COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Lagawe Campus
Lagawe,Ifugao

MODULE
IN
AGRICULTURE & FISHERY
PART2

First Semester 2020 - 2021

Compiled By:

MACELINO B. LUNAG
Proffesor1
Lesson 1: VEGETABLES
 Learning Outcomes:
1. To determine the various types of vegetables that are commercially grown in the
country.
2.
3. To identify the constraints in the production of vegetable

 The term vegetable pertains specifically to plant parts that are edible
such as leaves, roots, stems, flowers, etc. Plant parts such as edible
fruits and seeds are not considered as a vegetables.

 Vegetables that are Commercially grown in the Philippines

 Pechay
- Well pechay or petsay is the one of the easiest to grow
vegetable in the Philippines. This kind of vegetable needs just
30 days before you can harvest it. You will just need to
germinate it on a seed box and then transplant it to its
designated location after. After that, you need to water it twice
a day continue sly until 30 days of harvesting
 Ampalaya
- Ampalaya or Bitter gourd is also one of the best vegetables to
plant in the Philippines. This kind of vegetables taste bitter but
it has many vitamins and minerals which is good to our health.
 String Beans
- String beans or sitaw in tagalog is also best to plant in the
Philippines. This kind of vegetable is long and growing. This is a
vine type vegetable.
 Squash
- Squash or kalabasa is also one of the best vegetables you can grow
in the Philippines. This vegetables produces bigger size squash and
this will be great to grow in your backyard. There are varieties of
squash which can give you small and also there are big. It depends
upon on what kind of squash you have.
 Malunggay
- Malunggay or Moringa is also one of the best vegetables to grow.
This has many vitamins and minerals content in which it can help
you to live longer. This vegetable also is easy to grow.
 Peppers
- Peppers or sili is an ingredient commonly mixes on dishes. This makes
the food spicy and many people tend to eat spicy food.
Planting pepper is also easy to grow in the Philippines. Like the three
previous vegetables, you need also to grow it first on a seed box.
  Eggplant
- Eggplant or talong in the Philippines is also one of the easiest
vegetables to plant in the country. As if you try to notice or try to
monitor in the market, there are many vendors of eggplant. This
means that if there are many supplies in the market that vegetable
is easy to grow. More farmers plant eggplant vegetables are
because more people need it. More people put it on dishes that
people cook.
 Lima Bean
- Lima bean or patani in tagalog is also one of the best vegetables to
grow in the Philippines. But if you try to notice, there are just few
people growing it in the country. This is easy to grow but it is not a
popular vegetable compare to those other vegetables.
 Okra
- ladies finger is also one easy to grow vegetables in Ph. This has a
stronger capability to grow in tropical country. Growing okra is easy,
you will apply the direct planting and it will be easy to germinate.
When the okra grows, it needs more sunlight to grow well.
 Tomatoes
- tomatoes or kamatis is also one of the easiest vegetable to plant in
the Philippines. This kind of vegetables needs three to four months
before you can harvest it.Planting tomatoes is just like pechay. You
need to grow the seeds first on a seed box and after that transplant
it to its designated location after.

 The Growing Areas of Vegetable Commercially Grown as Organic

 Constraints in Vegetable Production

The major common constraints to vegetable production in smallholder farmers
are pests and diseases and these limits farmers in obtaining better crop yield and
ensuring food security. Some smallholder farmers have adopted the use of
chemicals to manage insect pests and diseases in vegetable production. However,
there is a challenge of insect resistance that is building up and this is becoming a
constraint to insect pest management and obtaining good crop yields (Jallow et
al., 2017). The overuse of pesticides is also leading to health problems and
impacting the environment when not handled properly. Jallow et al. (2017)
 indicated that 65% of farmers agreed that the use of chemicals for insect
management is hazardous to the environment and 70.5% confirmed that
pesticides can be dangerous to human health. This will remain a huge problem to
farmers who depend on chemicals to manage insect pests, especially when
climate change is having an impact on the biology and distribution of insect pests.

