Noi Nu Suntem Urmasii Romei
Noi Nu Suntem Urmasii Romei
Noi Nu Suntem Urmasii Romei
(GLWXUD,17$&7
%XFXUHWL5RPDQLD
$XIRVW?QWRWGHDXQD>LVXQW?QFC>LDVWC]LWHULELOLVSHFLDOL>WLL
ID@CGHFHLFH?QGUC]QHVFVCHPLWCLSRWH]H
FDUH]GUXQFLQCYDORDUHDRSHUHORUORU
&HVHQWLPHQWGHFUX@DUHSRDWHDYHDXQ?QYC@DW
ID@CGHFHOFDUHHPLWHRLSRWH]CFDUHGDFCVDUDGHYHUL
DU?QVHPQDDUXQFDUHDODFR>DWRWFHDVFULVHO
SHED]DXQHLLSRWH]HFRQWUDULL"
(UDFXDWaWPDLX>RUVSHFLDOL>WLORULVWRULFLVCUHGXFCODQHDQWYDORDUHD
RSHUHLOXL1'HQVX>LDQXFXFaWLSRWH]DOXL
FDUHDGXFHDRFOCWLQDUHFUHGLQ@HLRE>WH>WLFC
QRLVXQWHPXUPD>LL5RPHL
DSCUHDWXWXURUFDXQDFWGHLPSLHWDWH
RPLF>RUDUHDYDORULLWLWOXOXLGHQREOH@H
1DSLHULWQLFLROLPECD'DFLORU
SHQWUXFCHLQDXDYXWRDOWCOLPECSURSULH
FDUHVCILH?QORFXLWCSULQOLPED5RPDQLORU>LQDXDYXW
RDVWIHOGHOLPECSHQWUXVLPSOXOPRWLYFC'DFLLYRUEHDXODWLQH>WH
/LPED'DFLORUQDSLHULW
(DDGHYHQLW?Q,WDOLD?QWaLOLPED5RPDQLORU
FDUHHUDRIRUPCOLWHUDUCDOLPELL'DFLHLLDUPDLWaU]LXOLPEDLWDOLDQC
DFHHD>LOLPECD'DFLORUGXVC?Q)UDQ@DDDMXQV?QWaL
OLPED*DOLORULDUFXWLPSXOOLPEDIUDQFH]C
?Q6SDQLDHDDGHYHQLW?QWaLOLPED,EHULORULDUFXWLPSXOOLPED
VSDQLROCLDUDLFLDGHYHQLWFXYUHPHDOLPEDQRDVWUCURPaQHDVFC
,$O%UCWHVFX9RLQH>WL
CUPRINS S
oQORFGH·&89c17,1752'8&7,9§
5
,, (323(($ 323258/8, &$53$72'$18%,$1
2ULJLQL>LOHJHQGH
2ULJLQHDURPaQLORU
&XFHULUHDQRUGYHVWXOXL(XURSHL
&XFHULUHD,QGLHL
'HVSUHWUDFXO(QHD6WUCOXFLWRUXO>L(QHLGD
&XFHULUHD3HQLQVXOHL,WDOLFH
¥2OWLQD$OWLQD/DWLQD/DWLXP
&XFHULUHD$QDWROLHL
*D5DPDQLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLFXFHULWRULDL$IULFLLGH1RUG
&XFHULUHD-DSRQLHL
$OH[DQGURV>L0DFHGRQLD
2ULJLQHDPDFHGRQHQLORU
$GRXDUHYROWCDJUHFLORUGLQWLPSXOMXJXOXLPDFHGRQHDQ
&XFHULUHDOXPLLDQWLFH
¥&XFHULUHDWHULWRULLORU6LULHL/LEDQXOXL,VUDHOXOXL>L(JLSWXOXLGHD]L
¥&XFHULUHD]RQHL,UDNXOXL>L,UDQXOXL
¥&XFHULUHD]RQHL3DNLVWDQXOXL>L,QGLHL?G+
'LQFXFHUL@LFXFHULWRUL
6
CUPRINS S
oQORFGH·&89c17,1752'8&7,9§
5
,, (323(($ 323258/8, &$53$72'$18%,$1
2ULJLQL>LOHJHQGH
2ULJLQHDURPaQLORU
&XFHULUHDQRUGYHVWXOXL(XURSHL
&XFHULUHD,QGLHL
'HVSUHWUDFXO(QHD6WUCOXFLWRUXO>L(QHLGD
&XFHULUHD3HQLQVXOHL,WDOLFH
¥2OWLQD$OWLQD/DWLQD/DWLXP
&XFHULUHD$QDWROLHL
*D5DPDQLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLFXFHULWRULDL$IULFLLGH1RUG
&XFHULUHD-DSRQLHL
$OH[DQGURV>L0DFHGRQLD
2ULJLQHDPDFHGRQHQLORU
$GRXDUHYROWCDJUHFLORUGLQWLPSXOMXJXOXLPDFHGRQHDQ
&XFHULUHDOXPLLDQWLFH
¥&XFHULUHDWHULWRULLORU6LULHL/LEDQXOXL,VUDHOXOXL>L(JLSWXOXLGHD]L
¥&XFHULUHD]RQHL,UDNXOXL>L,UDQXOXL
¥&XFHULUHD]RQHL3DNLVWDQXOXL>L,QGLHL?G+
'LQFXFHUL@LFXFHULWRUL
6
oQORFGHFXYaQWLQWURGXFWLY
*HOOX'RULDQ
&LQHVXQWGDFLL
'RPQXOXL1DSROHRQ6CYHVFX
&aQG+HURGRWDVFULVFLQHVXQWGDFLL
'DFLLWUCLDXGHPXOWSHDFHVWSCPaQW
(UDXFHLPDLYLWHMLGLQWUHWR@LWUDFLL
9RUEHDXROLPECFODUC?QFXYaQW
/D?QFHSXWDIRVWFXYaQWXOGDF
&HDSXVSHFHWHSHVWH@DUDQFDUH
&HLFHVHQC>WHDXFDIUXQ]DSHFRSDF
6HQ@HOHJHDX?QOLPEDYRUELWRDUH
6HQ@HOHJHDXFDDSDFX@CUaQD
&aQGSXLVCPaQ@DVCVHIDFCURG
&DEH]QDFaQG?QHDFDWCOXPLQD
$UFSHVWHVWHOHSHVWHWLPSXQSRG
3HVWHSHWUHFHUHDGHWLPS>LOXPH
6XEFHUXOVSULMLQLWGHVWaOSLFHUH>WL
'DFLLDYHDXGHODoQDOWXQQXPH
LROLPECQFDUH>LDFXPYRUEH>WL
3H.RJDLRQ?QQRS@LOHFXVWHOH
'DFLLVHQ@HOHJHDXFX'XPQH]HX
oQJUDLXOOXLYRUEHDXEXQH>LUHOH
&XPSHSCPaQWHELQHVDXHJUHX
'HPLL>LPLLGHDQLQLPHQLQX>WLH
'HFaQGVXQWGDFLL?QFaPSLL>LPXQ@L
&XYLQWHOH?QFDUH>LDFXPVHVFULH
(UDX>LDWXQFLYRUELWHGHSCULQ@L
7
$XQCYCOLWEDUEDULLSHVWHGDFL
/HDXDUVFHWC@LOH>LJUaXO
'DUQDXSXWXWDVFXQGHYRUEHOH?QVDFL
3HFDUHVCL?QJKLWCQPRDUWHUaXO
$XUHQYLDWPHUHXGXSCIXUWXQC
&DSLHWUHOHVXEDSCDXUCPDV
3HFHWOXL@LGHYRUEDFHDPDLEXQC
RSWLWCVDXFaQWDWC?QWUXQJODV
5C]ERDLHOHDXWUHFXWICUCVCVFKLPEH
9UHXQVHPQ?QFXUJHUHDXQXLFXYaQW¥
/HJLOHGDFLORUQXHUDXVWUaPEH
&DVCOHVFKLPEHFLQHYDSHDFHVWSCPaQW
'LQFHUQHUHDSHFDUHWLPSXORDGXQC
6XEOXFUXORPXOXLWUHFXWSULQYUHPL
1HDXPDLUCPDVFXYLQWHFHUCVXQC
LD]L?QJUDLXQFDUHYUHLVCFKHPL
6CWHQ@HOHJLFXFHOSOHFDWGHSDUWH
LUHYHQLWDLFLFDQWUXQGHVFaQW
/DPDWFDYLH@LLOXLICUCGHPRDUWH
3UHFXP?QFHUD>D>LSUHSCPaQW
$GDGUHSWDWHFHORUFDUH
$XVSXVFCGDFLLDXPXULWGHPXOW
,DUQRLVXQWHPUCWCFLWRUL?Q]DUH
(RPLQFLXQCQFDUHDXFUH]XW
'RDUFHLFHDXYUXWVCQHDVFXQGCQYUHPH
8LWD@LGHFHLFHYLQGLQQHDP?QQHDP
'LQD]L?QPaLQHSHVWHWLPSVCFKHPH
1XPHOHQFDUHVLQJXULQHDYHDP
0DLSXULGHFaWURPDQLLUR[DODQLL
0DL?Q@HOHS@LGHFaWHOLQLLODXQORF
'HPQLFD?Q.RVRYRGDUGDQLL
6WDXFD?QDOWXOFHUXOXLGHIRF
3HDFHVWSCPaQWHLGDFLL
8
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
\NCEPUTURI
$
FXP GH DQL FaQG VD IRUPDW 3CPaQWXO
DWPRVIHUDFRQ@LQHDJD]HYXOFDQLFHFXIRDUWHSX@LQR[LJHQ
ILLQGDVWIHORVWLOCRULFCUHLIRUPHGHYLD@C
&XGHDQL?QXUPCQLYHOXOGHR[LJHQ?QFHSHVC
FUHDVFC JUDGDW GDWRULWC HOHPHQWHORU FKLPLFH FDUH VH FRPELQC >L
UHSOLFCFRQWLQXXFUHaQGDVWIHOFRQGL@LLIDYRUDELOHYLH@LLoQDFHDVWC
SHULRDGCSUHGRPLQCRUJDQLVPHVLPSOHDVHPCQCWRDUHDOJHORU
$FXP GH DQL DSDU SULPHOH YHUWHEUDWH LDU DFXP
GH DQL DSDU GLQR]DXULL FDUH ?QVC YRU GLVSDUH EUXVF
DFXP GH DQL ([LVWC R WHRULH FDUH VXJHUHD]C DSDUL@LD
XQXLJLJDQWLFPHWHRUFHDORYLW3CPaQWXOSUREDELO?Q]RQD*ROIXOXL
0H[LFGHDVWC]L$FHVWPHWHRUODFRQWDFWXOFX7HUUDDSURGXV?Q
DHURSaFOCGHSUDIGHQHUHVSLUDWFDUHDUILFDX]DWPRDUWHDDFHVWRU
FUHDWXULGLQR]DXULLFDUHGDFCDUILFRQWLQXDWVCH[LVWHDUILICFXW
SRDWHLPSRVLELOCDSDUL@LD>LXOWHULRUGH]YROWDUHDUDVHLXPDQH
7RW FX GH DQL ?Q XUPC VH WHUPLQC IRUPDUHD
0XQ@LORU&DUSD@L>LD%D]LQXOXL7UDQVLOYCQHDQ
$FXPGHDQLDSDUHRPDUHYDULHWDWHGHPDPLIHUH
LQFOX]aQG VWUCPR>L DL XQRU DQLPDOH PRGHUQH FXP DU IL
PDLPX@HOHHOHIDQ@LLIHOLQHOHFDLL
$FXPGHDQL0DUHD1HDJUCVHGHVSDUWHGH0DUHD
&DVSLFC>LGH/DFXO$UDO
$FXP GH DQL ?Q SCGXULOH GLQ HVWXO $IULFLL DSDUH
·SURFRQVXOXO¨RIRUPCWLPSXULHGHPDLPX@C
$FXPGHDQLOHJCWXUDGLQWUHKXPDQRL]L>LPDLPX@H
VHUXSH
$FXPGHDQLvQ7(5,$5JCVLPRIDXQCERJDWC
FDvQ]RQD%XJLXOH>WL6CSCWXULOHDUKHRORJLFH?QWUHSULQVH?QSXQFWXO
·9DOHD OXL *UDXFHDQX§ VXE FRQGXFHUHD UHJUHWDWXOXL &6
9
)LJ ¨2PXOFDUHVWULJC¨HVWHXQYDVGHOXWDSDU@LQkQGFXOWXULL9LQFHDDFCUXLJXUCDIRVWFRQVLGHUDWFC
DUDWCFDXQFDSGHRPVSULMLQLWvQSDOPH7RWXODUILUCPDVQHVFKLPEDWGDFCHXQXPD>ILMXFDWFXDFHDVWC
SR]CSHFRPSXWHUvQFHUFkQGVRSULYHVF>LGLQDOWHXQJKLXUL5CVWXUQDWODGHJUDGHXOFLRUXOFDUHRUL
FXPQXDYHDXQIXQGSODWGHYLQHXQFDSGHVFKHOHWFXRDQDWRPLHSUHJQDQWC&XOWXUD9LQFHDHVWHDFHHD>L
FDUHDGDWQD>WHUHWCEOL@HORUGHOD7CUWCULDSULPDIRUPCGHH[SULPDUHVFULVCGLQLVWRULDOXPLLFXGH
DQLvQDLQWHDFHOHL6XPHULHQH
'HVFRSHULWOD3DUWD0X]HXOGHLVWRULHDO5RPaQLHLLQY
25DGX (5HVFK &*HUPDQQ 3ODVWLFD DQWURSRPRUIC >L ]RRPRUIC GH FXOWXUC 7XUGD>9LQFHD GH OD 3DUWD ?Q
·7LELVFXV¨S
10
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
11
GHVSUH·SRWRS¨>LVXSUDYLH@XLWRULLOXLFHDPDLYHFKHLVWRULHGHDFHVW
IHO DSDU@LQaQG FXOWXULL 9HGLFH 0DUHD %ULWDQLH GHYLQH LQVXOC LDU
0DUHD1HDJUCFDSCWCFRQWXUXOHLDFWXDO
¿Q ]RQD 3RU@LORU GH )LHU VDX JCVLW XUPH DOH FXOWXULL ·6FKHOD
&ODGRYHL¨FXSWRUXOGHSLDWUCYDVXOFXSLFLRUFXGHFRUSLFWDWHWF
¿Q FXOWXUD ·&DUFHD¨ v>L IDFH DSDUL@LD SH R FXSC GH FHUDPLFC
·VSLUDOD¨FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORUGHFXORDUHDOECSHXQIRQGUR>X
1(2/,7,&8/ DFHDVWCSHULRDGCvQFHSHFXGHDQL?G+
3H WHULWRULXO 5RPaQLHL VDX GHVFRSHULW XUPHOH D QXPHURDVH
FLYLOL]D@LLvQWUH?G+
&XOWXUD 3UH&XFXWHQL HVWH FRQVLGHUDWC GH VSHFLDOLVWD
DPHULFDQC 0DULMD *LPEXWDV FD ILLQG FHD PDL YHFKH FXOWXUC
HXURSHDQC FX SRSXOD@LD SUHLQGRHXURSHDQC FDUH FXQRD>WH
DSRJHXOGH]YROWCULLvQWUH?G+
&XOWXUD%RLDQvG+QHODVCSULPXOVDQFWXDU
FUHDW GLQ OXW LDU FXOWXUD +DPDQJLD SULPD VWDWXHWC OXFUDWC vQ
PDUPXUC GLQ LVWRULD OXPLL FaW >L VWDWXHWHOH GH OXW DQWURSRPRUIH
·*aQGLWRUXO>LIHPHLDVD¨
&XOWXUD 9CGHDVD FRQ@LQH FHUDPLFC GHFRUDWC FX IRUPH
DQWURSRPRUIH FH SUHFHGH SH FHD 7URLDQC 'LQ FDGUXO FXOWXULL
9LQFHD 1LFRODH 9ODVD GHVFRSHUC vQ OD 7CUWCULD SH 0XUH>
7UDQVLOYDQLD QL>WH WCEOL@H GH OXW GDWDWH ?G+ >L
FRQVLGHUDWH GH DFHHD>L *LPEXWDV FD ILLQG SULPXO PHVDM VFULV GLQ
LVWRULDRPHQLULLFXPXOWvQDLQWHDWCEOL@HORUVXPHULHQHSURYHQLQG
>LHOHSRVLELOWRWGHOD'XQCUH
¿Q FXOWXUD &HUQDYRGC , ?G+ WULEXULOH GH
SCVWRULIRORVHVFFDLL>LDUPHSHUIHF@LRQDWHSXUWCWRULLDFHVWHLFXOWXUL
YRU FRERUv VSUH VXG VSUH $QDWROLD SXQWHD GH SCPaQW FH OHJD
SHQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC GH $VLD 0LFC >L FDUH vQ ?G+ VH YD
VFXIXQGD vQ 0DUHD 0HGLWHUDQC OCVaQG vQ ORFXO HL R SX]GHULH GH
LQVXOH>LRQRXCPDUH0DUHD7UDFLFC(JHH
8UPHOHFXOWXULLQRDVWUHFDUSDWRGXQCUHQHVHPDLSCVWUHD]C>L
DVWC]L SH XQHOH GLQ DFHVWH LQVXOH IRVWH SLVFXUL PXQWRDVH
·XLPLQG¨" FHUFHWCWRULL FDUH QX>L SRW vQFKLSXL FXP FXOWXUL FD
FHOHPLFHQLHQHDXSXWXWDSDUHSHQL>WHLQVXOHL]RODWHHL·QHYC]aQG
SCGXUHDGLQFDX]DXQXLFRSDF¨
12
1,
67
620( 58
+RPRURGX
GH6XV
6,
5(
35
7
87
&5,
*XUD%DFLXOXL 9DOHD/XSXOXL
085( 3HULHQL
&UL
2/7
/H×
&XLQD
7XUFXOXL 6FKHOD
&ODGRYHL $5
,FRDQD *(
&»UFHD
'81
5($
)LJ +DUWDQHROLWLFXOXLWLPSXULXGHSHWHULWRULXO5RPaQLHL
¿Q DFHDVWC SHULRDGC vG+ SRSRUXO &DUSDWR'DQXELDQ ]HL@D 'DQX OD YHFKLL
YHGLFL HUD PDPD SORLL >L D SDML>WLORU ERJDWH SUH]HQW vQ VSD@LX VIaQW YHGLF LQYC@DVH VC
GHIUL>H]H SCGXULOH >L VC GHV@HOHQHDVFC SCPaQWXO ORFXLQG vQ JHQHUDO GHD OXQJXO UH@HOHORU
KLGURJUDILFH H[WLQ]aQGXVH WUHSWDW vQ WRDWH ]RQHOH ORFXLELOH GaQG DVWIHO QD>WHUH SRSRUXOXL
SURWRHXURSHDQ $FHDVWC SRSXOD@LH DULDQC HXURLQGLDQC SHODVJLFC FDUSDWRGDQXELDQC RUL
FXP YUH@L VC R QXPL@L D>H]DWC SH DFHVWH ERJDWH PHOHDJXUL FRQVWLWXLH ·9HFKHD (XURSC¨
&HUFHWCWRDUHDDPHULFDQC0DULMD*LPEXWDVFRQVLGHUCFCDSDUL@LDDFHVWHLFXOWXULDSDU@LQaQG
QHROLWLFXOXLIRUPHD]CYHFKHDFXOWXUCHXURSHDQCSHFDUHRVLWXHD]CvQWUHvG+
FX R SRSXOD@LH ·SUHLQGRHXURSHDQC¨ >L FDUH FXQRD>WH DSRJHXO GH]YROWCULL VDOH vQWUH
vG+
13
H
DU
QL
LOL
LFL
P
UD
FH
UD
OWX
&X
L
FX×HQ
3UHFX
&HDPXUOLD
%HLGDXG
&HUQDYRG¼
/LPDQX
GH-RV
58
+DPDQJLD
67
%RLDQ
1,
'XGHWL
87
35
5DGRYDQX
(7 3RGHL7J2FQD
6,5
7UDLDQ
9LGUD
*LXOHWL
7ÇUSHWL
/H×
,]YRDUH
35DUH
5 *(
HWL
'XG $
LD Q
D
V WU
GD
%R
9¼
)¼UFDHOH
2 /7
9¼GDVWUD
,FORG
/HX
D
7¼UW¼ULD
UG
7X
D
LQF
9
7XUGD
0(
'HYD
62
&LXPHWL
=RUOHQ×X0DUH
)LJ +DUWDQHROLWLFXOXL
WaU]LXSHWHULWRULXO5RPaQLHL
($
15
$SDURVHULHGHVFKLPECULORFDOH
'8
>LJHQHUDOHDOHDFHVWHLVRFLHWC@LFDUSDWR
085(
GDQXELHQH'HVFRSHULPFXOWXULFD
&5,
6$
3DU×D
7,
6WCQFX@D*XPHOQL@D&XFXWHQL3HWUH>WL
+RGRQL
7LVD3ROJDU%RGURJNHUHV]WXU9XFHGRO
&HUQDYRGCFXVFKLPECULPDQLIHVWDWHGH
RLHUDUKLHPDLELQHSXVCODSXQFWFkW>L
FXQRLPDQLIHVWCULVSLULWXDOH
)LJGLQ ·3UHLVWRULD'DFLHL¨,RQ0LFOHD
9LQFD
)LJ
7LVD
5DGX)ORUHVFX(G0HULGLDQHS
14
1,
67
58
'U¼JXHQL
62
0( 7UXHWL
6$
7,
&LXPHWL
35
&XFXWHQL
87
D
OQL×
)HGHOHHQL PH
*X L
+¼E¼HWL Q
)UXPXLFD OH
&5, FX
7UDLDQ &X
,]YRDUH
9DOHD/XSXOXL
6,5(
7
085(
3RGHL7J2FQD
%HUHWL
3HWUHWL
JDU 3LDQXGH-RV
7LVD3RO 6WRLFDQL
15
+RGRQL
=RUOHQ×X0DUH 3HWUH
WL
$OGHQL
×D %U¼LOL×D
%¼LOH OFX
+HUFXODQH 6¼ *HDQJRHWL
+ÇURYD
7HLX
2/7
$5
*( 0HGJLGLD
9HUELFLRDVD
6¼OFX×D *XPHOQL×D
3LHWUHOH &¼VFLRDUHOH
&H
UQD
YR
G¼
)LJ
)LJ35,08/0(6$-6&5,6',1,6725,$20(1,5,,
7CEOL@HOHGHOD7CUWCULDFFDvG+DFCURUGHVFRSHULUHvQDQXOGHFCWUH
1LFRODH 9ODVD D UHYROX@LRQDW FRQFHS@LD SULYLQG DSDUL@LD VFULVXOXL ILLQG FRQVLGHUDWH SULPXO
PHVDMVFULVvQLVWRULDRPHQLULL$>DGDULQYHQWDWRULLVFULHULL·VXPHULHQH¨DXIRVWRULFkWDUILGH
SDUDGR[DOQXVXPHULHQLLFLORFXLWRULL7UDQVLOYDQLHLORFXLWRULLVSD@LXOXL&DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ>L
DVWDFXGHDQLvQDLQWHDVXPHULHQLORU
6WUDFKLQDFXLQVFULS@LL*UDGHVQLWD%XOJDULD
)XVDLRODFXLQVFULS@LL.RVRYVND1LWURYLWD,XJRVODYLD
,RVLI&RQVWDQWLQ'UCJDQ ,VWRULD5RPkQLORU(G(XURSD1RYD%XFXUH>WL
16
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
)LJ5R@LOHFDUHDXIDFXW(XURSDVCVHH[WLQGC
3ULPDURDWCFDUHDICFXWVSHFLDXPDQCVCVHSRDWCPL>FDPDLUHSHGHDIRVWGHVFRSHULWCSH
WHULWRULXO3RORQLHLGHD]LSHD>DQXPLWXOYDVGHOD%URQRFLFH(ODIRVWGHVFRSHULWvQDQXO
SHHOILLQGGHVHQDWH]JkULDWHFCUX@HFXSDWUXUR@LvQWUHFDUHVHLQWHUSXQOLQLLFXDVSHFW
GHFRSDFLVDXDOWHOHLPLWkQGDSD$FHVWDDIRVWICFXWvQDQXOvG+GHFLFXGHDQL
vQDLQWHDXQXLGHVHQDVHPCQCWRUJCVLWSHWHULWRULXO,UDNXOXLGHD]L$FHVWYDVDSDU@LQkQGFXO
WXULL·FHUDPLFLLOLQLDUH¨DSDU@LQaQGSRSRUXOXLFDUSDWRGDQXELDQHVWHSULPDGRYDGCDUR@LL
vQOXPH
(DUO\(XURSH0LVWHU\LQVWRQH7LPH/LIH%RRNV$OH[DQGULD9LUJLQLDS
17
)LJ 3ULPXOFCUX@ICFXWGLQOXWDUVJCVLWvQ(XURSDSHWHULWRULXO8QJDULHLGHD]LSX@LQ
PDL OD QRUG GH %XGDSHVWD GDWDW vG+ DSDU@LQkQG DFHOXLD>L SRSRU FDUSDWR
GXQCUHDQXQJXULLVRVLQGSHDFHVWHPHOHDJXULGXSCPDLPXOWGHGHDQL0DUJLQLOH
vQDOWHDOHFCUX@XOXLVXJHUHD]CIDSWXOFCHOHHUDXIRORVLWHVCWUDQVSRUWHSURGXVHDJULFROH
(DUO\(XURSH0LVWHU\LQVWRQH7LPH/LIH%RRNV$OH[DQGULD9LUJLQLDS
18
19
)LJ$FHVWHILJXULQHJCVLWHOD7aUJRYL>WH%XOJDULDvQSUREDELOFCDXIRORVLWFDPRGHOGHDOWDUSHQWUXDJULFXOWR
ULLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
20
)LJ =HL@DGHOD1DLHQL
/D DSXV GH 3LHWURDVD MXG %X]CX ORFDOLWDWH FHOHEUC
SULQ GHVFRSHULUHD WH]DXUXOXL YH]L EOHVWHPXO SCVCULL
3KRHQL[ FHL SRDUWC QXPHOH VH DIOC VDWXO 1DHQL
XQGH SULQ DQLL GXSC FXP QH VSXQH 7RFLOHVFX
QL>WHFRSLLDXJCVLWMXFaQGX¥VHJUXSXOGHEURQ]UHGDW
