the context of the call, allowing one
function call to perform different tasks depending on context.

Method overloading is a programming technique that allows developers to use the

same method name multiple times in the same class, but with different parameters. In
this case, we say that the method is overloaded. Listing 1 shows a single method
whose parameters differ in number, type, and order.

IV. Analysis questions

1. Draw an entity-relationship diagram, including minimum and maximum cardinality

for the following: The system stores information about two things: cars and owners. A
car has attributes for make, model, and year. The owner has attributes for name and
address. Assume that a car must be owned by one owner, and an owner can own many
cars, but an owner might not own any cars (perhaps she just sold them all, but you
still want a record of her in the system).

2. Draw a class diagram for the cars and owners described in exercise 1 but include
subclasses for sports car and minivan with appropriate attributes.
3. Draw data flow diagram for Textbook Management System, including context
diagram and diagram 0. Textbook Management System main has two subsystems, Sell
texbooks and Purchase textbooks.

1)Sell texbooks

Supply textbooks to students

①Check the availability of the order and then sell the textbooks according to orders

②Record the information of textbooks which are out of the stock

2)Purchase textbooks

Purchase the out-of-stock textbooks according to the records

①Collect the information of the out-of-stock textbooks and make the textbook
purchasing plan

②Inform the students to buy the textbooks after arrival