 Controlling Pests & Diseases of Plants

Plants are attacked by a number of pests in all stages of their growth. They
destroy certain crops and reduce the quality and the value of crop production.
For effective control of plant enemies, it is necessary to know the nature of the
organism to be controlled. There are three types of plant enemies that are
difficult to control.
 Types of Plant Pests that are difficult to control
1. Chewing Insects- These insects bite off portions of the plant, chew them
up and swallow them in the same way the other animals eat their food.
Examples of these are cabbage worm, tomato hornworm, and cutworm
and bean pod borer. They are easily destroyed by spraying their food with
appropriate insecticide.
2. Sucking Insects- This kind of insects have a tube-like sucking mouth.
They insert their mouth part into the tissue of the leaf or stem and suck
their food in liquid form (plant juice). Examples are leafhopper, scale
insect, squash bug, onion thrip and mealy bug. They can be controlled by
spraying them with the recommended agricultural insecticide.
3. Fungus Diseases- These diseases of plants are caused by the
development of low forms of plant life known as fungi. They are on or
within the tissue of the host plant. They start to grow and develop in the
plants from which they secure their nourishment. Fungus diseases can be
destroyed by spraying or dusting fungicide. It prevents germination of the
pores or kills the germ before it enters the tissue of the host plant.

Activity 1
Study the different insect pests in your backyard garden. Observe and note the destruction
it does to the plant.
 Activity 2

Make a collection of insects commonly found in your garden. Place them in an empty
bottle and label them properly. Take a clear photo and insert it in the space provided.

Exercise No. 1
Identification:

____________1. It is also called ass the ladies finger.

____________2. It is also called as the bitter gourd.
____________3-4. This is a vine type vegetable.
____________5. This is easy to grow but it is not a popular vegetable compare to
those other vegetables.
____________6. This kind of vegetables needs three to four months before you can
harvest.
____________7. A type of vegetable that makes the food spicy.
____________8. A kind of vegetable that needs just 30 days before you can harvest.
____________9. It needs more sunlight to grow well.
____________10. It contains many vitamins and minerals in which it can help you to
live longer.
Exercise No. 2

How do chewing insects obtain their food?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
How should you eradicate a sucking insect?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________

What is meant by fungus diseases? How are they controlled?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________

What are the different chewing insects?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________

What are different sucking insects?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________

Lesson 2: PREPARING SOIL FOR PLANTING

 Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the importance of soil preparation.
2. Discuss the proper methods of preparing the soil for planting.
3. Use the appropriate gardening tools for the right job.
 Soil Preparation
One of the important factors in the production of vegetable and field crops in
proper land or field preparations.

1. Clear the area or site by pulling out weeds, grasses and other obstacles to
make land preparation easier.
2. After the land has been cleared of waste materials, plow the field to a depth of
15 to 20cm depending on the nature of the soil and the crop to be planted.
3. Harrowing the next step. A fine, smooth seedbed or field can only be obtained
by harrowing. The purpose of harrowing plowed soil is to level it, make it fine,
compact it and destroy weed seed, weed seedlings, and grasses.

 Soil Testing
Soil preparation should not be done when the soil is extremely wet and
dry. A wet soil causes puddling and formation of hard clods. Very dry soil,
on the other hand, is difficult to break and pulverize.

How can you tell whether the soil is good for plants or not? Get a handful
of soil in your hand and press it into a ball. When the fingers are relaxed
and the mass is formed into a compressed mud ball, the soil is too wet and
sticky to work on. It cannot give many nutrients for the plant to grow
healthy. Sticky soil prevents the roots from seeping in water. On the other
hand, if the soil crumbles easily in your hand, the soil is said to be friable or
very dry. This kind of soil is not ideal to work on.

DRY SOIL VS. WET SOIL

 Tools & Equipment for Gardening

A well-pulverized and loosened soil is good for growing vegetable crops and other
farm crops. The process can only be achieved with the use of appropriate hand-
tools and equipment.
 Hand trowel- It is used for loosening soil around the plant
  Hoe- It is used for breaking hard top soil before planting. It is also used to
cultivating the soil.
 Spade- It is used for digging and breaking the soil.
 Mattock- It is used for digging hard top soil and for digging canal.
 Shovel- It is used for shovelling loose materials, removing trash and moving
soil from one place to another.
 Bolo- It is used for cutting unwanted stem of trees, for cutting grass and
pulverizing the soil.
 Hand Cultivator- It is used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the soil
and eliminating young weeds around the plant.