DLFL7RFLOHVFXODSUH]HQWDWODQRY$FDGHPLHL
GH ,QVFULS@LL GLQ 3DULV GUHSW XQ PRQXPHQW GH
DUWC JRWLFC LQVR@LQGXO GH R GHVFULHUH HURQD
WC9DVLOH 3kUYDQ DUH PHULWXO GH D REVHUYD
IDSWXO FC JUXSXO VWDWXDU HVWH PXWLODW
FXSULQ]aQGGRDUGRXCILJXUL'HODDWUHLDVH
SRDWH YHGHD UHVWXULOH XQHL PkLQL >L DO XQXL
SLFLRU 'XSC RUQDPHQWXO FDUH VH JCVH>WH LQ
VSDWHOHIHPHLLVHSDUHFCDIRVWICFXWVCSRDWC
ILDWkUQDWGHFHYD)HOLQDSHFDUH
VH JCVH>WH FCODUH IHPHLD GH>L
VHDPCQCFXROHRDLFCSDUH
DILWRWX>LGXSCLQGLFD
UHD FRDPHL XQ OHX
&X PkQD VWkQJC HD
VH @LQH GH FRDPD
OHXOXLLDUFXGUHDS
WDGHFRDGDDFHVWX
LD FDUH SDUH FC VH
WHUPLQC vQ JXUD GH
SH>WH 3H FDS DUH R
FCFLXOC ·IULJLDQC¨ FDUHL
DFRSHUCWkPSOHOH>LXUHFKL
OH /kQJC HD ?Q GUHDSWD
vQVR@LWRUXO @LQH >L HO FX PkQD GUHDSWC
FRDPD OHXOXL FX VWkQJD VXV@LQaQGR SH
IHPHLH GH OD VSDWH 'H UHPDUFDW VXQW
RUQDPHQWHOHGHSHKDLQHFkW>LGHSH
KDUQD>DPHQWXO OHXOXL oQ FHHD FH
SULYH>WH FHO GHDO GRLOHD vQVR@LWRU
GLQVWkQJDIHPHLLPkQDOXLGUHDSWC
VH JCVH>WH DOCWXUL GH FHD D ·]HL@HL¨
XQGHYD SH FRDGD OHXOXL 3HUVRQDO
DP YC]XW XQ FRPSOH[ VWDWXDU
DVHPCQCWRU vQWUXQ WHPSOX KLQGXV GLQ
LQVXOD %DOOL 8QLL FRQVLGHUC FC DFHVW
FRPSOH[ DU UHSUH]HQWDR SH 0DPD 0DUH
DYkQGXOOkQJDHDSH&DORLDQX&HUWHVWHFCOJCVLP>LODSHUVDQLXUPD>LDLDFHORUD>LDULHQL
FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL
9O'XPLWUHVFX$UWDSUHLVWRULFCvQ5RPkQLD%XFXUH>WLILJ
21
$FHDVWD FXOWXUD &HUQDYRGC , D GDW QD>WHUH OD 7URLD , $FHL
FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL ·$5,(1,¨ FXP vL PDL QXPHVF DO@LL DX GDW
QD>WHUH OD FXOWXUD OXPLL UCVSaQGLQGXVH QX QXPDL SHVWH vQWUHDJD
(XURSC >L VSUH QRUGXO (JLSWXOXL >L 0HVRSRWDPLHL FL SaQC vQ
vQGHSCUWDWD ,QGLH XQGH FXOWXUD ORU ·9HGLFD¨ D ·LQVSLUDW¨ >L PDL
LQVSLUC>LD]LFXOWXULOHOXPLLFDOGHHQLLHJLSWHQLLHWF+LQGXLVPXO
>LFUH>WLQLVPXOQXDXICFXWDOWFHYDGHFaWVRFRSLH]HDGDSWaQGROD
FRQGL@LLOHORUORFDOH
22
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
&
X DQL vQ XUPC SH YUHPHD FaQG HUDP HOHY vQ FXUVXO
HOHPHQWDUvQFDUWHDQRDVWUCGH·/LPED5RPaQC¨QHHUD
VSXV >L GH ·SX@LQD¨ LQIOXHQ@C ODWLQC vQ YRFDEXODUXO
URPaQ DOCWXUL GH FHD ·FRSOH>LWRDUH¨ VODYC $ IRVW SRDWH SHQWUX
SULPDRDUCFaQGDPVLP@LWFCQXHUDPGHDFRUGFXFHHDFHHUD
·VFULV vQ FDUWH¨ )XVHVHP REOLJDW vPSUHXQC FX WR@L FHLODO@L HOHYL
vQFCGLQFODVDDSDWUDHOHPHQWDUCVC·VWXGLH]¨OLPEDUXVCLDUGLQ
FODVD D FLQFHD OLPED IUDQFH]C >L DVWIHO DP GHVFRSHULW PXOWH
23
)LJ ([SDQVLXQHDJHWLFCvQ(XURSDFHQWUDOCVLVXGYHVWLFCvQDQXOvG+
8LWkQGXQHSHKDUWDOXL9DVLOH3kUYDQ(G0HULGLDQHGLQ *HWLFDSSXWHPVCQH
LPDJLQCP UCVSaQGLUHD QHPXOXL QRVWUX vQ (XURSD vQWUR SHULRDGC FaQG HD DELD VH IRUPD
·1HDPXULOHGDFRJHWLFHFXD>H]CULOHORUFDUDFWHULVWLFHQXPLWHGDYHVDXvQWLQVvQFCGLQYUH
PXULLPHPRULDOHVSUHQRUGSaQCvQ6LOH]LDvQ3RVHQvQ*DOL@LD>L3RGROLDLDUVSUHVXGSaQC
vQ 5RGRSL >L SH YDOHD 0DUL@HL WUHFaQG FKLDU GLQFROR GH +HOOHVSRQW vQ $VLD 0LFC¨ $>D QH
VSXQHDFHOD>L93aUYDQODYUHPHDOXL'DUvQDFH>WLGHDQLFDUHQHGHVSDUW
GH HO FHUFHWCULOH URPaQLORU GHVSUH DO ORU WUHFXW vQ ORF VC HYROXH]H DX LQYROXDW
WUDQVIRUPaQGXQHLVWRULD?QWURPRQHGCSROLWLFCGHYDORUL]DWC&XULRVHVWHFCURPaQLLQXVH
UHYROWCvPSRWULYDIDOVLILFDWRULORULVWRULHLQRDVWUHvPSRWULYDSDXNHUL>WLORUVODYRQL>WLRULODWLQR
ILOLORUVOXJDUQLFLLQFDSDELOLVCYDGCSCGXUHDGLQFDX]DFRSDFXOXL
24
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
25
·&HOLPECYRUEHDXGDFLLD]LQLPHQHDQX>WLH
&CFLSHDWXQFLVCUDFLLQDYHDXFUHLRQKaUWLH
,DUYRUEHOHQHVFULVHSUHFXPVH>WLH]ERDUC
$UJXPHQWaQGQH]LVHFaQGYDRSURIHVRDUC
/LQJYL>WLLVRFRWLUCPDLFXOXDUHDPLQWH
LvQILQDOJCVLUCYUHRFXYLQWH
&HSDUDIDFHSDUWHFKLDUGLQOLPEDMXOWUDF
'DUGH>LLVFULVvQFDUWHFXDVWDQXPCPSDF
3CLVWDL>LLDDPLQWHGHFXPYDHSRVLELO
&XFaWHYDFXYLQWHVCILLLQWHOLJLELO"¨
¿QWUHEDUHDSHFDUHQHRSXQHPDVWC]LHVWHFHOLPECYRUEHDX
JHWRGDFLLSHODVJLL WUDFLL",DUUCVSXQVXULOHQXSRWILGHFaWGRXC
GLQWUH FDUH DYHP GH DOHV XQXO YRUEHDX R OLPEC GLIHULWC GH FHD D
FXFHULWRULORU>LvQFRQVHFLQ@CDXIRVWQHYRL@LVC>LvQVX>HDVFCODWLQD
GXSC RFXSDUHD D GLQ WHULWRULXO 'DFLHL GH FCWUH OHJLXQLOH
vPSCUDWXOXL 7UDLDQ vQ G+ RUL OLPED SRSXOD@LHL DXWRKWRQH D
'DFLHLHUDDVHPCQCWRDUHFXODWLQDDVWIHOvQFaWQXDIRVWQHFHVDUC
vQYC@DUHDDOWHLOLPEL"
5HYHQLQGODSRH]LDOXL%CMHQDUXRDUHVCILHDGHYCUDWFCWRWFH
QHD UCPDV GH OD VWUCEXQLL QR>WUL JHWRGDFL VC ILH QXPDL
FXYLQWH" $QLL WUHF OXPHD VH VFKLPEC LDU DVWC]L DYHP D>D]LVD
·$UKHRORJLH /LQJYLVWLFC¨ >L GHVFRSHULP FC /LQJYLVWLFD ,VWRULD QX
DX IRVW SaQC DFXP QLPLF DOWFHYD GHFaW GHILOHH GH HURUL YH]L >L
6KDNHVSHDUHFXDVD·&RPHGLD(URULORU¨'HGHDQLGHFaQG
XQ RDUHFDUH : -RQHV D LQWXLW >L DILUPDW SURYHQLHQ@D
VDQVFULWHLHOLQHL>LODWLQHLGLQWUR·OLPECPDPC¨QXPHURDVHPLQ@L
·VWUCOXFLWH¨ DX vQFHUFDW VC UHFRQVWUXLDVFC DFHDVWC OLPEC ·PDWFC¨
JHQHUaQG GRXC WHRULL FDUH VXV@LQ GRXC RULJLQL OLPED LQGR
HXURSHDQCSHGHRSDUWH>LOLPEDDULDQCSHGHDOWCSDUWHORFDOL]DWC
XQGHYDvQ(XURSD3UHLVWRULFC
&HUFHWCWRDUHD DPHULFDQC 0DULMD *LPEXWDV SURIHVRU OD
8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ /RV $QJHOHV &DOLIRUQLD VSXQH ·5RPaQLD HVWH
YDWUC D FHHD FH DP QXPLW ·YHFKHD (XURSC¨ R HQWLWDWH FXOWXUDOC
26
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
FXSULQVCvQWUH ?G+D[DWCSHRVRFLHWDWHPDWULDUKDOC
WHRFUDWLFCSD>QLFCLXELWRDUH>LFUHDWRDUHGHDUWCFDUHDSUHFHGDW
VRFLHWC@LOHLQGRHXURSHQL]DWHSDWULDUKDOHGHOXSWCWRULGLQHSRFLOH
%URQ]XOXL >L )LHUXOXL $ GHYHQLW GH DVHPHQHD HYLGHQW FC DFHDVWC
VWUCYHFKH FLYLOL]D@LH (XURSHDQC SUHFHGH FX FaWHYD PLOHQLL SH FHD
6XPHULDQC ICFaQG LPSRVLELOC LSRWH]D FRQIRUP FCUHLD FLYLOL]D@LD
UC]ERLQLFC>LYLROHQWCDVXPHULHQLORUDUILIRVWFHDPDLWLPSXULHGH
SHJORE¨
6SD@LXO &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ HVWH XQD GLQ SX@LQHOH ]RQH DOH
(XURSHLFDUHQXDIRVWDIHFWDWCGLUHFWQLFLGHFDORWDJODFLDUCQLFLGH
FHDDOSLQCUCPaQaQGvQFHDPDLPDUHSDUWH]RQCFXFRQGL@LLGH
YLH@XLUH DWaW SHQWUX RP FaW >L SHQWUX DQLPDOHOH >L SODQWHOH FHL
DVLJXUDX WUDLXO GH>L SH vQCO@LPL VDX IRUPDW JKH@DUL vQ FaWHYD
PDVLYH PXQWRDVH 5RGQHL &COLPDQ %XFHJL )CJCUD> &LQGUHO
3DUaQJ5HWH]DW$VWIHOFHUFHWCULICUCUHSUR>GHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ
&DPEULGJH DX VWDELOLW FC VLQJXUXO ·VSD@LX¨ FDUH FRUHVSXQGH
FRQGL@LLORU GLQ YHFKHD OLWHUDWXUC 9HGLFD HVWH FHO &DUSDWLF >L VXE
WLWXODWXUD·$QFLHQW,QGLDQ¨SODVHD]CID]DSULPDUCDFXOWXULL9HGLFH
ODQRL'XSCvQYC@D@LLHQJOH]L>LQXURPaQLFHWDWHD&DUSDWLFCIDFH
SDUWHGLQ·KDELWDWXOSULPLWLYDODULHQLORU¨
'HODWHRULDGH]YROWDWCGHHQJOH]LVCQHvQWRDUFHPODSRH]LD
OXL9%CMHQDUX
·,VWRULFLLGHDVHPHQLOD5RPDDXJCVLW
/HJHQGDDFHORUJHPHQLFH5RPDDXLPLW
3H5RPXOXV>L5HPXVOXSRDLFDLDFUHVFXW
'LQHLVSXQHOHJHQGDURPaQLLVDXQCVFXW¨
3RYHVWHDLGLOLFCDFHORUGRLJHPHQLJCVL@LSHDSD7LEUXOXLGHR
·OXSRDLFC¨VLJXUFCQHDLPSUHVLRQDWvQVSHFLDOFaQGQLVHVSXQH
FC>L·QRL¨DPILXQIHOGHXUPD>LDLORU'DUFKLDUVCILPPaQGULGH
DFHDVWD" 6C vQFHUFCP VC YHGHP DFHDVWC LVWRULRDUC FX DO@L RFKL
5KHD6LOYDILLFDOXL·1XPLWRUXO¨5HJHGH$OED/RQJD>LWRWRGDWCR
YHVWDOC YLUJLQC GLQ WHPSOXO OXL 0DUWH =HXO 5C]ERLXOXL D UCPDV
27
JUDYLGC ·GLQ VHQLQ¨ FX ]HXO 0DUWH >L D QCVFXW GRL JHPHQL LDU
XQFKLXOHL$PXOLXVFDUHSDUHDQXILFUH]XWPLQXQHDFX]HXOGC
RUGLQVHUYLWRULORUVCLDUXQFHSHEDVWDU]LvQDSD7LEUXOXL&R>XOFX
FRSLLL HVWH JCVLW GH R /XSRDLFC WHUPHQ IRORVLW SH DWXQFL SHQWUX
IHPHLOHGHPRUDYXULX>RDUH$>DFCDSDUHPXOWPDLSODX]LELOFCR
DVWIHOGHSHUVRDQCLDVDOYDWSHJHPHQLLDUFLREDQXO)DXVWXOXVLD
FUHVFXW )DQWH]LLOH FX ]HXO 0DUWH QX OHD FUH]XW QLFL XQFKLXO
QHIHULFLWHLGHFHDUWUHEXLVCOHFUHGHPQRL"&UHGH@LFCQRLURPaQLL
DUWUHEXLVCQHFCXWCPRDVWIHOGHRULJLQHWULYLDOC"
·3HGDFLvLRFXSDUCDFHLYLWHMLURPDQL
LLDQYC@DWODWLQDvQFDPDQL
&CGDFLLQYC@DUCODWLQDD>DX>RU
9H]LDVWDQXPCPLUC>L]LVDP%UDYRORU
'DUFC>LXLWDUCOLPEDYRFDEXODUvQWUHJ
9H]LGRPQXOHHXDVWDQRQ@HOHJ
&CXQSRSRUv>LSLHUGHWUHSWDWGLQRELFHLXUL
&Cv>LPDLVFKLPECSRUWXODUILQLVFDLWHPHLXUL
'DUFCv>LXLWCOLPEDH[HPSOXQXLVXEVRDUH
'HFaWDFHOHFD]XULFaQGXQSRSRUGLVSDUH¨
/HJLXQLOHDUPDWHURPDQHDXRFXSDWQXPDLGLQWHULWRULXO
'DFLHL>LSHQWUXRSHULRDGCLVWRULFCIRDUWHVFXUWCGHH[DFW
GHDQLG+/DHLDFDVCvQ3HQLQVXOD,WDOLFCDYHP
>LDVWC]LGLDOHFWHFDFHO7RVFDQ/RPEDUG&DODEULDQRUL6DUGLQLDQ
FDUHL IDF VC QX VH vQ@HOHDJC vQWUH HL 0DL PXOW VXWHOH GH DOWH
GLDOHFWHGLQ,WDOLDVHHVWLPHD]CFCDUH[LVWDFLUFDGRYHGHVF
FC3HQLQVXOD,WDOLFCQXDIRVW·URPDQL]DWC¨DFDVCODHD$VWIHOFXP
VHH[SOLFC·URPDQL]DUHD¨QRDVWUCGHFCWUHFXFHULWRULL'DFLHL"&XP
VCQLLvQFKLSXLPSH@CUDQLLGDFLORFXLQGSULQYCL>LPXQ@LGHDOXUL
>LSCGXULUHSH]LQGXVHVCvQYH@HODWLQD"LQXQXPDLHLFHLGLQ
WHULWRULXO RFXSDW GH URPDQL GDU >L GDFLL OLEHUL GLQ WHULWRULX
QHRFXSDW GH URPDQL &XP YC vQFKLSXL@L FC @CUDQLL GDFL FDUH QX
DYHDXQLFLWH[WHGLF@LRQDUHSURIHVRULFDLHWHVDXFUHLRDQHDXSXWXW
vQYC@DDWaWGHELQHODWLQH>WHvQFaWDXUHDOL]DWFHDPDLXQLWDUCOLPEC
28
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
ODWLQC FXQRVFXWC SH FDUH ODWLQLL vQ>L>L QX DX IRVW vQ VWDUH VR
UHDOL]H]HQLFLPCFDUODHLDFDVCvQ3HQLQVXOD,WDOLFCSaQCD]LFaQG
DX OD GLVSR]L@LH XQ UHJLPHQW GH FCU@L GH JUDPDWLFC >L PDWHULDOH
DXGLRYLGHR"
1X DP GUHSWDWH VC PC UHYROW vPSRWULYD SURIHVRULORU FDUH VH
PXO@XPHVFVCVHUH]XPHODFHHDFHDXvQYC@DWVDXQDXvQYC@DWvQ
WLQHUH@HD ORU vPSRWULYD FHORU FDUH GLQ LQWHUHVH JHRSROLWLFH
vQFHDUFCVCEDJHvQFDSXOJHQHUD@LLORUDFHVWXLVHFROFCDYHPRDOWC
OLPEC >L R DOWC RULJLQH GHFaW FHOH HYLGHQWH >L UHDOH" 'H FH VC
DFFHSWCPWUDQVPLWHUHDQH>WLLQ@HLSULQ>WLLQ@C"
2 VLWXD@LH VLPLODUC FX FHD GLQ ·,WDOLD0DPC¨ vQ SULYLQ@D
QXPCUXOXL GH GLDOHFWH SRSXODUH VH vQWaOQH>WH >L vQ DOWH @CUL DOH
(XURSHL )UDQ@D 6SDQLD 0DUHD %ULWDQLH >L *HUPDQLD vQ FDUH
ORFXLWRULLFRPXQLFCvQWUHHLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOOLPELLOLWHUDUHvQYC@DWH
vQ >FRDOC FHD YRUELWC DFDVC ICFaQGXL GH QHvQ@HOHV SHQWUX FR
QD@LRQDOLL ORU VLWXD@L vQ DOWH FRO@XUL DOH @CULL 1XPDL vQ 5RPaQLD
VLWXD@LD HVWH IXQGDPHQWDO GLIHULWC WRDWC SRSXOD@LD @CULL HVWH
FDSDELOC VC FRPXQLFH SULQ OLPED vQVX>LWC GH PLF FRSLO vQ IDPLOLH
7RWRGDWC OLPED GHSULQVC DFDVC QX HVWH GLIHULWC GH FHD vQYD@DWC OD
>FRDOC
9RPvQFKHLDDFHDVWCGH]EDWHUHDQDOL]aQGRDGRXDvQWUHEDUH
IXQGDPHQWDOCODFDUHVHYUHDXQUCVSXQVGLQSDUWHDRULFCUXLD>D
QXPLW ·LVWRULF¨ >L ·OLQJYLVW¨ OLSVLW GH FUHGLQ@C VDX EXQCYRLQ@C vQ
DFFHSWDUHD $GHYCUXOXL &XP YC H[SOLFD@L FC URPDQLL DX UHX>LW vQ
DSUR[LPDWLYGHDQLDIOD@LILLQGODNLORPHWULGHSCUWDUHGH
5RPDSHUIRUPDQ@HSHFDUHQXDXIRVWvQVWDUHVCOHUHSURGXFCvQ
SURSULD ORU FDVC"L DVWD ICUC FD SLFLRU GH URPDQ VC IL FCOFDW SH
PDLPXOWGHGLQWHULWRULXO'DFLHL1DLYLVCILPVRFUHGHP
1RLXUPD>LL5RPHL"9CURJ
·$UGHDOXªDVWDWVXE8QJXULDSURDSHDQLRPLH
LDVXSUL@L5RPaQLLD>DSUHFXPVH>WLH
1X>LDXXLWDWQLFLJUDLXOQLFLRELFHLQLFLSRUWXO
&XPGHQD]HFHDSDUWH'DFLLXLWDUCWRWXO"¨
29
$SDUL@LD>LH[LVWHQ@D8QJDULHLVDGDWRUDWFRQYLH@XLULLKXQLORU
FXSRSXOD@LDSULPLWRDUHJHWRGDFC>LFDUHLDvQYC@DWDJULFXOWXUD>L
SCVWRULWXO SRSXOD@LH FDUH DSRL D IRVW DVXSULWC >L VIaUWHFDWC vQ
QXPHOH FDWROLFLVPXOXL 0XO@L DULVWRFUD@L URPaQL WUDQVLOYCQHQL
SHQWUXD>LVDOYDYLD@D>LDYXWXOVDXFRQYHUWLWODFDWROLFLVP>LVDX
PDJKLDUL]DWvQVCQDXXLWDWQLFLOLPEDQLFLWUDGL@LLOH'HFHDVWC]L
QRLVCFUHGHPFCFHQDXSXWXWIDFHXQJXULLvQRPLHGHDQLDXSXWXW
IDFH URPDQLL vQ DSUR[LPDWLY XQ VHFRO >L MXPCWDWH" &X DOWH
FXYLQWHFXPSXWHPFUHGHFCDFH>WLDLDXGHWHUPLQDWQXQXPDLSH
GDFLLRFXSD@LGDU>LSHFHLOLEHULGLQGLQWHULWRULXOQHRFXSDWDO
'DFLHL VC vQYH@H ·ODWLQD¨ >L vQ DFHOD>L WLPS VC>L XLWH SURSULD
OLPEC"
·&aQGVXE7UDLDQ5RPDQLLLDXELUXLWSH'DFL
/D6DUPLVHJHWX]DQDWUHEXLWWCOPDFL
$ILUPD'HQVX>LDQX>LDVWDWRWXOVFKLPEC
'HFL'DFLL>L5RPDQLLYRUEHDXDFHHD>LOLPEC
&XPHSRVLELODVWD"¿QGDWCYCH[SOLF
'HQD@LSLHUGXWUCEGDUHD>LPDVFXOWD@LXQSLF
©1DLQWHDHUHLQRDVWUHFaW"QXSUHD>WLXSUHFLV
/D1RUG>L6XGGH,VWUXGH+HURGRWHVFULV
7UCLDXQSRSRUKDUQLFSHSODLXUL&DUSDWLQH
&HFXOWLYDSCPaQWXOYaQDFUH>WHDDOELQH
LGXSC]RQDQFDUHDFHLRDPHQLWUCLDX
(L'DFLVDX*H@LVDX,OLULVDXvQWUXQFXYaQW7UDFLVH
QXPHDX
8QL@LVXE%XUHELVWD>LDSRLVXE'HFHEDO
(LVWCYLOHDXEDUEDULLFHYHQHDXYDOGHYDO
'DUVHFROHªQDLQWHFaQGQXHUDXUHJDW
2SDUWHDFHVWRU7UDFLVSUH9HVWDXHPLJUDW
'HDOXQJXO(XURSHLSHDORFXULVDXRSULW
LDSURDSHvQWRW6XGXOWUHSWDWVDXVWDELOLW
,DUEXQHOHRELFHLXUL>LOLPEDRSCVWUDUC
'H>LFXDOWHQHDPXULvQWLPSVHQFUXFL>DUC
$>DVHH[SOLFCIDSWXOGHFH]LVD/DWLQC
30
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
$XvQ@HOHVR'DFLL>LQXOHUDVWUCLQC
'HFLQXFX5RPDªQFHSHDOQRVWªERJDWWUHFXW
&LPXOWPDLvQDLQWHFCXWD@LXQvQFHSXW¨
31
'DFCFLQHYDDUFCXWDvQDUKLYHOHURPDQHRULFHOHGHOD9DWLFDQ
DU JCVL SRDWH PDQXVFULVXO GRFWRUXOXL OXL 7UDLDQ &ULWRQ FDUH QH
GHVFULDSHQRLJHWRGDFLL$SDUHQWHODUILXQXOFDUHDX]LQGOLPED
YRUELWCGHGDFLDUILH[FODPDW·VXQWDFH>WLDGDFLURPDQL"¨>LGH
DWXQFLDPSULPLWQXPHOHGH·URPaQL¨'DUVLJXUYRPILFXQRVFX@L
VXE QXPHOH GH URPaQL GXSC DQXO G+ FaQG VXQWHP SDU@LDO
FXFHUL@LGHURPDQL>L·XQLILFD@L¨GHDFH>WLDSHQWUXH[DFWGHDQL
0DL PXOW FaQG SRHWXO URPDQ 2YLGLX D IRVW H[LODW OD 7RPLV
&RQVWDQ@DGHDVWC]LSH@CUPXODSXVHDQDO0CULL1HJUHDVFULV>L
