Alkane,Alkene and alkyne

By : Bishwajit Prabhakar
 → e
A + B
in

1
msf product
Reactant

÷ .

Reagent
Substrate µq× em cuz
-_
,

titty
-

tix →
CH t
Ctf =
, am

More Reactive
-
Less Reactive
-

Ckz

HT
CNS
"
"

Eg
3 →

' '
m H - X
H

* ← * eng
re

ng ( } Hao
-
OAC
,

en
,
-
E o_O
-
UAE
-0% -
CB
ng
g Cy
=,

hfloacj
- -

o -

,
 Haltered
' '

en§n
"

•
G -

F of alkene

(
• Find Total no alkene
Including
8. I ) in

9h12 ⑨ Ghg
⑤
⑨ Cgt ,o

⑨ 8h10
f
① c-

g-
c

g
e c
c
-

c
-
-
c-
c- c-
e-

l
# tic
ya
-
c-

e- c- e- ⇐
e e - e - ⇐"
'

Lee c

her
I 2

③ -

g-
a

=
II
IF D- II
E- II EEE
II
'

is E-
 change
St s
-

's
I,
Tt
cuz
# CH ehz

[ . .
) scientist
neely carbene

( Electrophile)

fair
Cng - Cn -
cuz > x

it -0
e
X
'
n' A -

# en
,
-_ ch - CH
,
-1400

Allyl
tpnyiicn.org -

4- ④ ez - Bernal

Benzo Benzel
gu
-

→
-
 lcBrP_I
Reaction of Alkene
=

H2
T R -
cha
-

Ching
Pdl Pt , mi

II D2
c
y R en
?
-
-

D D

( 5TH Addition )

22
I R -
CH -
cuz
R ez Lphzp ) , Rh
en -
Cl b b
-
-

( SYN Addition)

HX
y r -

EY
-
enz
x

( follow M - K - v Rule )

HBV
> R Cy ez x
-
-
-

H2 2
(follow Anti M - K V
-
Rule
)
*
to
Xs
> R - CH -

ez
Cdg d
*
follow addition)
( Anti
x
42/110 7 R -

cry
-

Chu
OH
Anti additions
 CBRP
HBS
em ,
Cheng
-

Bre
y cuz -
Change
v.v or her I
Bt

Cla
Ch
eelz CH -
>
-

,
b ✓
-

cuz -
CHIEH,
Y

p
42
/R -
OH
y enjoy
-
'
b
OR

( Anti addition )

02
> • coat nhao

Cl
Noel
yensjdn -

Cy
-
Ho
 ICBRP
-

t
Hao IH
y cuz
-

Cy
-

Choo
OH
Rule
follow M K v -

→
.

→ Hydration of alkene .

→
Rearrangement possible

g.
Nylon c)2. -

Hao
,
cuz cy
-
-
Ctb
I Na BHT on
.

Reece
follow M K v -
-

→ No Rearrangement
→ Ota DM
Reaction
→ Anti addition Rien

z . Hg loach ,
ROH
CH
y eng CY
- -

3
2 .
Ha BHT
OR
( Al Kong mercurate
-
-

on denervation RKD
CH in
Chg y
- --
,

1 Btlz THF og
enjoy cha
. - -
-

,
Q Has 1 Rule
-

OH Ant M
K u
follow
'
. - -

→
Rkn
→ SYN Addition
→ No Rearrangement
's
→ HBO Rk

2 .
Baz . THE
y eng -
CH -

cuz
2 .
RCOOH I
D
→ No
Rearrangement
→ Hydro bora tian
Reduction Run
1 .
B Hz THE .

2
)
enjoy eootf -

hgcruq
-3 Hydroboratiaonidaticn

I .
031 2h I
G n t nano
> cnz
-
-

-
Reductive ozonolysis .
Ci cnjd-on-e~tb.be/Agz0
03
,

onidaf've
ozonolysis

oh
1 . MCPBA I
en
ensign
-

>
Q .

Hzot on

→ ai hydroxylation Rkh
→ Anti addition
→ Ho Rearrangement

I . MMPP 94
en Cn en
>
- -

,
Q Hzot I
-7
.

engin -_ cuz Oh
→ Di
hydroxylation RK "
→
Anti addition

on
I
tyg ( oh I
-
.

7 Chs
-

can
-

Cnn
Q .
Hoot OH

→ Dihedron latices
→ Anti addition

1. cold Krenoq
en -
en -
cm
,
'
2 .
Hzot In on

→ Di hydroxylation Reaction

→ STH addition
→ No Rearrangement

on
in
en -
in -
cm
.

2 .
Hyo t -
stil addition
 ?
/
"
I Kmnuq H
.

d oh + cue
cuz
-
-

>
←

10h
-

H '

I .
KMno4 c - o + cue
7 Cng
-

en
,
- Cn =cn
,
-7

came
in;
on
ch
cuz
-

s -
,
s
→ cycloaddition Reaction

Cl
- it

↳ Chaz ,
Kon
cuz
-
/)
Cn -
Cnn

→ cycloaddition Rkh
 CBRIP

-2
o
ans
-

①
-

is .

NHS =3
② cm
,
-/em-

cans
③ cuz

In in.cn?acns--s
,

order : 37271
Stability -

dec order f stability of

in
÷ Arrange
alkene .

"
3
2 cnz
- Ch -_
Chg
'

sleety cuz
-

cuz '
.

i eh -_

he
.

,
]

Ghs
Ch
,

Iq . cmon
-
I
C
5 .
I=c " L
f - eh I
,
Nyc cans

G -

choice 7 .
%Ic=j% '
I '
b
H
n n
,
 ⇐ s sits
II II
I I

h te
4¥ )c=E
gp3
←
4£ coast
Act h T ly
Goo
I SPZ
qq.TO
I ( 128%

#
6¥ Lens =
4

( exo )
Lch ) =
g

( Endo )
EXO double band
bond 7
Endo double ( Lees stable
)
stable)
( more F- a
4h
-
Chu
-

chg

.li?.s. .:. :. s/
is

chatsyst
p a e ← s
←
chicks -

cuz
=L
-

in :*
 Ch3
④ I

⑦ Cng Cng
-

ing Cng
-

eye cry
-

q④
Chg chg
I II II I

291=0 din ) :3 Lcn ) 6 2cm '-

9

a
E) II >I >I

÷¥t5%%%¥=
④
④
) Stig CI
-

chg
-

Cnn

f ⑦
I > I

dont :3
Leng
-
-
7
I -
I

f¥⑦ ⑦ I #
Lens :3 21,4=4 -
 l l
"
T L
I to
④
din ) -_
g
22nd -
g

# cuz
-

ez
-
city 2143=2

1. thief;de
' '
"

en
,
-
Fn -
CB acn ) -_ 6

④
H vioshiftenz - c -
en
,
I ④
cuz
g.
/
g.
lens I
cuz e -
-

I
Lens --
9

Chg Meg H
s
, J i

21h ) 9 Cy cuz
I cnz c
-
-

=
-
.
.

I ④
I

+43=5
-faster >
te
-0 Methyl Shift
 ↳ h5
I ⑤

Chg
- G -
cuz

n÷'
T
'

f.
1931.4.1
far
''
'

-
Isom "
she:&
Shift fans
C
⑦ -

Chick,
④ I
Cry cuz Ghs
q
-

cha Cns
-

ch
-
-

"

th
i
Ch
ch ↳ Chs
e④ Chu -

's 43
-

cry -
-

cry en
-
- -

L H

|I7E7t

_c%cn,y-qn-cns7-ey-agy_c÷
Migrational

I
enz
Ch
3
 Et Electrophile
←
( electron
defeat )
Electra
Rim )
(
-

air
t

t.no/sebs+.tutiarkn-
addition RK "
↳
me -_ e - c -
e

e - c

HY
en,=en -
Cha -
X

ton
-

/ erden oh ou
-
-

C -

e * em , ""
l i" EI
" ×
l
l
cry -_ CH
,
THX -
-
= - z )
'

7nF 71 hydro
Halogenate Ra
-

-
 X = O
,
Hk , P .
S
-

C = c c = *
←

tie¥÷ IF
E
.
-

so .
I A - B

Ii 's →
÷⇐ .

!> e t.io

£¥
Ric - o - E

ray.io
'

'
"
add Re

§
.

E
→
CI e Add
"

free Radio
Rk
'

> c = O →

f
wi add
"
Roi )
 EI 4

£77 X
a

I
EH

ETI e¥
cgltg
←
Use sett
-

9/2
carbon
2: No af
of hydrogen
Ho
y :

8 y = 8
a- ,

u F ② ti
8-2 / 9-4
-
-
 it
C.
Hz -
e -

CH =
In -4 en
2
I →

Chs
/
- r

H
I ④
Lcn )
cry CH
Cng
=
g
g
-
- -

ch
3

! 1. a .
Hydride shift

④
oh cha Cng Lcn ) = 8
g
- -
-

Cuz

-0
tix
×
'

cnz
g chicly
-
-

en
,
 { @n Jie
-

-12
Aromatic

stable that
)
f
is more
#

{
Is riryexpn

⑦
'

II. Ring cent

t
.

h →
a
 cuz

4/-04
Erythrite

- oh
n

↳has

Chz

1-
" on Therese
Ho
-
H

cans
 CBRP
←

Reaction of alkene
-

HX :
with
-

of alkene
① Reaction

chg
cuz
gyu
-

→
-

en -_ en t HBR
cuz -

tlechaism ! -
⑦
en

-nqEr
→ en -

en -

,
,

en en
( Intermediate)
-

+ Br -0

enz Cy
-
-
cuz
Br
Cl

1 Hel en -
d -

enjoy Masur
.
,
→
cuz Cy -
-
Ch -_ eh
,
In
3
CH
3
minor
ens-gq-cy.eu ,

Sh 's
i HBV
2 cuz CH cha -
g
.
-
- =

CH3
-

÷÷n , > -

guying
-

cozen, > -

cry
 # ⇐ Ifor

#
DE Es Kfar
Br
E, 4-
# TI I

#
IIF E,
Ifor

EI
#

aft →

-0

11,2Shift
- h

Ifor EE EE
to
#
Effy -↳Br→
t
I
.

Br

£7,4 # §y is methyl ÷v\

=E±
-

E-
=
*
ey-cnz-cy-cq-eg-IY-cu-e.cn ,
-"%
cry

with HX
# Reaction of alkene

in presence of Ngos .

Mechanism
→ follow free Radical
Rule
•

Mrkrv
.

Anti
→
follow
HBR )
(
n I do not follow
→ he her ,
,

Rule
Anti M.K.ir
.