 Care of Hand Tools & Equipment

Garden hand tools and equipment should be properly used and cared for
to prolong their use.
1. Hand tools should be washed or cleaned before keeping them into a tool
rack.
2. Hand tools must always be kept dry in a tool rack or cabinet when not in
use.
3. Broken or damaged tools should be repaired immediately.
4. When not in use for a long time, the iron parts of the tools should be oiled,
greased or painted to prevent rusting.
5. Cutting tools should be frequently sharpened.
 Methods of Planting Seeds
There are two methods of planting seeds; direct seedling method and
Transplanting method.

 Direct Seedling Method

The seeds are planted directly to the soil. Examples of vegetables that can
be planted by direct seedling method are ampalaya, lima beans, carrots,
cucumber, okra, patola, raddish, squash, sweet corn and upo. These plants
have straight roots systems and may have root damage if transplanted.
This method is best used in large farms.
  Transplanting Method
The seeds are planted in a seed box to grow seedlings, and at the right
time. They are transplanted in the plots. Vegetables such as cabbage,
cauliflowers, lettuce, mustard, eggplant and tomato have scattered branch
root systems which recover easily.

 Methods of Transplanting Seedling

Transplanting is usually done when the plant has its first true leaf because it has
all the soil nutrients that it needs. Transplanting seedlings must be done late in
the afternoon or just after the rainfall to maintain their freshness.

1. Clean the area by removing dirt, weeds, and stones.

2. Dig the soil with the hoe or pick to tilt and pulverize it.
3. Remove all the stones and weeds on the soil using the rake. Level the plot.
4. Add fertilizer to the soil.
5. Dig holes in rows on the plots with the use of the hoe or towel. Distances
should be six inches apart or farther apart if the plants are big.
6. Transplant the seedling one for each hole with garden soil. Press the soil lightly.
7. Water the newly transplanted seedling with a sprinkler or a hose. Cover them
with banana stalk to protect from the heat of the sun.
  Proper distance, depth, and rate of planting seeds and seedlings

 Distance of Planting- The distance at which seeds should be

planted is determined by two factors: the amount of space needed
by each plant for normal development during the time it is expected
to occupy the given location, and the amount of space needed for
proper care of plants.
 Depths of Planting- There are three factors in determining the
exact depth of planting seeds: size and structure of the seed, the
soil and the season of planting.
 Rate of Planting- It refers to the thickness of sowing seeds in a row
the number of seeds to be planted per hill.

The following table shows the suggested rate, depth, and distance of planting of the
most common vegetable crops in the country.

Crops Rate of Seedling Depth of Sowing Distance of

(gm per hectare) (em) Planting Between
hills(cm)
Cabbage 150 ½ 30-50
Sweet corn 8,500 60-90
Cowpea 27,150 ½ 20-30
Cucumber 75 2.5 35-45
Eggplant 700 cloves until ½ 40-50
covered
Garlic 85 1 15-20
Green onion 90 1½-2 8-20
Lettuce 26,250 ½ 25-30
Mongo 685 ¼ 60-100
Muskmelon 750 1½ 12-120
Mustard 2,870 2-3 30-50
Okra 200 ½ 60-120
Squash 700 2.5 12-20
Pechay 200 2.5-3 20-30
Ppper 3,250 ¼ 15-25
Radish 8,000 1 30-50
Pole Sitao 2,000 2.5-3 8-15
Onion Bulb 40,000 ¼ 15-25
Bush Sitao 2.5
 Activity 1

Make a survey in your community. Observe what method of planting seeds and
seedlings is used by the farmers. Report or discuss your observations.

Activity 2

Practice sowing seeds using the two methods of planting seeds and seedlings.
\

Exercise No. 3
A. Answer the following questions:

1. How can you tell whether the soil is good for planting or not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Enumerate the different tools and equipment for gardening.
a.______________
b.______________
c.______________
d.______________

3. What are the two methods of planting seeds and seedlings?

a.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. Enumerate & discuss the methods of transplanting seedlings.

a.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

b.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

c.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

d.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3: WEEDING, CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION

OF FARM CROPS
 Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify the types of Weeds
2. Describe the proper ways of Weeding and cultivating plants
3. Explain the Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer

 Weeding
Weeds are plants that grow in places where they are not wanted. Weeds are
harmful to the plants because they crowd the plants and compete for nutrients,
sunlight, water, and space. They are also carriers of insect pests which may be
transmitted to the crops.