SRHPHvQOLPEDORFDOQLFLORUJHWRGDFLOLPEDWUDFLORUGDUvQDOIDEHW
ODWLQ OLPED SH FDUH D SXWXW VC R vQYH@H FX X>XULQ@C GDWRULWC
DVHPCQCULLOLPELLODWLQHFXHD'LQSCFDWHSRHPXOHVWHSLHUGXWSH
XQGHYDSULQDUKLYHOH9DWLFDQXOXL>LQLPHQLSaQCvQSUH]HQWQXVD
OCVDW·FRQYLQV¨vQDOJCVL
2GDWC VWDELOLWC SUREOHPD OLPELL JHWRGDFLORU GHVFRSHULP FX
PaQGULHFCQRLQXVXQWHPXUPD>LQLFLDLVODYLORUQLFLDLURPDQLORU
FLHLVXQWXUPD>LLQR>WUL
'XSC 1 ,RUJD DQDOL]HOH FKLPLFH DX DUCWDW FC PDL PXOW GH
GLQ DXUXO IDUDRQLORU HJLSWHQL SURYLQH GLQ 0XQ@LL $SXVHQL >L
QLPHQL QX VD GHFLV GH DWXQFL VC IDFC XQ VWXGLX SH PCVXUD
SRWHQ@LDOXOXLWHKQLFGHDVWC]LWLHRDUHFLQHYDFC6SDUWDFXVDFHO
JODGLDWRUFDUHVDDXWRHOLEHUDW>LVDSXVvQIUXQWHDVXWHORU>LPLLORU
GHVFODYLURPDQLFUHaQGRDUPDWCFDUHDVSHULDW5RPDHUDXQWUDF
GHDOQRVWUXGLQPXQ@LL5RGRSL"
32
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
R`SPANDIREA PELASGILOR
(A TRACO-GETO-DACILOR)
+
HURGRWDUCWDFC·GXSCLQGLHQLQHDPXOWUDFLORUHVWH
FHOPDLQXPHURVGLQWUHWRDWHSRSRDUHOH¨6CQHRSULP
SX@LQ DVXSUD DFHVWXL DVSHFW GXSC ORFDOL]DUHD ORU
JHRJUDILFCvQFHSVCVHGHVSULQGCJHWRGDFLLSULQSULPXOPLOHQLXO
?G+ ODQRUGGH,VWUX'XQCUHLOLULL]RQD$OEDQLHLGHDVWC]L
UDPDQLL EHVVLL HWF 1H UCVSaQGLP WUHSWDW vQ WRDWC (XURSD >L vQ
WRDWC3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFCSHFDUHRVWCSaQLPSHQWUXVXWH>LVXWH
GH DQL ¿Q ]RQHOH 0CULL 7UDFLFH (JHH D LQVXOHORU HL FXP HVWH
&UHWD >L D $VLHL 0LQRU 7XUFLD GH DVWC]L DSDU FXOWXUL FD FHOH
PLQRPLFHQLHQH *UHFLL ·SULHWHQLL QR>WUL KHOHQL¨ GH PDL
WaU]LXFXPOHSODFHVC>LVSXQCVRVHVFvQ(XURSDGLQ]RQDHVWLFC
D 0CULL &DVSLFH vQ MXUXO DQLORU ?G+ ILLQG LQL@LDO R
SRSXOD@LHWULEDOCQRPDGC6RVHVFvQJUXSXULPLFL·vQDO@LEORQ]L¨
FXPvLGHVFULHPDUHOHSRHWDQWLFRUE+RPHUXUPD@LGH
DQL PDL WaU]LX GH 'RULHQL FDUHL VXEMXJC SH SULPLL LDU DSRL
WULEXULOH$HROLHQH>L,RQLFH7R@LDFH>WLDv>LJCVHVF·FDVDLGHDOC¨OD
QRL vQ 3HQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC vPSLQJaQGXQH VSUH 1RUG9HVWXO HL
>LQXPLQGXQHPDLWaU]LXPDFHGRQLLOLULJH@LGDFLGXSCORFXULOH
vQFDUHWUCLDPvQFLXGDOLPELLFRPXQHYRUELWH2GDWCSCWUXQ>LvQ
VSD@LXO%DOFDQLFLQYDGDWRULLJUHFLDIOD@LODvQFHSXWXOVWDGLXOXLGH
FLYLOL]D@LHVHLPSXQFXGXULWDWHDVXSUDSRSXOD@LHLORFDOHGLVWUXJ
D>H]CULOH HJHHQH SHQWUX FD PDL WaU]LX VC DEVRDUEC PDMRULWDWHD
FXOWXULLORFDOH(LvPSUXPXWCPXOWGLQFXOWXUDHJHHQLORUDPLQR
PLFHQLHQLORU>LDHJLSWHQLORUvQWHPHLQGX>LRFXOWXUCSURSULHFHD
JUHFHDVFC FDUH VH YD UCVSaQGL vQ (XURSD 1X QXPDL FXOWXUD DX
33
9ROJD
0$5($ 0$5($
%$/7,&
125'8/8,
$6,$
2&($18/$7/$17,&
'21
9ROJD
$6785,$
9(67 &(1758 0$5($*(7,&1($*5
(67
0(62327$0,$
34
3(/$6*,$/$$32*(8/1(2/,7,& 0$5($0(',7(5$1
¿G+
GH]YROW³QGXVH¿QGLUHFÎLLRULJLQDOH¿QFHOHWUHLDULL
3(/$6*,$'(9(673(/$6*,$'(&(17583(/$6*,$
2/'(8523($1&,9,/,6$7,21L3(/$6*,$'((67
V´JHÎLOHLQGLF´SULPDLXOWLPDPDUHPLJUDÎLHGLQ
(XURSD¿QYUHPHDFDWDFOLVPXOXLJHRFOLPDWHULFL
WHFWRQLFGHODFXPS´QDPLOHQLLORU9,,L9,¿G+
)LJ 3HODVJLDOD·DSRJHXOQHROLWLF¨vQWUHRUL]RQWXULOHDQLORUvG+
$FHOD>LGRPQ7DWRPLUHVFXQHVSXQH·$QGUH/HURL*RXUKDQDIRVWXQXOGLQSULPLLSUHLVWRULFLHQLFHDXHYLGHQ@LDW
H[WUDRUGLQDUDXQLWDWHDFRQ@LQXWXOXLILJXUDWLYSHUPDQHQ@DSHUVLVWHQ@DFRQWLQXLWDWHDUHSUH]HQWCULORUvQVSD@LX>L
WLPSGLQ$VWXULDSaQCOD'RQXQLWDWHFXOWXUDOCDSDU@LQaQG>LXQHLXQLWC@LGHPRJUDILFHGLQFDUHVDXLYLWvQ]RULL
LVWRULHL(XURSHQLL3HODVJLL$UKDLFLSHODVJL RDPHQLLSCPaQWXOXLORFXOXLXQLWDWHFHDDQWUHQDWSULQPLOHQLL>L2
/,0%n &2081n SHODVJLFD GLYHUVLILFaQGXVH JHRJUDILF OLQJYLVWLF GH OD XQ PLOHQLX OD DOWXO HYROXaQG >L
UHvQIORULQGvQGHRVHELvQYUHPHD,PSHULXOXL5RPDQvQGLUHF@LLRULJLQDOHFHVHvQIC@L>HD]CD]LGUHSWIDPLOLDOLPEL
ORUURPDQLFH¨
&DLHWHOH'DFR5RPaQLHLDQXO,,,QUVHSWGHF(G$HWKLFXV7LPL>RDUD5RPaQLD
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
vPSUXPXWDWRGDU>LVFULHUHDDOIDEHWXOGDFC·/LQHDU6FULSW$¨
LQFRPSOHW GHVFLIUDW vQFC PDL SCVWUHD]C FDUDFWHUXO KLHURJOLILF
·/LQHDU6FULSW%¨UHSUH]LQWCXQGLDOHFWDUKDLFJUHFSHQWUXFD
GH DQL PDL WaU]LX VC JCVLP FHD PDL WLPSXULH VFULHUH FODVLFC
·JUHFHDVFC¨ $VWC]L QLFL XQ JUHF QX DU UHFXQRD>WH PHULWXO
HJLSWHQLORUFXPGHDOWIHODO@LKR@LGHPDLWaU]LXUX>LLFXDMXWRUXO
FHORUGRLJUHFLFXQXPHVODYH&KLULO>L0HWRGLXYRUWUDQVIRUPD
DOIDEHWXOHOHQLFvQFKLULOLFLQWURGXVPDLDSRLODWR@LVODYLL
$SDUL@LD URPDQLORU D FRQGXV LQGLUHFW OD XQLILFDUHD DFHVWRU
SHODVJLWUDFLLOLULGDFLJH@LWLEDOL>LRGU\FDUH>LDXOXDWQXPHOH
VSXQXQLLGXSCQXPHOH5RPHLXQLILFDWRDUH'XSCFXPVHYHGH
QLPHQLQXSRDWHVSXQHH[DFWFaQG>LFXPQHDPFCSCWDWQXPHOH
GHURPaQL0DUHDPDMRULWDWHDSRSRDUHORUEDUEDUHFDUHQHDWDFC
VDXQHWUDYHUVHD]CVXQWvQQXPCUPLFILLQGUHVSLQVHRULDEVRUELWH
ICUCDOCVDLQIOXHQ@HGHRVHELWHSaQCvQVHFROXODO9,OHDG+FaQG
VRVHVFVODYLL3RSRUEDUEDUFUXG>LQHPLORVFDUHGXSCLQVXFFHVXO
GHODQRUGXO'XQCULLVHD>D]CvQVXGXODFHVWHLD>LvQIHOXODFHVWD
QHYRUGHVSCU@LSHQWUXWRWGHDXQDSULQWUXQ·FRULGRUVODY¨GHIUD@LL
QR>WUL GH OD VXGXO 'XQCULL FDUH VH YRU JCVL FD vQWUXQ IHO GH
VDQGZLFK vQWUH JUHFL >L VODYL 0DL H[LVWCP >L DVWC]L SULQ DFHVWH
ORFXULLVWURURPaQLLIRDUWHSX@LQLODQXPCUSULQDULDLXJRVODYR
FURDWCPHJOHQRURPaQLLVXEEXOJDUL>LDURPaQLLvQFCvQQXPCU
PDUHVXEJUHFL'XSCvQFHUFCULQHUHX>LWHGHDVLPLODUHIRU@DWC>L
DVWC]L GXSC DSURDSH GH DQL GH RFXSD@LH PDFHGRQHQLL QX
>LDX VFKLPEDW QLFL OLPED QLFL SRUWXO LDU OLPED VDX ·GLDOHFWXO¨
FXPvOQXPHVFHLvQVX>LQXOSRWvQWHOHJHQLFLJUHFLLQLFLEXOJDULL
RULLXJRVODYLLFLQXPDLQRLURPaQLL'HFH"$SURDSHWR@LDYHP
SULHWHQL RUL FXQRVFX@L PDFHGRQHQL >L GDFC QX LD@L vQWUHEDW R
SXWH@LIDFHDFXPvQWUHED@LLGH·GLDOHFW¨>LYH@LUCPaQHXLPL@LGH
VLPLODULWDWHDOXLFXOLPEDURPaQC/LPEDORUHVWHFHDPDLYHFKH
>L PDL ELQH SCVWUDWC ILLQG GH IDSW OLPED SHODVJLFC WUDFLFC VDX
GDFLFCGXSCFXPYUH@LVCRQXPL@L>LFDUHHVWH>LOLPEDQRDVWUC
L GDFC QH PDL DPLQWLP FC vQ XUPC FX GH DQL $OH[DQGUX
UHJHDO0DFHGRQLHLHUDUHVSLQVOD-RFXULOH2OLPSLFHSHPRWLYFC
35
QX HUD JUHF >L FC OXL $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ OD YaUVWD GH DQL
SCULQ@LLLDXDGXVFDSURIHVRUSH$ULVWRWHOFDUHHUDJUHFGXSCWDWC
>L PDFHGRQ GXSC PDPC FD VCO vQYH@H OLPED FLYLOL]D@LHL GH
DWXQFL HOHQD FXP SXWHP FUHGH FC $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ FCUXLD
PDLWaU]LXLVDVFKLPEDWQXPHOHvQ$OH[DQGUXFHO0DUH>LDIRVW
vQURODWvQ3DQWKHRQXOJUHFFDHURXDIRVWJUHF"
$FHDVWCSCUHUHDVXSUDRULJLQLL>LORFXOXLPDFHGRQHQLORUQX
RvPSCUWC>HVFQXPDLHXFL>LDO@LLFXPDUIL5D\PRQG%RQQHU
FDUH vQ ·7KH 1HZ <RN 7LPHV¨ GLQ PDL SXEOLFD XQ
DUWLFROGHVSUH0DFHGRQLD ·3CPaQWFDUHQXSRDWHDYHDXQQXPH§
·7KH /DQG WKDW &DQªW %H 1DPHG¨ DFHVWD ILLQG DGMXGHFDW GH
FCWUH EXOJDUL JUHFL >L VaUEL %RQQHU VSXQHD GHVSUH $OH[DQGUX
0DFHGRQFCRULFHDUILIRVWQXPDLJUHFQX3DUDGR[DOVLQJXULL
FDUHQXVDXLPSOLFDWvQDGMXGHFDUHD0DFHGRQLHLDXIRVW·IUD@LL¨
ORU GLQ QRUG DGLFC QRL URPaQLL FDUH vQ SOXV DSURDSH
vQWRWGHDXQD LDP QHJOLMDW >L DEDQGRQDW L WRWX>L vQ R
GHOHJD@LHURPaQCFDUHDYL]LWDW$OEDQLDDGHFLVGHFRPXQDFRUG
FX JXYHUQXO DOEDQH] VC GHVFKLGC SHQWUX SRSXOD@LD PDFHGR
QHDQC ORFDOC ELVHULFL URPaQH >L >FROL FX SUHGDUH vQ OLPED UR
PaQC
6C QX XLWCP FC vQ *UHFLD vQ SHULRDGD DQWHEHOLFC vQ
0DFHGRQLD H[LVWDX ELVHULFL >L >FROL URPaQH>WL FDUH PDL WaU]LX DX
IRVWDUVH>LGLVWUXVHLDUSRSXOD@LDORFDOCDURPaQLLFXPVHQXPHVF
HLvQ>L>LDIRVWSHUVHFXWDWCFKLQXLWCFKLDURPRUaWCXQLLUHX>LQGVC
VFDSHIXJLQGvQ5RPaQLDDO@LLFKLDUvQ$PHULFDXQGH>LSRYHVWHVF
>LDVWC]LQHFD]XULOHWUHFXWXOXL
6C ILP QRL RDUH GHVFHQGHQ@LL GLUHF@L DL SRSRUXOXL SHODVJLF
WUDFGDFXQSRSRUEOHVWHPDW"LDVWC]LXFUDLQHQLL>LUX>LLYRUVC
QHIDFCVCXLWCPFLQHVXQWHPDFRORODQRLDFDVCvQ%XFRYLQDDUD
+HU@HL%DVDUDELD>L%XFHDJXQGHSRSXOD@LHLURPaQHLVHVSXQHFC
QXVXQW·URPaQL¨FLRQD@LHVODYCYRUELQGROLPECVODYCPROGRYH
QHDVFC &aQG RDUH QH YRP GH]GRL JHQXQFKLL >L YRP VWD vQ
SLFLRDUH GUHS@L QRL GDFRURPaQLL GLQ 5RPaQLD %DVDUDELD
%XFRYLQDLQXWXO+HU@HL%DQDWXO6aUEHVF%XFHDJ&DGULODWHUGLQ
36
0$5($125'8/8,
2&($18/$7/$17,&
R
F
0$5($*(7,&1($*5
S
0$5($0(',7(5$1
37
3(/$6*,$$5+$,&¿G+
,$5,$$5+$,&$/,0%,,3(/$6*(3(/$6*,&(%$=$/,0%,/25520$1,&(
3HODVJLDDUKDLFC>LDULDOLPELLSHODVJH?QWUHRUL]RQWXULOHDQLORU>L?G+
)LJ 3HODVJLFDDUKDLFC>LDULDOLPELLSHODVJHvQWUHRUL]RQWXULOHDQLORU>L?G+
·'HOD$WODQWLF>LSaQCOD'RQ>L0DUHD*HWLFC0DUHD1HDJUCDH[LVWDWRLPSUHVLRQDQWCDULHFXOWXUDOCRVXEOLPCXQL
WDWHGHPDQLIHVWDUHVSLULWXDOCOLQJYLVWLFCGHOD·'DQVXO¨EL]RQLORUGLQVDQFWXDUXOSH>WHUCGHOD$OWDPLUD6SDQLDVDX
GHOD)URQWGH*DXPH)UDQ@DOD)HOLQDGHILOGH>GHOD3DYORY&HKLDOD3DQWHUDFDL>L·&DYDOHUXFLV¨GLQVDQFWXD
UXOSH>WHUCGHOD&XFLXODWvHQGLQ5RPaQLDRULOD*DLHQDWDFGLQVDQFWXDUXOSH>WHULL*DXUD&KLQGLHL
vHQ5RPaQLD¨D>DQHVSXQHvQ·&DLHWHOH'DFR5RPaQLHL¨,RQ3DFKLD7DWRPLUHVFX
&DLHWHOH'DFR5RPaQLHL$QXO,,,QUGHFPDUWLH(GLWXUD$HWKLFXV7LPL>RDUD5RPaQLD
3RFX@LD >L 8QJDULD GLQ WRDWC 0DFHGRQLD SHQWUX D QH SURWHMD
GUHSWXULOH"1XPDL'XPQH]HX>WLH
6C YHGHP FXP DUDWC OLPED PDFHGRQHDQC vQ FRPSDUD@LH FX
OLPED URPaQC 3HQWUX DFHDVWD DP DOHV XQ FaQWHF YHFKL DURPaQ
FRPSXV FX PXOW vQDLQWH FD %ROLQWLQHDQX VC SXEOLFH ·0XPD OXL
WHIDQ&HO0DUH¨
'LDOHFWDURPaQPDFHGRQHDQ 7UDGXFHUHvQURPkQH>WH
&DULQªLEDWLQRDSWHD &LQHPLEDWHQRDSWHD
/DILULGDPHDPRL" /DIHUHDVWUDPHDPCL"
,RKLXDPX>DWD0DULRDUD (XVXQWIUXPRDVC0CULRDUC
1XQªLWLDVSLUHDPRL 1XWHVSHULDPCL
6FRDODSULQGªLODPSD 6FRDOªGHDSULQGHODPSD
6WLYHGXDIDWDWD 6C@LYCGID@DWD
)DWDWDWHDDOEDURVL )D@DWDFHDDOECUR>LH
&DWUDQGDILOD &DGHWUDQGDILU
%LEOLRJUDILH
*DEULHO*KHRUJKH·/LQJYLVWLFD,VWRULDGHILOHHGHHURUL¨vQ*HWLFDS
0DUMLD*LPEXWDV·&LYLOL]D@LD>LFXOWXUD¨(G0HULGLDQH%XFXUH>WLS>L&I
*DEULHO*KHRUJKH·¿QYHFKLPH)UDQ@DDIRVWURPDQRIRQC¨vQ*HWLFDS
(-5DSVRQ(G·7KH&DPEULGJH+LVWRU\RI,QGLD¨&DPEULGJH8QLY3UHVV&DPEULGJH
YRO,S&I&I*DEULHO*KHRUJKH ·¿QYHFKLPH)UDQ@DDIRVWURPDQRIRQC¨
vQ*HWLFDS
1LFRODH'HQVX>LDQX·'DFLD3UHLVWRULFC¨(G0HULGLDQH%XFXUH>WLS
1LFRODH,RUJD,VWRULDURPkQLORUYRO;;;SDUWHD,%XFXUH>WLS
9H]LQRWD
1LFRODH'HQVX>LDQXRSFLWYRO,3DUWHD,S
1LFRODH,RUJDRSFLWYRO,3DUWHD,S
·&KURQLFOHRIWKH:RUOG¨(FUDP3XEOLFDWLRQV3UHQWLFH+DOOS
38
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
BUREBISTA
'
XSC FH YDP SXUWDW FX LPDJLQD@LD SHVWH (8523$
35(,6725,&n SRYHVWLQGXYC GHVSUH VWUCPR>LL QR>WUL
vQGHSCUWD@L SHODVJLL WUDFL JH@L GDFL QXPL@L DVWIHO QX
GXSCOLPEDYRUELWCFDUHHUDDFHHD>LSHODVJLFDVDXLQFRUHFWQXPLWC
ODWLQD EDUEDUC FL GXSC ORFDOL]DUHD ORU JHRJUDILFC FXP >L D]L QRL
URPaQLL PDL VXQWHP QXPL@L PROGRYHQL UHJC@HQL YODKL ECQC@HQL
GREURJHQL RUL PDFHGRQHQL YRL vQFHSH VC YLL GHVFULX SH XQLL GLQ
DFHLD FDUH DX DYXW DWXQFL XQ LPSDFW vQ YLLWRUXO QRVWUX GH D]L YRL
vQFHSHFX%85(%,67$FHOPDLPDUHGLQWUHUHJLL75$&,(,FDUHVD
QCVFXWFDPSHODvQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXL,?G+ODPDLPXOWGH
GH DQL GH OD SUCEX>LUHD 0$5(/8, ,03(5,8 3(/$6*,& DWXQFL
FaQG OXPHD DQWLFC HUD GRPLQDWC GH ,PSHULXO 5RPDQ %XUHELVWD v>L
SURSXQH >L UHDOL]HD]C UHXQLILFDUHD SRSXOD@LHL WUDFLFH vQ FDUH UROXO
OLPELL >L UHOLJLHL FRPXQH SCJaQH DX FRQVWLWXLW XQ PLMORF SXWHUQLF GH
QHvQWUHUXSWCOHJCWXUCDXQLWC@LL>LIUC@LHLvQWUHWRDWHSaOFXULOHQHDPXOXL
QRVWUX ICUaPL@DW SaQC OD (/ %XUHELVWD D XQLW QHDPXULOH vQWUR
vPSCUC@LH UHVSHFWDWC DLFL vQ &(1758/ >L 5n6n5,78/ (8523(,
vQWLQ]aQGX>LKRWDUHOHGHODSCGXUHD+HUFLQLFD0RUDYLDGHD]LSaQC
OD%XJ>LGLQ&DUSD@LL1RUGLFLSaQCODVXGGH%DOFLF'LRQ\VRSROLV
1XPHOHDGHYDUDWDOOXL%XUHELVWDVDSLHUGXWXQGHYDSULQYHDFXULGDU
LQWHOLJHQ@D SXWHUHD >L YLWHMLD OXL vQ OXSWC DYHDX VCL DGXFC PHULWDWXO
QXPH GH %8(5(%8,67$6 &DUHHUDFDUHHVWHQX vQVHDPQC
·1HPDLSRPHQLWXO¨·&XPQXDPDLIRVW>LQXPDLHVWH¨
0RQHGH GHVFRSHULWH GLQ YUHPHD OXL vQ 7UDQVLOYDQLD QLO
vQIC@L>HD]C SH DFHVW UHJH DO UHJLORU FX GRXC FDSHWH VLPEROL]aQG
WUHFXWXO >L SUH]HQWXO ,QVFULS@LLOH GH SH PRQHGH VXQW vQ OLPED
WUDFLFC·ODWLQDYXOJDUC¨6$50,69$6,/&HO0DL0DUH5HJH
1XPHOH VR@LHL OXL =,1$ vPSCUCWHDVD >L PDUHD SUHRWHDVC D
WUDFLORUVDJCVLWWRWSHGRXCPRQHGHGLQ7UDQVLOYDQLD$OWQXPHDO
39
)LJ6DQFWXDUGUHSWXQJKLXODUGH[WDPEXUXULGHJUDQLWDQGH]LWGHOD6DUPLVHJHWXVD
(XPCJUCEHVFVCFXUJVDQVNULWC
'HIDSWOD6DUPLVHJHWXVDVDXGHVFRSHULWSDWUXVDQFWXDUHGUHSWXQJKLXODUH
ODQLYHOXOLQIHULRUXQVDQFWXDUGH[WDPEXUXULDYkQGLQFOXVHvQWUHHOHvQWURSR]L@LHORQJLWXGLQDOC
>LFHQWUDOCVLPHWULFvQUDSRUWFXFHQWUXOVDQFWXDUXOXLvQFCWDPEXUXULPDLPDULFDGLDPHWUX>L
VXSUDvQCO@DWH
ODQLYHOXOPHGLXXQGHVHDIOC>LVDQFWXDUHOHFLUFXODUHDOCWXULGHGLVFXOGHDQGH]LWDOOXL$SOR
VXQWvQFCGRXCVDQFWXDUHXQXOGH[>LDOWXOGH[
ODQLYHOXOVXSHULRUJCVLPXQXOGH[WDPEXUXUL
)LJ 'XSC
6%REDQFX
&6DPRLOC(3RHQDUX
WDPEXU DQGDFLF
oQIHOXODFHVWD
VDQFWXDUXOGH[
WDPEXUXULHVWH
SXUWCWRUXOXQHL
SHULRDGHGHWLPS
WLSLFHGDFLORU
SHULRDGD
GHGHDQL
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
41
42
43
)LJ'LVFXOVRODUDOOXL$SORvQFRQMXUDWGHFHLXFHQLFLDLVCL""
)LJ $FHOD>LGLVFGHDQGH]LWGHOD6$50,6(*(786$
?QVDQVFULWC¥(XPCJUCEHVFVCFXUJ
44
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
)LJ )UDJPHQWGHURDWCGHSLDWUCGLQ@DWCvQLQWHULRU
GHOD6DUPLVHJHWXVD'DFLFD
45
0DUHOHSUHRW'(&(1(8DIRVWXOWHULRUQXPLWVXFFHVRUDOUHJHOXL