HBV
Br
Cy Cy
-

en
-
-

en -_
erk ,
cuz
-

HN EH 00

Mechanism
-

→
n .
-
o -
o -
y

N
My got Br
-

Bv →
H
-
.
O
Ly
-

un
ey-iq-cq.nu
Bo
cuz
•

Chez CH =
→
-

±
•
f- I. Huo
-

b
en
,
- in -
cha

H - O
.
+ Chg Cng -
-
CUEBV
=
 > ¥
o : .
1- mm

II efz
-
en =
cry

g : . Till nmrlsee)
if →

⇐
#
-
Reaction at alkene wit
Xsfeck,
Anti addition
follow
Xafeeiq : -

÷: +
man
:¥÷÷¥Et
Cn
,
.

Idi pair
OR
Racemic peinture

meam :
-

÷ ÷÷÷÷:¥* mf
Bloody
,,

a
¥÷ .
 I
#b 9
b t
a
a b

ET
'
II
l x
/ x

x
x
Hi
I,
x
x

#
b 9

#
a b
b
a
b
g
×
× II
I
are
Enantiomer pair
I am I

÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷"
 2- butene t BI ) eck
CES Trans
.
- ,

&
Cis - 2- Pantene
1- BI
Kek,
.

Trans - 2- parter t Braley

3 .

÷±÷÷÷÷÷÷¥
:
Chz
"

(
Hz
CHS

:t÷ ÷ :c
3

'
.

:
.

BV

7÷oaBr
*
7¥ ,
B

mum
g.
torn
 ← Product
G :
f Cd4
p couasw

BM
major Product,
I q (
T.gs
if the
Products
above
reaction
FWM the
then Parl q are
are p and q

③ diastereomens
⑨ Enantiomers

compound ⑨ Achiral molecule

② Meso
 pr
# cuz
-

cm =cn
, ÷j en
,
-

gn
-
cuz
BV BV
Bra I
# cry Cheng
-

¥ cuz
gu cuz
-
-

04

# cis -2 -
pentane t Boyko -7

BT
" t
from -7
CH3
Ghs Cns
\ ✓

upon
BY Bo →
•

1-
,e=c ,
h h Br
- n

Ghs
-

Enantiomeric pair
=

# cis -
2- Pantene + Bra 1h20 -7

# Trans -2 -
Butene t BI/tzo→
# Tres -
2 -
patent BZ/Io→
 cuz
"

to
g : s

the maser product of the reaction is

⑨
t¥g÷ .
①

E÷÷ .

①
" ⑨ n
a. .

n
 of cold kmnog :
Reaction alkene with -

#
cold KMno4
ey -
en =
Cng - eng
-
CH -

Chu
ton ton
( STH additional
-

t÷÷÷÷:÷:÷÷÷:÷
€ cold kMn04 '
ion on

£ 0504 /Bo④
gu gu
-
.

G .
I .

BH , THE
>
,

:I::÷:e ÷
2-
Boston -
→ c- (
'
( HBO Run ) n Ly
 paagnesium bis ( mcnoperory phthalate ) hexahydrate .

÷ ÷ :÷ ÷ ÷
ANTI Addition
=

x leeks d
,
g-
×

04×2/420
g
d -

×
OR
Strom d
g
-

x
04

MM PP/ht a
I

g-
kg Cortez Yo
oh
4
{ Harne,
,

og
-
d
 E
* g. ng Lowen, )2 ,
Hao -
o
- - en
,

2
H9Bh4
.

* I -

hey Coco CFB ) 2,10

2 Ha
.

Btk

① cis -
2- Butene + Osos,

Butene + cold kmnoe, →

2-
Tras
-

② cold Kreme, →
t
2- Pantene
cis
end -2
③ Kmnoc,
-

2- Penitent
Trans -

①
Hzo④
# t end kmnoe,
→ LIE ! :p
Kmnog
-
=
Mnuq
Mechanism ! -
Kt +

K
-
o
\ to 6-
Mn U
o
" d

§
"
o

±
.ee
Smog
←
+
-
T
Lancon
""
"
I £7!! ! .to?gmEo
 # ⑦ 9 B

EE :3 LITT
• "

J -
Ho

#
.

1 Is -08in
Eko f⑦
- n

Lotto
←
T
-

, on
-0
step
=
-
I 4¥00 o
, go
E- Mango -
EI
# R
.IO?...nc=e
d f r slow R "
"
i.
→ e - c

t
•
Tf
R, Bag I
R
'
R
,

Intermediate)
( unstable
→
isolated )
( Not
→

?
U
n run
,=o
-
-
o
: a
Stet is
.

o
-

often
-
o l l
R
, I →
.
-

caper
.
.
r
'' e -

-
. e - C -
-
-
-

R ⇐ ff
R Bep
-
-

q
,
Rc
'
p ,
p I I 0

It -0 .
Mn
.

to
M" ✓
T
-

on o
' oh O

←
l l on
i 1 050
←
£ F' C C
-

' -
'' ' "" "' ""
R' ←
er org
R , R , * § BR ,
O M S G A P S

n o
acid
-

O : oxalic
l
acid n
-
-

: Ma Ionic
M
acid
re
n
Succinic
-
-

S :
3
acid n
-

Gluten
-
-

c
Gr :

acid g
-
n -

Adi pic
A :
5
acid n
-

Pinnate
p
:

Sqbericacidn-6@n.
÷÷ h
S :

oxaeicaeiy

/
""
:
\
Coon
Malone acid
Chu
→ on
 Anti OY 04
on -
y l l
I l e C
→
-
- "
* "

Lucian
e R
A
'
R
µ
-
"
H
R
G Ld Ri Ri
Ri R
,

"°
t Ho -
Mn
To

( nmnoz )
-

# ! ( = c I? +
oso,
EE
n

Mechami
-

en en as
, ,
Ster I l l
'
c. = L e
n
- -
e

¥
→
n' , ,
O
O
.

\ 110
Os
t
Osl
o
"
to o
" to

( os mate ester

Steph : -
the osmate ester
underfed hydrolysis
diol
to form 1. s -

i
o
- non → Y
'

9£ njo : 0£ njo
✓ -
↳ o l ion
o

l
→
' e c
t
l ,
-
-
n
- e - et
+ at T l -

'
I
gu in
@ 012902 t e - c

← -
- a
 kmnoa
# Reaction if alkene with not .

hot kMn04
= CH → cry
-
oh 1-
CO2
cuz -
en ,

cuz
-

en # cry → en
,
-
E -
n +
o=e1y
t
+ .

o
-
4

cry -
I
'
-
on to-do -

y
H .

Cuz t Hoo
=

IF enz -
en -_ en
-

Shs ÷÷ ensou+shs-i
,

Adibic acid
# ④
Hot kMno4
#
-
cyan cq-cn=cy
-

#
¥ Hot Kmnog
Ty
ki
-
 Epoxidation of alkene
#
I

Peracid → eHz enjoy

-

+
•
cuz
-
cm
-
-
ay
with peracid
is
treated
alkene alkane
IN hen epoxy
produce
°

Aa medium ebony dats

-

as
in non as
is known
this phenomena
of alkene .

# Substrate + Reagent
we
I.

Alkene

agent (Reagent)
Elooxidisyioy
Nucleophilic agent
Electrophilic agent
H2S / Nao y
'

•
Mcp B A

Per benzoic acid

meta chloro
foot
17 -
a

•
efzcoootf
Tri flow acetic penchant acid
 Otc o -
o -

y
ton
-

tying u - o - o -
a

' #

-iV
:

n-
species Nucleophilic agent .

e- deficient

# + me PBA
e¥ o

Median :
-

→ To
"

Ef
'

t
.
,

⇐s
C ,

I IF

¥4? Isen
,

" -

EE +
Attack
--
 EI: ①
-

I & ( MESO )

"

② a "
'
"
"
+

( Edl Hair )
"
③ • "
i
'

④
ain't ÷±o
§
concept
IF Regioselectivity

-7 :
""
E

wards E④ addition Reacting

Reactiritgrfalkehe
e "

: > >
EYE:÷m
en
①
n'sun
'
. .
.

More Reactive

②
7¥ 7¥
'
÷ ¥
172753473
 Ly
I

↳ acm

↳ MCPBA (
excess)
¥
' e'

ETE Caya L

→
cnet
① Regioselectivity
→
Ena
② Stereoselective aiiy
Selecting →

③ chemo
 concept of stereoselectivity

t÷÷¥
.
i÷ .

:& Eto
n barf
f
-

- H - - - -
- . .
. . . . .

-
Man #
TE C
,

H .

OH
cook
I
Togo
↳
t
-
a
 '

①
E¥÷÷
cuz cuz
\

HEY
me PBA

"
:D:
h
Less
8oI① -

exo

F- More
hindered endofa±

the alkene
occurs
mainly
→ Eponidatiar of face
hindered eno
Lees
from the
eboride as a major
Exo
the
to fire
product

÷:
( maser )

een:
 '

-4¥ Major
.

g :
4¥ ④ > ③ ots

•
r .

Tscl
- r

;÷÷e7
1-
° TBDMS -
Cl

Silyl chloride )
( Tributes I dimethyl
ensign; e' "

oes
*

④ ⑨
 # 17 i9 Haoy
1-1 2.

f Br④ ( electrophile
source
-

80€
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is a
HBS
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ocnz
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art
.

q%%Br④ →

:%÷¥÷¥i .
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an
.

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*
i.÷:::÷÷÷i÷:÷÷
t
.

t
.

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↳
 I e .
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g :
Tian
Gy

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es : i
" '
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, §
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-

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:
g

knack
:
g 2 .
B Fz
. 'S MEL
OR

B Fs . TH F
u R

B Fz . O Etz

OR

BE OR .

z
 EE
Som : -

''
=

÷÷
-
re ' te ÷:
o

- -
n ← EDI
-0
Shift
1 1.2 h
-

, g
BB
yo
EEF
-

→
→ I
 with Hag in
# Epoxidation of alkene

)}
of NaOH
presence
.

Nucleophilic etonidising agent

•
Hao, I ont f

rk E £77
① Ey
Hyoz 10h
-

- s
② →
TBT
SS Ph Sozpb
ph Ph

53114
③
#
Ph
ph Bosom
specific Reaction .

non stereo
It is

eisfTransIyTransJy
•

-
#
€105
ph 802pm

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o-o.sn#n-su-o-o-o+nao Nucleophile
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.
.
.

t.ph#*sozm
"

←
go
pm ↳ S
-
op h

H
H -

ngos 104
\ r ab o y
g : .
see →
,
Chs CHO Cho
H
or

cry .cn
-_
em -
on -_ 0¥45 cuz
-

enjoy
-
Cho

"
"
ec=e E¥ "

µ
'
Ino
H
In .