 Types of Weeds & Their Control

1. Annual Weeds- These weeds reproduce only by seeds and complete their
growth in one season. Annual weeds that are commonly found in school and
home gardens and in small and large farms are wild mustard, pigweed, and
crab grass. They can be controlled by pasturing farm animals, cultivation by
hoeing, reducing growth and development while the seeds are still small.
2. Biennial Weeds- They need two seasons to complete their life cycle. They
usually produce their seeds in second season of their growth then they die.
Examples of biennial weeds are eggplant, goat beards, and wild carrots. They
can be controlled by plowing, planting clean cultivated crops, spraying and
pulling weeds when they are still small.
 3. Perennial Weeds- These weeds require two or more seasons to reproduce
both seeds, roots and underground stems, and they live more than two years.
Examples of perennial weeds are talahib, quack grass, cogon and morning
glory. They may be eradicated by means of the right kind of chemicals or
herbicides or they can be burned and treated with weedcides.

 Cultivation
Cultivation refers to the tillage operation on the soil around rows or plots of
planted crops. The primary purposes of cultivation are: to destroy weeds, to
loosen and to roughen the surface of the soil so that water will penetrate it easily.

 Kinds of Cultivating Tools

The oldest method of preparing the soil for planting is hand cultivation.
The two most commonly used hand tools in cultivating small gardens are
the garden hoe and pick mattock. The gardeners use these tools to turn
the soil, to prepare seedbeds, to build up ridges and to kill weeds.
 Kinds of Fertilizer
Fertilizers are either organic or inorganic compounds added to the soil to supply
plants with the nutrient-elements that he oil fails to provide. There are two kinds
of fertilizers-organic and inorganic. The chief sources of organic fertilizers are
animal manure, green manure and compost while inorganic or commercial
fertilizers are manufactured and distributed through stores and suppliers of
animal feeds.

 Organic fertilizer

1. Animal Manure- It is a mixture of excretion of soiled beddings that

accumulate in poultry houses, swine houses, animal stables and barns.
2. Green Manure- Leguminous crops such as mongo, cowpea, peanuts and
soybeans are examples of plants that can be used for green manuring.
They give the soil food they have taken from it during their growth.
3. Compost- It consists of well decayed materials made of green, dry
plants, grasses and animal manure. Composting is the process of
decomposing a mixture of rotten and decayed manure, plant parts and
other organic material.

 Steps in Making a Compost Pile

1. Select and prepare a compost pile. It should be located at the back part
of the garden and should be measure 1 meter wide and at least 4 meter
long.
 2. Gather and prepare the following compost materials, rice straw, corn
straw, green leaves, decayed leaves, weeds, and kitchen waste such as
vegetable or fruit peelings and fish entrails.
3. Dump or pile the materials. Pile a layer of grass, straw, kitchen leftovers
about 12-15cm thick to cover the selected area. Level this area thoroughly.
Pile the second layer composed of animal manure about 5-8cm thick layer
over the first layer. Make other layers similar to the first two layers until
the pile has reached the height of 112/2 meter. Sprinkle the compost pile
with water to make it moist.
4. Moisten the compost pile if it is too dry. Too much water is undesirable.
5. Cover the top pile with banana leaves or any materials that can protect
the composting material from rain.
6. If the conditions for decomposition are favourable, the compost will be
ready for use three months after the preparation.

 Inorganic Fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizers are also called chemical fertilizers and commercial
fertilizers because they are commercially available in the local market.
They may be either complete or incomplete fertilizers. A complete
fertilizer contains all three elements of plant food- nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium (NPK). An incomplete fertilizer contains only one or two of
these elements- N, P or K.

 Different Methods of Applying Inorganic Fertilizers

1. Band application- In this method the fertilizers are applied near the
seed or seedlings.
2. Broadcast Application- In this method, the fertilizer is scattered in the
field in all direction by hand or machine
3. Foliar- This is the application of the right amount of mixed liquid
fertilizer and water, sprayed thoroughly on the leaves or foliage of the
plants rather than on the soil.
4. Top dressing- Used when the fertilizer is broadcast overgrowing crops.

Activity 1

Make a survey in your locality about how farm manure is gathered and stored.
 Activity 2

Make a brief survey in your locality and find out how many percentage of the
farmers use compost.

Activity 3

Construct a compost heap in your backyard garden

Exercise No. 4
Answer the following questions.