GHIXQFW $]L H GLILFLO VC DSUHFLHP vQ vQWUHJLPH FXQR>WLQ@HOH VDOH
>WLLQ@LILFH H[WUHP GH YDVWH 1XPHURDVH LQVFULS@LL vQ SLDWUC VXJHUHD]C
QR@LXQLGHPDWHPDWLFCFXPDUILWULXQJKLXOOXL3LWDJRUDD>DQXPLWXO
·QXPCUSHUIHFW¨VDX·QXPCUXOFRVPLF¨LQIRUPD@LLGHDVWURQRPLH
GHVSUH ·SHQWDJRQXO SODQHWDU¨ DFHVWD ILLQG 6DWXUQ -XSLWHU 0DUWH
9HQXV >L 0HUFXU SR]L@LD VRDUHOXL OD HFKLQRF@LL >L VROVWL@LL SR]L@LD
/XQLLODFHOHSDWUXID]HDOHVDOH>LFDOHQGDUXOGDFLFXQGHXQDQGH
GH]LOHDOWHUQDFXXQXOGHGH]LOH)LJ8OWLPXOHVWH
FRQILUPDWGHVFHQDSLFWDWCSHRFXSCGHIUXFWHGHVFRSHULWCOD%aWFD
'RDPQHLFD>LSHRODPSCGHOXWDUVJCVLWCSHOaQJC%DUER>L*DOD@L
2WDEOHWCGHVFRSHULWCOD'XPEUDYDMXGH@XO,D>LFRQILUPCvQ@HOHJHUHD
GHFCWUH0DUHOH3UHRWDFHORUDQRWLPSXUL>LVHPQH]RGLDFDOHvQWUR
PDQLHUCFHDPLQWH>WHGH]RGLDFHOHYHFKLFKLQH]H>WLVDXPDLD>H
¿QFRQWH[WXOFHORUSUH]HQWDWHFXPSXWHPFUHGHFCD>DRVRFLHWDWH
HYROXDWC >L SXWHUQLFC >LDU IL SXWXW XLWD OLPED QD@LRQDOC FRVWXPHOH
WUDGL@LRQDOH >L RELFHLXULOH DGaQF vQUCGCFLQDWH vQ PDL SX@LQ GH GRXC
VHFROH GH DVXSULUH URPDQC D>D FXP XQLL ·LVWRULFL¨ VXQW HL RDUH DL
QR>WUL"FDXWCVCQHvQYH@H"&XPHVWHSRVLELOFDvQWLPSFHGRDU
GLQWHULWRULXOGDFLFILLQGFXFHULW>LRFXSDWGHQHVCWXOXO,PSHULX5RPDQ
FRQVWaQG DSURDSH QXPDL GLQ WUXSH GH PHUFHQDUL DQDOIDEH@L FDUH
GHDELDSXWHDXvQFKHJDGRXCYRUEHvQODWLQCDFH>WLDVCQHvQYH@HSH
QRLROLPECSHFDUHHLvQ>L>LQXRYRUEHDXFXPWUHEXLH"2ULFXPVH
DUJXPHQWHD]CFCHLQHDXvQYC@DWODWLQD>LPDLPXOWQHDXICFXWVCQH
XLWCP GLDOHFWXO QRVWUX PDWHUQ SaQC OD OLPLWD OD FDUH GRDU YUHR
FXYLQWHDXPDLUCPDVvQOLPEDQRDVWUCURPaQCFRQWHPSRUDQC
7UDFLLDUILSXWXWILvQFHHDFHQHSULYH>WHRDPHQLLQWHOLJHQ@LGDU
YC URJ OCVD@LR EDOWC GRPQLORU ·LVWRULFL¨ SHQWUX FC HVWH DEVXUG VC >L
JaQGLPFDVWUCPR>LLQR>WULWUCLQGOLEHUL>LIHULFL@LSHUHVWXOGHGLQ
WHULWRULLOHWUDFHVCvQFHDSCVXELWXQPDUDWRQSULQYCL>LGHILOHHSCGXUL>L
POD>WLQLFCWUHWHULWRULLOHPXOWPDLPLFLGRPLQDWHGHRSUHVRULKRWCUa@L
VC vQYH@H R OLPEC PDL OD PRGC ¿QVX>L JaQGXO HVWH DEVXUG &ROHJLL
GXPQHDYRDVWUC GH SHVWH 3UXW QX PDL SX@LQ ·OLQJYL>WL >L LVWRULFL GH
UHQXPHPRQGLDO¨GHFaWGRPQLLOHYRDVWUHSURSRYCGXLHVFICUCvQFHWDUH
PDMRULWC@LL URPaQH GLQ %DVDUDELD GHVSUH OLPED ·ORU¨ FD ILLQG QXPLWC
·PROGRYHQHDVFC¨ FX UCGCFLQL VODYH ·FODUH¨ VDX GHVSUH SURSULD ·ORU¨
LVWRULHFDILLQGD>DGHGLIHULWCGHDQRDVWUC"&HYDHVWHFLXGDWQX"
46
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
3
RGXO GH SLDWUC GH SHVWH 'XQCUH D IRVW XQD GLQ PLQXQLOH
DQWLFKLWC@LLSHFDUHLVWRULFLLQLOSUH]LQWCFDILLQGRUHDOL]DUH
DOXL$SRORGRUGLQ'DPDVFLGHHSUHOXDWC>LGHXQLLGLQWUH
·LVWRULFLLQR>WUL¨([LVWCXQLLFDUHQXLDXFUH]XWFXPDIRVWGRPQXO
&,RUGDFKHWLLQ@DFXOWXUDGRFXPHQWHGLQ5HQD>WHUHD'DFLHL
1RLHPEULH
(VWHLORJLFFDRDUPDWCFDUHSRVHGCWHULWRULXOGRDUGHSHXQPDO
DO IOXYLXOXL 'XQCUHD ,VWUXO VC UHX>HDVFC FRQVWUXLUHD XQXL SRG GH
SLDWUCDOFCUXLDOGRLOHDFDSCWVHDIOCSHWHULWRULXOLQDPLF
$VWC]LFXWRDWCWHKQLFDPRGHUQCGHFDUHGLVSXQHPXQSRGGH
SLDWUCSHVWH'XQCUHVHSRDWHFRQVWUXLvQWURSHULRDGCGHDSUR[LPDWLY
DQLRUL·LVWRULFLL¨VXV@LQFC7UDLDQODFRQVWUXLWODvQFHSXWXOFHOXL
GHDOGRLOHDUC]ERLFXGDFLLvQGRLDQL'RPQLORU·LVWRULFL¨FUHGH@L
FXPYD vQ PLQXQL RUL PDJLH" &RQVLGHUCP LPSRVLELOC FRQVWUXLUHD
vQWURSHULRDGCDWaWGHVFXUWCGHQXPDLGRLDQLDXQXLSRGGHSLDWUC
SHVWH 'XQCUH vQ VSHFLDO FaQG 7UDLDQ VH JCVHD vQ SOLQC FDPSDQLH
PLOLWDUC FRQWUDDWDFXULOH OXL 'HFHEDO SURYRFaQG PDUL SLHUGHUL
LQYDGDWRULORUURPDQL(VWHFLXGDWFCQLFLXQLWLQHUDUDQWLF>LQLFLXQ
WH[WHSLJUDILFQXQHYRUEHVFGH·SRGXOOXL7UDLDQ¨>LQXDIRVWJCVLW
QLFLRGDWCYUHXQWH[WFDUHVCYRUEHDVFCGHWHKQLFDFRQVWUXF@LHLOXL
'HRDUHFH &RPHQWDULLOH ·'H %HOOR 'DFLFR¨ DOH OXL 7UDLDQ VXQW
SLHUGXWH SH XQGHYD SULQ SRGXULOH RUL EHFLXULOH XQRU ELEOLRWHFL VDX
DUKLYH URPDQH DVWC]L DYHP OD GLVSR]L@LH QXPDL &2/801$ OXL
75$,$1 XQGH VH YHGH FODU FC vQ DQXO G+ URPDQLL WUHFHDX
'XQCUHDSHXQSRGGHYDVH'HFHRDUHPaQGUXODUKLWHFW$SRORGRU
GLQ'DPDVFFCUXLDLVHDWULEXLHFRQVWUXF@LDSRGXOXL>LD&ROXPQHLOXL
7UDLDQDXLWDWVCLPRUWDOL]H]HSH&ROXPQCRDVHPHQHDPDUHUHDOL]DUH
XQSRGGHSLDWUCSHVWH'XQCUHFDUHHUDFKLDURSHUDVD"
47
2DUHQXHVWHPXOWPDLYHURVLPLOFDSRGXOGHSHVWH'XQCUHVC
IL IRVW FRQVWUXLW GH SRSRUXO FDUH VWCSaQHD DPEHOH PDOXUL DOH
IOXYLXOXL SRSRU FRQGXV GH FHO GHVSUH FDUH 675$%21 VFULD
·%XUHELVWDVWCSaQH>WHWRWWHULWRULXOGHSHDPEHOHPDOXULDOH'XQCULL
HVWH WHPXW GH URPDQL DWDFD WUHFHD IOXYLXO FaQG YRLD SULQ
0DFHGRQLD¨/XDWSULQVXUSULQGHUHGHLQYD]LDURPDQLORU'HFHEDO
XQ PDUH VWUDWHJ vQFHDUFC VC RSUHDVFC vQDLQWDUHD URPDQLORU
GHPROaQG SDUWHD GH OHPQ FDURVDELOC D SRGXOXL LDU UHVWXO ILLQG
LQFHQGLDWGXSCFXPDUDWCEaUQHOHDUVHGHODID@DORFXOXL'LQDFHVW
PRWLY7UDLDQ>LDWUHFXWWUXSHOHvQ'DFLDQXSHXQSRGGHSLDWUCFL
SH XQXO GH YDVH GXSC FXP DUDWC FKLDU $SRORGRU GLQ 'DPDVF SH
&ROXPQD OXL 7UDLDQ 0DL WaU]LX DUPDWD URPDQC D UHICFXW YHFKLXO
SRGGHSLDWUCDOOXL%XUHELVWDSHQWUXDWUDQVSRUWDSUDGDOXDWCGHOD
SRSXOD@LD GDFLFC GDU FCUCPL]LOH FX >WDPSLOD OHJLXQLORU URPDQH
JCVLWHSHDFHVWORFQXGRYHGHVFFCHLDX>LFRQVWUXLWSRGXO
¿QVHFROXODO,,,OHDG+&RQVWDQWLQFHO0DUHGDFGHRULJLQH
QCVFXW ?Q VDWXO 1, OD VXG GH 'XQCUH UHFRQVWUXLH>WH SRGXO GH OD
'UREHWD DGDXJC XQ FDVWUX FX SDWUX WXUQXUL >L XQ HGLILFLX FX
QXPHURDVH vQFCSHUL &LXGDW HVWH FC XQLL LVWRULFL DX YRUELW GH XQ
VSD@LXJROSCUCVLWGHURPDQLODQRUGGH'XQCUH'HFHRDUHGXSC
SCUCVLUHD WHULWRULLORU GH FCWUH URPDQL HO &RQVWDQWLQ FHO 0DUH
UHFRQVWUXLH>WHXQSRGGHSLDWUCIRDUWHFRVWLVLWRUFDVCOXQHDVFCFX
RDULHQHSRSXODWC"0DUHJXJXPDQHDFHVW&RQVWDQWLQFHO0DUH
0HQ@LRQCP FC vQWUR EDODGC DURPaQC ·3XQWHD GLQ DUWC¨ VH
YRUEH>WH GH WUHL PH>WHUL LVFXVL@L FDUH DX FRQVWUXLW XQ SRG SHVWH
'XQCUH>LFDUHDXOXFUDWODHODQL
48
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
DIURAPNEUS,
supranumit [i ...Decebal
0RWWR ·'LQ=HLGHDPILVFRERUaWRUL
&RPRDUWHWRWVXQWHPGDWRUL
7RWXQDHGDFDLPXULW
)OCFCXRULPR>vQJaUERYLW
'DUQXLWRWXQD/HXVCPRUL
2UL&aLQHQOCQ@XLW¨
*HRUJH&2%8&·'HFHEDOFCWUHSRSRU¨
,
Q SHULRDGD VHFROXOXL , G+ VSD@LXO &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ
3RQWLF QH DSDUH FD R PDUH ]RQC GH KCU@XLUH D SRSXOD@LHL
DXWRKWRQH WUDFLFH FDUH HVWH FRQWLQXX SUCGDWC IXUDWC
vPSLQVCORYLWCL]ELWC>LMHIXLWCGHSRSRDUHOHQRXVRVLWHFDUHUHX>HVF
VCVHD>H]H>LVC>LFUHH]HSURSULD·LVWRULH¨>L·FXOWXUC¨IXUaQGR
GHODQRL*UHFLLVRVL@LvQYDOXULGLQ]RQDHVWLFCD0CULL&DVSLFH
?G+VDXD>H]DWOLQL>WL@L>LVXQW>LHLDFXPFXFHUL@LGH
URPDQL>LYRUVWDVXEMXJXODFHVWRUDGHDQLPDLPXOWFDQRL
GDFLLGDU ·PLQXQH¨ HL QX>L YRU ·VFKLPED¨ OLPED FL QXPDL QRL
GDFLL>LQXvQGHDQLFLvQ>LFHYDVCILHDFHDVWDDGHYCUDWC
RULDGHYCUDWVCILHFCOLPEDGDFLORUDIRVWD>D]LVD·ODWLQCEDUEDUC¨
GXSCFXPQHVSXQHD1LFRODH'HQVX>LDQX>LvQIHOXOCVWDHLGDFLL
QXDPDLWUHEXLWVCvQYH@H·RQRXCOLPEC¨>LVRXLWHSHDORU"
¿Q DFHDVWC SHULRDGC vQ YDUD DQXOXL G+ vPSCUDWXO URPDQ
'RPL@LDQWULPLWHVXEFRPDQGDOXL&RUQHOLXV)XVFXVWUXSHURPDQH
VCRFXSH'DFLDGHODQRUGXO'XQCULL$FHVWDWUHFHSHXQSRGGHYDVH
'XQCUHDOD7DSDH3RU@LOHGH)LHUDOH7UDQVLOYDQLHLGDUVXQWDWDFD@L
GHGDFLSULQVXUSULQGHUH>LvQYLQ>L/HJLXQHDURPDQCD9D$ODXGH
HVWHFRPSOHWQLPLFLWCLDUJHQHUDOXOHL&RUQHOLXV)XVFXVXFLVvQOXSWC
'DUFLQHDIRVWFRQGXFCWRUXODUPDWHLGDFLFH"1XPHOH/XLQXPHOH
49
GDFXOXLvQYLQJCWRUDIRVWFRQVHPQDWQXPDLGH7DFLWXVGLQRSHUD
FCUXLD VH YD LQVSLUD 2UDVLXV vQ VHFROXO 9 G+ >L ,RUGDQXV VHF 9,
G+ QXPHOH /XL HUD ',85$31(86 ·&HO 2UIDQ¨ XQ
WDUDERVWHV GLQ VXGYHVWXO 'DFLHL FDUH D IRVW DSRL GLYLQL]DW FD XQ
VHPL]HX GH SRSXOD@LD GDFLFC VXSUDQXPLQGXO '(&(%$/86
·1HDPGH&DO¨RUL3H&DO&DYDOHURUL·,1252*8/¨'XFLSDOXO
>L FCUXLD UHJHOH GDF GH DWXQFL '85$6 SULQWUXQ JHVW QRELO >L
LQWHOLJHQWvLYDFHGDWURQXO3HYDVXOIXQHUDUGHVFRSHULWOD*UCGL>WHD
GH0XQWH6DUPLVHJHWXVDDSDUGRXC>WDPSLOHFXLQVFULS@LD·'(
&( %$/86 3(56 &25,/2¨ FH VH SRDWH WUDGXFH ·'HFHEDOXV D
SOCWLW vQCO@DUHD OD FHU¨ LDU GDFC vO FLWLP vQ RJOLQGC ·2OLURF 6UHS
6XOD%HFHG¨9LWHD]XO&DOVDVLQXFLV'DULQVFULS@LDVHPDLSRDWH
FLWL>L·'(&(%$/863(56&25,/2¨·'HQHDPXOFCUXLYDSLHUL
GX>PDQXO¨6HSDUHFCDFHVWEOHVWHPDFLUFXODWSULQWUHGDFLSaQCOD
GLVSDUL@LDLPSHULXOXLURPDQ*R@LLFDUHVHFUHGHDXXUPD>LLJH@LORU
DX DYXW XQ UHJH FX QXPH SUHGHVWLQDW $/$5,& ,QRURJXO QCVFXW
vQ 'DFLD FDUH SXUWD vQ VXIOHWXO OXL DFHVW EOHVWHP DVWIHO FC OD
vQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXL9G+YL]LJR@LLFRQGX>LGH,QRURJDXSCUCVLW
+HPXV 3HQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC >L DX SCWUXQV vQ ,WDOLD $ODULF
FXFHUH>WH5RPDODDXJXVWG+GLVWUXJaQGRSaQCvQWHPHOLL
WUHFaQGRSULQIRF>LVDELH6CVHILvQGHSOLQLWDVWIHOEOHVWHPXOOXL
'H&HEDOXV""
'DFLLVDXOXSWDWVXEVWLQGDUGXO/XSXOXLVWLQGDUGWUDGL@LRQDODO
WUDFLORUFDSXOGHOXSFXFRUSXOGHGUDJRQ>LVHOXSWDXFXURPDQLL
DFCURUFDSLWDOC5RPDDIRVWvQWHPHLDWC·VXEVHPQXO/XSXOXL¨>L
GXSCYHFKLOHOHJHQGHGHXQWUDFGHXQWURLDQ(QHDVFDUHLDGXVSH
WURLHQLvQYDOHD7LEUXOXL¥YDOHDFHORU>DSWHFROLQH¥VFCSaQGXLGH
JUHFLLDKHLLGDFC(QHDVLDDGXVSHWURLHQLFLQH>WLH"
'DU QXPHOH GH 5RPD vQFC QX>L DUH UH]ROYDWC RULJLQHD
SURYHQLHQ@D $QXO vQILLQ@CULL 5RPHL QX HVWH VLJXU 1LFL QXPHOH HL
QXHVWHGHOD5RPXOXVFXPDILUPCOHJHQGDSCVWUDWCGHODLVWRULFXO
7LWXV /LYLXV ¥ ·&21',7$ 85%(6 &21',725,6 120,1(
$33(//$7$¨ ¥ FL GH OD VLWXD@LD RUD>XOXL D>H]DW OaQJC R DSC
·5$8¨ VDX ·58021¨ FXYaQW WUDF RUL HWUXVF HFKLYDOHQW SHQWUX
UaX5RPXOXVQXDSXWXWILvQWHPHLHWRUXOHLFLGRDUILXDORUD>XOXL
GHSH·5$8¨VDX·58021¨ILXO5RPHL
50
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
51
)LJ
$>DDUCWD(/
'HFHEDO
3RUWUHWDO
PDUHOXLUHJH
GDFGHSH
&ROXPQD
OXL7UDLDQ
'HFHEDO
>L7UDLDQ
,RQ0LFOHD
5DGX)ORUHVFX
('0HULGLDQH
52
)LJ1RELOGDF
7DUDERVWHVVWDWXLH
GHFRUkQGDWLFXO
DUFXOXLGHWULXPIDO
OXL&RQVWDQWLQFHO
0DUHGHOD5RPDHO
vQVX>LGDFGHODVXGXO
'XQCULLVDWXO1L>
)LJXUDGDFXOXLDIRVW
WUDWDWCFXUHVSHFW
DHUXOOXLECUECWHVF
YLJRDUHDWUXSXOXL
DWLWXGLQHDFDOPC
LPSXQ>LQXODVC
LPSUHVLDXQXLVSHULDW
XPLOFDSWLYFLPDL
GHJUDECDXQXL
VWCSkQFDUH>WLHURVWX
ULOHOXPLL'DUFHPL
VHSDUHPLVWHULRVVXQW
FHLWUHL666RUL
&&&
oQDQXOGHOD
=DOPR[LVvPSCUDWXO
%XUHELVWD>LPDUHOH
SUHRW'HFDLQHXVDX
KRWCUkWVC
UHVWDXUH]H·DGHYCUDWXO
FXOW¨GH]YCOXLQGXOH
JH@LORU
PLVWHUHOHVDFUH
$WXQFLVDGHFLVFD
DQXO,DOFDOHQGDUXOXL
VCILHDQXOQD>WHULL
&HORU'RL=DOPR[LV
$VWIHODQXO
UHIRUPHLUHOLJLRDVHD
IRVWDGHS@LLOXL
FRQVLGHUkQGDFHVW
QXPCUEHQHILFQRUR
FRVSHFkQGDGYHUVD
ULLODXFRQVLGHUDW
QXPCUPDOHILF
&RPSOH[XOGHVDQFWX
DUHGHOD6DUPL6HJHW
8VDFRQVWLWXLQGSUR
EDELODSRJHXO>LFHQ
WUXOVDFHUGRWLFDOPLV
WHUHORUVDFUH$FHVW
QXPCUDSDUHSHIRDUWHPXOWHLQVFULS@LLGDFLFHVXEIRUPDGH&&&RULYH]LRSDL@XOGHOD
'UREHWDSODFDGHPDUPXUCGHOD7RPLVRULFHDGHOD7HWRYR0DFHGRQLD&XPGHDDMXQVVC
VLPEROL]H]H·QXPCUXOILDUHL¨vQ·$SRFDOLSVD§6IkQWXOXL,RDQ7HRORJXOHVWHXQDOWPLVWHU
9H]L·7HULELOXOQXPCU¨$GULDQ%XFXUHVFX'DFLD6HFUHWD$5+(7,356%XFXUH>WL
53
7UDLDQ DGDXJC FHORU QRXC OHJLXQL GH OD 'XQCUHD PLMORFLH >L
LQIHULRDUC vQFC DOWH SDWUX DGXVH GLQ SURYLQFLLOH JHUPDQH >L DOWH
GRXCFUHDWHVSHFLDOFXSULOHMXOSULPXOXLUC]ERLGDFLF/DPDUWLH
G+vPSCUDWXO7UDLDQSCUCVH>WH5RPDD>H]aQGXVHvQIUXQWHD
DGHVROGD@LFDVCFXFHUHDVFCFH"R@DUCGHDQDOIDEH@L
ICUCOLPEC>LFXOWXUC"R@DUCFXIRDUWHSX@LQCSRSXOD@LHFXPOH
SODFH XQJXULORU VC VSXQC GH QRL R @DUC GH DJULFXOWRUL ICUC IRU@C
DUPDWC'DFCHUDPD>DGHSX@LQLGHFHvLWUHEXLDXOXL7UDLDQ
GHVROGD@L"'DFCHUDPD>DGHVCUDFLGHFHYHQHDXODQRL"
¿Q YDUD DQXOXL G+ OHJLXQLOH URPDQH FRQGXVH GH 7UDLDQ
GHEDUFCOD/HGHUDWD5DPD>LVHvQGUHDSWCVSUH$FLGDYD9CUCGL@D
'HFHEDOvLODVCVCSCWUXQGCSaQCvQ%DQDWFRQFHQWUaQGX>LRDVWHDvQ
]RQDGHOD7DSDH%XFRYDXQGH7UDLDQRE@LQHRPRGHVWCYLFWRULH
7RWX>L DFHDVWC YLFWRULH GHVFKLGH URPDQLORU GUXPXO VSUH DUD
+D@HJXOXL VLWXDWC vQ DSURSLHUHD QXFOHXOXL GDFLF GLQ 0XQ@LL
685<$1XOXL'DWRULWCGLYHUVLXQLLICFXWCGH'HFHEDOFDUHVHDOLD]C
FXEXULLEDVWRUQLL>LUR[DODQLLWUHFaQG'XQCUHD>LDWDFaQGD>H]CULOH
URPDQH DFXP DIODWH vQWUH 'XQCUH >L 3RQWXO (X[LQ &RQVWDQ@D
7UDLDQHVWHVLOLWVC>LUHWUDJCRSDUWHGLQOHJLXQLOHGLQ'DFLDSHQWUX
DL UHVSLQJH SH GDFL >L SH DOLD@LL ORU GLQ VXGXO 'REURJHL XQGH PDL
WaU]LX vQ YD ULGLFD 0RQXPHQWXO GH OD $GDPFOLVL 7URSDHXP
7UDLDQL"""DO@LLVSXQFCGHIDSWDIRVWULGLFDWGHGDFL
¿QSULPCYDUDDQXOXLG+7UDLDQSUHLDRIHQVLYDVWUCEDWH
0XQWHQLDSULQSDVXO%UDQvQYLQJaQGXOSH'HFHEDO¿QXUPDSCFLL
vQFKHLDWH'HFHEDOSLHUGH%DQDWXODUD+D@HJXOXL2OWHQLDVXGXO
0XQWHQLHL>LDO0ROGRYHL¿QGHFHPEULHG+OD5RPD7UDLDQ
SULPH>WHQXPHOHGH'$&,&86vQYLQJCWRUDOGDFLORU
7UDLDQvQWCUH>WHOLQLD'XQCULLFXHIHFWLYHPLOLWDUH
¿QWUH G+ FX DMXWRUXO OXL $SRORGRU GLQ 'DPDVF
6LULD UHFRQVWUXLH>WH SRGXO GH SLDWUC GH SHVWH 'XQCUH OD
'UREHWD7XUQX 6HYHULQ SRG FRQVWUXLW LQL@LDO GH %85(%,67$
$SRORGRUGLQ'DPDVFHUDFHOPDLYHVWLWDUKLWHFWDOWLPSXOXLVCX
OXL L VD vQFUHGLQ@DW PDL WaU]LX FRQVWUXF@LD &ROXPQHL OXL 7UDLDQ
'H FH RDUH SH DFHDVWC FROXPQC HO ?L DUDWC SH URPDQL WUHFaQG
'XQCUHDSHXQSRGGHYDVHGDFCHODFRQVWUXLWSRGXOGHSLDWUC"
0DULOH FRQVWUXF@LL GH SRGXUL DX vQWRWGHDXQD FHYD VLPEROLF
54
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
55
)LJ )HPHLHGDFCFXFRSLO
56
57
)LJ 'DFLLWUHF'XQCUHDvQ0RHVLD>LDWDFCXQFDVWUXURPDQ
)LJ 6SUH6DUPL6HJHW8VD
58
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