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the electron density
group reduce

CIC bond so
epoxidation
of the ,

electrophilic addition
by a Peracid ( an

Reaction ) occurs very much flow .

 compound
# X. B unsaturated carbon .

MCPBA
rt

↳02/04
-

I
,

than Logon
-

is Less Reactive
me PBA compound
unsaturated
•

in case f 2. p -

o_0 ) undergoes
(H o -

f Boz
-

Base
•
consegate
addition) with
addition ( i. a -

a Michael
d. B -
unsaturated compound .

ton n o - o_O thao

→
-

Mechanism H o o n
-
- -

-0
j

¥9
-

: :

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→

n H
-

,
o
-
O

↳ 02/05 17
g :
Fy ¥ Leko
-

↳ Fo
Cfzcozh
o

TE ¥-0
( see
,
 '

Ezio €05
#
a

BY g
,
 of alkene with peracid :-
# Reaction
Reign → cry
cryogen
-

,
•

ay
- en -_
cry +

dy
'
18

enz ¥7 en du
engine gn
-
-
• -

16 OH
18

57,7¥
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en n'
① →
" .
.

I
h -0 OY
Qu
-

i en
eye
-

←
ens
-

1-
ly <
-
ero ,
-

M on yo :] 04
cuz -94 cm -

④ L
OU

-oh
16
Basic hydrolysis -041ha I
- R ch
gn
-
-

-1
( GOH

R
cnn.tn in
.
-

18
R -
CH -
Cha
→
,

h④/qj6 on
16 I
 CUZOH
-

en
.
-

site
¥n
/ T
.

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) on

site
Reactive
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Ter Bas

for
'
SH
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.
-
.
.am

t.cn .
is

Acid Bak Rk
o_O
- .

enz -

gu
-

coyote ← enz -
Ch -

cue -

Och
, ⑤ to '
- -
hgc b

o
o_O
I
② cut Cy 0cg
- en
en -
-

cue
-
en - -

, ,
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enzo
~ tenon
in
-

S # 2
en ca
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-

,
-

=
 oh
Reactor "
I
'
o H

je
o
R
- -

s -
-

es
.

Je -_eL ⑦ '
og

teledrama .
-
3

'

i
I
.

I iii. at state
Trnsitim
-

t .

n
g
-

I
-
r

( epoxide)
 -
trash →

cocky
$
°
t rash -

achy
•
•

Ty
L
+ R cozy →
-

cuz
E
E
o

TT t Keogh →

-1402
Be

Th Raje -7
•

t
- i
 s . MCPBA
'
① E'FEI TE
E
' '

en o o y
-
-
-
-

s . ,

② cis - 2- Butene 7%+0

Buta →
2-
Trans
-

③
' '

I en -
E - o - o
-
b
.
,

cis s -
Parter %oyo
⑨
-

→
2- Pantene
Trans
-

i÷÷
retinas
'

rei in -

( Id l Pair)
④ enantiomeric pair
 Ctb cuz
g. Rcoooy / cyclo ar Cheb

)c=e{
.

#
-
H L .

hzot or 05/10
µ

+
n

:# o.E.ad.is
cry

# 2 Is in
eeegfcnzcoo Ag qgoy
EH
.
.

↳ ""
'
09
( saponification)

S slept : .
→ I
→ It

!
"

again %÷÷
sun' : -

f. Setup
X

@o4ok1asoEd.o ET "

ftp.aoz-cn
"

# a- ,
, "

i
"
"

hydrolysis
O - -
ca Cuzco
,
-_
 Ozonolysis

T
F
"

onidatiu ozonolysis
Reductive
ozonolysis Oz 1h20 03140L
.

ozlzn ,
031 das
031Ago 03/0 -
A
,

.
etc
-

031 phzp
. .

. .
-
etc ←

ozonolysis
•
Example of Reductive
→ Crb
-
% -
n to-day
④ enz
-
cm =
enz + Oz fan

cuz Cheo
tense -

y
tooth →
-

④ eh -
en = Cn -
Ghg
,

¥ -103/1'bP→2en5In!
ending qq.cn
,

onidatiu ozonolysis :
of
-

④ Examples
-1,
ers
-
arena

I,
n÷ ensign - r
to

en -
I
'
- on
+ o=e!y
Choco on t coat yo , it
.

cost H2O

④ en
,
In,=
- en -

sus
÷ > ons
-

Injo
t can, -
I -
op
 1-

#
Og oI→o→
' -

Rae er 's
[ Booger ] → RELIEF
-
-

onidate
Mechanism : .

-
'
'
R
Me er
rid}=e
- →
① -
-
R '

/ TR ' R' l l
: :O :
v go
0×0/0 \j/
-

↳
Motori de)
.
o

+
(
( unstable )
=

'
R
② Ry -

r%÷÷÷.io?..-s*=ot-o
C -

C Ry f - -

o€r§
1-

←
Ryo ,
-
o

'
- R
/ e
R \o/ '
r '

( ozonide ) e
 → No of ozonide ?
* CH
,
= CH
,
1- Og -

mi 01,4
-

L C
-
n' toe y

Number of ozonide =L

-# Ekg CHICK
-

toy →
Ho
=
of ozonide

"

n -

nnY=ot nay -0
'

-
o

④ Number of ozonide Excluding 5- I =3

Including
S I
-_G=
-

e c .
u
.
 CH ICH,
-03g
Cng
-

en
,
-
E -
H >
8-8=64
"

I te
8-8=1 ch
H
-
-

>
3

I edu
Reaction in +8
- -
-_

en -

,
H .

h
ch3y/°Icc
,
'
b

n 't l
O
O -

② as
.in .io Eee;→ -
Tye:
O - O

③ n -
I -
n 8-8=44
H .

o
- 4
MI c
-
c -
n
n 't l
-
O
o
 find no f ozonide Exckediy as well
Q :

Including S I in the following

as
-

Rean
'

① en -_ en -
ears tog
cuz
-

2h
-7
② en
,
- c = en
-
-

Shs tog
,
Cn
3

2h
③
Caste -_
clog )zt0s→

↳ h5
①
e;
"

O O
chg , Ghs
-

✓ I -
/ C
n
\o/ '
n

°ljch3 f Ole,Eh5
-

ensue!
-

Shs
② ,
'
'
\o/
'
en
n ol b

be ,

,Gh5
o

go )
-

Cnn ,
C
'

h
c
'
\o/ y
,
 - Mol ozonide
o_O
of p
'
-
p
g-
/ →
ft
u -
r
p p
#r ar
'

pl
'

c
r
-

R
/ r
'

#
pi
Key
↳ Litalien 12h
b

R o -
o

pl TH
on je
ok
'

#n 2R :-c r
-

pi R
[pl
ozonide

Ng
L -

03
B
ED ei A #

a
D

of aldehyde
smallest Mem 's
A ,[
QI f ketone
smallest member
1-

Smallest member of dial

find the IUPAC Name of A .

 O O

GO do ,

f
°
TT

RIH
2h

chefto
→

,R
R
-
tool
018
Irl
o

H
.

o=IR
's

R' + [o ]
=O 1- '
C pl
pll fan
's
In O

-1.03
④
# cuz Chun
-
-
Shs
I¥iµy
of this
Rien
the Intermediate
what is

ensign Youths
I

enyyiII.eu;
'

- -

a .

I
" f2h5 . 03 Ehs
# she →

#
= c H oh
Halling
'
h d-
ne on
y
Cng Esrgfhrse
=
 # ozonolysis f alkyne :
-

di di ing
0g/zn
en
-

→
- -

- en t ,
•
en - ⇐ c ,
,

E Ob
0314oz Lenz -
→
-

•
en - e -=C
-

cast
,
formation : .

( ozonide
'

# Mechanism T
no ( very
unstable)
→

oio -0
-7 en - c
If
=L -

ay
↳ I
,

en
,
- Cee -
CB I ,
①
O
-
O
O
I
ON 11
"
,e ④ -9€
en c - on
en = ,
-

-
, ,
cry
of
-

-0010
t.

in Ch
e
Cng e -

,
- -

l l
O
O -

f alkyne )
( ozonide
.

)
( Intermediate
workup ÷
Oxidative
-

en
.
en
.
-
E -
i'In
o -

OH
.
→ en
.
÷÷÷÷÷ .
.

added to the son

dust
⑨ if 2h

+ IoT
- go
Hogg
→
ZnO
2h + IoT =

in the
Preset
④ if oxidising Jeet
goin

i di -
r
r-ino.IR
r -
-

1. so

R - Inoa + R -
E - ou

hill'd , Miko ,
@das %P {?:L:
.

you
,

r
,
,
,r
t=o t ← off . .

To
' "
H' R
-
ol
R, pi
{
=o
+ ← f-
pic
40
 raina C e
l l
'
"
n l
O - O

lie:÷÷:÷ ::
t÷:O .

" R -
di - on + Coz
µ%=o to
-
n

03
→ ① + B

.to
2h we

# e
II's ×

:
.

LOL
Y
Identical
•
X and Y are

"
3
A- A = CBI B = ⇐e
5=0 , £45
ph

' '
D E
( I 1 ,
 the structure ane the
write down
9£
-

the talks he that gives

of Alkene
Configuration
on ozonolysis :

hero ③ enzcnaenotcngcuo
La ) engengcho +

Ld ) 2
enzeo Casca,
4) one -

Lenz )q -
eno

#=o
-

② only acetone ⑦ enzeoeocn

,

LJ ) engchotchgeocho then O

Lh ) 2
enzcno t COL Li ) only acetaldehyde .

LJ )
(R ) - 2 -
methyl cyecobutahohe

butanone
cyclo
methyl
(KJ (5) - I -

butanone
methyl Guo

(d) (R ) - and @) -
2-

u
Cho
& .
.
-

f-tenotncno
.

@ I
IX
C)

# Cho
htt
""
"
Cno
O
 Cascio butane
L J ) R -
L - Methyl

-4
iii. ÷ :* .
Chg

( R ) " "

( s ) R
I I
IF

"
i
a

¥!
•

Chu- U
✓ r

q % E
Eld
.

on
ch ie
- - e
cuz -
u

R -
CEC -
Rl

I ,
03/2 n

i i ri
r
-
-
-
 as
Ch '
ch -
3h 01=0 0€ -

n
,c=o
n
H.
I
chg on
Cb ,
Chs %,
y
Chs , I

,e/-n
C=c=c
5--0=0 g
ng
-
n n
h h .

"

h
"

s
Z

etch
e

=o o=c=o to -

I .