1. What are weeds?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What are the types of weeds?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Enumerate and define examples of biennial weeds?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. How many perennial weeds are eradicated?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Enumerate the following:

1. Two kinds of fertilizer

a. ____________________________
b. ____________________________

2. Chief sources of organic fertilizers

a. _____________________________
b. _____________________________
c. _____________________________

3. Steps in making compost pile

a. _____________________________ d. _______________________________
b. _____________________________ e. _______________________________
c. _____________________________ f. _______________________________

4. Two kinds of inorganic fertilizer

a. _____________________________
b. _____________________________

5. Four methods of applying fertilizers

a. _____________________________
b. _____________________________
c. _____________________________
d. _____________________________

Lesson 4: HARVESTING & MARKETING FARM PRODUCTS

 Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the factors to consider before, during and after harvesting
2. Discuss the system of marketing products
3. Use proper techniques in harvesting, storing and marketing vegetable &
fruits.

Harvesting is the process of gathering crops upon maturity. It is a critical

period in all farming areas and for all types of farming. All crops must be
harvested on time, that is when they mature or soon after. Harvesting before
they are fully mature will result in a poor-quality product. If harvesting is
delayed much beyond maturity, most crops will be damaged by insects.

Factors to consider before harvesting, during and after harvesting

Different crops have different periods of harvesting. The following are the
factors to consider before, during and after harvesting.

1. Leafy, fruit and root vegetables should be harvested during the coolest part
of the day, early in the morning, or before sunset to maintain its freshness.
2. Root crops, like camote, ubi, gabi, cassava, and toge are harvested when
the soil starts to swell, an indication that the crops are fully matured.
 3. Leguminous crops such as peas, beans, batao should be harvested when
pods are still tender.
4. The patani and legumes such as beans and mongo should be harvested
when the fruits are mature and their leaves turned yellow and dry. Rice and
corn are harvested at their dough stage.
5. Fruit trees like atis, guava, guyabano, santol, and duhat should be harvested
when they are unripe and mature.
6. Avoid damaging and bruising vegetables while harvesting so that they will
reach market in perfect condition and command better prices.
7. All root crops should be washed after they have been harvested. Drain
water or air-dry them first before storing or marketing.
8. To maintain the freshness and nutritive value of vegetables for cooking, pick
them only at the time they are needed.

 Marketing
Marketing is the method of selling farm products. In farmers language, it is the
selling and buying of goods from producer to customer.

 Systems of Marketing
1. Through the wholesaler or dealer- The dealer come to the farms,
harvests the crops themselves, and sells them directly to the market. This
system is advantageous to the producer because he/she has sure market
and has less chances of losing his investment because the dealer or
wholesaler pays a down payment the moment an agreement has been
made.
2. Selling directly to consumers- This is commonly used by small-scale
growers of farm crops. They sell directly to the consumer by bringing their
products to the local or nearby public markets.
3. Selling through cooperatives- This practice is very common by small crop
growers. The members share their services and share equally in profits.
The advantage of this system of marketing is that farmers get enough
profit from their products and consumers pay cheaper from the products
they buy.

Activity 1
Visit local farmers harvesting their crops. Observe on what practices or systems are
followed before, during and after harvesting their far crops.

Exercise No.5
Answer the following questions.

1. What is harvesting?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Why is harvesting considered the critical period in all types of farming?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. What will happen to the crop if not harvested at the right time?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the factors to consider before, during and after harvesting?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the systems of marketing?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 5: AQUACULTURE & FISH CAPTURE

 Fish Capture
-Fish capture is the art and science of catching fish for livelihood. It is a major
industry in the Philippines since our country abounds with different types of
bodies of water. Like many other industries, fish capture is beset with several
problems. The Philippines has a wide range of fishing areas but several small
Filipino fisher folks find it hard to sustain their family needs through fishing. This
is brought about by factors such as poop fishing facilities an d equipment,
pollution of water near coastal areas, inadequate fish communities in areas
within their reach and lack of knowledge about modern fishing methods.

-Fish captures provides food, generates income, creates employment and earns
much needed dollars. More than 50% of the protein equipment of most Filipinos
who are average wage earners and cannot afford meat, eggs and milk, comes
from fish. Thousands of fishermen fishpond workers and factory workers and
dependent upon the fishing industry for their means of livelihood.

 Different Fishing Gears

Filipino fish folks used to catch fish only in shallow waters with their bare
hands. Today, Filipinos are proficient with fishing techniques and are more
productive. They fish even in deep waters with the use of nets and other
fishing gear. Fishing gears are classified as wounding gear, falling gear,
fixed impounding nets, scooping nets and entangling nets.