59
PDUHOH 'HFHEDO v>L vPSOLQH>WH GHVWLQXO SXQaQGX>L FDSCW ]LOHORU
6FHQDPCUHD@CDPRU@LLVDOHSRDWHILUHJCVLWCSH&ROXPQDOXL7UDLDQ
$PIRVW]GUREL@LvQYLQ>LGDUQX1,0,&,,
1HSXWHPPaQGULFX'HFHEDO'DUFX7UDLDQ"&HDDYXWHO
FRPXQFXQRL"&LQHHUDHOGHIDSW"9RPYHGHD
60
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
,
VWRULDOXPLLSDUHXQHRULH[WUHPGHFLXGDWC>LFRQWURYHUVDWC
¿Q MXUXO DQXOXL XQ FCOXJCU VSDQLRO QXPLW $OSKRQVR
&,$&&21( SUH]LQWC vQ SUHPLHUC EDVRUHOLHIXO VFXOSWDW SH
&ROXPQDOXL7UDLDQvQ5RPDDOOXL$SRORGRUGLQ'DPDVFFDUH
VSXQH HO vQIC@L>D VFHQH GLQ FHOH FDPSDQLL PLOLWDUH SHQWUX
FXFHULUHD 'DFLHL DOH VXVQXPLWXOXL vPSCUDW G+ XUPDWC
GHG+
$UDWCvQWUDGHYCUFLXGDWFCH[DFWHLURPDQLLQXDXOCVDWQLFL
R PCUWXULH VFULVC GHVSUH &ROXPQD GH 3LDWUC R DGHYDUDWC SLDWUC GH
KRWDU D FXOWXULL DQWLFH FKLDU HL FDUH REL>QXLDX VC VFULH R JUCPDGC
GHVSUH RULFH RULXQGH L YD IL DFHOD>L VSDQLRO FDUH YD IL SULPXO VC
VWDELOHDVFC IDSWXO FC WRDWH EDVRUHOLHIXULOH &ROXPQHL VH UHIHUC OD
DFHVWHGRXCGUDPDWLFHUC]ERDLHGLQWUH5RPD,PSHULDOC>LVWUCPR>LL
SRSRUXOXLURPaQLDFXPXUPHD]CGHVFULHUHDH[DFWCDSULPHLVFHQH
GLQ &ROXPQD OXL 7UDLDQ D SCULQWHOXL &LDFFRQH FX PHQ@LXQHD FC
DFHVWFCOXJDUHUDELQHSXVODSXQFWFXDVSHFWHOHPDMRUHDOHUHDOLWC@LL
LWDOLHQHDVHF;9,GXSCSURI'U1&RSRLXvQOXFUDUHD·3DODWXOOXL
'HFHEDO¨·5H>HGLQ@DOXL'HFHEDOHUDXQSDODWPDJQLILFGHFRUDWFX
FROXPQH>LSRUWUHWHSUREDELOVLWXDWSH@CUPXOQRUGLFDO'XQCULLSH
FDUHvPSCUDWXO7UDLDQvOYDRFXSDXOWHULRUGaQGRUGLQHVCVHSCVWUH]H
WRDWCPRELODUHJDOC0RPHQWXOFXOPLQDQWHVWHvQWLPSXO·7UDWDWXOXL
GH 3DFH¨ WHPSRUDU vQFKHLDW vQ G+ vQWUH 7UDLDQ >L 'HFHEDO
'HD OXQJXO HVSODQDGHORU GH VXV DOH SDODWXOXL VH SXWHD YHGHD R
SUHVXSXVC VWDWXLH D vQVX>L UHJHOXL 'HFHEDO VFXOSWXUD SXWaQG
UHSUH]HQWDvQDFHOD>LWLPSXQXOGLQPDULLVCLSUHGHFHVRULvPEUCFDWvQ
FRVWXPXO QD@LRQDO GDFLF )LJ 3RDUWD SULQFLSDOC D SDODWXOXL VH
61
)LJ 3DODWXOOXL'HFHEDO
6HSRWYHGHDFHLWUHLOHULIH@HWLSLFHGDFLFH>LFKLDUvQSDUWHDVWkQJCVXVGUDJRQXOFDSXO
GHOXSGDFLFoQGUHDSWDMRVXQYDVURPDQFHVHDSURSLHGH@CUP
62
)LJ oQDUD=HLORU'DNVKDSH'UXPXO=HLORUWHUDVHFRQVWUXLWHGHGDFLFXSHVWHGHDQL
vQ XUPC GDFC QX >L PDL PXOW 2 VRFLHWDWH GH ·@CUDQL¨ FDSDELOC VC WDLH VWkQFL VC FRQVWUXLDVFC
]LGXULFDUHGXSCPLLGHDQLQXVDXVXUSDWvQFCWHUDVHGLQEORFXULGHDQGH]LWSHFDUHWUHEXLDX
VCOHFDUHSHVWHPXQ@L>LYCLGHODPDULGLVWDQ@HNPGDFCQX>LPDLPXOWWHPSOHDOHFCURU
UXLQHvQFCPDLVWCSkQHVFPXQ@LLXQDGHYCUDW0DFKX3LFKXDLFLvQPXQ@LL7UDQVLOYDQLHLDLFLOD
*UCGL>WHD0XQFHOXOXL>LQXQXPDLDLFL
)LJ&DVCGDFLFC
ODFRQVWUXF@LDFCUHLD
QXVDIRORVLWQLFLXQFXL
63
YHGH FC HUD vQGUHSWDWC VSUH 'XQCUH )URQWXO HL vQID@L>D WUHL WLQHUL
FRPSOHWGH]EUCFD@LILHFDUH@LQaQGFaWHRWRU@C&HOGLQPLMORFDYHD
DUCWCWRUXO >L EUD@XO GUHSW ULGLFDWH FCUaQG WRU@D FX PaQD VWaQJC
DYaQGGRXCFUXFLIL[HvQPaQDGUHDSWC$FHVWHXOWLPHGRXCVFXOSWXUL
SRWILFRQVLGHUDWHFDLPJLQLDOHD>DQXPLWXOXL·/$56¨DGLFC$&(/(
',9,1,7n,&$5(,1',&$8¿1&$'58/9(&+,,0,72/2*,,
'$&,&( &,1( $9($ *5,-n '( &$6n , &,1( 2 3n=($
$SDUHQWQLPLFvQCXQWUXOXQHLFDVHQXSXWHDILDVFXQVGHDFH>WLPLFL
·=HL GH FDVC¨ GHRDUHFH VH FUHGHD FC HL GH@LQ HOHPHQWHOH IRF >L
OXPLQC ILLQG H[WUHP GH FUHGLQFLR>L ORFDWDULORU FDVHL ORU 8OWLPD
FDUDFWHULVWLFCHUDDUWLVWLFH[SULPDWCSULQGHJHWXOULGLFDW·/$56¨
$FHDVWCWRWDOQRXCGHVFULHUHFRQWUD]LFHELQHvQ@HOHVFHHDFHDP
IRVW vQYC@D@L GHFHQLL GHD UaQGXO vQ >FROLOH FRPXQLVWH 0XO@L GLQWUH
QRL DX FUH]XW PHUHX FC YHFKLL GDFL DU IL IRVW XQ IHO GH VCOEDWLFL >L
@CUDQL SULPLWLYL ORFXLQG vQ ERUGHLH VXE SCPaQW vQ WLPS FH DYHDX
PDUL >L QXPHURDVH PLQH GH DXU vPSUHMXU >L FDUH D>D FXP VXV@LQ
DFHLD>LLVWRULFLDXWUHEXLWVCD>WHSWHYHQLUHD·URPDQLORUFLYLOL]DWRUL¨
FRQGX>LGH·VWUCPR>XOQRVWUX¨7UDLDQvQVX>LSHQWUXDSXWHDDMXQJH
)LJ =LGXULGDFLFHFRQWHPSRUDQH
FXFHOHDOHFHWC@LL7URLHL>LFDUHGXSC
PLLGHDQLICUCVCVHILIRORVLWYUHXQ
EHWRQQXODVCvQWUHSLHWUHOHORUVC
SCWUXQGCQLFLRODPCGHUDV
64
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
OD ·VRFLHWC@LOH GH HOLWC¨ DOH OXPLL DQWLFH ·&LYLOL]DWRULL¨ DX IRVW vQ
UHDOLWDWH WUXSH PHUFHQDUH URPDQH FDUH SH GXUDWD SULPXOXL DQ GH
>HGHUHSHEXFC@LOHGHWHULWRULXFXFHULWHDYHDXVCGHYLQC·IDLPRDVH¨
QXQXPDLSHQWUXFCDXIXUDWWH]DXUXOUHJHOXL'HFHEDOGXSCFHODX
IRU@DW SH YLWHD]XO UHJH VC VH VLQXFLGC GDU >L SULQ XOWHULRDUD ORU
FRQVLGHUDUH GH FCWUH XQ YDO GH LVWRULFL LUHVSRQVDELOL FD ILLQG
SURPRWRUL DL SURJUHVXOXL VRFLDO (O vPSCUDWXO 7UDLDQ DYHD VC LD
FUHGLWSRVWXPSHQWUX·FLYLOL]DUHD¨QRDVWUCvQWUXQPRGVLPLODUFXFHO
SHFDUHVHFROHPDLWaU]LXODXDSOLFDWFRQGXFCWRULLIDQDULR@LVWUCLQL
QD¥ ·)DQDUXO¨ HUD XQ FDUWLHU DO ,VWDQEXOXOXL GLQ (SRFD 0LMORFLH
UHQXPLW SH WLPSXO H[SDQVLXQLL ,PSHULXOXL 2WRPDQ GDWRULWC
·UH]LGHQ@LORU¨ PDUHD PDMRULWDWH GH RULJLQH JUHDFC FDUH VWUaQJHDX
EDQLSHQWUXDLRIHULVXOWDQXOXLvQ·VFKLPEXO¨FRURDQHLYUHXQXLVWDW
YDVDO RGDWC DOH>L UHJL HL IRORVHDX vQURELUHD @CULL UHVSHFWLYH FaW PDL
PXOWSRVLELOWULPL@aQGWRWRGDWCDQXDOvQDSRLVXOWDQXOXLVXPHXULD>H
GHRELFHLSaQCFaQGDOWFLQHYDHUDQXPLWVXFFHVRULDUIDQDULRWXOvQ
GL]JUD@LHHUD·vQORFXLW¨>LVXJUXPDWGHWULPL>LLRILFLDOLRWRPDQLPDL
WaU]LXDFHOD>LOXFUX?OYRUIDFH>L+RKHQ]ROOHUQLLSULQWUHDO@LL5HJHOH
&DURO DO ,,OHD IDVFL>WLL >L UX>LL )LHFDUH GLQWUH DFH>WLD >LD GDW
RVWHQHDODVCQH·FLYLOL]H]H¨PDLELQHGHFaWSUHGHFHVRULLORUQHOCVaQG
vQ XUPC UHJUHWH VDX SCUHUL GH UCX FL QXPDL VCUCFLH >L VXIHULQ@C
QHIHULFLWHLSRSXOD@LLDXWRKWRQHGDFRURPaQH
'HFHRDUH·LVWRULFLL¨QR>WULQXvQWHOHJFC·&,1(7c1-(7(
'83n 81 67n3c1 6(59,725 6( 9$ 180,"¨ 6C IL GHYHQLW
DFH>WL D>DQXPL@L ·FUHDWRUL GH LVWRULH¨ WRWDOPHQWH vPSRWULYC vQ D
YHGHD IUXPRDVD >L WRWRGDWD SURIXQGD LQWHUSUHWDUH GH PDL VXV D
SULPHORUVFHQHDOH&ROXPQHLOXL7UDLDQ"%LQHvQ@HOHVIRDUWHSRVLELO
FD LSRWH]HOH FCOXJCUXOXL VSDQLRO VC VH GRYHGHDVFC JUH>LWH WRWX>L
SHQWUXDvQOCWXUDRULFHSUHVXSXQHUHJUH>LWCVHFHUHvQWaLvQFHUFDWVC
VH IDFC FXQRVFXWC FD DSRL HIHFWLY VC VH GRYHGHDVFC FC HVWH
HURQDWC 5HVSHFWLYD LPDJLQH GHVSUH &ROXPQD OXL 7UDLDQ GH FDUH
YRUELPHVWHvQUHJLVWUDWCODQXPCUXOvQDOEXPXOOXL&LDFFRQHvQ
WLPSFHHDDSDUHODFRQIRUPHODERUDWHLDQDOL]HDEDVRUHOLHIXOXL
ICFXWC GH FXSOXO GH LVWRULFL )ORUHVFX0LFOHD $FH>WL GRL GRPQL
UHSXWD@L SURIHVLRQL>WL VH @LQ WDUH vQ D FRQVLGHUD FC VFHQD GHVFULH
SULPDFDPSDQLHDvPSCUDWXOXL7UDLDQvPEDUFDUHDODSRUWXO$QFRUD
vQGUXPXOVCXFCWUH'DFLDDOCWXULGHHOILLQGVRUDVD0DULD>LVR@LD
65
)LJ 6WDWXLD XQXL
7DUDERVWHV GLQ
PDUPXUC >L SRUILU
GH OD 5RPD GLQ
0XVHR 1D]LRQDOH
5RPDQ L DFHDVWC
PRQXPHQWDOC
ILJXUC GH GLPHQVLXQL
FRORVDOH IDFH SDUWH GLQ
DFHHD>L ERJDWC SODVWLFC SUH
]HQWkQG 0LWXO 'DFLF 7UHEXLH VC
UHFXQRD>WHP FC URPDQLL WUHEXLH VC
IL IRVW FX DGHYCUDW LPSUHVLRQD@L GH
DFH>WL GDFL SHQWUX FDUH FD VC OH
FXFHUHDVFCFk@LYDNLORPHWULGH@DUC
DX YHQLW FX ]HFLOH >L VXWHOH GH
PLL FD VC FXFHUHDVFC FH" R
VRFLHWDWH GH @CUDQL FDUH D WUHEXLW
VCL D>WHSWH SH HL URPDQLL VCL
vQYH@HODWLQDOLPEDSHFDUHRYRU
EHDX FX PLL GH DQL vQDLQWH VC
DSDUC ,PSHULXO 5RPDQ $X
FXFHULW HL URPDQLL vQ XUPD
XQXLUC]ERLIUDWULFLGGLQWHUL
WRULXO 'DFLHL >L PLQXQH 72,
GDFLLGLQWHULWRULXORFXSDWGDU>LGLQ
FHOQHRFXSDWD>DSHVWHQRDS
WHDXvQFHSXWVCYRUEHDVFCODWLQD
>L DVWD vQ GH DQL XLWaQGX>L
FRPSOHW OLPED" $X LQYC@DWR HL
GDFLL GLQ PXQ@L >L YCL SCGXUL >L
POD>WLQL D>D GH SOCFHUH >L GH OD
FLQH" GH OD QL>WH OHJLRQDUL DQDOID
EH@LYHQL@LGLQWRDWHFRO@XULOHOXPLL
>LFDUHDELDEkOEkLDXFkWHYDFXYLQ
WHODWLQH
0XVHR 1D]LRQDOH 5RPDQR LQY
6DOYDWRUH $XULJHPPD H
WHUPH GL 'LRFOH]LDQR H LO 0XVHR
1D]LRQDOH 5RPDQR 5RPD QU
66
67
68
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
6
XQWHP?QYC@D@LQXQXPDLRLVWRULHFDUHQXQHDSDU@LQHGDU
VCQH>LPaQGULPFXHDSHVWHWRWQLVHVSXQHFC·QHWUDJHP¨
GLQ GRL ECUED@L IRDUWH PRGHUQ D]LQX" GLQWUXQ
'(&(%$/XQDGHYCUDWHURXQD@LRQDO>LGLQWUXQ75$,$1"
&a@LGLQWUHQRL>WLX?QVCFLQHDIRVWDFHVW75$,$1>LFHDICFXWHO
SHQWUXQRL"
6CvQFHSHPFXFH·DICFXW¨SHQWUXQRL
1HD]GURELW>LFXFHULWGLQ'DFLD
1HDIXUDWWH]DXUXOD>DFXPPDLWkU]LXRYRUIDFH>LDO@LL
&LQHDIRVW7UDLDQ"
0DUFXV8OSLXV7UDLDQXVHVWHILXOXQXLFRPDQGDQWGHOHJLXQH
GH RULJLQH PDL SX@LQ URPDQC GH IDSW WUDF FDUH YD DMXQJH PDL
69
)LJ 7UDLDQ ·VWUCPR>XO¨&KLDU DFHVW SHGHUDVW VC ILH ·VWUCPR>XO¨ QHDPXOXL QRVWUX
GRPQLORU LVWRULFL "¨ 0RQHGD GH OD 7UDLDQ¨ GLQ EURQ] ECWXWC vQ DQXO G+ 3H
DFHDVWDVFULH¨oPSCUDWXOXL&DHVDU1HUYD7UDLDQXV$XJXVWXV*HUPDQLFXV'DFLFXVFHO
PDLPDUHSUHRWFXSXWHUH7ULEXQLFLDQC>LFRQVXOD>DVHDRDUCSCULQWHDOSDWULHL¨
.XQVWKLVWRULVFKHV0XVHXP9LHQD5,&SS
70
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
71
)LJ7DEXOD7UDLDQDFRPHPRUkQG5(3$5$5($>Lo17n5,5($GUXPXOXLGHOD&D]DQHGH
FCWUHvPSCUDWXO7UDLDQ$XPDLUHSDUDWODDFHVWGUXPWCLDWvQSLDWUD&D]DQHORU>LDO@LvPSCUD@L
URPDQLvQDLQWHGH7UDLDQ7LEHULXV&ODXGLXV>L'RPL@LDQGDUFLQHLDIRVWFRQVWUXFWRUXOQX
HVWHFODU'DFLLHUDXDGHYCUD@LDUWL>WLvQWCLDWXOFHORUPDLWDULJUDQLWXULD>DFXPHVWHDQGH]L
WXO>LGHDVHPHQHDvQPHWDOXUJLDILHUXOXLvLvQWUHFHDXFXPXOWSHURPDQLoQSOXV'DFLDHUDXQ
IHOGH(O'RUDGRDODQWLFKLWC@LLvQFHHDFHSULYH>WHDXUXO>LvQJHQHUDOERJC@LLOHHL$>DFCDSDUH
PDLSODX]LELOFDGUXPXOGHOD&D]DQHVCILIRVWFRQVWUXLWGHFCWUHGDFLODIHOFXPWRWHLDXFRQ
VWUXLW >L SRGXO GH SLDWUC GH SHVWH 'XQCUH UHFRQVWUXLW PDL WkU]LX GH 7UDLDQ >L GLQ QRX GH
GDFXO &RQVWDQWLQ FHO 0DUH OD SHVWH GH DQL GH OD UHWUDJHUHD DUPDWHORU URPDQH DWXQFL
FkQG YHFLQLL XQJXUL QH VSXQ FC ORFXULOH HUDX SXVWLL >L vL D>WHSWDX SH HL VC VRVHDVFC >L VC OH
SRSXOH]H GH DQL PDL WkU]LX 'H FH RDUH &RQVWDQWLQ FHO 0DUH D YUXW VC FKHOWXLDVFC R
PXO@LPHGHEDQLWLPS>LEUD@HGHPXQFCFDVCUHFRQVWUXLDVFCXQSRGSHVWH'XQCUHFHOOHJD
GHR]RQDGHSRSXODWC"&KLDUD>DVCILIRVWHOGH·ULVLSLWRU¨"
)LJ ¥ GXSC ·675n02,, 520c1,/25 YHVWLJLL PLOHQDUH GH DUWC >L FXOWXUC 'HFHEDO >L
7UDLDQ§,0LFOHD>L5)ORUHVFX (G0HULGLDQH
72
)LJ 3XWHPYHGHDXQDGLQWUHFHOHGRXCELEOLRWHFLGLQIRUXPXOOXL7UDLDQvQFDUHvQFCSHDX
GHPDQXVFULVH/DPHVHvLSXWHPYHGHDSHFHLFHOHVWXGLDX$FHDVWCFRQVWUXF@LHFDGH
DOWIHOvQWUHJXOIRUXPVDFRQVWUXLWFXDXUXODGXVGLQ'DFLDGHODQRLSHFDUH-DPHV(3DFNHU
vQ$UKHRORJ\0DJD]LQIHERGHVFULHFD·8QUHJDWEDUEDUIRDUWHELQHRUJDQL]DW¨
9H]L>LILJGLQDFHOD>L-XUQDOGH$UKHRORJLH
73
)LJ 5HFRQVWUXF@LDSODQXOXL·)RUXPXOOXL7UDLDQ¨
DUFXOGHWULXPIGHODLQWUDUH
VWDWXLDvPSCUDWXOXLFCODUH
EDVWLRDQHVHPLFLUFXODUH
MXGHFCWRULDEDVLOLFD8OSLD
GRXCELEOLRWHFL
FROXPQDOXL7UDLDQ
>LWHPSOXOOXL
0DLMRVVHSRDWHYHGHDRUHFRQVWUXF@LH
DSLH@HLSULQFLSDOHDIRUXPXOXL
DYkQGvQFHQWUX
VWDWXLDvPSCUDWXOXLFCODUH
oQVSDWHOHDFHVWXLDVHDIOC
LQWUDUHD
VSUHWULEXQDO
%DVLOLFD8OSLD
FX&ROXPQD
OXL7UDLDQ
vQVSDWH
LWRDWH
DFHVWHD
DXIRVW
ULGLFDWH
vQFLQVWHD
FXFHULULL
D
GLQWHULWRULXO
'DFLHL
74
)LJ %DVLOLFD8OSLD
DUHDVSHFWXOXQXLWUL
EXQDO&RQVWUXLWCvQ
PDUPXUC·PDWHULDO
GHLPSRUW¨IRDUWH
VFXPSvQDFHDYUHPH
DGXFHDRVWUCOXFLUH>L
RHOHJDQ@COLQL>WLWRDUH
DFHVWXLORF
&ROXPQHOHFDUH
VSULMLQHDX]LGXULOH
DYHDXvQID@DORU
VWDWXLFRORVDOHDOH
SUL]RQLHULORUGDFL
SHDWLFD%DVLOLFHL
8OSLDXQGHPDUPXUD
WXUFHDVFCDOECFX
YHQHYLROHWHQXPLWC
·SDYRQD]]HWWR¨vL
ICFHDSHDFH>WLDVC
SDUCPDLLPSXQCWRUL
GHFkWvPSCUDWXO
vQVX>L7UHSWHOHFDUH
FRQGXFHDXOD
VWUXFWXULOHGLQIRUXP
HUDXGLQPDUPXUC
JDOEHQCFXYLQL>RDUH
YLROHWH·JLDOORDQWLFR¨
GkQGXQDVSHFW
HOHJDQWFHQWUXOXL
SDYDW>LHOvQ
PDUPXUCDOECGH
FXORDUHQHXWUC1RL
D]LQXYUHPVC>WLP
SUHDPXOWGHVSUH
VWUCPR>LLGDFLGDUHL
URPDQLLDXIRVWD>DGH
IHULFL@LGHYLFWRULH
vQFkWDXVCUECWRULWR
QXQXPDLSULQ
FRQVWUXF@LDDFHVWXL
IRUXPGDU>LSULQ·FHD
PDLOXQJCVCUECWRDUH
GLQOXPH·oQ5RPD
DQWLFCYLFWRULDDVXSUD
QRDVWUCVDVCUECWRULW
RILFLDOGH]LOH
)LJ
$UFKDHRORJ\PDJD]LQ
MDQIHE
$UFKDHRORJLFDO,QVWLWXWH
RI$PHULFD1HZ<RUN
86$
75
)LJ $FHDVWDHVWHWRWFHDPDLUCPDVD]LGHOD·YLWHD]XOVWUCEXQ¨UXLQHUXLQH>LLDU
UXLQH vQ PLMORFXO FCURUD VHQDO@CQ SLDWUC 1HPXULWRDUHD ,VWRULH D 1HPXULWRULORU
'DFLDGHYCUD@LLQR>WULVWUCEXQL
oQYaUIXO&ROXPQHLQXVHPDLJCVH>WH·675n028/§FL6I3HWUXSODQWDWDFRORGH
FUH>WLQLLQR>WUL?QVHFROXO;9,?QFRQFRUGDQ@CFXGLVSR]L@LLOHELVHULFLLGHDWXQFL
76
)LJ $FHDVWCFXSCWUDFLFCWHUPLQDWC
FX XQ FDS GH VILQ[ DUH R YHFKLPH GH
SHVWHGHDQL%RJC@LDWUDFLORUHUD
QHPCVXUDWCoQFDUWHDDDD,OLDGHL
+RPHU VSXQHD GHVSUH UHJHOH WUDF
5KHVRVV ¨&DUXO OXL GH OXSWC HUD R
RSHUC GH DUWC ILLQG OXFUDW vQ DXU >L
DUJLQW LDU DUPXUD OXL ICFXWC GLQ DXU
PDVLY vO ICFHD VC DUDWH FD XQ QHPXUL
WRU¨
7LPHPDJD]LQSDSULOLH
77
FKHDPC &2/801$ /8, 75$,$1 FRQVWUXLWC GH $SRORGRU GLQ
'DPDVFUHFRQVWUXFWRU>LDOSRGXOXLGHSLDWUCGHSHVWH'XQCUHDO
OXL%XUHELVWD
8Q ?QYC@DW JHUPDQ 7KHRGRU 0RPPVHQ VFULH GHVSUH
&ROXPQDDFHDVWDFCHVWH ·RFDUWHGHWDEORXULVCSDWH?QSLDWUC¨LDU
DOWXORFRQVLGHUCFD·FHDPDL?QDOWCSHUIHF@LXQHDVFXOSWXULLLVWRULFH
URPDQH¨ $FHDVWC &ROXPQC DYkQG GH WDEORXUL FX GH
ILJXUL ?Q UHOLHI ?QIC@L>HD]C PRPHQWH ?QVHPQDWH GLQ OXSWHOH
URPDQLORUFXGDFLL
6HWHD GH ·JORULH RVWC>HDVFC¨ >L GH H[SDQVLXQH SROLWLFC ODX
FDP@LQXWSH7UDLDQGHSDUWHGHVR@LDVD?PSCUCWHDVD3ORWLQDPXOW
OCXGDWC SHQWUX YLUWX@LOH HL >L PXOW PDL DSURDSH GH WLQHULL VROGD@L
'RULQ@DOXL7UDLDQHUDVCODMXQJCSH$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQD>DFC