Chs H
M
"
/ cc
"

e=c=c R
A l -
en
n s

n it in
' 0=6
0=4-5-0
-

CEO y
cuz
-

Cng

Tos
-_ CH
CH
L
G
-

en -_
ez
-

cry
{ j) LRI-2.me/hs1cgelobutaho#
H

Eino I ,

.
or

(R .
E. R)
--
 ÷÷÷:÷i ÷÷:
"

EH
 alkene
ozonolysis of the
Reductive
product
Single
.

a
Ghg gives alkene
Structure f .

the
Find
✓ .
 ; on
ozonolysis the optically active
q
-

acetone
1- alkene A ( coolly ) gives
products Identify
of the
.

as one

the alkene A .

Alkyl chloride A ( Cohoes ) ging

Giz :
- An

alkenes B ( Ghia) and

two isomeric
when heated with alcoholic
C. ( Canez) and
the Minteer of B
KOH when
ozonolysis four
.

to
C is subjected ,

obtained these are

are
compounds
.

Lii ) Chacha Cho Liii) cngcocu,

C) en, Cho
structures f
d'
Lcnsbineno Find out the

A . B and C .
 tcarbenef
-
→ fer addition
Rien

teaberry : en
-

E
-
-
n

( Incomplete octets

of
u

' "
k
-

S =
2
S =
42 -111 = g

n gyu
,

= 0

)
'

Hilli city =
25+1

L
S

2×01-1
2×1 t l
I
H,
1
3
Singlet
Triplet --
 CARBEHS
I

as neutral
can be
defined ,

say carbene
in which
bivalent carbon intermediates
bonded to two
a carbon is covalently
atom and has two non
bonding
electron
two
orbitals containing
between them .

called methylene
are also
→ these

eqi . o.cn
,
( Methylene )

methylene)
:c
,
( Dichter
or

chloro
carbene
Ii

carbene
Bromo chloro
8C
By
 # Classifications
( spin multiplicity =D
carbene
① Singlet
carbene ( spin multiplicity =D
② Triplet

posited.

empty
# Singlet carbene :
I
e
R'
'
"
ice
carbene
Singlet
,
"
→ In a
"
c

central carbon
having READ
Sph hybridization
Structure of Singlet
→ It is very SHY carbene .

Electrophile .

in
electron present
case two
In this spin
→ in opposite .

orbital
Single
 in
e- present
# Triplet carbene one
p -
orbital .

each
#

Carson atom of a triplet R" "

I
ps
→
-
-

is sp
hybridized
carbene
-

er
r - \
→ It is a linear sp
species ( hybridized
Nonlinear )
.

Carson
hybrid orbital are .

these Hvo
→
the band formation
involved in
two
and the
with two groups .

each in tie

electrons are placed ,

one .

Cami valent mutually perpendicular Py

.

and Pw orbitals .

Preset in each
case electron
→ In this
orbited in parallel spins ( Tt cha )
 Stability f carbene
#

→
•
Triplet state of a carbene is more

carbene
stable than Singlet
 Synthesis I carbene
# -

• en
.
-

\
×

X
'

an
: en

carbene
. 4--5:)
B'
•
cry ?
\
HE ezI, sena

Bo carbene
=

→
Ae Koh :c
•

t
cnxz
( Di halo carbene
,

- :c
n no

→
• KOH et en elz
→
o
Koh t Chek Br
t -
o Koh Chee Bru
•
Koh t CH Cl BRI →

°
Koh f- CH Iz Br -

or
Koh t CH F- Brei -
 NAH \ Rd ' \
-
R"
←
e

# : →
.pe
:
j
o
.

#
.

R H
v p Rum

> doe Brz

* getz > sees

order of stability of differing

dec
carbene
tube f- Singlet

-:enzy:cFz7cdz7CBr#
↳ acetate
I

ion
'

sodium salt of tri no .

-

•
from

I -
-

o
is : cant coz
a -

cleavage
-

thermal
• photochemical or

of three member Ring

d- Etch
up
-
- en
, tick
no

eu-eeq-i.az
n'
' h Ph b- -

←
'
H
 •
Decomposition of Certain compound
bond :

having multiple

⑨ enje-fow-o.eu
6-
,
+ co

ketene

⑤ Qing -
if -=µ Is Knut Hz T

or

cngltz
Diazomethane

① b- t
'

ten :
Be :
-

p,

Diazine
-

Reaction
cycloaddition
①
reaction
② Insertion

③ Rearrangements .
 SIMMONS
-

SMITH REACTION
- -

! }e=e{ Rpg t ICYMI →

!}e-q¥Rt2nIa
) is

Itchen Simmons . Smith Reagent ( Icnazni

then Pnrduee
alkene
treated with
Rk ?
by cycloaddition
Cyclo alkane followed
called Simmons Smith Reaction .

is
-

#
=
Reagent :
ZHI
Ch -7 ICY
2h t ,
I

① zht
'

Mechanism : -

zn
→
+ Ie

a-o-s.ie?Ii.:CHz
I

②
1
I

!,¥
"

③ an
'
→ tenth -
I

zine carbenoids
→
 Tt Simmons - Smith RK 's :
-

+ cnn.in ,

"

Transition state

follows
→
t.

•
SYN addition
#

If> t 2h12

#
I FB
B
¥
 involve in the Rien
IF Regio chemist

÷: '

concerted
"

the
charism

" in.

go.EE
czIz( Exceed "
⇐ €75
och
,

in the Rkn
Involve
# Stereochemistry

i÷ E÷
'
'

✓ X

Iii iii.
' -

Is:
 #
-

'

t .

Och ,

ftp.3
↳
*
O O
en
,
Izcexcen )
• ⇐
① →
¥-6 ankus

$40 -
enz
¥ 2h14

③
o÷÷
. "
 # ey=e=cn, JA
or

1¥
-
en
,

# en
,
- c=c
- en
, ←

jme- me

tenge
'

:
Mechanism
on

en - on → en
.
,
. ,

0000 am
It .

cuz

t.

My c - cu
c -

enz ,
-

as .gr
and discuss the
the product
# predict the
involved in each of
Mechanism

following transformation ?
cnclzft
-
Buu-
's

Butera
① cis -2 -

=c= ene ,
Clem

Ethylene →
② -0k-0
Mezo
( Leg )
 es : -

!¥E=c=K ;
t :c =c=& ;
taeyeon t ska
' '

pi

'
'

→
cuz
"

A t 2cg =

Ie=c=c•)
ftp.oc-c-c .q
→
:

÷÷÷F¥iis÷
M

- Fa
h
Allen -

. c
carbene

H .

=c=cf
 preferred
# why Simmons - Smith Reagent is

diazomethane in cycloaddition
over the

Reaction .
why 9 .

( Chart )
is very
Diazomethane
Deasy : -

Explosive Furthermore , free

and
.

toric
inserts in n bond giving
Cnn
-
i.

problem
§
Such
-

Cng . There is no

carbenoid For
involving
.

in reaction

protonation by the
this reason ,
cyclo

reaction is Preferred
Simmons - Smith

diazomethane
over that
involving
.
 eseloadditimReactiasn.ec?n+ooen-sLEYri
①

c ' a

'
+ :c → r r '
c.
'
Rl
R

Insertion Reaction
:
②
-

L → R ez ez y
-

b
-

- t o.cn ,
-

r -

l o R
n singlet
Carsey R -

Chzchz
- -

*
ReakD
R -
I -
En → R -
en =c=o

ketene
Acyl carbene
-
 cycloaddition RKD
#
=

.E + en
.
.
- ¥÷÷÷:
"
t

"
.
tenants ¥9
Boy

Ey end
17¥
.

t ,
,

⇐
°
t en FBR "
I
,

"
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enebt Ag Haun →
¥
°

t
.

¥¥¥
-
 Arkon →
ft
t
#
'
t
ency
y
-

: Step I :
Median
-
-

:c + no

is :#
→
E
n -

Electrophile
=

carbene)
( Dichter

Rkn
step It
Cycloaddition

¥:
→

Fits
:c

÷ Anmatizaticn followed by Acid

step #
Base Reaction .
( Ring Expansionary)

"
I → or
i
①
pyridine)
oh
( z - chloro
e
,
I
 g
① ft t en Bres
if
-

Fa
P
② 111-1
-
'
+ emei
pl
l

A
③ ch Fel Br

If
t

⑨ en ee BRI

µ
t

BII
¥4

47,1
+ en
⑤

-
E ri
i ÷hs ez -

r
-

' -

r
r
-

④
-

tendency f R
'
7 R
Migrating -
 # em -
in "¥¥z en ! !; !;
,
A four centre
( state )
Transition

( Less stable ,

S -

? Bi?
- -

BK
"

H -

syn addition
-

£
,
J -
enz -
en en
en # ch =
cha
four centre

GI ) A -

state
(tu ) Transition
" "

Ei
:÷f ⇐ 3) th +
" -
I
elf Cy Cy

( propyl
- -

borane )
-
BH
,

-
-
 # Hydooboratim -
onidatias CnB
#

cry
-

en = CH
, IBHz.TN#zeHz-cH.g-Uz-oY
2 .

Boz

:÷÷÷÷t÷÷÷÷:
BHS

Mechanism : teydnboratias

-*;÷
-_

:-. T S -

Ch

I
(y
-
,

Yi cry -
en -_
cuz ,

Bitty
B
en
curch
-

L
-

, -
y
-
en
Cy ez
-
-
-

↳ cuz -
Cn -1hL

I qq.CZ eh
-

,
-
B
'
K Chi Cz
ch
-
-

ch cry
-

-
 oxidation ; -

#8h → n -
o
- o_O
H o -
n
step I : o -
- -

a
anion
Hydroperoxide
-
crows
Ch -0
slept ①

¥Bf
.

o -
o -
b

@ )gB -0-0-4
←
enz-cy.ly -

→ zazen

✓7 chock Cig -

Electron
deficient ( Tetra covalent
Intermediates
boron
)
boron
cryogen,

step 't :-(envying } -

BlIoff
-
-

y
→
@zcyeudjB
-
o -

mining
-0
ester
A Borin :c =

•
The boronic Ester reacts further by the same
process to give tri alkyl borate .

sI @zazen ),B ,
-
o -

cycn.cn, ¥47 .

Maston enocgcnu-BLocycn.az )
-

}
←
Bloch
,
,
crying

borate )
(Tnipwbyl
hydrolysis
borate ester then undergoes
• This to produce
reaction condition
Same
under the
Propanol and a
three molecule af I .

borate ion .
 cha -
Cha - Ch
, Lengthen ,

! Ko
o
-

⇐
' -0

?
achoo
-

"
cuz B
cuz en o -
- - -

goof
,
! - cu
.
- ca
.
- c

t .