Wounding Gear
It is the simplest form of fishing instruments manipulated by hand. Some
examples of wounding gear are:
1. Spear- It is a wounding gear provided with pointed, barbed or barbless
at the tip of the handle which is not removable. It is generally removable
by hand. It is called sibat in tagalog.
2. Harpoons- It is a wounding gear called panibat or pamaril in tagalog. It
is a pointed instrument with barbed blade detachable by the handle which
is either thrown by hand or discharged from a gun .

Falling Gears
These fishing gears affect the capture of the fish by covering a school of
fish.

1. Cast Net- it is a conical net which forms a circle when thrown. It is

heavy at the base that enables the net to quickly sink the bottom of the
water, thus covering the fish. This is called dala in tagalog.
2. Cover Pot- This is an entrapping device which has an opening at the
lower most portions. It has a small opening at the top where the hand is
passed when retrieving the fish caught.

Fixed Impounding Nets

These fishing gears are those which catch fish by filtering the water.

1. Filter Net- It is a conical bag made of sinamay cloth or cotton netting

which is fixed in flowing water to catch shrimps, crabs and fishes.

2. Fyke Net- It is a winged conical filter net with a series of circular hoops
leading into a closed sac or trap with a small opening so that exit would be
difficult.

Scooping Nets
 These are hanging nets that are submerged under water. Capture of fish is
done by quickly lifting the net when the fish are over it.

1. Lift Net- This is square net usually made of four bamboo posts. They are
used in rivers and operated by lifting the net without the aid of pulleys or
blocks.
2. Dip Net- A dip net is a framed bag of various shapes in which capture is
done by dipping the net and scooping the fish with the hand or by
mechanical power.
3. Level Net- It is also called salambaw among Tagalogs. This is a kind of
lift net mounted on a bamboo raft and operated by the lifting action of the
net attached at the end of the pole.
4. Push Net- It is a triangular bag net framed with a wooden bamboo
handle that is collapsible.

Entangling Nets
This fishing gear catches fish by grilling or enmeshing.
Gill Net- This is a walled curtainlike net set vertically in the water. The net
has a mesher that allows the fish head to pass through. The fishing is
caught in its grill when it tries to withdraw. There are various types of grill
nets. They are:
A. Drift gill net- called panti or panaod.
B. Set gill net- It is known as langarate, patuloy, palagiang or
paningahan.
C. Encircling gill net- It is called bating or pahalang
D. Trammel net- It is called trasmalyo

 Fish Culture
Fish culture involves human effort to raise or maintain the maximum productivity
of fish pond or other aquatic products. It maintains the supply for the satisfaction
of human needs.
Fish culture or the practice of raising fish under controlled conditions has become
a popular and profitable industry in the Philippines. Raising fish in ponds is the
most common and productive method of fish culture. Fish culture wether in
ponds or in pens offer several benefits. It is a source of income, for personal
consumption and for livelihood.

 Phases of Fish Culture

There are three types of fish culture. These are fish propagation, fish
cultivation and fish conservation.

1. Fish Propagation- It is the natural or the artificial method of promoting

reproduction and survival of the fish. There must be enough and steady
supply of fish seeds for the purpose of stocking. This is done in the
propagation stage where breeders are kept and maintained in breeding
tanks or ponds for pawning, hatching and nursing the larvae up to a size
suitable for stocking in grow- out or rearing ponds.
2. Fish Cultivation- It is the rearing of the fish and other aquatic products
from their very young stage, like fishing fingerlings, up to the stage when
they are big enough to be sold in the market.
3. Fish Conservation- It is the proper utilization of fish and fishery
products. This is done by observing fishery laws, rules and regulations
affecting fishery products.

 Common Method of Fish Cultivation

There are common methods of fish cultivation used in our country, these
are:

1. Fish Pen Method- This method requires the use of net enclosures in
shallow protected areas of inland water generally in lakes or lagoons. It is
constructed with the use of either bamboo slats or nets fastened
permanently against strong posts and frame.
2. Fish Cage Method- This looks like a chicken cage. This method is
employed inland bodies of water, preferably flowing. It is made of bamboo
or wooden frame with nylon netting. It is placed in water with its bottom
located a few inches above the mud or water flooring.
 3. Hapa- This is a net enclosure that looks like an inverted mosquito net. It
is small and unframed. It is used for keeping and maintaining breeders or
for nursing fingerlings.
4. Open-water method- This method is done in bays, coastal lagoons and
other similar environments. It is used for cultivating oysters, mussels,
seaweeds and others.
5. Aquarium Method- It is made out of glass with colored fingerling inside.