SRUQLQG OD OXSWD FRQWUD 3$5,/25 FRWURSLQG $UPHQLD ?Q
G+0HVRSRWDPLD?QG+>L$VV\ULDXQIHOGHERDOC?O
DWLQJHSHFkPSXOGHOXSWCGLQ&LOLFLD>LDVWIHOPRDUHPDUHOHQRVWUX
·VWUCPR>¨?QFRQMXUDWGHWLQHULVROGD@L·LXELWRULGHYLWHMLL§PDLSX@LQ
RVWC>H>WL
,WDOLHQLLODXFDPXLWDWGDUQRLQX1RL?O·LXELP¨1XHVWH
HO ·VWUCPR>XO¨ QRVWUX" *UHFLL VH PkQGUHVF FX WUDFXO QRVWUX
$OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ FDUH LD ?QJHQXQFKHDW >L FXFHULW XLWaQGX>L
DGHYCUD@LL HURL 1RL WRW D>D FX FH QX H DO QRVWUX FX 7UDLDQ %D
?QWUXQ WLPS >L FX 6WDOLQ ILLQG SH SULPD SDJLQC GLQ DEHFHGDUHOH
URPkQH>WLDQLODUkQGEDFKLDU>LFWLWRUGHRUD>URPkQHVFEXQXO
>LGUDJXOQRVWUX%UD>RYGHYHQLQGFHLURQLHDVRU@LLRUD>XO6WDOLQ
·,VWRULFLORU¨VCYCPXO@XPLP""
78
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
' DFCDPDX]LWGH%XUHELVWD'HFHQHX>L'HFHEDOFDGHVSUH
FHLFHDXFRQWULEXLWODIRUPDUHD>LPHQ@LQHUHDUHJDWXOXL
'DF LDU GHVSUH 7UDLDQ FD FHO FDUH D FCXWDW VC GLVWUXJC
FLYLOL]D@LDGDFCFXFHULQGGLQWHULWRULLOHHLIXUkQGXOHWH]DXUXO
>LWUDQVSRUWkQGXOOD5RPDXQGHDIRVWWRSLWSDUWHGLQPRQHGHOH
WXUQDWH GLQ HO ILLQG GDWH FDGRX FHORU FH DX OXDW SDUWH OD MHIXLUHD
D>D]LVD ·FXFHULUH¨ D 'DFLHL VC YHGHP FH VD PDL vQWkPSODW FX
PDUHOHQHDPDOWUDFLORUSHODVJLORU
¿Q MXUXO DQXOXL GXSC &KULVWRV PDUHOH QHDP DO WUDFLORU
DYkQG QXFOHXO GDFLF FD HOHPHQW FRQGXFCWRU DMXQJH GLQ QRX vQ
IUXQWHD WXWXURU QHDPXULORU HXURSHQH >L DOH OXPLL ¿PSCUDWXO
*DOHULXV FHO %CWUkQ ILXO 5RPXOHL IHPHLH GDFC GLQ FHWDWHD
5HFLGDYDSHQXPHOHOXLDGHYCUDW9CFDUXO$UPHQWDULXVGXSCFH
SULPH>WHGHOD6HQDWXOURPDQWLWOXOGHvPSCUDWURPDQVHGHFODUC
GX>PDQXO QXPHOXL GH URPDQ FRQVLGHUkQGXO LPSURSULX
VFKLPEkQGQXPHOHGLQ,PSHULXO5RPDQvQDFHODGH,PSHULXO'DFLF
)RQWHV ,, GHRDUHFH PDMRULWDWHD SRSXOD@LHL DFHVWXL LPSHULX
HUDIRUPDWCGLQGDFLWUDFLFDGHDOWIHO>LDUPDWD
/LPEDGDFLFCHVWHFXQRVFXWCvQLVWRULHVXEQXPHOHGH·ODWLQD
YXOJDUD¨ ILLQG GH IDSW OLPED LPSHULXOXL 6FULLWRUXO URPDQ
/DFWDQWLXVvQ·5RPDQRV'RPLQDUHQWXU¨)RQWHV,,VHSOkQJH
FCGDFLLQRUGGXQCUHQLDXDMXQVVWCSkQLLURPDQLORULDUWRDWCVXLWD
OXL*DOHULXVFHO%CWUkQSURYHQHDGLQGDFLLGHODQRUGXO'XQCULL
$VWIHO FC ',1 &8&(5,, '$&,, $8 '(9(1,7 &8&(5,
725, 6&+,0%c1' 180(/( ,03(5,8/8, 520$1 ¿1
,03(5,8/ '$&,& DFHDVWD ILLQG FRQFOX]LD FHOXL PDL PDUH
GX>PDQDOGDFLORUGHDWXQFL/DFWDQWLXVvQG+
79
80
)LJ oQDUD=HLORUDUD'DFLORUDYkQGVXESLFLRDUH]LGXULGHFHWC@L>LWHPSOHvQFCSDU@LDOVLJLODWHVXESCPkQW'HODVWkQ
JD FRORQHOXO 1LFRODH 0HUHX@C IRVWXO FRPDQGDQW DO FRUSXOXL GH SD]C DO SUH>HGLQWHOXL 0ROGRYHL 6QHJXU (X >L $QGUHL 9DUWLF
GXSCXQGUXPGHPXQWHGHSHVWH.P1DWXUDQHDUCVSOCWLWHIRUWXO'HFHRDUHv>LFRQVWUXLDX(LGDFLLFHWC@LOHvQFUHLHUGH
PXQ@L>LvQPLMORFXO@CULL"$XIRVWDFHVWHDFXDGHYCUDWFHWC@LRULGXSCFXPVSXQH$QGUHLDXIRVWQLPLFDOFHYDGHFkWSXQFWHGH
DEVHUYD@LHDVWURQRPLFHJHRGH]LFHRUL'HFHGDFLLOHvQFRQMXUDXFX]LGXUL·QHPXULWRDUH¨LDUvQPLMORFXODFHVWRUDQLFLPCFDU
QXQLYHODXRULWHUDVDXWHUHQXO"
)LJ oQ PLMOR
FXO7HVDORQLFXOXL
JCVLP >L D]L
$UFXO GH 7ULXPI
DO OXL *DOHULXV
/HU oPSCUDW
UHDOL]DWGLQPDU
PXUC DOEC FX
VFXOSWXUL >L GH
FRUD@LL ?Q UHOLHI
UHSUH]HQWaQG
YLFWRULD ?PSRWUL
YDSHU>LORU
G+ 1LHOV
+DQQHVWDG DILU
PD FC PRQX
PHQWXOHVWH·FHO
PDL LPSRUWDQW
GLQWUH PRQX
PHQWHOH WHWUDKL
FHSCVWUDWH¨FRQ
VHPQaQG SHQWUX
HWHUQLWDWH WULXP
IXO GDFLORU ?Q
?QWUHDJD OXPH
DQWLFC RULHQWDOC
>L RFFLGHQWDOC
)LJXULOH FRPDQ
GDQ@LORU GDFL
VXQW SHVWH WRW
'HFHRDUHJUHFLL
QX VH ?QWUHDEC
D]L GH FH VD
FRQVWUXLW DFHVW
$UFGH7ULXPISH·WHULWRULXOORU¨>LGHFHVXQWHPQRLSHHO"'HIDSWHOQXUHSUH]LQWCQLPLF
LVWRULF SHQWUX JUHFLL FDUH ?>L DGMXGHFC LQFRUHFW DFHVW WHULWRULX $FHVW $UF GH 7ULXPI DO
VWUCPR>LORUGDFLDYHDOD?QFHSXWSDWUXSLFLRDUHGRDUGRXCPDLH[LVWCD]L&XLVCLSHVH"
oQDQXOG+/HUoPSCUDW?QDLQWHGHPRDUWHGLQFDX]DXQHLLQIHF@LLYDGDGHFUHWXOGH
/LEHUCSUDFWLFCDFXOWXOXLFUH>WLQoLYRUXUPDODWURQFHLGRLQHSR@L*DOHUFHO7aQCU >LFHYD
PDLWaU]LX &RQVWDQWLQFHO0DUH $FHVWDGLQXUPCYDUHFRQVWUXL>L 3RGXOGH3LDWUC GHSHVWH
'XQCUHICFXWLQL@LDOGHVWUCEXQXOVCX %XUHELVWD 'HFHRDUHDUHFRQVWUXLWDFHOSRGFaQGVH
>WLHFCURPDQLLVHUHWUCVHVHUCGLQQRUGXO'XQCULLGHDSURDSHGHDQLLDU·ORFXULOHHUDX
SXVWLL¨?LD>WHSWDXSHXQJXULJRDOH?QFCGHDQLFDVCVRVHDVFC>LVC>LOHDGMXGHFH
oQGHSCUWDUHVHYHGH>L 5RWXQGD
81
)LJ 2 DOWC
YHGHUH DO $UFXOXL
GH 7ULXPI DO OXL
/HU oPS C U D W
XQGH SXWHP
Y H G H D UHOD@LDOXL
FX 5RWXQGD
*DOHU FHO %CWUaQ
HUDFRSLOGLQIORUL
DO 5RPXOHL IH
PHLH GDFC GLQ
FHWDWHD 5HFLGD
YD VOXMLWRDUH D
FXOWXOXL =DOPR
[LDQ(OYDVFKLP
ED QXPHOH ,PSH
ULXOXL 5RPDQ ?Q
'DFLD 0DUH ?Q
DQXOG+/HU
oPSDUDW FD JLQH
UH DO OXL 'LRFOH
@LDQ D DYXW XQ
QXPH UCX SULQWUH
FUH>WLQLGDUDIRVW
XQ JHQHUDO GH
JHQLX ILLQG DVH
PXLW GH FCWUH
1LHOV +DQQHVWDG
FX $OH[DQGUX0D
FHGRQ DOW WUDF
5H?QILLQ@DUHD ,P
SHULXOXL 'DFLHL
0DUL LD ICFXW SH
GDFLVCGHYLQCGLQ
QRX VWCSaQLL OX
PLL &aQWHFHOH >L
FROLQGHOH QRDVWUH
?ORPDJLD]C>LD]LSH(O /HUoPSCUDW
6FULLWRUXO(XVHELXVSXQHFCWRWHO*DOHULXVDGDWDUPDWHORUVDOH?QFCGHOD?QFHSXWYHFKLXO
GUDSHODOGDFLORUDUSHOH*QRVWLF OXFUDWGLQDUDPCSLHOHVDXFKLDUVWRIC(OVDGHFODUDWFHO
PDLPDUHGX>PDQDOQXPHOXLGHURPDQ)RQWHV,,>LDPXWDWFDSLWDODVWDWXOXL 'DFLD
0DUH DFDVCSHWHULWRULXOQRVWUXOD7HVDORQLF/DFWDQLXVXQFURQLFDUURPDQQRWD?QG+
FC*DOHUFHO%CWUaQHVWH·RILDUCFXWRWXOVWUCLQCGHVaQJHOHGHURPDQ¨)RQWHV,,
82
)LJ 5RWXQGD GLQ 6DORQLF R FRQVWUXF@LH VROLGC FX SHUH@L JUR>L D IRVW FRQVWUXLWC GH
*DOHULXV FDXQDGDRVHQRUPXOXLSDODWXQGHDFHVWD?>LDYHDORFXLQ@D5RWXQGDHUDOHJDWCGH
SDODWSULQWUXQEXOHYDUGPCUJLQLWGHFRORDQHIUXPRDVH>LFDUH?QILQDOWUHFHDSHVXE $UFXO
OXL*DOHULXV 'HFHHO /HUoPSCUDWXO DFRQVWUXLWDFHDVWC5RWXQGCQXVH>WLH6HSUHVXSXQH
FCHDDUILWUHEXLWVCLVHUYHDVFCGUHSW0DXVROHX$O@LLFRQVLGHUCFCWUHEXLDVCVHUYHDVFCGUHSW
VDOCGHUHFHS@LLoQWLPSXOOXL7HRGRVLXVHDDIRVWWUDQVIRUPDWC?QELVHULFCLQWHULRUXOILLQGXL
YDQGDOL]DWDSRLGHFRUDWFXVFHQHUHOLJLRDVHFUH>WLQH1RURFXOQXLVXUaGHQLFLFXFUH>WLQLL
D>DFC?QDGHYHQLWPRVFKHH
$FHOD>L&RQVWDQWLQFHO0DUH YDPXWDFDSLWDODLPSHULXOXLOD&RQVWDQWLQRSROLDUSULQ HGLFWXO
GH OD 0LODQR GLQ G+ YD IDFH FUH>WLQLVPXO VC ILH REOLJDWRU SH WHULWRULXO LPSHULXOXL
(OYDULGLFDOD5RPDXQDUFGHWULXPISHFDUHGDFLLVXQWUHSUH]HQWD@LSULQRSWVWDWXLILHFDUH
GHSHVWHWUHLPHWUL?QCO@LPH
83
*DOHULXVFHO7kQCUILXDOVRUHLOXL*DOHULXVFHO%CWUkQDIRVW
QXPLWvQDLQWHGHDDMXQJHvPSCUDWFXQXPHOHGDFLFFHODGHYCUDW
'DUD 3HWUX 0DLRU ·,VWRULD¨ SDJLQD $FH>WL GRL PDUL
FRQGXFCWRUL DL ,PSHULXOXL 'DFLF ULGLFC OD 6DORQLF XQ $UF GH
7ULXPIvQFLQVWHDDSRJHXOXLDVFHQVLXQLLGDFLFH)LJ
7RWQRXCGDFLORUQHGDWRUHD]CFUH>WLQLLOLEHUWDWHDFXOWXOXLORU
*DOHULXVFHO7kQCUvPSCUDWXO'DFLHLvQDQXOG+HOLEHUHD]CR
OHJHGHWROHUDQ@CSULQFDUHVHDFRUGCFUHGLQFLR>LORUFUH>WLQLOLEHUWDWHD
FXOWXOXL FX FRQGL@LD VC VH URDJH OXL 'XPQH]HX SHQWUX HO >L SHQWUX
VWDW·,VWRULD%LVHULFLORU8QLYHUVDOH¨,'XSCSUHRWXO'%COD>D
vQ WLPSXO FHORU GRL vPSCUD@L *DOHULXV VWDWXO LPSHULDO DO 'DFLHL VH
UHRUJDQL]HD]CvQSURYLQFLLFRQGXVHGHXQYRLHYRG·YRLHYRG¨ILLQG
XQ FXYkQW GDF FX VHQV GH OXSWCWRU UC]ERLQLF HO FRUHVSXQ]kQG
FXYkQWXOXL VODY ·FQHD]¨ (O VD SCVWUDW GHD OXQJXO VHFROHORU QX
QXPDL vQ LVWRULD QRDVWUC GDU >L SULQ ORFXULOH XQGH DP IRVW >L PDL
VXQWHPFDGHH[HPSOX@LQXWXO9RLYRGLQHLLQFOXVD]L?Q,XJRVODYLD
XQGHURPaQLLORFDOLVHOXSWCSHQWUXHOLEHUDUHDOXLGHVXEVaUEL
7RW ' %COD>D vQ ·'H OD UHJLQD +HVWLD OD vPSCUD@LL 'DFLHL¨
PHQ@LRQHD]CFCvQWUHGDFRURPDQLFHOGLQWkLYRLHYRGQHFXQRVFXW
SkQCvQSUH]HQWDIRVW9ODKHUQXVQXPHSURYHQLQGGHODFXYkQWXO
9ODKFXPGHDOWIHOvQFCvLQXPHVFSHPDFHGRQHQLJUHFLL>LD]L
&D>LFXPGRLvPSCUD@LGDFLvQIUXQWHDLPSHULXOXLQXDUILIRVW
GH DMXQV OXL *DOHULXV FHO 7kQCU vL XUPHD]C OD FRQGXFHUHD QRXOXL
,PSHULX'DFXQDOWXOQCVFXW?QVDWXOGDF1L>GHODVXGXO'XQCULL
&RQVWDQWLQFHO0DUHFHOFHULGLFC$UFXOGH7ULXPIGHOD5RPDSH
FDUHDSDURSDUWHGLQILJXULOHFRPDQGDQ@LORUGDFL7RWHO>LDPXWDW
UH>HGLQ@DOD6,50,80LDUODVFXUWWLPSGXSCDFHHDOD6(5',&$
?Q '$&,$ 0(',7(55$1($ GHVSUH FDUH YD IDFH GHFODUD@LD
VHPQLILFDWLYC·520$ PHDHVWH6(5',&$§7RWHOUHFRQVWUXLH>WH
SRGXOGHSLDWUCGHSHVWH'XQCUH&216758,7'(675n%818/
6n8%85(%,67$,18'(75$,$1DGCXJaQGXLXQFDVWUX
FXSDWUXWXUQXUL>LXQHGLILFLXFXQXPHURDVHvQFCSHUL
'HFHRDUHFLQHYDDUILDYXWLQWHUHVXOVCFKHOWXLDVFCVXPHPDUL
GHEDQLDWXQFLvQDQWLFKLWDWHFDVCUHFRQVWUXLDVFCXQSRGDFROR
GHSDUWH SHVWH 'XQCUH FaQG ·520$1,, 6( 5(75n6(6(5n
'(-$ ,$5 /2&85,/( (5$8 3867,,¨ FXP OH SODFH XQRU
LVWRULFLYHFLQLVCVXV@LQC"
&$,86 *$/(5,86 9$/(5,86 0$;,0,$186G+
*$/(5,86 9$/(5,86 0$;,0,186'$,$G+
)/$9,86 9$/(5,86&2167$17,1860$*186G+
84
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
$ UERUHOHWUDFLFQXPCUCSHVWHGHWULEXULHVHQ@LDOHILLQG
FHOH DOH 'DFLORU *H@LORU 5DPDQLORU %HVVLORU
PHWDOXUJL>WL/DWLQLORUHWF'LR&DVLXVDVSXV·>LLDUC>LVC
QX XLWCP FC 7UDLDQ 7URLDQ D IRVW WUDF YHULWDELO /XSWHOH GLQWUH
7UDLDQ>L'HFHEDODXIRVWUC]ERDLHIUDWULFLGHLDU7UDFLLDXIRVW'DFL¨
'XSC 0LUFHD (OLDGH QXPCUXO UDPXULORU JLJDQWLFXOXL DUERUH
XPDQ DO WUDFLORU VH ULGLFC OD FFD ·'LF@LRQDU DO 5HOLJLLORU¨
S 3URI 'XPLWUX %COD>D D DOFCWXLW XQ WDEHO DO DFHVWRUD
QXPCUkQG QX PDL SX@LQ GH GH UDPXUL WUDFLFH YH]L ·DUD
6RDUHOXL¨ VDX·,VWRULD'DFR5RPkQLHL¨HG.DJDLRQ
+HURGRW?G+FRQVLGHUD·1HDPXOWUDFLORUHVWHFHOPDL
QXPHURV GLQ OXPH WUDFLL DX PXOWH QXPH GXSC UHJLXQL GDU
RELFHLXULOHVXQWFDPDFHOHD>LODWR@L¨)RQWHV,
'XSCYLFWRULDJUHFLORUGHOD0DUDWRQDVXSUD3HU>LORUUHJHOH
;HU[HV ?G+ v>L FRQVWUXLH>WH R PDUH DUPDWC ?Q FDUH VH
PHQ@LRQHD]CGHFCWUH+HURGRW>LSUH]HQ@DWUDFLORU
%LWKLQLGLQQRUGYHVWXO$VLHL0LFLDFH>WLDVXQWGHVFUL>LDVWIHO
·7UDFLLvQVR@HDXH[SHGL@LDSXUWkQGSHFDSFCFLXOLGLQEODQCGH
YXOSHvPEUCFD@LFXKLWRDQHSHVWHFDUHVHvQIC>XUDXFXPDQWDOHYLX
FRORUDWH¿QSLFLRDUH>LSHVWHSXOSHDYHDXRvQFCO@CPLQWHGLQSLHOH
GHFCSULRDUC&DDUPHDXVXOL@HVFXWXULX>RDUH>LSXPQDOHPLFL¨
2YLGLXvQ·7ULVWHOH¨vLVXUSULQGHSHWUDFLLJHWRGDFLDVWIHO
·¿LYH]LFCOCULYHQLQG>LGXFkQGXVHSULQPLMORFXOGUXPXULORU
¿QWUH HL QXL QLFL XQXO FDUH VC QX SRDUWH WROEC DUF >L VCJH@L
vQJCOEHQLWHGHYHQLQXOYLSHUHL
$X JODV DVSUX FKLS VCOEDWLF >L VXQW FHD PDL DGHYCUDWC
vQWUXFKLSDUHDOXL0DUWH
3CUXO>LEDUEDORUQDXIRVWWXQVHQLFLRGDWC
0kQDORUGUHDSWCHWRWGHDXQDJDWDVCvQILJCFX@LWXOSHFDUHvO
DUHOHJDWOD>ROGRULFHECUEDW¨¿QDQXO?G+3HU>LLOXL&\UXVDX
vQIUkQW 5HJDWXO /\GLHL 7UDFLFH GLQ $VLD 0LFC H[WLQ]aQGX>L
VWCSkQLUHDVSUHQRUGYHVWSkQCOD@CUPXOVXGLFDO0CULL0DUPDUD
85
)LJ &RQGXFWDGDFLFCYHFKHGHSHVWH
GHDQLFDUHSHUIRUHD]CPXQWHOHDGXFkQGDSD
VCWHQLORUGLQ0@LL2UC>WLHL)HWHOH$OEH
&RQGXFWDDIRVWGHVFRSHULWCvQOXQDPDL
GHFCWUH3ULHWHQXO'DFLORU$QGUHL9DUWLF
DMXWDWGHFCOCX]D$GULDQ6WRLFRY
86
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
87
'HFL$OH[DQGUXHVWHXQIRDUWHYHFKLQXPHSHODVJLFFDUSDWR
GXQCUHDQ¦>LHVWHELQHFDOXPHDVCR>WLH(OHUDPHVDJHUXOFDUH
RGDWC OD DQL HUD ]YkUOLW vQWUH VXOL@H >L SULQ PRDUWHD OXL GXFHD
=HXOXL6XSUHPPHVDMXOSRSRUXOXLVCX
&DUSDWRGXQCUHQLL vQ HYROX@LD ORU VDX UCVSkQGLW vQ MXUXO
QXFOHXOXLFHWC@LLQDWXUDOHD0XQ@LORU&DUSD@LPXQ@LJUHXGHWUHFXW
XQGHDXUXODUJLQWXO>LVDUHDVHJCVHDXGLQEHO>XJ
(L FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL VDX UCVSkQGLW SHVWH WRDWC (XURSD
&HQWUDOC GH OD $OSLL $XVWULHFL >L GLQ &kPSLD %DYDULHL SkQC vQ
3RGL>XULOH*DOL@LHL2ULHQWDOH>LSkQCvQ6WHSD'REURJHLLDUGHDFROR
SkQCSHVWHWRDWCD>D]LVD5XVLH0HULGLRQDOCGHOD1LVWUX>LSkQCvQ
.XEDQYH]L7UDFLLFLPPHULHQL$VLD0LFC,QVXOHOH0CULL7UDFLFH
(JHHFDUHDXIRVWODvQFHSXWSRSXODWHGHHLSHODVJLLWUDFLLDULHQLL
·FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL¨ DMXQJkQG SkQC vQ QRUGXO $IULFLL YH]L
*$5$0$1,,
'DU GDFC LVWRULD D IRVW D>D GH JHQHURDVC FX QHDPXO QRVWUX
WUDFLFQXDFHOD>LOXFUXVHvQWkPSOC>LFXLVWRULFLLFRQWHPSRUDQL
%XOJDULLDSDUHQWXQSRSRUVODYVRVLWGHGHSDUWHGLQ$VLDVH
UHGHVFRSHUCD]LQHPDLFRQVLGHUkQGXVHLQYDGDWRULLVRVL@LvQVHFROXO
9,G+ FLQLFLPDLPXOWQLFLPDLSX@LQGHFkWXUPD>LLWUDFLORU
(L QX YRU VC PDL DLEC QLPLF vQ FRPXQ FX QHDPXO VODY RU
YXOJDUEXOJDUPRQJRORLGGHOD9ROJD
&LWLQGXL SH DFDG 9 *HRUJLHY SURI $ )RO >L SH SURI *,
*HRUJLHYGHVFRSHULFCQLFLQXDXH[LVWDWWUDFLODQRUGGH'XQCUH
LDU HL EXOJDULL DX GHYHQLW WUDFL D>D WDPQHVDP SULQ
H[WLQ]kQGX>L LVWRULD FX FkWHYD PLL GH DQL L FkQG WH JkQGH>WL FC
SkQCFaQGILLFDIRVWXOXLORUSUH>HGLQWH-LYNRYVCGHYHQCLVWRULRJUDIC
GHOLFHXHLEXOJDULLFUHGHDXFCVXQWVODYLODRULJLQH
'XSC FXP YHGH@L QX QXPDL ·$FDGHPLFLHQLL 3URIHVRUL GH
,VWRULH¨ VFKLPEC LVWRULD FL >L IHWHOH SUH>HGLQ@LORU FRPXQL>WL >L
SHQWUXFHSHQWUXQL>WHLQWHUHVHJHRSROLWLFH1XDUILIRVWPXOWPDL
VLPSOX VC VH PkQGUHDVFC FC QHDX FRWURSLW vQ VHFROXO DO 9,OHD
G+QHDXVXEMXJDW>LGHFLPDWOCVkQGvQXUPCGRDUXQQXPCUPLF
GHVXSUDYLH@XLWRUL·PHJOHQRURPaQLL¨
&kQGYRUEH>WLROLPECVODYRQCDSCUXWCIRDUWHWkU]LXvQLVWRULD
OXPLLFXPSR@LVSXQHFCH>WLWUDF
'HD OXQJXO UkXOXL 0DUL@D WUCLDX WUDFLL ¥ RGULVLL QXPHOH ORU
ILLQGPHQ@LRQDWSkQCvQVHFROXO,,,?G+
88
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
'HDVHPHQHDGHDOXQJXOUkXOXL6WUXPDWUCLDXPHGLLWULEGLQ
FDUHVHWUCJHD>LVWUCPR>XO1267586SDUWDFXVWUDFFHDFOCWLQDW>L
vQVSCLPkQWDW 5RPD 1CVFXW vQ MXUXO DQXOXL ?G+ DEVRUELW vQ
DUPDWDURPDQC>LDSHUPLVXQ·PLFFRQFHGLX¨SHFRQWSURSULXDIRVW
