Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Supplementary Learning Materials (SLMs)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
First Semester, Quarter 2

MODULE 3 and 4

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of ATP- ADP Cycle, Photosynthesis

and Respiration.

Performance Standard:

The learner shall be able to prepare simple fermentation setup using common
fruits to produce wine or vinegar via microorganisms.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners …
 Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-6)
 Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular
respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7)
 Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system,
and chemiosmosis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8)
 Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-9)
 Describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe pathways of electron flow in the absence
of oxygen (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-10)
 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation and aerobic respiration
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-12)

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 Lesson 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

 determine the functional definition of cellular respiration;
 compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration;
 explain how cells can produce ATP in the presence or absence of oxygen;
 identify the metabolic pathways where aerobic respiration specifically occurs;
 identify the major stages of cellular respiration;
 identify the organelles involved for each stage of cellular respiration;
 describe the following for each stage of cellular respiration: process, starting materials, and end products
of aerobic respiration;
 show the similarities and differences of fermentation, anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.

What I know

REVIEW
Directions: Look for the meaning of the following words and write it on your notebook. Try to familiarize them.

1. Cellular Respiration
2. Fermentation
3. Aerobic
4. Anaerobic
5. Metabolic Pathways

What’s New
In cellular respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which can enter either through aerobic
respiration or anaerobic respiration.
In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid molecules enter the mitochondria and through a series of chemical
reactions known as the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) via electron transport chain. In the Krebs cycle, the pyruvic
acid is converted to carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain accepts the electron from the breakdown products
of the Krebs cycle and glycolysis via the NADH and FADH2. At the end of the chain, the electrons are combined
with hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen to form water. This process can produce ATP. During this process, the
glucose molecule is broken down and the carbon atoms released from glucose are combined with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide.
In anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. There is a production of two ATP
molecules for each glucose molecule.

Fig. 3.a. Courtesy: Enger, Eldon D. et. Al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill
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 Keep This in Mind

In Cellular Respiration

 Oxygen is reduced to water

 Has electron transport chain located within the cristae of the mitochondria, where ATP is produced by
chemiosmosis
 Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior
 A carbohydrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide

Glycolysis
- Means “sugar-splitting” that occurs in the cytosol of the cell. It does not require oxygen to breakdown
glucose into pyruvate.

Krebs cycle
- Completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and produces 2 ATP.

Oxidative phosphorylation
- A process occurring in mitochondria and accounts for majority of the ATP production.

Electron Transport Chain

- Contains the chain members (carrier and protein complexes, ATP synthase complex and ATP channel
protein. These membrane proteins shuttle electrons during the redox reactions. The electrons will be used
to produce ATP by chemiosmosis.

NADH and FADH2

- These are electron acceptor molecules that contain high-energy electrons. They transport the electrons to
ETC to produce many more ATPs by oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP synthase
- Is an enzyme that is responsible for the great production of ATPs. This happens when it uses the energy
coming from H+ ions to bind ADP and phosphate group together to produce ATP.
Fig. 3.b. The diagram below shows the total energy produced from the complete breakdown of glucose by aerobic respiration

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SUMMARY OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SOME STARTING SOME END

STAGE SUMMARY
MATERIALS PRODUCTS
Series of reactions in which glucose is
1. Glycolysis (in degraded to pyruvate; net profit of 2 ATPs; Glucose, ATP, Pyruvate,
cytosol) hydrogen atoms are transferred to carriers; NAD+, Pi ATP, NADH
can proceed anaerobically
Pyruvate is degraded and combined with
2. Formation of
coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA; hydrogen Pyruvate, coenzyme Acetyl CoA,
acetyl CoA (in
atoms are transferred to carriers; CO2 is A, NAD+ CO2, NADH
mitochondria)
released
Series of reactions in which the acetyl
3. Citric acid cycle portion of acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2; Acetyl CoA, H2O, CO2, NADH,
(in mitochondria) hydrogen atoms are transferred to carriers; NAD+, FAD, ADP, Pi FADH2, ATP
ATP is synthesized
Chain of several electron transport
4. Electron molecules; electrons are passed along
transport and chain; released energy is used to form a NADH, FADH2, O2, ATP, H2O,
chemiosmosis (in proton gradient; ATP is synthesized as ADP, Pi NAD+, FAD
mitochondria) protons diffuse down the gradient; oxygen
is final electron acceptor

DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES OF AEROBIC, ANAEROBIC AND FERMENTING ORGANISMS

Differences Similarity
Aerobic,
Anaerobic
Aerobic Organisms Anaerobic Organisms Fermenting Organisms and
Fermenting
Organisms

