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    The Otto Cycle: EAT223 Thermofluids and Engines

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    أحمد صلاح الدين
    The document describes the Otto cycle, which models the ideal thermodynamic cycle of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four processes: (1) Isentropic compression, (2) Constant volume heat addition, (3) Isentropic expansion, (4) Constant volume heat rejection. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the volume compression ratio and increases with higher compression ratios. The efficiency can be calculated from the temperature ratios between the isentropic processes.

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    The Otto Cycle: EAT223 Thermofluids and Engines

    Uploaded by

    أحمد صلاح الدين
    70 views13 pages
    The document describes the Otto cycle, which models the ideal thermodynamic cycle of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four processes: (1) Isentropic compression, (2) Constant volume heat addition, (3) Isentropic expansion, (4) Constant volume heat rejection. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the volume compression ratio and increases with higher compression ratios. The efficiency can be calculated from the temperature ratios between the isentropic processes.

    Original Description:

    EAT223

    Original Title

    Lecture 2 Otto

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    The document describes the Otto cycle, which models the ideal thermodynamic cycle of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four processes: (1) Isentropic compression, (2) Constant volume heat addition, (3) Isentropic expansion, (4) Constant volume heat rejection. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the volume compression ratio and increases with higher compression ratios. The efficiency can be calculated from the temperature ratios between the isentropic processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    70 views13 pages

    The Otto Cycle: EAT223 Thermofluids and Engines

    Uploaded by

    أحمد صلاح الدين
    The document describes the Otto cycle, which models the ideal thermodynamic cycle of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four processes: (1) Isentropic compression, (2) Constant volume heat addition, (3) Isentropic expansion, (4) Constant volume heat rejection. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the volume compression ratio and increases with higher compression ratios. The efficiency can be calculated from the temperature ratios between the isentropic processes.

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    The Otto Cycle

    The four stroke engine was first demonstrated by the German engineer Nicolaus Otto in
    1876; hence the name “Otto cycle”.

    The technically correct term is actually four stroke cycle.


    The four stroke engine is probably the most common engine type nowadays. It
    powers almost all cars and trucks.

    EAT223 Thermofluids and Engines


    Internal combustion engine
    Internal combustion engine

    Actual four-stroke spark ignition engine

    Ideal Otto cycle


    Otto cycle

    Adiabatic - Isentropic Isochoric Adiabatic - Isentropic Isochoric


    Otto cycle

    P3V3  P4V4
    V2  V3

    V4  V1
    P1V1  P2V2
    Heat and work analysis
    Thermal Efficiency

    Wout Q in  Q out Q out


    Qin    1
    Qin Q in Q in

    Wout
    Qout Q in  mcv (T3  T2 ) Qout  mcv (T1  T4 )


    P1V1  P2V2 
    P3V3  P4V4

    T1V1  1  1
     T2V2 T3V3 1  T4V4 1

     1  1
    T2  V 1  T2  V 1 
         
    T1  V 2  T1  V 2 
    Heat and work analysis

    With a bit (!) of rearranging, we get the following


    important result:

    1
      1  1  rv1
    rv 1

    where rv is the volume compression ratio:

    V1 V4
    rv  
    V2 V3

    and γ = cp/cv
    Thus, the thermal efficiency depends only on the compression ratio.

    Higher rv means higher efficiency

    This is because it increases the temperature ratios between the two isentropic processes
    Gas constant

    The gas constant is equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy
    (i.e. the pressure-volume product) per temperature increment per mole (rather than
    energy per temperature increment per particle).

    PV  nRT where R= 8.314 J / mol⋅K

    PV  mRT where R= 287 J / Kg⋅K


    Exercise
    1. Air at 100 kPa and 20oC is compressed reversibly and adiabatically in an Otto
    cycle. The air is then heated at constant volume to 1500oC. It then expands
    reversibly and adiabatically to the original volume and is cooled at constant
    volume back to the original temperature and pressure. The volume compression
    ratio is 8. Calculate:

    i) The thermal efficiency. [56.5 %]


    cv = 718 J/kg
    ii) The heat input per kg of air [789.7 kJ/kg]
    γ = 1.4
    iii) The net work output per kg of air. [446.2 kJ/kg] R = 287 J/kg K
    iv) The maximum cycle pressure [4.84 MPa]

    1
    1  1 1
      1  1  rv1 T2  V 1   P2  

    rv 1      
    T1  V 2   P1 
    V1 V4
    rv  
    V2 V3
    Exercise
    2. An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 60%. The pressure and temperature before
    compression are 105 kPa and 25oC, respectively. The net work output is 500 kJ/kg.
    Calculate:
    i) The volume compression ratio [9.88:1]
    ii) The heat input [833 kJ/kg] cv = 718 J/kg
    iii) The maximum temperature [1906 K] γ = 1.4
    [6.64 MPa] R = 287 J/kg K
    iv) The maximum pressure
    Exercise
    3. An Otto cycle has a volume compression ratio of 9.5:1. The pressure and
    temperature before compression are 100 kPa and 40oC respectively. The mass of air
    used is 11.5 g/cycle. The heat input is 600 kJ/kg. The cycle is performed 3000 times
    per minute. Determine:

    i) The thermal efficiency [59.4%] cv = 718 J/kg


    ii) The net work output/cycle [4.1 kJ/cycle] γ = 1.4
    R = 287 J/kg K
    iii) The net power output [205 kW]
    Exercise
    4. In an air standard Otto cycle the maximum and minimum temperatures are 1400
    oC and 15oC respectively. The heat supplied per kilogram of air is 800 kJ. Calculate:

    The compression ratio [5.24]


    The thermal efficiency [48.4%]

    The ratio of maximum to minimum pressures in the cycle [30.4]

    cv = 718 J/kg
    γ = 1.4
    R = 287 J/kg K

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