 Selection of Suitable site for the Backyard Fishpond

In selecting a backyard fishpond, the following criteria should be considered.

 Water Supply- Clean and flowing water must be available for a minimum of
six months during the year. The pond should be in an area where enough
supply of water is found.
 Type of Soil- Use clean soil, clay foam, sandy foam or loam soil to get better
results because they contain the major essential nutrients needed by the fish.
Avoid soil that is sandy and rocky, because these types are not capable of
holding water.
 Size of fishpond- The minimum size is 50 square meters with a depth of at
least 80-100cm. of water. The level of the pond should not too low from the
sea level or it should be within the suitable tidal which is 0.3 to 1.4 meter.
 Vegetation- This refers to the plants growing on the side being considered.
They should not be thickly forested or covered with a thick growth of
mangrove trees.

 Fish Preservation
The Philippines has rich fish grounds because of the vast aquatic resources in
around the country. Many coastal communities engage in fishing as their means
of livelihood. However, there are seasons where fish are in abundance. During
this season, the fishermen are faced with several problems. One of them is
transportation. Another is inadequate storage facilities. In this instances, fish
processing becomes necessary to preserve the excess catch. Fish processing
includes not only the operations necessary in preserving fish but all the other
steps to improve the quality of fish products. The most commonly practiced
methods of processing are drying, salting and smoking.
 Drying is a fish airing method which is carried out properly will result in a product
that can be kept for a long period of time.

 Steps in Cleaning Fish

1. With a sharp knife, make a cut on the nape and cut forward through the
head, keeping the knife hard against the vertebral column.
2. Turn the knife facing the posterion end and cut towards the tail keeping
close to the dorsal fin until it reaches the tail.
3. Open fish with a knife. Do not cut through the skin.
4. Remove the gills and the intestines then brush out the peritoneal(black)
lining.

 Methods of Drying Fish

 Sun drying (Natural dehydration)
This is technically called sun drying. The following steps are be observed:
Steps in Sun Drying
1. Wash fresh fish thoroughly in running water.
2. Soak fish in 10% brine solution for half an hour to leach out the blood.
3. Remove the viscera by opening and squeezing the belling cavity.
 Salting- It is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. Salting
is a basic process in all methods of fish preservation. Salt as a chief
preservative is used in dry salting, brine salting and fermentation.
 Smoking- This is the process of exposing the fish to wood smoke
until it is golden brown. Smoking is a combination of other methods
of fish process such as sun-drying, brining and boiling.

Activity 1

Interview a fishermen in your locality. Find out what are the common types of fishing gear
used by a fisherman.
 Activity 2

Draw or Illustrate different fishing gears. Find out what their local names are.

Activity 3

Create a simple fishing gear.

Activity 4
Research on what type of fish can be raised in marine waters using contraptions like fish
cage and fishpen. Find out what type of fish is mostly raised.

Activity 5

Visit a nearby public market in your locality and list the most common types of dried and salted fish.

Exercise No. 1
A. Enumerate the following:
1. Phases of a fish culture

a.__________________________
b.__________________________
c.__________________________

2. Common methods of fish cultivation

a.________________________________ c. ________________________
b.________________________________ d. ________________________
c.________________________________
 3. What are the three commonly practiced methods of preserving fish?

a. ________________________ c._________________________
b._________________________ d. ________________________

4. Steps in Sun drying.

a. _______________________

b. _______________________

c. _______________________

5. Steps in cleaning fish

a. _____________________________

b. _____________________________

c. _____________________________

d. _____________________________

B. Identify the ff.

1. It’s the simplest form in fishing instruments manipulated by hand.

2. It is called sibat in Tagalog

3. It is called panibat or pamaril in Tagalog

4. These fishing gears affect the capture of fish by covering a school of fish.

5. It is a conical net which forms a circle when thrown.

6. This fishing gear are those which catch fish by filtering the cover

7. These are hanging nets submerged under the water.

8. It is a square net usually made of four bamboo posts.

9. It is called salambao in Tagalog.

10. It is a conical bag made of sinamay cloth or cotton netting to catch crabs, shrimps
and fishes.
C. Discuss how to prepare fishpond.