SULQV >L WUDQIRUPDW vQ VFODYJODGLDWRU )LLQG OD >FRDOD GLQ &DSXD
H[FHOHQW SUHJCWLW >L FX VXIOHW WUDF QX D DFFHSWDW LGHHD GH D PXUL SH
DUHQCSHQWUXVDWLVIDF@LD·VWCSkQLORU¨D>DFCDHYDGDWvPSUHXQCFXDO@L
GH FDPDUD]L DOFCWXLQGX>L ·R PLFC§ DUPDWC FX FDUH D UHX>LW VC
FODWLQH,PSHULXO5RPDQGHDWXQFL
6SDLPDLDREOLJDWSHURPDQLvQYLQ>LGHFkWHYDRULGHDUPDWD
WUDFXOXL6SDUWDFXVVCWULPLWCvPSRWULYDDFHVWXLDSH0DUFXV/LFLQLXV
&UDVVXV>LSH3RPSHLDGXVVSHFLDOGLQ6SDQLD¿QYLQVGHRDUPDWC
HQRUPC 6SDUWDFXV PRDUH YLWHMH>WH vQ DQXO ?G+ OkQJC 6LODU
Uk]kQGIHULFLW?QFOLSDPRU@LLFDWR@LGDFLL,VWRULDVFKLPECFkWHRGDWC
vQ@HOHVXO XQRU VLPEROXUL D>D FC QXPHOH HURXOXL QRVWUX WUDF HVWH
SUHOXDW GH JHUPDQLL VRFLDOL>WL FDUH vQILLQ@HD]C GXSC SULPXO UC]ERL
PRQGLDO·/LJDOXL6SDUWDFXV¨6SDUWDNXVEXQG$FH>WLDvQIUXQWHFX
5RVD /X[HPEXUJ >L &DURO /LHENQHFKW YRU WUDQVIRUPD OD
GHFHPEULH·/LJDOXL6SDUWDFXV¨vQ3DUWLGXO&RPXQLVW*HUPDQ
&HLURQLHDVRDUWHL'DUWRWHLJHUPDQLLODQXPDLFk@LYDDQLYRUDYHD
R QRXC LGHH DFHHD GH D IXUD 6LPEROXO 9LH@LL 9H>QLFH =YDVWLFD
3HODVJLFCWUDQVIRUPkQGRvQWUXQVLPERODOLQWROHUDQ@HL>LFUX]LPLL
PDQLIHVWDWvQFHOPDLH[WUHPLVWVHQVFUHkQGPDUWLULvQSURSRU@LHGH
PDVC
$VWIHOYHFKLVLPEROXULSUHOXDWH>LIRORVLWHQHFRUHVSXQ]CWRUv>L
SLHUGDSDUHQWYDORDUHDFXPVDvQWkPSODW>LFXYHFKLXOVHPQKLWLW
FDUSDWRGDQXELDQDOYXOWXUXOXLFXGRXCFDSHWH
3UHOXDW GH %L]DQ@ DSRL GH KXQL OD IRUPDUHD ,PSHULXOXL
$XVWUR8QJDU HWF HWF SHQWUX FD vQ ]LOHOH QRDVWUH VC UHGHYLQC
DFWXDOILLQGSUHOXDWGHQRXOVWDWUXV
6CQXLXLWCPSHRGULVLWULEWUDFLFGLQ]RQD0XQ@LORU5RGRSL
FDUHVDXUCVFXODWvPSRWULYD,PSHULXOXL5RPDQvQDQXOG+
/DVkQGXL OD R SDUWH SH EXOJDULL WUDFL]D@L SHVWH QRDSWH GH
LVWRULFDILLFCDOXL-LYNRY>LDO@LLVWRULFLGHDLORUVCPHUJHPFHYD
PDLODVXGXOWHULWRULXOXLWUDFLF
3URI XQLYHUVLWDU GU 'HFHEDO %XFXUHVFX vO PHQ@LRQHD]C SH
+HURGRW ,VWRULL ,, FDUH VSXQHD ·(ODGD QD ¥ *UHFLD @LQXW
FDUHPDLvQDLQWHYUHPHVHQXPHD3HODVJLD¨
89
(LJUHFLLVRVL@LvQWUHDQLL?G+vQYDOXULDKHLL
LRQLHQLL GRULHQLL HROLHQLL QHDX JCVLW DFDVC SH QRL SHODVJLL
FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLQXPLQGXVHWUDFLQXPHSULPDRDUCPHQ@LRQDW
GHDFHOD>L+HURGRW(LQHDXvQYLQVGHPDLPXOWHRULUHX>LQGVC
RFXSHSDUWHDVXGLFCD3HQLQVXOHL%DOFDQLFH
'H OD QRL DX OXDW DSRL $VLD 0LFC YH]L UC]ERLXO vPSRWULYD
WUDFLORUUDPDQL ORFXLWRUL DL 7URLHL >L vQ VIkU>LW RFXSkQGXQH
LQVXOHOHGLQ0DUHD7UDFLFCJUHFLLVFKLPEkQGXLQXPHOHvQ0DUHD
(JHH YH]L UC]ERLXO GXV GH JUHFL VXE FRQGXFHUHD OXL 7HULVWRFOH ¥
?G+¥vPSRWULYDWUDFLORUVLQWKLRQLGLQLQVXOD/HPQRV
5HYDQ>D vPSRWULYD JUHFLORU QHD IRVW DGXVC GH WUDFXOSHODVJ
PDFHGRQ $OH[DQGUX ?G+ FDUH FXFHUH>WH *UHFLD >L
FRQIRUPWUDGL@LLORUWLPSXOXLvLDQJDMHD]CSHvQYLQ>LvQWUXSHOHVDOH
$FHVWD UHFRQVWUXLH>WH vQWUR SHULRDGC IRDUWH VFXUWC 0DUHOH
,PSHULX3HODVJLFUHFXFHUH>WH(JLSWXO0HVRSRWDPLD3HUVLD,QGLD
FDSLWDODDFHVWXL0DUH,PSHULX3(/$6*,&UHvQYLDWILLQGOD3HOD
9UHPHD D WUHFXW >L GXSC GH DQL GH DVWC GDWC ·LVWRULFLL
JUHFL¨vOUHGHVFRSHUCSHPDFHGRQXO$OH[DQGUXFDILLQG·JUHF¨>LvO
SXQvQ3DQWKHQRQGXSCGHDQL'DUQLFLEXOJDULLQXVH
ODVC>LODGMXGHFC>LHLSH·VWUCPR>XO¨$OH[DQGUXFRQVLGHUkQGXO
XQXOGLQFHLPDLPDULJHQHUDOLEXOJDULDLDQWLFKLWC@LL
8QGHH>WLWX$OH[DQGUX'RDPQH
&DSXQkQGPkQDSHHL
6CLvPSDU@LvQGRXCWDEHUL
'HQHEXQL>LGHPL>HL
¿QWUH WLPS SHODVJLL DX GHYHQLW >L HL JUHFL SUHFXP >L WUDFLL R IL
JUH>LW+HURGRWFkQGvLFRQVLGHUDSHWUDFLFDILLQGDOWQHDPGHFkWJUHFLL
,VWRULHLVWRULHLVWRULHVCUDFCLVWRULH
6LQJXULLFDUHQX>LODXUHYHQGLFDWSH$OH[DQGUXFDILLQGXOH
QHDP>LVWUCPR>VXQWGDFRURPDQLL
&DSXOFHVHSOHDFC
6DELDQXvOWDLH
'DUFXXPLOLQ@C
/DQ@XOvQFRYRDLH
90
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
91
9 3kUYDQ D SXV vQ HYLGHQ@C GRFXPHQWDW >L FRQYLQJCWRU PCUH@LD
SRSRUXOXLJHWRGDF(OYDPXULWLPSXULXvQDLQWHGHDDWLQJHYkUVWD
GHGHDQLOCVkQGXQHXQWH]DXUQHSUH@XLWRSHUDOXL>WLLQ@LILFC
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH OLQJYLVWLF PXO@L FHUFHWCWRUL VXV@LQ
H[LVWHQ@D XQHL OLPEL DULHQH FDUSDWRGDQXELHQH SHODVJLFH FDUH D
VWDWODRULJLQHDOLPELLWUDFLFHFXGLIHULWHYDULDQWHORFDOH$YkQGvQ
YHGHUH OHJCWXULOH vQWUH OLPED KLWWLWC >L OLPELOH DULHQH VH SRDWH
DILUPD FC PL>FCUL GH SRSRDUH DX DYXW ORF GH OD DSXV VSUH UCVCULW
DGLFCGLQ(XURSDVSUH$VLD>LQXLQYHUV)RUPDYHFKHDFXYLQWHORU
KLWLWH FRQVWLWXLH R GRYDGC FC DFH>WLD VDX GHVSULQV GLQ WUXQFKLXO
FDUSDWRGDQXELDQ HXURSHDQ SCWUXQ]kQG vQ $VLD 0LFC 6XQW
VXILFLHQWH GRYH]L GH QDWXUC DUKHRORJLFC >L DQWURSRORJLFC VSXQH
-&'UCJDQvQ ·1RL7UDFLL¨SSHQWUXDvQJCGXLDILUPD@LDFC
vQFC GLQ (SRFD 1HROLWLFC vQ VSD@LXO WUDFLF >L vQWUR DULH OLPLWURIC
DFHVWXLDH[LVWDRSRSXOD@LHDXWRKWRQCGLQFDUHv>LWUDJUCGCFLQLOH
SRSRDUHOH LVWRULFH HXURSHQH LDU DFHDVWC SRSXOD@LH SRDWH IL FRQVL
GHUDWCGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHOLQJYLVWLFFDSUHDULDQC&RQVLGHUkQGFC
LVWRULFLL>LDUKHRORJLLDXQHJOLMDWQHFXYHQLWPLWRORJLDQRDVWUCWUDFR
GDFLFCSUHFXP>LDOWHPLWRORJLLFXVFULHULHSLFHSUHFXPVXQW9HGHOH
>L 8SDQL>DGHOH VDQVFULWH FRQVLGHU FC LQWURGXFHUHD ORU vQ FLUFXLWXO
FHUFHWCULORUDUILvQDYDQWDMXOQRVWUXDOGDFRURPkQLORU>LvQVSHFLDO
vQDYDQWDMXOWUHFXWXOXLvQGHSCUWDWDOFRQWLQHQWXOXLHXURSHDQ
6LPSR]LRQXO LQWHUQD@LRQDO GH WUDFRORJLH FDUH D DYXW ORF vQ
%XOJDULDPDLFXWHPHOHGHPDLMRVVFRDWH?QHYLGHQ@C
FHOHVSXVHGHQRLPDL?QDLQWH
&HOPDLYHFKLVLPEROSUHWUDFLFJCVLWvQOXPH¥]YDVWLFD¥
?G+
3ULPHOHRUQDPHQWH>LPC>WLGHDXUWUDFLFHJCVLWHvQOXPH
?G+.DUDQRYR99,
GHWH]DXUHDOHUHJLORUWUDFLFHOHPDLIUXPRDVHGLQOXPH
1RLVSOHQGRULWUDFLFH
¿Q,OLDGD+RPHUVSXQHDGHVSUHWUDFL·$UPDWHOHORUVWUCOXFHDX
GHVFXWXULGHDXU>LWH]DXUHOHORUHUDXD>DGHSUH@LRDVHFCUHJHOH3ULDP
UHJHDO7URLHLWUDFLFHDSXWXWVCLDvQDSRLGHODJUHFLFDSXOILXOXLVCX
PRUWQXPDLGXSCFHOHDGDWDFHDIDLPRDVC&XSC7UDFLFCGH$XU¨
7RDWHPDULOHFLYLOL]D@LLDXvQIORULWSHYCLOHXQRUPDULIOXYLL>LvQ
VSHFLDOODJXULOHGHYCUVDUHDOHDFHVWRUDFHDHJLSWHDQCSH1LOFHD
PHVRSRWDPLDQCvQWUH7LJUX>L(XIUDWFHDLQGLDQCSH,QG>L*DQJH
92
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
FHDFKLQH]CSH)OXYLXO*DOEHQLDUFHDHXURSHDQCFXYRLDVDXICUC
YRLD ·PDULORU SURIHVRUL GH LVWRULH >L DUKHRORJLH¨ SH YDOHD 'XQCULL
,VWUXOXL 'DQXELXOXL >L vQ VSHFLDO vQ ]RQD 'HOWHL DFHVWHLD $FHVWD
HVWHOHDJCQXODGHYCUDWDOFLYLOL]D@LHLSURWRHXURSHQHvQVWUCYHFKHD
YDWUCWUDFLFCD&DUSD@LORUD'XQCULL&DUSDWLFH$LFLYHQHDXJUHFLLvQ
DQWLFKLWDWHVC>LFDXWH/kQDGH$XU>LERJC@LLOHDJULFROHGXQCUHQH
$LFLVDGH]YROWDWIDLPRDVD(RSFCGH$XUFX&LPLWLUXO(URLORUGHOD
*XULOH'XQCULL>L/CFD>XO=HLORUGLQ&HWDWHD.RJD,RQXOXL
8LWD@LYCSHKDUWC>LYH@LYHGHDFHIDQWDVWLFDUDWCDFHVWVSD@LX
XQGHGLQWUXSXOPXQ@LORU@k>QHVFL]YRDUHFHVHSUHIDFvQUkXULFDUH
VH GHVIC>RDUC FD XQ HYDQWDL VSUH 'XQCUH VWUCECWkQG YCL FDOPH >L
GHDOXULPROFRPHSULHOQLFHDJULFXOWXULL>LSCVWRULWXOXL'HVXVGLQ
DYLRQ DFHDVWC UH@HD KLGURJUDILFC FX IRUPC GH HOLSVC VHDPCQC FX
XQ2XDO*HQH]HL0XQ@LGHVDUHICUCGHFDUHHJUHXGHFRQFHSXW
YLD@D RPXOXL >L FUH>WHUHD YLWHORU UHSUH]HQWDX vQ DQWLFKLWDWH R
ERJC@LHPDLPDUHFDDXUXOSRDWHFHDPDLGHVHDPCERJC@LHSHQWUX
RDPHQLL YHFKLPLL ERJC@LD YLH@LL 1LPLF QX HVWH PDL SUHVXV GHFkW
·VDUHDvQEXFDWH¨VSXQHRYHFKHSRYHVWHGDFRURPDQC
%RJC@LLOHVROXOXL>LVXEVROXOXLDXICFXWFDVSD@LXOWUDFLFVCILH
UkYQLWGHWULEXULOH>LSRSRDUHOHvQYHFLQDWH¥VSUHDFHO(OGRUDGRDO
DQWLFKLWC@LL v>L RULHQWDX GRULQ@HOH MHIXLWRDUH YHFLQLL ·,QYDGDWRULL
HXURSHQL DX YHQLW >L vQFC PDL YLQ GH OD UCVCULW 0L>FCULOH GLQVSUH
VXGVSUHQRUGILLQGGHWHUPLQDWHQXDWkWGHFDX]HHFRQRPLFHFkWGH
PRGLILFCUL DOH FOLPDWXOXL GH VFKLPEDUHD IORUHL >L IDXQHL FXP D
VSXV >L - 'UCJDQ ·RULFH SRP FH GC URDGH >L VHPLQ@H FDXWC VC OH
UCVSkQGHDVFC vQ SUHDMPC D>D >L QHDPXO QRVWUX DO GDFRWUDFLORU
SULQ WULEXUL SUROLILFH D URGLW >L VD UCVSkQGLW ILH OD PDUJLQHD
WHULWRULXOXLVCXGHYLH@XLUHILHGHSODVkQGXVHODGLVWDQ@HPDLPDUL
SkQCvQ$VLDRULWUHFkQGVWUkPWRULOH%RVIRUXOXL>LDOH'DUGDQHOHORU
SkQC vQ $QDWROLD D>D DX DMXQV UDPDQLLGDUGDQLL VC ULGLFH RUD>XO
FHWDWH7URLDLDUEULJLLVCDOFCWXLDVFCR·)LOLDOC¨FDUHDOXDWQXPHOH
GH )ULJLD P\VLL QX HUDX DOWFHYD GHFkW R ICUkPC D PRHVLORU GLQ
VXGXO'XQCULLPHVDSLLLDS\JLL>LYHQH@LLGLQ,WDOLDGHUCVCULWHUDX
VXUSOXVXUL DOH WUDFRLOOLULORU GLQ 'DOPD@LD >L GLQ 3DQRQLD XQGH D
H[LVWDW6WDWXO5DPDSkQCODYHQLUHDXQJXULORU
([WLQGHUHDQHDPXOXLFDUSDWRGDQXELDQVHSRDWHDVHPCQDFX
R H[SOR]LH DWRPLFC DYkQGX>L HSLFHQWUXO DFROR DFDVC vQ DUD
6RDUHOXLvQ'DNVKDSUHVDQVFULWCDULDQC¿LYRPJCVLSHVWUCPR>L
93
SH UkXO +LSDQLV %XJ >L %RU\VWHQH 1LSUX &LPPHULHQLL YRU IL
vPSLQ>LGHFCWUHVFL@LVSUHVXGGDU>LHLVFL@LLVHYRUWRSLvQPDUHD
SRSXOD@LH WUDFLFC WUDFL]kQGXVH OCVkQG vQ XUPD ORU GRDU XQ
QXPH (L WUDFLL FDUH VH vQWLQGHDX VSUH DSXV SkQC OD 2FHDQXO
$WODQWLF DX SCWUXQV >L SH 9DOHD 9LVWXOHL vQWHPHLQG FHWC@L FD
*HWLGDYD DOWH UDPXUL FD HWUXVFLL >L YHQH@LL VH YRU vQGUHSWD VSUH
9DOHD 3DGXOXL 3HQLQVXOD ,WDOLFC DX FXFHULWR GH FHO SXWLQ RUL
XOWLPD GDWC VXE FRQGXFHUHD VWUCOXFLWRUXOXL UDPDQ (QHD ¥ SOHFDW
GLQ]RQD2OWLQHL'REURJHLGHD]LRULGXSC+RPHU>L9HUJLOLXVGH
OD7URLD&kQG'HPRVWHQH>L,ILFUDWHVRFRWHDXFDRFLQVWHIDSWXOFC
PDPHOH ORU IXVHVHUC WUDFH FkQG JUHFLL ·QH vPSUXPXWDX¨ ]HLL
VFKLPEkQGXOHGRDUQXPHOHvQIUXSWkQGXVHGLQSOLQGLQPLWXULOH>L
FUHGLQ@HOHJHWRGDFLORUFXPVCQXULGLFCPYRFHDD]LQRLXUPD>LL
DFHORU GDFRWUDFL >L VC VSXQHP OXPLL DGHYCUXO 'H FH VC WCFHP
XPLOL@L>LIXUD@LGHDOQRVWUXWUHFXWJORULRVGLQGRULQ@D·LQWHOLJHQWC¨
GHDQXQHVXSCUD·YHFLQLL¨&LQHDXIRVW>LFLQHVXQWHLYHFLQLL
1LFLRGDWC XQ SRSRU XPLO >L IULFRV QX D IRVW UHVSHFWDW
QLFLRGDWC XQ LHSXUH QX YD VWD DOCWXUL GH XQ OXS 'DFRURPaQL
WUH]LWLYC VFRDWH@LYC RFKHODULL GH PLRSL SULPL@L GH OD YHFLQL >L
XLWD@LYC FX PkQGULH DFROR GHSDUWH vQ WUHFXW UHGHVFRSHUL@LYC >L
PkQGUL@LYCFXYRL1XHVWHQLPHQLvQWRDWC(XURSDFDUHVCDLECR
LVWRULHPDLYHFKHPDLIUXPRDVC>LPDLIDQWDVWLFCFDDQRDVWUC
1RL QX WUHEXLH VC XLWCP FC VXQWHP DLFL SH DFHVW SDPkQW
HXURSHDQSULPLLvQDLQWHDJUHFLORULWDOLHQLORUIUDQFH]LORUJHUPDQLORU
RULWXUFLORUvQDLQWHDHQJOH]LORURULVODYLORU(LWR@LQRLLYHQL@LGRUHVFFD
QRLVCQXILH[LVWDWDVWIHOHLVCDLECGUHSWXUL(LVSXQFC7UDQVLOYDQLDD
IRVWXQ9LGGH3RSXOD@LHDVWIHOvQFkWHLDXYHQLW>LODXXPSOXW(LQH
vQFXUDMHD]C vQ SURVWLD QRDVWUC VC FUHGHP FC GH IDSW QRL DP DSCUXW
GXSC $' SULQ XQLUHD GLQWUH ·GRL ECUED@L¨ 7UDLDQ >L 'HFHEDO
7UDLDQ FXFHULWRU D GLQ WHULWRULXO 'DFLHL vQ XUPD XQXL UC]ERL
IUDWULFLG1XGRPQLORUQRLDYHPLVWRULDQRDVWUCFXPLL>LPLLGHDQL
vQDLQWHDVRVLULLURPDQLORUSHFk@LYDNLORPHWULGLQWHULWRULXO'DFLHLLDU
LVWRULD QRDVWUC D vQFHSXW DWXQFL GH PXOW FkQG QRL DP vQFHSXW VC
ICXULP (XURSD VC FXFHULP $VLD &KLQD ,QGLD >L -DSRQLD $QDWROLD
6XPHUXO>L$VLD0LFC3DOHVWLQD>L0HVRSRWDPLD1RUGXO$IULFLL
$FHDVWD HVWH LVWRULD QRDVWUC D FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORU SHODVJLORU
WUDFLORU GDFRURPDQLORU 1RL GDFRURPDQLL UHSUH]HQWCP FRORDQD
YHUWHEUDOCDLVWRULHLOXPLLFRQWHPSRUDQH
94
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
MITOLOGIA LA ROMANI
$5$=(8/8, $8(
,
QDQXOFHUFHWCWRUXOFOXMHDQ19ODVVDVCSkQGFDP
OD GH NP GH FRPXQD 7CUWCULD OD R FROLQC QXPLWC
7XUGD> JCVH>WH ?Q VWUDWXO FHO PDL GH MRV DO DFHVWHLD R
JURDSC XPSOXWC FX FHQX>C 3H IXQGDOXO HL DX IRVW JCVLWH
VWDWXHWHOHXQRULGROLVWUCYHFKLREUC@DUCGHVFRLFLPDULQH>LWUHL
WCEOL@H GH OXW DFRSHULWH FX XQ VFULV SLFWRJUDILF DOCWXUL GH
FRUSXO DUV >L GH]PHPEUDW DO XQXL RP PDWXU 'HVFLIUDUHD
WCEOL@HORU QH DGXFH ?Q ID@D XQHL VFULHUL SUHVXPHULHQH >L D XQHL
HQLJPH·PRUWXOFRSW¨/DYHFKLLVXPHULHQL?QFLQVWHDPDUHOXL
]HX DXH SUHRWXO SULQFLSDO OD vPSOLQLUHD DQLORU GH VOXMLW HUD
DUV $UXQFkQG R SULYLUH UDSLGC SH KDUWD 5RPkQLHL vQ ]RQD
7CUWCULHL YRP GHVFRSHUL QXPH FLXGDWH ICUC QLFL XQ vQ@HOHV
SHQWUXRSHUVRDQCQHLQL@LDWCYRPJCVL@DUD]HXOXLDXH
'RPQXO 3 / 7RQFLXOHVFX ?Q FDUWHD ·'H OD 7CUWCULD OD DUD
/XDQHL¨SXEOLFDODSDJLQD>LRKDUWCLQWLWXODWC·8UPHOH]HXOXL
DXH¨ GLQ FDUH FLWH] ORFDOLWC@L >L UkXUL FX R UH]RQDQ@C FDUH
DPLQWH>WH GH DFHVW ]HX VWUCYHFKL ORFDO VDWXO CXOH>WL SH YDOHD
0XUH>XOXLODVXGGH7XUGD>OkQJC7CUWCULDSX@LQPDLODQRUG WRW
SH PDOXO VWkQJ DO 0XUH>XOXL VDWXO HXVD FHYD PDL OD QRUG vQWkOQLP
HXOLD GH 0XUH> XQGHYD PDL VXV GH SkUkXO DXOLD DIOXHQW DO UkXOXL
/XGX> OD FRQIOXHQ@D FHORU GH PDL VXV DYHP FRPXQD HXOLD >L VDWXO
DXOLWDvQMXGH@XO%LKRUFRPXQD1RMRULGDYHPVDWXODXDHX
L GDFC FRQWLQXCP FCOCWRULD SH KDUWD 5RPkQLHL SH 6RPH>XO
0DUH SH DSHOH =DOCXOXL JCVLP ]HFL GH ORFDOLWC@L >L DSH FX QXPH
GHULYDWHGLQDOHPDUHOXL]HXVDWXO,OLXDUkXOLHXFRPLXHWLHX
0CJKHUX>&KULVWXULHXLHX2GRUKHLSkQC>LLHX6IkQW
95
Urmele zeului ßaue
7,6$
,=
$
LHXDHX
&388
(
$5
,/,8$
62
1,8$ 620(
0
8
0
(
&RP6¼UP¼DJ
8
LHX6IÇQWX
=$
0
$5
LHX2GRUKHL
/
,OLXD &ULVWXULHX
(
8
LHX0DJKHUX
8 5(3('
&5, (
LHX×
LHX
LH
DXDHX X
(
85
HXLD &388 0
FRP,]Y&
ULXOXL 0,&
D
(8
XOL
620 ¼XOL×D
¼
¼XOLD
/8'8
¼XD
¼XOLDGH0XUH
IRVW¼¼XOLD5RP»Q¼
HXD
7575,$
5( FRP6¼OLWHD
08
¼XOHWL 785'$
RUD6LPHULD
)LJ =HXODXHLGHQWLFFX]HXOVXPHULDQ8VPXXQ]HXSLHUGXWvQYLGXOLVWRULHLSRSRUXOXL
QRVWUX9RPILvQVWDUHVCOUHSXQHPvQDOHOXLGUHSWXULLVWRULFH"&DUSDWRGXQCUHQLLVRVL@LvQ
