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Metabolisme Otot - An

Skeletal muscle contains two main types of fibers - slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch fibers use oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP aerobically from fuels like fatty acids and rely on oxygen. Fast-twitch fibers generate ATP anaerobically through creatine phosphate and glycogen breakdown. Creatine phosphate donates a phosphate to regenerate ATP rapidly during bursts of intense activity when oxygen is limited. The main fuels used by muscle are creatine phosphate, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, with the relative contribution depending on the intensity and duration of activity.

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Afina Zahrah M
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54 views25 pages

Metabolisme Otot - An

Skeletal muscle contains two main types of fibers - slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch fibers use oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP aerobically from fuels like fatty acids and rely on oxygen. Fast-twitch fibers generate ATP anaerobically through creatine phosphate and glycogen breakdown. Creatine phosphate donates a phosphate to regenerate ATP rapidly during bursts of intense activity when oxygen is limited. The main fuels used by muscle are creatine phosphate, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, with the relative contribution depending on the intensity and duration of activity.

Uploaded by

Afina Zahrah M
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Muscle metabolism

Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Contains Slow & Fast Twitch
Fibers

• Different types of fibers have been detected in skeletal


muscle:
o Type I (slow twitch): are found in postural muscles such as
the psoas in the back musculature or the soleus in the leg.
o Type II (fast twitch): are more prevalent in the large
muscles of the limbs that are responsible for sudden,
powerful movements.
• Most muscles have a mixture of fibre types, the percentage of
type I to type II will vary with the muscle
Under Aerobic Conditions, Muscle Generates
ATP Mainly by Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation requires a supply of


oxygen.
• Muscles that have a high demand for oxygen as a result of
sustained contraction (eg, to maintain posture) store it attached to
the heme moiety of myoglobin.
• Because of the heme moiety, muscles containing myoglobin are
red, whereas muscles with little or no myoglobin are white.
Characteristics of Type I and Type II Fibers of
Skeletal Muscle
Fuel Utilization in Skeletal Muscle

• Skeletal muscles use many fuels to generate ATP:


o Creatine phosphate  The most abundant immediate
source of ATP
o Glucose (Blood glucose or glycogen stores)  anaerobically
(generating lactate) or aerobically (via Citric acid cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation)
o Fatty acid and ketone body oxidation
o Carbon skeletons of amino acid oxidation  alanine,
aspartate, glutamate, valine, leucine, and isoleucine
Creatine Phosphate

• Muscle cells storing high-energy phosphate bonds in the form


of creatine phosphate.
• When energy is required, creatine phosphate will donate a
phosphate to ADP, to regenerate ATP for muscle contraction.
• It plays a particularly important role in muscle during exercise.
• It also carries high-energy phosphate from mitochondria,
where ATP is synthesized, to myosin filaments, where ATP is
used for muscle contraction.
Creatine phosphate
Creatine phosphate
Creatine Phosphate

• Creatine phosphate is formed from ATP and creatine at times


when the muscle is relaxed and the demand for ATP is
relatively low.
• The enzyme catalyzing the phosphorylation of creatine is
creatine kinase (CK), a muscle-specific enzyme with clinical
utility in the detection of acute or chronic diseases of muscle.
Creatine Kinase

• In the cells, the "cytosolic" CK enzymes consist of two


subunits, which can be:
1. B (brain type)
2. M (muscle type)
• There are, therefore, three different isoenzymes:
1. CK-MM  expressed in sarcomeric muscle: skeletal
and cardiac muscle
2. CK-BB  expressed in smooth muscle and in most
non-muscle tissues (brain)
3. CK-MB  expressed in cardiac muscle
Creatine synthesis

• Creatine synthesis begins in the kidney and is completed in


the liver.
• In the kidney, glycine combines with arginine to form
guanidinoacetate.
• In this reaction, the guanidinium group of arginine is
transferred to glycine, and the remainder of the arginine
molecule is released as ornithine.
• Guanidinoacetate then travels to the liver, where it is
methylated by S-adenosyl methionine to form creatine
Creatine synthesis
Creatine synthesis

• The creatine formed is released from the liver and travels


through the bloodstream to other tissues:
o Skeletal muscle
o Heart
o Brain
• Reacts with ATP to form the high-energy compound creatine
phosphate.
• This reaction, catalyzed by creatine phosphokinase (CK, also
abbreviated as CPK), is reversible.
• Therefore, cells can use creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP.
Creatinine

• Creatine phosphate is an unstable compound.


• It spontaneously cyclizes, forming creatinine.
Creatinine

• Creatinine cannot be further metabolized and is excreted in


the urine.
• The amount of creatinine excreted each day is constant and
depends on body muscle mass.
• Therefore, it can be used as an indicator of renal excretory
function.
Fuel Utilization at Rest
Fuel Utilization at Moderate activity
Fuel Utilization at Peak activity
Types of Muscle Fibers and Major Fuel Sources Used by
a Sprinter and by a Marathon Runner
THANK YOU

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