Lenz -

Cy cuz
- -
o
)gB
-

Leng cy cy o
)gB
-
O
↳ -

Ht

)
-
- -

+ ←
+

1¥74
-
en
,
-

ay ay - -
o_O

the three preceding steps

↳ are repeated two time

Boys
-

3. cngcuacngon +
in

./B0zs-tyo→B(oh7→
-
. ÷÷¥÷:÷÷÷ ÷÷
-

04
R Hack 105 pls t
3 Roy
✓ → ' ' --
R -
B
'
no oy
R

• It comes from Bhs .

follow Anti Mav
Rule

OH ' ' ↳%
No Rearrgemeef
i '
• .

•
No Intermediate on Tradition State is form

es :
e- I

BD3.THFCHz-ety-eq-SI.BY/0h1-Bhy.THFcnz-cn-
g.

eh
-
,
2. Dz 02/02 -

Ch
I Baz THF
Cny cq
. -

- =
-
I . To.org/0T -
 g Blenscoo )z
'
3. R -
n t

R -

BTR R -
out H3Bb

÷÷÷÷÷:
:-#
÷ ÷÷: : ÷ : ÷ ÷
Bang t ME EHR → Bley -

char }
# Ballot R -
⇐ e. H → B. ( e -_enR
}

I. BB THE
OH
.

cuz
-
check -

cry
-
CECH →

2.BE/on-
It
*
enz
-

ay - C -
y
=
 Temprature Alkyl borane
# At high
Reaction dew to
Show Isomerisaticn .

reversible
nature .

its

# CB enjoy
-
-

ga
-
users
,
cm =cH -
cha cry
-

# cry ey
-
-

B
-
'
R R
un

160°C
He I cngzeycn-a.cn cry
cnz-ey-cy-cyy-e.in
en
-
-

B¥ n
BIL
If
+
"
-

' '
R R

enjoy -

cg-cnjcn-cnzFCHzcyeyey-c.by ctfu .

# . B
' '
R R

•
At High Temp rather the tendency of boras

to attached to the carbon at the end

& chain ahem Steric crowding is

minimum .

I
 Tri alkyl borane :
of
-

# pootonolys.is

a
en
,
-
en -_ en
,
⇐ -

cha cry
-

)zB
Hydro borates
step )
(
cnzcootl
→
cuzcuacth
•

( en
,
-

cy cuz
-

)gB ←

step )
( Paterno lysis
Pnotonotisis of trial Kyl borane : -

Mechanism of
Ev .

u
I ,

R
o
B

t.EE
-

R
J H
oo
*

R
{r÷ ÷
:

o -7
Rian
+
"
\
if
,

:B re
/
'

%
g
B
'

o - -
'

R Leg
-

i.
o
.
.

[
IS
 ' ¥ B
LI

Ay
R - cee
-
r

Has 10h
-

g : : -
a ④
t.biz/on-
⑨

convert
9 : -

How would you

g Henehe 7
to
.
-

3- Henene

cu
,

cuz
I I. Bmg THF
-

g : -

I -
n
-
2.
Haston
-

fog
Leng

: a iB
g
.
 X
R
-

the
"
OH
'

y
R
-

un Base
R"

R n -

pyB7
'
RSR
heat
# Isomerization

¥ni⑦ # ¥n
-

on
R
f- ales
"
e
rascon
or R
-
h
R cagey coz Macy Cow
-

Ray coz

I .
CO hitting

|RzBT
,

- R -
emo
2 .

Hack
-

his :*::O
,
.am

R E
re
- -
 Demerara tian Ren
# oxymercuration -

1. ngloack.IO

Mechanism
enz-ent-etzg.ua#R-cghn-cnzAmerc4riumicn
t
-
TT

A LOT '

.IN?nctone
c
sue → en -

?
HJIOAC
, .

① cuz
-
CH =eHz st

IAC

Dept T h L
.

-
h
-02
④
-
b Ac
# no
cuz ???n2
c '
l
-

b
'

Gngst enz CH
eye
- -

→
LAC f ng
-

OAC
,

mercurial on
( hydroxy )⇐cnz
-

in
compound eye
- -

on ng OAC
-

"
stent : -

en
,
-
in -
ch ¥ coil
gu
en

-9kg Gao
-
-

,
-

1- ng It oA⑤
•
Rien follow ta - Kev Rule
pan :b
°
No Rearrangement from
comes
comes from Surat H
OH ,

afreet
°

Reducing .
 -

① gas
1. kglococfdz.IO
Ctlzy I #
( =L
' '
H
2 .
HaBDq
n

H s nglococyk.IO
② Choy
.

-
=
c -
, ,
149 B.
H
sus
d .

Tq

"
③
EY & Ha B
'

Dg
( Aikoxymeraeratias )
denervation
Hzot
g : 92ns →

cuz g
en
=%
-
-

F
en
2
'
'
.

Boston -

ng cry
-
g. ryback ,
Ko
I .
Ha BMG

or ④
pie
_%I:na⑨ ¥-
has 10h - ①
es : -

2.co/tzg/ohBrzcs:---YTjo
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7¥

a .
-

Iz ) eng
Coo
Ag
.

T o
① .
RzBY 3 R -
OH

gialohol
-

I. CO
② • BB -7 Rzcoy
a
.biz/0h-
zo Alcohol

③
I .CO/ko
•
RGB → RACH OH
g. Haoh/B0 go alcohol
-

oxidative hydrolysis
② carbonyl alias followed by
so alcohol ( Rzcotl )
of gins
.

Rgb

Reaction :
boat " 'll ko
"

→ Rzcoty
Es Roc
- B=o
B. B

step T :
Mechanism ° -
-
-
-

r_⑤§!-c=I
o
-

RzB I →

t.

R R R
l l
l ⑦
B 0=0
R R CIO
-

← B
-

doe
w
R -

,B E -
-

R
R
R
 r.ir?i..iIiI-r-.r-rs#r ( A
→
boreponide )
.

t .

B =D
Rzc
-

anhydride)
( A Boric
-

¥
' r -

i -

F=ore;i÷ ;
t
.

⑤ tho B=o← h -8 Rzc OF B. =D

Rzc +
- -
-

t.no I

30 Alcott
Is convert
en
,
-
cn=cy to ⇐ cycle Jacob
,
 the
carboxylating of RzB in

IF
water gives a diol
presence of
yields 20 alcohol .

on
hydrolysis

¥> R p
- era
B. B
-

Reaction : - 1
oh
- OH

¥904120
|Racno#
& Alcohol

-Meeham : -
R
①

ribIc=o
RzB¥=o+
-

^
I .

All
fog R - B - e
-
R
CR ←
R -
B -

z I

tis"
T R

n
-
on on
it: is -0dm
R
- r -

-
B -
Cru To

R-
Ion ou
ch oh
-
hzo R -0

r
'T ←
←
,
C - oh
c- R -
B' - on
 Hyo
'
with
# Reaction of alkene

em
of Alkene
Hydration

Reaction 's enz-cn-ey-Esensf.hn -

cog

procedure ÷
-

no
rao
ngo④

me

Alkene

①
! n④ thot
Mechanism
-

Hao + -

casino
¥
'

① Chs -
cm te - -
y → -

ay
( Intermediate)
"
③ en
-
ay ay cuz
- -

,
y
④09 '
n b

Csiakoh) en
,
-

gun 'S
Io
 Side-effect

t
Hz0④ Alkene

② ②

practical

hot
→
Alcohol
.

!÷÷
"

.
②
I
Alkene
 cuz
-
en -
cha cuz -
cn④ -

Cng

Cb ch,
cuz cuz S I
\

)=①n ④
→ e

ey
en
en
-
-
-
.
,

h n Chs

"

7€79
men;→as¥ min.ci
'

n
' Otc
h
-

ca .
-

;
t .

4in
Cuz
-

cuts
Poly memes
-

NYBO th
enjoy
-

✓ ,
cuz -
Ch -
Cy on

final
polymers
→
 F
Ctlzy My '

B F
g
=
cha
-

n t
t .

- %
e cuz
④<
'
Ch b

Leu cuff
I
> ' -
cuz
-

c -

l
h l -

① -

B F →

F
-

is
IHBSReagentT.lt
-
Bromo Suceinamide
O
11

Ay
Hq
- BV

# Substrate
NBS
en , - check
•

cuz
-
CHICK F for
Bromide
Allylic
MBS
Ch enz -
CECH
.

cuz - CE
¥
by
bromide
pzopygyl
Chz BV
guy
-

1 HBS
.
47 - 17
I w he
Bromides
( Benzyl

II Her
°
 SMthesis.fm#
IT
-

÷
'

IT
Kha
oh

H + my
L -
aw ) t - Hh
\ -
un
fi
" °
O
-
ans
#
o o

11 11
→ a
# 11
11vit
Br H u
HB-
-
-

t
= TT
H O
0

Mechanism
Shows free Radical
IF NBS

her
① HBS t

② HBS / eclg

③ HBS IS
NBS t Peronid
④
.

NBS Phaoz
⑤
+

⑧
E o - o - Eff
HBS -1 - -
 Electrophilic addition Rkg
# HBS Shows

② MBS (Roy
①
HBS 1420
solvents
in General HBS + polar photic

than alkyne
More Reactive
is
•
Alkene addition Reaction
Electrophilic
towards
RcuzH4eD
HE
④
HBS
TEXT

BV
HBS
e- a're

TEA I
'
-

BV

Propagylic Boominatian is more

•
Rate of
Allylic Bnominaticn .

1ham
 ' "
s
cry
-
'S
# I HBS l )
'm que
T
€7 →
Et
l
l
Cb
Bc Br
f
- -

' '

ng %
cry
 IAlkyhe.IO
•
Synthesis of alkyne c-

in In R

Y
-
'
" ⇐
R -

.am
-

" .
←
pre . .

.F¥ I
"" " "
aickout
GR
"

II Ix
"
.

Ag "'

¥AIksne#-" r R
-

R ets
- -

/ 's:::i ..

R -
e -
cook

can 11

R -
C -
cook
 •
preparation of alkyne
-

alias of vicinal dihalide :

① Dehydro halogen

Hawk
R ee R
-

r n →
; y
- e - -

Base
: is Strong
Mechanism Hawn ,

::::÷÷i
r .
-

ricin
-07
oo
x Nhc
Mnt r
.