Use oxygen Do not use oxygen Do not use oxygen ATP is

produced
H2O and potassium Lactate (lactate fermentation) or
CO2 is the
H2O is the by-product nitrite are the by- ethyl alcohol (alcoholic
waste product
products fermentation) is the by-product)
Final acceptors of electrons are Electrons are
Electron acceptor is O2 With electron transport pyruvate reduced to lactate, and transferred
and is reduced to water chain acetaldehyde reduced to ethyl from glucose
alcohol to NADH
With electron transport Electron acceptor is
No electron transport chain
chain nitrate or sulfate

Occur in prokaryotes and Occur in prokaryotes and

Occur in prokaryotes
eukaryotes eukaryotes

Requires no special Simple and faster alternative to

organelles cellular respiration

Requires no special organelles

Glycolysis and waste product

formation are two sets of reactions
that occur

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 Apply What You Have Learned

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Refine your knowledge on cellular respiration by doing the sample graphic organizer below. Fill-out
the table and distinguish how the two types of respiration are alike and different. Then write your
conclusion based on the similarities and differences you have listed.

Performance Task 3

Homemade Virgin Coconut Oil and Fermentation/Modified Natural Vinegar Fermentation Method. A video
link is provided:

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGK8z3DXw7E
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUu7SF25tXM
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh0wWMdNkv4
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-wE7pbXaXY

Instructions:
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This can be done at home with precautionary measures. Document your output and send it on the link given by
the teacher. You can watch the video link on how to make the homemade virgin coconut oil and natural vinegar
fermentation method. Choose only one for your performance task. The link will also be sent in your sections
group chat. You will be graded based on the rubric below.
5 4 3 2
The introduction clearly
The introduction states The introduction
states the purpose of the
the purpose of the lab states the purpose
Introduction lab and explicitly state There is no
and the variables to be of the lab, but not
the variables that are to introduction.
studied. the variables to be
be studied.
studied.
All materials and setup Almost all materials Most of the
Many materials
used in the experiment and the setup used in materials and
are described
Materials are clearly and the experiment are the setup used in
inaccurately
accurately described. clearly and accurately the experiment are
OR are not
Drawings included as described. accurately
described at all.
appropriate. described.
Procedures are listed
Procedures are listed in Procedures are
in a logical order, but Procedures do
clear steps. Each step is listed but are not in
steps are not numbered not accurately
Procedures numbered and in a a logical order or
and/or are not in list the steps of
complete sentence. are difficult to
complete sentences. the experiment.
follow.
Professional looking Accurate
and accurate representation
Accurate
representation of of the data in tables
representation
the data in tables and/or and/or graphs. Graphs Data are not
Data of the data in
graphs. Graphs and and tables are labeled shown OR are
written form, but
tables are labeled and and titled. Drawings inaccurate.
no graphs or tables
titled. Drawings are are included when
are presented.
included as necessary necessary.
and are well labeled.
The relationship
The relationship
between the variables is
between
discussed and The relationship
the variables is
trends/patterns logically between The
discussed
analyzed. Predictions the variables is relationship
Analysis but no patterns,
are made about what discussed between the
trends or
might happen if part of and trends/patterns variables is not
predictions are
the lab were changed or logically analyzed. discussed.
made
how the experimental
based on the data.
design could be
changed.
Conclusion includes
Conclusion includes
whether Conclusion No conclusion
whether the findings
the findings supported includes was included in
supported the
Conclusion the hypothesis, possible what was learned the report OR
hypothesis
sources of error, and from shows little
and what was learned
what was learned from the experiment. effort and
from the experiment.
the experiment. reflection.

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 Performance Task 4

Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration by analyzing the diagram below.
Answer the following guide questions in an essay form.

1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the chemical-bond energy from a certain
nutrient is released to the cell in the form of ATP?
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration as well as in fermentation?
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-energy molecules.
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What about in fermentation?
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells can oxidize organic fuel and generate
ATP without the use of oxygen?

Assess What You Have Learned

Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic respiration.

NADH Electron Transport Chain Glucose ATP

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 Directions: Identify the following statements as photosynthesis or cellular respiration.

____________1. Energy-releasing pathways

____________2. Energy-acquiring pathways

Task: Fill Me Please!

What an exemplar performance! You did a great job in finishing this module. Hopefully, you had an
enjoying moment in this journey. Congratulations!

