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    ESAL and Axle Loading

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    trilokbist04
    The document discusses concepts related to pavement design including equivalent single axle load (ESAL), vehicle damage factor (VDF), and axle loading. It states that an accurate estimate of current traffic loading is essential for pavement design. While traffic volumes can be determined via counts, current vehicle loads require an axle load survey as it is not valid to design based on legal load limits due to overloading. The document then discusses different wheel and axle configurations and provides the legal single axle load limit in Nepal.

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    ESAL and Axle Loading

    Uploaded by

    trilokbist04
    434 views4 pages
    The document discusses concepts related to pavement design including equivalent single axle load (ESAL), vehicle damage factor (VDF), and axle loading. It states that an accurate estimate of current traffic loading is essential for pavement design. While traffic volumes can be determined via counts, current vehicle loads require an axle load survey as it is not valid to design based on legal load limits due to overloading. The document then discusses different wheel and axle configurations and provides the legal single axle load limit in Nepal.

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    ESAL and Axle loading

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    The document discusses concepts related to pavement design including equivalent single axle load (ESAL), vehicle damage factor (VDF), and axle loading. It states that an accurate estimate of current traffic loading is essential for pavement design. While traffic volumes can be determined via counts, current vehicle loads require an axle load survey as it is not valid to design based on legal load limits due to overloading. The document then discusses different wheel and axle configurations and provides the legal single axle load limit in Nepal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    434 views4 pages

    ESAL and Axle Loading

    Uploaded by

    trilokbist04
    The document discusses concepts related to pavement design including equivalent single axle load (ESAL), vehicle damage factor (VDF), and axle loading. It states that an accurate estimate of current traffic loading is essential for pavement design. While traffic volumes can be determined via counts, current vehicle loads require an axle load survey as it is not valid to design based on legal load limits due to overloading. The document then discusses different wheel and axle configurations and provides the legal single axle load limit in Nepal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Equivalent single axle load (ESAL)

    Vehicle Damage factor (VDF)

    Axle loading
    An accurate estimate of the current traffic loading is essential for an appropriate pavement
    design. Traffic volumes can be determined by traffic counts, but for current vehicle loads can be
    found by an axle load survey. It is not rational to design pavement layer on the basis of legal
    axle load limits because of the widespread problem of overloading. In addition to this, the
    proportion of vehicles with partially loaded in unknown. In these circumstances of axle loading,
    pavement design across the world is accepted to design on the basis of Standard Axle i.e. 8.16
    tonnes (80 kN). In Nepal, the legal axle load limit is 10.2 tonnes.
    There are several basic vehicle wheel arrangements: Single wheel, duel wheel, single axle and
    tandem axle. The maximum legal single axle load in Nepal is 8.16 (8.2 ton). Loads per wheel
    equal to the axle load divided by the number of wheels.

    Equivalence factor/ EALF


    The damage that vehicles do to a road pavement depends very strongly on the axle loads of the vehicles.
    For pavement design purposes the damaging power of axles is related to a 'standard' axle of 8.16 tonnes
    (80 KN) using
    equivalence factors which have been derived from empirical studies. In order to determine the cumulative
    axle load damage that a pavement will sustain during its design life, it is necessary to express the total
    number of heavy vehicles that will use the road over this period in terms of the cumulative number of
    equivalent standard axles (esa).
    Axle load surveys must be carried out to determine the axle load distribution of a sample of the heavy
    vehicles using
    the road. Data collected from these surveys are used to calculate the mean number of equivalent standard
    axles for
    a typical vehicle in each class. These values are then used in conjunction with traffic forecasts to
    determine the predicted cumulative equivalent standard axles that the road will carry over its design life.
    Equivalence factor is calculated by using the following relationships:
    Forth power Rule

    Conversion of Different Axle loads to single equivalent axle load


    Nos of Standard axles = (EALF*no of Axle), EALF must be calculated a/c to above formula

    Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF)

    Where sufficient information on axle load is not available and project size does not warrant conducting an
    axle load
    survey, the indicative values of Vehicle damage factor (VDF) may be used as given in the table below.
    The Vehicle Damage factor (VDF) is the multiplier to convert the number of commercial vehicles of
    different axle loads and axle configuration to the number of standard axle load repetitions. It is defined as
    equivalent number of standard axle per commercial vehicle. The VDF varies with the vehicle axle
    configuration, axle loading, and terrain type and from region to region. The VDF is arrived at axle load
    surveys on typical sections so as to cover various influencing factors, such as traffic mix, mode of
    transportation, commodities carried, time of the year, terrain, road conditions and degree of enforcement.

    For the design purposes, it is necessary to convert numbers of commercial vehicles of different axle load
    into to the number of standard axle load repetitions.

    VDF = (Nos. of St axles/Nos. of trucks sample (vehicle sample))


    For VDF calculation nos of standard axles must be calculated from axle load survey.

    ESAL

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