EE e -
R
R B
-

C c -

←
= l
-

T
x
x

!
R -
⇐ c- R
-
 Kolton
! -

Ekctn " " 2cg -11124k¥

COOK R ⇐ c- R t
R
-

e
-

-
→
11 #
C -
cools
R -0
-

Mechanism
! -

⑧ t.io
REI:*? -

19 o_O
7.
h

III.
-

RT
;÷÷
-

C
. =
R c
-

t# i '

Cl
← n - ⇐ c-
Y
H
g- D
-

Cl

9¥ y
- sage,
any
-

n -

Ehite AN

ny-ag±eeI÷÷→
R say : r
'

y
- c

C l

↳ - G Age it,

R-
 '
⇐c R
R
-

# R H →
-

⇐ c
-
-

alkyne
~
Internal
alkyne
Terminal
-0
:-O
HTML
-
a

- R - ⇐ c
c-
R e '

SHY
-

T R -
X

Acidic hiding- ,

c
RI
R-
-

⇐ -

i±±
en
,
-

in cg-cq-cy-ci-O-scy-ghy-cy.az cutey
,
- -

Lch ) -
-
5

"

cry Lch ) -_ 4
# physical properties of Alkyne
-

exist
members of alkyne are
Lower
①
phase
in gas
Gas
ca to Cg #

Exist
to 92
from es
② Alkyne

in liq phase
than
of alksn ( more
member
state
③ Higher
exist
in Solid .

Cia ) are

point any
Melting
⑨ The Boiling point
.

Show a
alkyne
gravity of
specific Increase
in

Increase with
regular
molecular weight .

volatile than Alkene

is less
⑤ It

Alkane
Alkyne Alkene

-
volatile Hatun Inc

-
B -
P M .
P S G
-
decretal
.
,
-
⑥ All are colour les cent posses no

characteristic odour ; However

say has

odour duo to Impurities A Pkg

garlic ,

has ethereal odour

pure Enz
.

etc
H2S . .
.
,

solvent
soluble in organic
⑦
is
It
Soluble in H2O
But partial
 Talking 42
x
x

l
l
→ R c - e
-
R

÷÷÷µ⇐emµr
-
-

l l
H2 Cclq x x

Reyez R
-

←⇐⇐n*n÷
rill'd It x

HX I
"
or
E-
-

r-e.e.io .

alkyne )
-
HOY Pd cha R
↳
-

p
Feiglin →
-

"
-

Birch ,

"

:*'re me:c. .

r - ⇐ e- ⇐ e-
ran,¥
[ Iccr
Rina -
E -
R

re :c:
i÷µ 404

? a- uonereoon
r
e/ Hugo 4

:÷:÷ t.net
I
-
n
.

¥÷r- E- on +
privy

¥9
pdxcacos R
→
175-5 .

..

HCM l

¥dtR-c=cnq
 # Reaction of alkyne with Xzlcs.BZ ,
Iz ) .

Rig
I
1- x
R -
⇐ c- R ,
= e
'
x
R

•
Reactivity f Xz
+ Xaleek ,

I x x
l l

CI > Bra > Iz R - e

l
- e
l
-

R
×

follow Markovnikov Raye

•
Both Step

B3( Iec ) Shs

I
Bv
\
elf cry EEC
CY
• - - -

y Chen
-_

Br j

I
Isley R, I
•

R - CEC -
R -7
g= e
'
I R

as
chlorine and Bromine forms di as well

derivatives but iodine forms

tetra halo

only di iododerirati .

addition
towards Electrophilic
④ Reactivity

/reaction
#
> > Iz
Bret > By Iet > IBV
 : -

# Re¥tx
⑨ R-
R nm,c=eI
ee - + n -
x →
,

In -
x

h R
' '
R- e -
c - X
l l
H X

Gemina di halide
-
Br

¥ d en
cuz
-

E
-

e=cn 3
cry i
-

Br

of Reactivity of tix :
order

)
④
Bond

#HI7HBI { dywengtyn
can be faeicatul
Addition of tix
#⑤
R
E and Asos
by using x
- .

HBV
- R F- ene
-

CECH
R -

crbcoBr/Ak5 lenses BV
 to prepare vinyl hah .ae
possible
① It is
flex
adding one mole
by Simply temlsratun
below this .

at Looe or

⇐ cy -÷s enjoy
-
circus
cuz ey
-
-

DBV eh
,,
P
enz -
⇐ ch ¥ 5=0 -

y
Br

vicinal di halide
# to
Alkyne
⇐ -

tix

µ
tix
R

I
-

⇐ ch

chef
r
-

- ⇐

'
R c
-
CH
3
-

R ch
4h
-

i
-

l
y
x x

di halide)
( Gemina vicinal di halide
←

-
- -
 with ( hox ) :

# Reaction f alkyne

Xzttgo
R -
⇐
en - R -
e = CH
8. Rt l l
hot oh X

ti

L -

Compound
←
halocarbons )

)R-fj×
# Cns -

⇐ c- Shs engl!g -

sus

ti
:
Ghs
enz qh
- c -
-

( 1

He ① Reaction of
alkyne with hysog
11284
follow by .

ngsog en C -_ Che
→
-

⇐ cm ,
eng ,
-
•

hgSU4 oh
Rue
• Markovnikov ft
(Acetous
.

ch Ch
§
- -

, ,
←
 "
ex : -

E
= .

⑤
ngso4
o
H -
CEC -
H -

hgsog

hydwboratim onidaticn :
#
-

R -

e=eH + By →
CR - e heh
-

! B

t.br/un:R-ca.s-c-4IR-cn=en-oy-(R-cn- cn/gB
this cannot
is very
isolated
and
useful
because

reads
compound

it still

further
bat

bond
has PILITJ

with to gie gem diborane

bug
C" -9-42
ents
-

←
CR en=eniJgB
-

pray
-

-
B ( ch -
Chek )z
 Sia
, BH Ry -
b
•
R -
CEC -

H - = c
'
'
B.
n
Sign

,
Sia By R
'
M
e. c
o
R - eze -

R -
l
=
'
B. Sia
h L

sterically hindered dialkyl borane reacts

borane
to vinyl
with alkyne gie any =

cnidarian with haston

-

• vinyl borane en

compound
firs carbonyl .

siagB.HR , eh
- e=c
R - CEC -

H
n
' '
B. sign

1404g -

Tautomer
• h
H ← Rie = ✓
Rena c 4 -
- -
-

s ou
f n
 Sia By borane)
I .
, ( Di Sia moi
g

£uSiJSa¥ne
phage Een

i so amyl borane )
( ai Sec

ten .mn?iE' "

in .
cu
in
-

,
-

ch - ch
ch ,
,
I
l

ey B
cuz en
y
-
- - -

Chs

)
( Sia, BH

Irs =

l l
M
 # oxidation of alkyne
-

Ci )
R
'
R E Irl-

! n
-

ozonolysis
-
⇐ e -

①
-

Edit -2
to

!
# iowsis
if 't
'
-
r
' r
-

⇐ c-
r
R -

t .

di + p
'
-
cinoy
oh
R
-

alkyne
with Baeyer Regas
of
.

IF Reaction
( alkaline -
kmnog )

' KMn04/oh rt
- R e e -

R c=c R
- -
-

cold
-

11 11
U O

Readers
CEC
RI -
Baeyer 's
R
di E -
- ri
R
- -

ASO Iyo
-

1
Eloy
.

id ont R' -

R -
-

T
T
 onidaticnafAlkg.net#eo28eog
#

alkyne into vicinal

Converts
compound .

di carbonyl
RI
¥
go go
-

R
-

'
-

R
⇐ c
-

R -

-E .
en
,
-

cech

SEOL
.
H -
⇐ c -
h -

Seow
cuz chg
~ -
-
C C-

Hot Kmnog :
# Reaction with
-
R -
di - on + cow
⇐ ch
•
R -

E on +
reckon
' R -
-

r
R c -
- ⇐
.

enjc Kreme 105/0 oh

t.cn
-

-
ph ⇐ c-
E oh
-

,
Ph - -
posey:Tf¥
'
r
R c -

-
⇐

1##
21pct
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Basog
Halligan,

Ry M
' C
R 5- -
r ,
Ric = c
- h

'
Reduction)
'
H b
( Birch
'
R -
Cee -

R
'
R - e -=c - R
fly
"

iii. -
iii. -

t .

'
R
Rn r
( = c
l l
H b

( EES )

eh ⇐ c
ez CEC H
-
- - -

f. ngwee) ( Basug
 HBR ( Legg
→
enI¥ cha CECH
enz-cnw-ey-e.eu
-
-

¥4 en
,
-

uz Cy
- -

ten

asin!
1121174
eisen
-

Ha

im :¥÷:÷Em¥s
HBV
#
Ty
↳ →

D=
E toward
React Reach
More
Hydrogenation
'

is more Reach
alkene
→ Terminal alkene towaraj
than Internal
Reaction .

Hydrogenation →
 cry
-_
Cy
-

Cy
- CH = Ch -

Cng
#

UX #¥ha/
tiger ) Pd

e
chg
-

c E
en
-

=
# cuz

-
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NaOH
D- AGO of Totten 's
AJ Hong
-1

Black PPT Reagent

-

f
I ion
R n r
: :::÷::÷:*
-

- -
o

min "
s
Fadl 32104£
-

' "

I :-O
° R-
izc -
n p -
⇐ c pyt
me

Salt 's ef alkyne

Silver

'
IR,
-

R - ⇐ C -
R
Horatio
 He
eouplinyof-AK.nl
! -

n ⇐ c- R
H
-

his R eze -
-

↳ aye 'z/NH44

R CEC
M
-

-
en -_ en -

⇐ c- sis
¥5 cry effect
-
-
⇐e
-

sus
.

h -

Ex : -

ez ⇐c
-
ht
Angel
-

CHz-czc-etl-cu-si chg-CH-cn-e-c-c.ly
1-

CH - ch CEC -
Sar
Ghs
-

⇐ Ey
# St s -

R
Mechanism
c-
! H E-
R
- -
- +

substrate Reagent
1
,

⑥
• o
f-

R -
e=c -
CEC -

R → R -
Chan - e c-
R
I ①

①
-
g­
l­
 onidat.ve#ouPing.onidatne
O

Lii )
takes Place by Shaking
coupling
in a Solution of cycle
terminal alkyne

methanol ( pyridine in the presence

in

of Air . the product of the reaction

is alkadiyhe
←

E- C-
Cuddy R - CEC -

R
s
R
- -

⇐ e
-

H
H cnzohfpy lair
-

R ⇐ c
-
-
 # Isomerisatrcn Reaction : -

-
converts into
alkyne
•
Non Terminal
all'The
terminal
'

annie
y# ⇐ e- y
Chs Cy
-
-

E
⇐ c- cry
cuz
-

⇐ Fini
eatin; Egomaniac
"
' -

⇐← t .