After accomplishing series of Activities, fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below.
It is necessary to have a knowledge about the photosynthesis and Calvin Cycle because it
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Kindly share your thoughts and learnings by finishing the sentences below:
I have learned that ___________________________________________________________

I have realized that ___________________________________________________________

I will use my learning to ______________________________________________________

REFERENCES and CREDITS to:

o Belardo, Giselle Millete M., Avissar Yael, Choi, Jung, et.al. 2016. General Biology I Textbook for Senior
High School. Quezon City: Vibal Group Publishing, Inc.

o Dela Peńa, Renato A.,Gracilla Daniel E., and Pangilinan, Christian R. 2016. General Biology. Pasay City:
JFS Publishing Services.

o Faltado, Ruben E.,Paz de Leon, Reneecilia B., and Lopez, Merle B. 2017. General Biology 1 for Senior High
School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing,Inc.

o Rea, Maria Angelica D.,Dequillo, Mary Zugar M., and Chua, Jenny Lyn C. 2017. General Biology 1. Quezon
City: Rex Printing Company,Inc.

o Commission on Higher Education.2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 1.
Quezon City

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education

SUMMATIVE TEST: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MODULE 3

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: _________________________

Section: ____________________ Date: _______________ Parent/Guardian’s Signature: _____________

A. FILL THE TABLE

Directions: Accomplish the table below by comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Write the different terms
needed to complete the table.

Factors Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Main function

Site of Reaction

Production of ATP

Sustainability

Production of lactic acid

Oxygen requirement

Recycling of NADH

Participating cells

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 B. VENN DIAGRAM
Directions: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing the Venn diagram below.
Venn diagram of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

C. COMPLETE THE TABLE

Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of cellular respiration. The option table is given
for you to answer the needed materials and end products of cellular respiration.
Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration

STAGE STARTING MATERIALS END PRODUCTS

1. Glycolysis (in
cytosol)

2. Preparatory
reaction

3. Citric acid cycle

4. Electron transport
and chemiosmosis

Available Choices

b. NADH, FADH2, O2, c. Glucose, ATP, NAD+, d. Pyruvate, Coenzyme

a. Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
ADP Pi ADP Pi A, NAD+

e. Acetyl CoA, H2O, f. Acetyl CoA, CO2, g. CO2, NADH, FADH2, h. ATP, H2O, NAD+,
NAD+, FAD, ADP Pi NADH ATP FAD

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education

SUMMATIVE TEST: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MODULE 4

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: _________________________

Section: ____________________ Date: _______________ Parent/Guardian’s Signature: _____________
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided for before each
number. Use CAPITAL letter only. Avoid ERASURES.

__1. Majority of the CO2 is released during __________.

A. Glycolysis B. Citric acid cycle C. Electron transport chain D. Oxidative phosphorylation
__2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called __________.
A. Heterotrophic organism B. Anaerobic organism C. Aerobic organism D. Anabolic
__3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular respiration
eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
A. another hydrogen, a gas C. an oxygen, water
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
__4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are biochemical pathways
performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Nucleus B. Ribosome C. Chloroplast D. Mitochondrion
__5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic molecule as the
ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called ____________.
A. Fermentation B. Reduction C. Krebs cycle D. Electron pumps
__6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound ________, which causes
muscle soreness.
A. Pyruvic acid B. Malic acid C. Carbon dioxide D. Lactic acid
__7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
A. smaller amounts B. the same amount C. larger amount D. only twice the amount
__8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of ____ATPs: _____from the
ETC, _____from glycolysis, and _____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2 B. 38, 34, 2, 2 C. 36, 30, 2, 4 D. 38, 30, 4, 4
__9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
A. reduced B. oxidized C. phosphorylated D. hydrolyzed
__10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction C. occurs in the mitochondria
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

B. TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: This is a modified TRUE or FALSE activity. Write the word TRUE if the underlined word/phrase
being referred to is correct. If it is FALSE, change the word/phrase to make the whole statement
correct based on the concept of cellular respiration.

________________1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen.
________________2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes.
________________3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that occurs without the use
of oxygen.
________________4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules, majority are proteins,
located in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.
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________________5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for cellular respiration.
________________6. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the electron transport chain.
________________7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and Pi by
chemiosmosis.
________________8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to power ATP
synthesis.
________________9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule of ATP.
________________10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not, whether the
conditions are aerobic or anaerobic.

CONGRATULATIONS!
THANK YOU FOR ACCOMPLISHING MODULE 3 and 4!

YOU ARE NOW FINISHED IN THE SUBJECT GENERAL BIOLOGY 1.

CONGRATS! 😊

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