←¥ eng -
⇐ on
,

en -_c=cn,
cuz -

1- It

cty-ezey-IT-pyroksi afalkyne.io
cry -

d-
Ill Ex

⑦ "
Lt
③
lift -¥pI
 : An unsaturated ldedwcars.us A ( Cona )
g -

B on treatment with
readily gives
liken B is
in lie Mhz
Hantz
.

with 1- cnicroprutane
react
allowed to
on
is obtained
compound c
.

a
the presence
-

f-
partial Hedwgenatias in

Compound
-

c gig
Lrindlar catalyst .

ozonolysis D Ging
⑦ ( Cq his ) .
on
butane 'd
propanol and I -

2.2 -
dimethyl

the struct f A .
B c area
give
.

dnz F- ⇐ c Hat
E H enz y
-

# cry - - e. =e
-

l
Cb
chg a e
,

en cee
-
eustacy
a - e.
Heavy → ,
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of Alkyne
-

member ( Ca to ca ) are
gases
• Lower
( G- to Ga ) are liquid
Middle
.

o
ones

are Solid
Higher
.

° member
and
melting point
Boiling point
,
° the ,

alkyne Show regular

specific gravity of
in molecular weight
Increase
.

increase with
than alkene
is hers volatile
• It
ant thug
Alkyne Posses more polarity
•

have high Boiling point

no
and posses
are colourless
•
All
odour :
characteristic
odour duo to
• However Ghz has garlic
the Impurities of PHS ,
has . - etc

Pure ethereal odour

Ghg has .

solvent like
.
It is soluble in organic
acetone , alcohol .

in water
• It is
sparingly Soluble .
 DIELS -
ALDER Reaction
+

EETs" addition
ET
Diehl Dien ophite
product
•
It is known as
Latz) cycloaddition .

EE lies
+

Hi-FI
②
€7 + to

③ It
I
 # l
7
-

E y
cisoid Trarsoid

More Reaches ( Lees Reacting

• Tiene

¥ €
R substituted diene
Simple diene

{ }
qaa
TM th
,

• I =

E- 7 k
More Reactive

och Cl
, cuz Hou
l
l l
l

E '
Es E > E' E I

More Reactive least Reactive

=
 # Dien ophite
←

(substituted
Ill
111 dienopniie )

④ ← E W
- -
y

€""""""""""+#
"¥s>"'1!'1 order
Reactivity
-

µti" qing
-

Hoz
""
*
in Cx )
Ey
→ '

EEM.n-EE.tt
 ein :
"

*¥:
*

# -

E "t
÷
+

* .. .

"
e,
t
IIT
¥4
#
+

"

#
"
t + it
Coo et

* I o + Ill I

took't

covet
-
* + e

,
00 C
-

Ef
 |AlKan
of alkane
Synthesis R -

CWI
#
- on
R ay-
-

f- GYO r - cno

Cook

:÷¥÷÷¥÷ I;¥
T R R -

t Rt HI "
mangled ye "

Redfish ,
Ei Hall't
/
Alkyne
H c-
bi -
cut ,
R
' - X R -

R ter -

"r→
-

'

ti:*
n

E E
.

± .

pesty
)
e④(Acid

* aouecao
R -
E- on
rtagx

{ Kolbe's electrolysis

R -
di -
on
 # Synthesis of alkane
-
:
wurtERn
-

① with
is treated
alkyl halide ether or
when dry
presence of
.

dialog ,
Ha in
then produce
dry T.ie f-
.

maser
product .

as a

R xanax

rfx*TfR
→ R -

149 R
'
- R't R - Rl
' R Rt
F
-

R X
t
-
&

R - X

:
Mechanism
-

ma
'
c- e-
-
Ha
step I : -

. -0
Step I
o

:-

X
R +

e~rfx
.

+
N R
#
- .

e
r -

step
Step IT ! -
Termination
=
-

or - R -
R
R .
+
-
 149
Br
Lenz cha cha → cagey Cy en
•

cq cy
- -
- - -
-
-

,
dry ether
t
←

pens
-
on = on
,

Ha Matte -
a

(
→

cuz cha cha Cy

ctgg
#
- -
-
Br - en
,
- -

figurate
• o_O
cuz -

Ctg -
Cte
,

( Nucleophiles
- o_O

cjcygeuz-
ens es
-

→
-

→
ensuring
h t

CHz-CY-chgesy-cg-iiz-TH-iufbr-sens-cy-aecuocn.cz
-93 149
I
- do not Show
Br
cuz
• - e -

dry ether
I
cry
 " H 9

9① a ¥4

②
2 engine -

ez
-
or
dry ether

③ Ifor dry ether

Br
l
H9
"
⑨ ¥
'
'
b
2

wurtsfittigreact.cn#
.

#
R
B-
r x ÷÷
⑤
-
+

fit igR-eatmqoy.%÷w
rs
#

+
 # Corey -
House Reaction

-
'
R R cu + Lix =
R
' +
X → -
-

R
Rgculi t
-

Gilman 's Reagent

Baldi :

dry ether bi X
Rhi t

-2
t 2b :
-
R - X

Lii
→ Racy Li +

R - Li t cut

SHZ prey
r 't
Rn Lix +

f7R Gx
'
- → R -

I
R

Rl ×
Should be a
primary
good yields
-

•
For ,

halide

R in the organometallic
the alkyl group
better yield .

primary for
•

be
may
Br
Cy Cy
-
en,
-

Ch
-

{
,

•
cuz - chai I rien )
Br

IB cu, - diners
wi
Cng cu
y
° -

O
 cus BV
Chy-
# c'avi
HIT
'

cuz
-

rt

Shs BV
Cng -

# Shs - duc : -

ru

# ①
ye
-

pentyl bromide
,
↳ n -

T" " ( find

③
IUPAC
Name fB )

Frankfurter
:
#

2h
•
ER - X → R -
R t 2h42
8h50 h D.

2h
-12 .nB2
enjoy Cy Cig
- -

o
ans Cy -
-
Br
egg
 :
kolbeElectn
-

#
④ ②

I:÷÷
:-D
←
-
Anode cathode

it:O: ?
.
-

-1,4
-
e
=
- -

←
THR
.

NY O

dimerize
-
R -

R
R .

↳ -
-

n
.

Alkene

Atcathode
→ tbh -
Ht t e

→
cuz Cy Cy
-
-
-
Ch
,
Kolbe 's
" .

÷:c
-0
÷: :c:c .
Ctegcngcoo
en
→ eng ,

I en
,
-
us -
E - o - o -
E -

cues
 Mechanism '
-

Banca't
di
'
-

ok
① en -

ay -
I - o -
n
# ay cy
- - - ,

I
, o

'

c
coil + ← ensigned -

ou

① BO

A t
-

A → A -
A

cuz Cyo cuz -

cuz Cy
-
cuz -

Chg
cry
-

t
-
- -

④
Crb -

cryo .
o -
di -

ez - cu → enjoy
-
F - o -
cha -

ay
,

⑧
cuz Cy go Cns eng
- .

→
-

&

④ en
Cng =
Chun
eye
-

, → .

un
Aro

% o . oo -
E -
Cy -
en
,
*
cry ay
-
-
-

I
E
.

-
Cns og -
-
di - o - o
-
-
ay cy-
 H WH
① -
c
- electrolysis
- n ⇐c
-
H
H -

T -
h
h 00C

Cooh
I
② -
T
↳ cools

Yoon Electro
" ' 's
③ -7 -

4-
cools

Electohygy
④ IT -

LE
order of Reactivity
Arrange in decreasing
g:
.

electrolysis
Kolbe's
towards
" "

ensign? elzcooy
easingwold ,
enzcuacoon ,
.

: not be prepared
( NID eh can
,
T
b this method .

=
 Decarboxylation Reaction
# #
with
acid is treated
.
When carboxylic
then produce Alkane
Sodalime

-HaontC90R#)
,

R-coon€
is

o.su#En-r-E-:o:i-izosteeI:-p.pd-?ii
Mechanism
-

Ste" "

r -
i -

! R d J
-
-
Ro t con

( Intermediate )

R -

tf
Step # i
-
R -0 tgo -

Naoh 1- Cao

# Cy
-
E -
OH -
D
ri eng
O
Cao
H Hava +

en
enjoy
C -04 Torre cuz
- -

Cook Haohtcao
cry CH r
enjoy cry
-

→- ,
- -

cus
cu
cuz ,

en
,
- E
I
- cook
rg en
,
- in -
cu
J
s
"

/qyrssr,s#F
s
 Decarboxylation
#
tf
lectrolysis
.

↳ Haontcao I
r -
E - on ✓
11
OHH
pie 'd-04
0
R c
eyed
-

"
-

R c -
oh V
-

pi egg
-

E di our
-
-our
Lvergslow )
R cy ←
-
- -
-

Haohtcao
'
d oh → Casey
-

cyton
cry Cy cha
-

E
- -

↳ H -

Ekcs enjoy cuz 1- Cow

-

-1

en
F cy
i on ng
E -
Custer
¥
- - -
-
. -
.

O
S H
-
Eng
-
C -
cuz 1- Cow

Electrons
di
'

→ en -
-
cu
,
the
,
 D-
cuz Cooh H R 4004 D→ tycoon c- COL
-
-

Coo U

{ ?÷?g÷!!!
• "
is . -
dicarboxylic acid
. i

Coby
o
l
Is Hcuou + coz I
won
! :{ Ies -
or , -

Go
-

Coo y
Is coat
'

+
cnyeoou
•
'

cha
-

Cooh

:÷:
e

:÷÷÷ .in.

er
÷
•
-

Chu
.
two
I
04
Chu- c.
/

:
O M S G A PS

o.ca#aicmat:ngsuat::.iani-aII:.imn?dnI::Tsi:÷?siz%
nr =
R-eil-R-coob~o.EE?!i
CH
b no D- B

"

② If ¥ no b- B

4¥
,

CH

t.rs
③ Ei
.

④
s① D- B
.
 ÷ :÷÷÷ ÷÷÷:
"

I.

EE
x
 # Clemmensen Reduction :

-0
"
zn
-

hglhcl R cuz
-

pre H
-

# or
OR

R cu -

R
pri
-
.

Mechanism '
-

-
"
Zn
+ de
→
2h
step It

RE'ce r
'
-

-
R -

slept : -

f. e-

PH
-
o

R -
en - ri £0 R -

od .
R '

step # t r -
in - a
'
pituri
-
12h
"
- 2h t 2e

R -0in
' '
-

.
r
← R -

c. n -
R
e
-

1. so I

R-R' (Alkane) =
* It is Acid ferns .fm Rim
"
""
÷ *
"

EI
¥7
'

ET r

O
use
Clemmensen
not
dy
Do
→
Reese
Lx④
other
- HRs -043 . . .

oh Mhz ,

µ
-
-
,
X ,

Basic group )
→

II
''

, Eton
Reduction )
( Wolff - Kishinev
-

-
 Wolff Kirshner Reduction
#
.

Base Sensitive Reaction

is a
It

the ,
'

Eton
'

✓
In -

ng
-

he
-
y
, LTC ,
 iIfenEMlcALPR0PERTES0FAlKAHEF
-
R Sook
-

" " " "o

""

qmnas.at
's

Isomagiams
on
Rose
-

R -
H

¥
:¥ In
ago
" " '

¥.;;÷÷←mm
. me . ← ×
450°C

Alkane R Now
Higher a ceae
-

Alky he

oxidation
# = -

engteo,
→
coz + ago
{ 9×7%11 →
;
)
Cy
@
Chat 02 enjoy
Equation
• 2.

chat 02 M¥ Heriot tho

formaldehyde

Ako
•

Chg t
02 → tycoon .
 # 2 R -

chg 1- 302 → ER Coon t hao

be
#
Alkanes having tertiary h can

died to alcohol in presence I

Oni

KMm04 .
cu
,

Chz Ht l
oh
cuff
-

→
E d H t kmnoq
enz -
-

Ch
I ,

chg

IF
Cng to
,
→
coz t hao

Feng t go s cot SHIT

reacts with Steam at 12731g
methane
in presence of Nickel catalyst forming
Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen .

the method is used for Industrial

Hot
-

preparation of Hydrogen .

IHeatafcombus.fi#J--
-
CE Ed I I
I IT I
I

of hoc .

dec order
in
① Array
c .
c .
in
a .

HOG/atom
②
. .

I
I > II >
I >
④
> I > I
I > HI
②
order of hoc
in dec
Arrange molecule
go following
-
.

of the

h
cuz Ctb
I
I '
cnz , ( IC -
en
( IG I
s
l ,
H I
H
← I

;y=i"In af
en
.
en

F-
HI

TI7#7I7I
 V T at
Ty T
µ4a
÷
"
"
" -
4-* -
-

II
I
I

CH3

a
.

.
Engin Ein .

,
do
?
I II
I

a :O ~- ~,
if
II
I
I
 Halogen alias of alkane
-

Cy -

ey
-
chatty - enz Cy
- -

iz t no

+98kcal moi I
-

ay =

-
en
,
- in - en
,
en
cry Cyy
-
-

TH an = -194 kcal mom

Chs CB b
l l t o

C Ch
Ch -3 en - -
,
c ,
cry
-
- , .

l
-

n I ←
an = 90kcal moi
H

Bond energy :lz7y7I

halogen-at.cn
: -

cuz
-
X (Mono halogenate?
① Chg t y

eng t XL exq ( Poly halogenated

②
excess

cry X
-

* ene + x
, ,

step I : - chain Initiation .

x . + ax
x - x
step # :
-
chain propagation step

N
#
en
tix
'

en → + ,
X. ,

uh X
cuz X t .

-6
en x →
-

+
•

step # Chain Termination

•
X t o
X -
XL

och
,
t
a

Cng -
Enz Chg
-

X cry X
cuz
-
+
-
•
o

Reactivity :(fer halogen)

# order of

|F27eL7Bz#)
-
alkyl group
# order of Reactivity for

enz-÷÷h 7
Chiang
> enzi 's > chg

# Selectivity of halogen :

-
|Ia7BZ7eI7Fz#
 ensign + Bra cry
!! -
Br + nor

-4
is
en
,
- tbh
C
l
+
ey
en
,
- e
l
-

n + Hel
ch
ch 3
,

for chlorination "

-
j > so 7 10
#
14 I,
I
3-8

#
-
>
°
: z
'
: i : : 5 : 3. s : I

for Brominates

-30 20 go

1600 82 A

-
 in LIE;
'
"
' "
① ⇐ en -
- en
. ,

to 100=64 to
=

cuz
↳ d
cry en,
- -

,
C )

5×1 = 5
Total = 14
36-1
SITTIN
= .

(t ) are minor Ct ) in

t0
.

Mason
find
following Reaction .

the

28
-
J '

Me ,
① 92
cry cha Cy cuz 72.10
- -
-

Cl

Br 2

② cry Cy Cy cuz T.us

-

Nar
-

try
-

or
2- to
98.1 .

Brr
③ cus-44 ons l
-
-

Ig for
" V
en
,
57 O -
.

9g -
Ey .

Ck "
④
cns-ctz-cyo.sn 56 -
l
.
~
94.1 .

Br

←
Br
is ~BV
 tserfMcnohalogenat#
cuz cha
- -
X thx
cuz cry
-
+
I

X
Casey Chien
-

enjoy Cy
- - in
,
+ Xz
①
*

Chs
cuz Cy
¥
-

2
halogen
-

of
= -

No
°

Mono

( excluding
S I -

) z

f Mono halogenate =3
o Ho
SI )
( Including

| )
Ho f Mono
halogenate Ho of mono
halogen
Molecule
.

excluding SI Including s -
I

① enz cuz ay
- - 2 2

2
② en z
:[
.
en
. ,

③
cnscy-cy-cy.ca, 3 4

I 6
④ cos
-75059 4 I
 / /
⑤ l l
-7
↳
10
9
⑥ IT
i

ensign
i
⑦ .

20
3
⑧ IN -

/ /
s
2
⑨
Ike
I - 4 29
①

÷÷: .lt
+
Etf 4

'
-
8
¥5 8 ④
 eng cha
-
-

chg
1-
Clg

cyan
-

Cy
Cng -_ en -

eng t ez

"

Eiji + a
. Eat
cha BV
-

£89 e- Hbs →
Eloy
check
qnz
-

+ HBS →
cuz chug
-

Br

Es, no ③
•

t.no:* .

⑨
III III.
"

* cos
mini
£04

[
Reacting
←

>I > f) methyl )

Allyl
> Benzyl > I
vinyl
 # Nitration
#

of an atom of teadwgen
The displacement
called nitration
Hoz )
.

group C-
is
.

Nitro
by a

with Nitric
can be
nitrated
Alkane
generally at
-

Phase
acid in the gas
4W
- Saic .

ii. Ing! my
R Host tho
-

R
-

hHU3 cuz Cy Cy
- - -

NOL
② cry en
cha -7
- -

a-
, hw -5W
cuz cu
Cng
- -

,
Hov

# fuiphonatcy !
-

of the alkane
atom
of a hydrogen
Sui phonation called
( syn ) is
sulphuric acid group
-

by -
Sulphonate .

ex :
-

Ch
}
Sul Phonation hasog
Est
Rate of "
'
-
n +

✓
.

cuz

engl -

soon + Bo
,

CB
catalgticcracking-i.tt
#
heated well
chain alkane are
hen long said with
point ( 5W
-

above their Boiling

broken
catalyst they are
or without
alkane
smaller
produce
.

( or cracked ) to
decomposition
Such thermal
and hydrogen .

is
called
petroleum hydrocarbons
with
cracking .

hw
-
8W " alkane
smaller

Long chain alkane iy +

nadngen
"

- en
Cy en -_
ch th
-
-

euscna-ua-BY-seng.gg?I:e-Yth
, ,

boric 1- Butene

→ enz -
Cn
-
-

ly t
chg

↳
propene

eg cuz ten, on
-
-
-

Ethylene
 customary "
g: .

#
Reforming
Isomerization
#
cuz
Anhed l
AKI Ch
eng Cy Cy enz Ch -

cy -
- - -
-

3
3. oil

is always
NOTE : -

① B. p of product
= reactant
the B. p of
less than

alkane Should
this
reaction
② For
more than four cargos
have four or

and products are

③ Reactant
chain
Isomers .

always

The conversion f aliphatic

Aoomatisaticn :
-

aromatic compounds is
into
compound awmatsatias ,
Al Kans having
as
known this tube f
carbon Show
fin or more

presence f catalase
Rien in
←
crosslet )
at 600%
( cross / Also, or
 craoz/AL03 M
enjoy Cha-cha-cha cuz
¥
-
-

cuz
czoz/Ab03 dy
heptane It
n -

#
comet
① Butane →
⑤
- ay
② -

To lute
heptane -

③ in -

→
Aniline
Heptane
⑨ n -

heptanes
⑤ n -
 of the
÷ Find Rls configuration
molecule
following 9ns
.

cuz
%
CB
.

e=e=c\
'

H
% / ② B H
①
"'
e=e=C By
-
• n
he
3
chef gel
cuz e=c=C µBV ④ j=c=
""
"
By

③ ""
",
I
Il c ,

is
Enantiomer
following
# which of the
molecule ?
of following
"

!
3

eH3\
µg=c=
TY
ly

h cu
,
U M,

i ② µe=c=[
⑨ Able =c=
Coach Y
y

/ ,
h
Chs
'
Chs
+
en
's ⑨ &de=c=c
cuz i '
y

⑨
H
}e=c=cqsy n
 system how
G : -
at the following given ,

anti aromatic system ?

many are

⑨ It ⑤ III ①
II
⑨ E¥ ② Eh ⑦ E
,

cis
⑧ ④ ⇐

cis Ex
*
It
 how
following
are
G :
-

Among the many

and men animate
aromatic anti aromatic
,

⑤ ①
⑨ £71 "

⑨ E'¥ ② E. ⑦ II
⑧ ④
III's
sis cis

Lk ) I as

ii. y

mu
Ei¥¥
 o Diels -
Aider Reaction maintains regioselectivity
deny product formation :

'
n' → EI?
-

E '
-

( Masur ) ( minor )

.
+ IT -7,174×47-2
( Masur )
( minus

or
alkyl aryl - OR
,
-

Htb -

X
,
.
= ,

{.
} .

ett t "
.
+ H

eno - COR ,
- Coon
,
-

Coorg
z = -

-
Hoz
- CH ,
-
halogen
,
 Involve in Diels-Alder
# Stereochemistry Rt
- -

OE ki:: es..÷ :
"

coors
°
poor →
•

"'

root
1111
Coo
Ry

;!i%i ÷.am
"

E'
'

in
.ph#
""

cook
"
n

cook
1- R I £e±ycooR
I Tg
•

111
Khoon
+

ti i
Be
"
"
pl cook "
r ,
µ

R cook
"
d l Diels-Alder
→
LAKE # OR
E 111 -7
.

l l # coor
'
I
cook
"
""
* B- "-

pi
H
 g : convert

to 2- Butanol
① Butane

to 1- Butanol

1- Butyric
to

to 2- Butene

-
Chs
cns-cy-cz-cy-%eB-cz-e.BY
" I:O "

cuz in -_ Ch
cuz
-
-

cnjcna-cn-%Eati.ms::7
Chu 04
Cny Cy in enjoy Chichi
-
- -
-

Br IV T

↳ Akkoht HAHN

Chz cuz CECH

-
-