GRXCHWDSHvQ6XPHU>LVXSUDSXQkQGXVHSRSXOD@LHLQHJURLGHORFDOHvLYRUQXPLSHDFH>WLD
·FDSHWHQHJUH¨VDJJLF3RSXOD@LDORFDOCQHJURLGCRYDDGRUDSH]HL@DWCPCGXLWRDUH*XOD
3/7RQFLXOHVFX ·'HOD7CUWCULDODDUD/XDQHL§S(G0LUDFRO%XFXUH>WL
96
)LJ 1HJDV UHSUH]HQWD OD YHFKLL
YHGLFL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL SHODVJL
VSLULWHOH UHOH XQ IHO GH VHPL]HL
GUDJRQL HO UCPkQkQG SCVWUDW vQ
FXYLQWH FD 1HKRL 1HJHVLQD HWF
SUHFXP >L FD VWLQGDUG GH OXSWC OD
GDFL FDSXO GH GUDJRQ 'HVFULHUHD
DFHVWXL GUDJRQ FRUHVSXQGH FX
>DUSHOHGUDJRQGHVFRSHULWOD7RPLV
VWDWXLH GH PDUPXUC LPDJLQH
WULGLPHQVLRQDOC D HQLJPDWLFXOXL
VHPL]HXvQDOWCGHFPoQGHSR]LWXO
GHVFRSHULW vQ XUPC FX PDL PXOW GH
GHDQLHO1DJDVVHDIODvPSUHXQC
FX&DYDOHUXO7UDF
0,1$&RQVWDQ@DLQY
6WUCPR>LL5RPDQLORU
'DFR5RPDQLL,RQ0LFOHD
>L5DGX)ORUHVFX
(G0HULGLDQH
5RPkQLD
97
'HDFXPGHDQLFDPDWkWDQHDUCPDV2DUHvQVWUCIXQGXO
DFHVWRU D>H]CUL GDFC DUKHRORJLL DU VCSD DU PDL FCXWD QX VDU PDL
GHVFRSHULQLPLF"2DUHVLQJXUHOHYHVWLJLLOCVDWHGHVWUCPR>LLLXELWRULDL
]HXOXLDXHVCILHQXPDLFHOHGHOD7CUWCULD"
$/(,,/80,,
98
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
99
Fig.46. 0DUHD=HL@C%HQGLV
0HGDOLRQGLQWHUDFRWC0X]HXOGHLVWRULHDO7UDQVLOYDQLHL&OXM1DSRFDLQY$
&'DLFRYLFLX>LFRODERUDWRULLDQWLHUXODUKHRORJLFGHOD*UCGL>WHD0XQFHOXOXL
*HWR'DFLL ,0LFOHD>L5)ORUHVFX(GLWXUD0HULGLDQH5RPaQLD
100
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
101
JHQHUDO vQ OHDFXUL DQFHVWUDOH 'UHSW GRYDGC ILOR]RIXO 6RFUDWH
PCUWXULVHD FC HO D vQYC@DW GH OD XQ XFHQLF DO OXL =DOPR[LV XQ
GHVFkQWHF GLQWUH DFHOHD ·FDUHL IDF SH RDPHQL QHPXULWRUL¨ 0DL
WkU]LXSHVWHVHFROH&OHPHQW$OH[DQGULQXOUHSUR>DJUHFLORUFCQX
VXQW RULJLQDOL vQ FLYLOL]D@LD ORU >L FC DFH>WLD DX vQYC@DW GH OD WUDFL
IRUPXOHOHGHVFkQWHFHORUSHQWUXvQVCQCWR>LUH·VDQDVLQFDQWDWLRQHV
D WKUDFLEXOXV DFFHSLVWL¨ &OHPHQW $OH[DQGULQXO ·¿QGHPQ FCWUH
QHDPXUL¨0LJQH3*WFRO
102
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
103
)LJ &DYDOHUXO7UDF$FHVWDIDFHSDUWHGLQ
WH]DXUXOGHOD6XUFHDVDWFRPXQD=CEDOD
MXGH@XO&RYDVQD(ODIRVWGHVFRSHULW
vQWkPSOCWRUvQ(OVHFRPSXQHD
GLQGRXCWDOHUHGHDUJLQWFXGHVHQ
ILJXUDWSDWUXWCOSLGHFXSCFXSLFLRU
>DVHQLFRYDOHGHDUJLQW>LPDL
PXOWHEXFC@LGH
DUJLQWEUXW'XSC
FXPSXWHPYHGHD
WDOHUXOPDUH
RYDOFX
FKHQDUvQUHOLHI
GHFRUDWFX
GLQ@LGHOXS
DUHvQCXQWUXO
OXLXQFCOCUH@
WUDFWLSLFFX
SCUXO
SLHSWCQDWvQ
SOHWH>LFXXQ
FRVWXPOLSLW
GHWUXS$UH
VSDGCODEUaX
LDUGHDVXSUD
OXL]ERDUCXQ
FRUEYHFKLXO
&RUE3HODVJLF
GHVFULVGHXQLL
·ELQHYRLWRUL¨
GUHSWYXOWXU
$FHVWFRUE
SHODVJLFYDDMXQJH
vQWUXQWkU]LXFD
VLPEROFKLDUSH
HPEOHPDCULL
5RPkQH>WLSXUWkQGvQ
FLRFYHFKHDFUXFHSHODVJC
WLPSXO>L·LVWRULD¨vOYRU
WUDQVIRUPDvQWUXQ·YXOWXU¨
FHLURQLHDVRU@LL>LFHGHFCGHUH
SXUWkQGvQSOLVFFUXFHDFUH>WLQC
GXSCYROXPXOPHQ@LRQDWvQDLQWH
104
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
105
¥ =$/02;,6¥
8Q=HX3URIHWVDXXQ3URIHWGLYLQL]DW
106
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
107
FDOHQGDUGDFLFFkW>LXUPHOHXQHLVFCULFDUHSUREDELOFRQGXFHDOD
XQORFVXESCPkQWHDQGHFXOWUHOLJLRV
'HODXQvQ@HOHSWFD6RFUDWHFLWDWGHXQDOWXOFD3ODWRQDIOCP
FC=DOPR[LVDIRVWSHOkQJCXQPHGLFSVLKRWHUDSHXW>LXQPDJ
RSHUVRDQCFCUHLDVWUCPR>LLQR>WULvLGDWRUHD]CVWDWXWXOVSLULWXDOFD
FHDPDLGUHDSWC>LXPDQCRUkQGXLUHVRFLDOCSHFDUHDDYXWROXPHD
DQWLFC $P IRVW XQ ·VWDW VSLULWXDO¨ FUHD@LH D FHORU LQL@LD@L GH
=DOPR[LVGHFCWUHPDULLSUHR@LGHSHPXQWHOHVIkQW.RJDLRQPRWLY
SHQWUXFDUHKRWDUHOHQRDVWUHDXUCPDVPHUHXDFHOHD>LFKLDUGDFC
GHDOXQJXOWLPSXOXLDXDSCUXWXQHOHVXSUDSXQHULGHSRSXOD@LHRUL
vPSCU@LUL WHULWRULDOH DUWLILFLDOH &XP D VSXV GRPQXO $OH[DQGUX
6WUDFKLQC vQ ·3H XUPHOH VWUCPR>LORU XLWD@L¨ ·$SD WUHFH LDU QRL
UCPkQHP¨ (VWH GHD GUHSWXO FLXGDW FXP LVWRULFLL QR>WUL v>L SRW
MXVWLILFDQHSCVDUHDID@CGHWRDWHDFHVWHD
3HQWUX FRQWXUDUHD XQXL FXOW VRODU OD WUDFRJHWRGDFL 'U
0DULDQD 0DUFX vQ ·5HSHUH OLQJYLVWLFH DUKDLFH URPkQH>WL¨
PHQ@LRQHD]C ·FCOCUH@XO WUDF¨ +HURV SRPHQLW >L vQ (JLSW vQ XQHOH
GRFXPHQWHHSLJUDILFHFD+HURXILXO6RDUHOXLLDUXQLLFHUFHWCWRUL
DXVXV@LQXWFCDFHDVWCGLYLQLWDWHQDUILGHFkWRQRXCLSRVWD]CDOXL
+RUXV0LWXOFDYDOHUXOXLWUDFHVWHJUHXGHvQ@HOHV8QHRULHODUHvQ
MXUXOFDSXOXLXQQLPEVRODURUR]HWCFXSDWUXIRL(ODIRVWDVLPLODW
GH FCWUH SRSXOD@LD JUHDFC RGDWC FX VRVLUHD DFHVWHLD vQ 3HQLQVXOD
%DOFDQLFC vQWUH ?G+ FD GLYLQLWDWH VXSUHPC =HXV
FXQRVFXW >L VXE DOWH QXPH FD 1HIHOHJHUHWHV GH IDSW QXPHOH
JUHFL]DW DO OXL 1HEHOHL]LV ·&HO FDUH DGXQC QRULL · 2PEULRV
·=HXOSORLL¨.HUDXQRV·&HOFDUHIXOJHUC¨>LDOWHOH
0LWXO FDYDOHUXOXL WUDF FRQVWLWXLH vQ WUDGL@LD GDFRURPaQC
DURPkQCPDFHGRQHDQCXQVFHQDULXDSURDSHFDQRQLFDOFROLQGHORU
YHFKL GH LDUQC FUH>WLQH & &LQRGDUX UHPDUFC FX VXUSULQGHUH FC
WUDFLL DYHDX vQ DSULOLH ·VHUECULOH SCJkQH¨ @LQXWH vQ FLQVWHD HURXOXL
WUDF 2GDWC FX FRQVROLGDUHD FUH>WLQLVPXOXL vQ VSD@LXO WUDFRGDF
DFHDVWC VCUECWRDUH D IRVW vQORFXLWC FX FHD D 6IkQWXOXL *KHRUJKH
VIkQWDFCUXLLFRQRJUDILHDIRVWLQVSLUDWCGHFHDDFDYDOHUXOXLWUDF
¿QXQHOHFROLQGHQXPHOH6IkQWXOXL*KHRUJKHVHVFKLPECFXFHOD
OXL,VXVDSCUkQGvQIHOXODFHVWDRWRWDOCFRQWUDGLF@LHvQWUHYHUVXULOH
FROLQGXOXL >L PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH DFHVWD VH FkQWC UHVSHFWLY
DQRWLPSXOLHUQLL
108
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
·3HOXQFLOH6RDUHOXL
)ORULYLQH@LWRDUHGHPCU
*UCGLQDFXIORULOHOHUXL'RDPQH
)ORULGDOEHIORULGHPCU
/HUGHPCUIORULOHVGDOEH¨
6DX
·&COX@XOOXLQHJUXSLQWHQRJ
/XFLXFDXQFRUE
3CFKLYDUDOXLWCLDWCvQVCJHDWC
3HRFKLFDPSOHFDWC
%DVXOL@DOXL
'XUDWXOGHYDUC
)XOJHUXOGHVHDUC¨
2ULFLQH SRDWH YHGHD FC vQ DFHDVWC FROLQGC QX VH SRPHQH>WH
QLPLF FDUH DU SXWHD VXJHUD DQRWLPSXO LHUQLL FL GLPSRWULYC VH
DPLQWH>WHFODUGHVSUHFHODOYHULL>LvQSOXVGH·IXOJHUXOGHVHDUC¨
FDUH HUD VLPEROXO =HXOXL WUDF *HEHOHL]LV 0DL DYH@L YUHR
vQGRLDOC"
L vQ DOWH FLFOXUL GH FROLQGH GH &UCFLXQ DOCWXUL GH 6RDUHOH
SHUVRQLILFDW DSDUH >L VRUD FHD PDUH D 6RDUHOXL 6DORPLQD 'H
DVHPHQHDSHPLUHDVDHURXOXLvQWRUVGHODYkQCWRDUHRFKHPD,OHDQD
'DOLDQD VDX /LQD 0HOLQD =HXO VRODU OD WUDFRGDFL HUD VCUECWRULW
SULPCYDUDD>DFXPGHIDSWLVHSUHFL]HD]CDPELDQ@D>LvQFROLQGHOH
GH&UCFLXQODYUHPHDUHQD>WHULLQDWXULL>LDvQIORULULL·IORULORUGDOEH
GHPCU¨6CQXXLWCP>LSRYHVWHDOXL0$5,$1PDPD)ORULORUGH
0CUFDUHLDQCVFXWSH'HFSHFHLGRL=DOPR[LV
,DUGDFCvQDFHVWPR]DLFPLWRORJLFURPkQHVFSHODVJLDQWUDF
JHWRGDF FXP YUH@L VCL VSXQH@L QHDP UHGHVFRSHULW vPSUHXQC
FUHGLQ@D XLWDWC vQ 0DUHOH =HX *HEHOHL]LV 0DUHD =HL@C %HQGLV
=HL@DIRFXOXL>LDYHWUHL+LVWLDWRWQXYDPVSXVvQFCQLPLFGDFC
QXODPPHQ@LRQDWSH0DUHOH=HXDO5C]ERLXOXL$UHV2YLGLXV
?G+ G+ DPLQWH>WH SH ·JHWXO¨ FDUH VH vQFKLQD OXL $UHV
0DUWH =HX DO 5C]ERLXOXL LDU 9HJHWLX DILUPD QLFL PDL PXOW QLFL
PDL SX@LQ FC ·0DUWH VD QCVFXW vQ @DUD WUDFLORU¨ L GDFCO PDL
DVFXOWCP >L SH ,RUGDQHV DFHVWD GHFODUD FC ·JH@LL ODX DGRUDW
vQWRWGHDXQD SULQWUXQ FXOW IRDUWH VCOEDWLF SH 0DUWH >L MHUWIHOH OXL
HUDXSUL]RQLHULLXFL>L¨LQHPDLPLUCPFC9ODG7HSH>·'UDFXOD¨
109
FXPOHSODFHDPHULFDQLORUVCOQXPHDVFC·WUCJHDvQ@HDSC¨GHYLL
PLLGHWXUFLvQWUR]L3HGHDOWCSDUWHSH&ROXPQDOXL7UDLDQHVWH
SUH]HQWDWSUREDELOFHOPDLYHFKL=HXDO5C]ERLXOXLFUXQW>LIHURFH
FDUH>L FHUHD VkQJHURDVH VDFULILFLL XPDQH $LFL DSDUH VFHQD
WRUWXUCULLSUL]RQLHULORUURPDQLGHFCWUHIHPHLOHGDFH
¿QVXGXO'XQCULLSRSXOD@LDWUDFLFCPDLVCUECWRUHD>LSH=HXO
9L@HLGH9LHSDWURQXOECXWXULLDPH@LWRDUHSUHOXDWvQIXJCGLQQRX
GH JUHFL FDUH GH DVWD GDWC DPLQWHVF FX SX@LQ vQDLQWH GH
UHvQWRDUFHUHD OXL 'LRQ\VXV DFDVC vQ 7UDFLD FC HO VD LQL@LDW vQ
PLVWHUHOHIULJLHQHODLQVLVWHQ@HOHEXQLFLLVDOH1XQXPDLYL@DGHYLH
HUD SODQWD IDYRULWC D =HXOXL FL >L LHGHUD )UXQ]HOH DFHVWHL SODQWH
PHVWHFDWHGHDGRUDWRULSURGXFHDXvQDFH>WLDEH@LDEDFKLDURVWDUH
WHPSRUDUC GH QHEXQLH $VWIHO QX H GH PLUDUH IDSWXO FC FHD PDL
SRSXODUC VCUEDWRDUH D WUDFLORU HUD GHGLFDWC =HXOXL 9L@HLGH9LH
WRDPQD OD FXOHVXO YLLORU >L OD VWRUVXO VWUXJXULORU (D DYHD ORF vQ
ILHFDUH DQ XQLL FHUFHWCWRUL VXV@LQ FC HD DU IL DYXW ORF OD WUHL DQL
&kQG YLQXO ILHUEHD QRDSWHD DYHD ORF SHWUHFHUHD SURSULX]LVC OD
OXPLQDWRU@HORUFXPXOWCULVLSCGLQDFHDVWCECXWXUCSHWUHFHUHFDUH
@LQHD SkQC vQ ]RULL ]LOHL 3RDWH GH DFHHD WUDFLL HUDX SROLJDPL
+HURGRWGHVFULHFCILHFDUHGLQWUHHL@LQHDPDLPXOWHQHYHVWHFkQG
XQXOGLQWUHHLPXUHDDSCUHDRPDUHSUREOHPCSHQWUXIHPHLOHOXL
UHVSHFWLYWUHEXLDJCVLWCFHDFDUHDIRVWFHDPDLLXELWCGHGHIXQFW>L
DSRLVXJUXPDWCGHFHDPDLDSURSLDWCUXGC>LvQJURSDWCvPSUHXQC
FXECUEDWXOHL&HOHODOWHIHPHLvQFHUFDXRPDUHGXUHUH>LUX>LQHVC
QXILHHOHDOHVH+HURGRW ·,VWRULL¨ &DUWHDD9D>L
2SXV FXOWXOXL GH]PC@DW DO =HXOXL 9L@HLGH9LH HVWH FXOWXO
SUHRWXOXLWUDFVLPEROXOYLH@LLYLLWRDUH>LIUXPRDVHGHGLFDWELQHOXL
RDPHQLORU >L YLH@XLWRDUHORU 6ILQ[XO GH SH SODWRXO %XFHJLORU
UHSUH]HQWD SHQWUX JH@L ·'RPQXO 1RS@LL¨ SUHOXDW PDL WkU]LX GH
FCWUH JUHFL VXE QXPHOH GH 2UIHXV 3H GH DOWC SDUWH DXWRULL DQWLFL
VFULDX FC 0LVWHUHOH 2UIHLFH VH FHOHEUDX QRDSWHD *UD@LH
HVRWHULVPXOXL HL UHOLJLD JHWRWUDFLORU QX HUD FXQRVFXWC SURIXQG
GHFkW GH SUHR@L >L Fk@LYD LQL@LD@L 1HDYkQG DFFHV OD PLVWHUHOH
]DOPR[LHQHVFULLWRULLJUHFL>LURPDQLQXQHDXOCVDWSUHDPXOWH>WLUL
vQDFHDVWCSULYLQ@C
'DUVCUHYHQLPODFXOWXO·'RPQXOXL1RS@LL¨XQFXOWFLYLOL]DWRU
XQ FXOW DO PX]LFLL FDUH vPEOkQ]HD QX QXPDL RDPHQLL GDU >L
DQLPDOHOHSRWROLQGXOHSRUQLULOHYLROHQWHGRPROLQGXOHLQVWLQFWHOH
110
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
UCXICFCWRDUH6WUDERQFXQR>WHD>LDOWHDPCQXQWHGHVSUHSUHR@LLVDX
·SURIH@LL¨ SHODVJL DQXPH FC DFH>WLD HUDX RDPHQL DWRW>WLXWRUL
SULFHSX@LODLQWHUSUHWDUHDYLVHORU>LDRUDFROHORUDVHPQHORU'LYLQH>L
FCORFXLDXvQVCOD>XULVXEWHUDQHNDWDJRLDQVDXNDJRLDQ
'HVSUH2UIHXVOHJHQGHOHHOHQH>LURPDQHVSXQHDXFCHUDWUDF
SULQ@XON\FRQLORUHWQRQLPDSURSLDWGHNRJRLDQ&HWDWHDQDWDOCD
OXL2UIHXVHUD'LRQ(OYHQHDGLQOHJHQGDUXO.RJDLRQOCFD>DOOXL
=DOPR[LV
/n&$85,'(&8/7
111
=HXOvQWRWGHDXQD>LSUHWXWLQGHQL$>DVCVSXQCYLWHMLLFkQGSULYHVF
VSUH .RJDLRQ 8FHQLFLL UHFUX@LL VC FkQWH VIkQW HVWH 'RPQXO
1RS@LL¨
&kQG 6WUDERQ DPLQWHD FC SUHR@LL GDFL ORFXLDX vQ VCOD>XUL
VXEWHUDQHHOYRUEHDGHVSUHSUHR@LLOXL=DOPR[LV=HXOVXESCPkQWHDQ
FDUH GH DFROR GLQ .RJDLRQ OH RIHUHD FUHGLQFLR>LORU VCL R QHPXULUH
FRPSOHWCFXSULQ]kQGDWkWFRUSXOFkW>LVXIOHWXOLGDFC6ILQ[XOGLQ
%XFHJL UHSUH]HQWD SHQWUX JH@L FDSXO OXL 2UIHXV VFXOSWDW GH RP RUL
PRGHODW GH QDWXUC HO D IRVW >L YD UCPDQH PHUHX DFROR vQ @DUD
OHJHQGDUXOXL.RJDLRQFUHkQGPLVWHUH>LUCVSkQGLQGWCFHUH
¿QILQDOVSHUFCDPUHX>LWVCFUHLRQH]XQSDQWHRQPLWRORJLFDO
VWUCPR>LORUQR>WULSHODVJLWUDFLVDXJHWRGDFLFXPYUH@LVCLQXPL@L
·7UDLDQLVPHOH¨ ·ODWLQLVPHOH¨ ·VODYRQLVPHOH¨ QX QH DSDU@LQ FL
QHDXIRVWDGCXJDWHXOWHULRUGHFCWUH
FHLFDUHDXGRULWVCFUHH]HRLPSUHVLHIDOVC>LVCPLQLPDOL]H]H
UROXO SRSXOD@LHL GLQ ]RQD &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQC vQ GH]YROWDUHD
FLYLOL]D@LHL HXURSHQH VXJHUkQG FC ]RQD FDUH FRUHVSXQGH
DFWXDOPHQWH JHRJUDILF 5RPkQLHL QX D IRVW QLFLGHFXP SXQFWXO GH
SRUQLUH OHDJCQXO DFHVWHL FLYLOL]D@LL FL R SURYLQFLH REVFXUC D
,PSHULXOXL5RPDQ
FHL FDUH GLQWRWGHDXQD DX DYXW SUHWHQ@LL WHULWRULDOH DVXSUD
GLYHUVHORU SURYLQFLL DOH 5RPkQLHL SUHWHQ@LL FDUH WUHEXLDX FXPYD
MXVWLILFDWH VLQJXUHOH DUJXPHQWH FDSDELOH VC Fk>WLJH vQFUHGHUHD
QH>WLXWRULORU >L QDLYLORU ILLQG FHOH OHJDWH GH ·RULJLQH¨ ·OLPEC¨
·UHOLJLH¨>L·LVWRULH¨XOWLPDFHOPDLX>RUGHPLVWLILFDW
FHL DILOLD@L DQXPLWRU FHUFXUL LPSOLFDWH vQ vPSCU@LUHD JHR
SROLWLFCDOXPLL>LvQFRQVHFLQ@CLQWHUHVD@LvQDVXEPLQDLQIOXHQ@D
>L LPSRUWDQ@D SH FDUH FLYLOL]D@LD >L FXOWXUD PLOHQDUC D SRSRUXOXL
GDFRURPkQ OH DX vQ PDUHD IDPLOLH D SRSRDUHORU GH SH vQWUHJXO
PDSDPRQG
([LVWC vQVD XQ '(67,1 $/ $'(9n58/8, LDU DFHVWXLD vL
WUHEXLHQXPDLGRXCJUXSXULGHRDPHQLFDVCLDVCODLYHDOCXQLLFDUH
VCO5267($6&n>LDO@LLFDUHVCO$8'n
112
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
STR`MO[II ARIENI
·1LFLR5HOLJLHVDX/HJHPDLSUHVXVFDDGHYCUXO§
,
Q DQXO ?G+ WULEXUL GH RULJLQH HXURSHDQC
DXWRQXPLQGXVH $ULHQL vQ VDQVFULWC $U\D QRELO
LQYDGHD]C SDUWHD QRUGYHVWLFC D ,QGLHL 2ULJLQHD DFHVWRU
WULEXUL HXURSHQH HVWH vQFC GLVFXWDWC GDFC XQLL vL FRQVLGHUC GH
RULJLQH JUHDFC JHUPDQC FHOWC FHL PDL PXO@L FUHG FC HUDX GH
RULJLQH·ODWLQC¨¥GDWRULWCvQUXGLULLPXOWRUFXYLQWHVDQVNULWHFXFHOH
·ODWLQH¨&HUFHWCULICUCUHSUR>DXVWDELOLWGXSCvQGHOXQJDWHFCXWCUL
FCVLQJXUXO63$,8FDUHUCVSXQGHFRQGL@LLORUGLQYHFKHDOLWHUDWXUC
YHGLFC HVWH FHO &DUSDWLF vQ FDUH vQYC@D@LL GH OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ
&DPEULGJHSODVHD]CVXEWLWXODWXUD·$QFLHQW,QGLD¨ID]DSULPDUCD
&XOWXULL 9HGLFH (-5DSVRQ ·7KH &DPEULGJH +LVWRU\ RI ,QGLD ¥
S¿QODHGLWXUD%DUQHV 1REOH%RRNVDSDUHOXFUDUHD
OXL9*RUGRQ&KLOGH·7KH+LVWRU\RI&LYLOL]DWLRQ¥7KH$5,$16¨
$XWRUXO H[SXQH vQ DFHDVWC FDUWH OD SDJLQLOH R KDUWC D
GLVWULEX@LHL DU\HQLORU vQ WLPSXO SULPHL ORU DSDUL@LL GLQ FDUH UHLHVH
FODU DPSODVDUHD DFHVWRUD vQ VSD@LXO &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ vQWUH
&DUSD@L >L 1LVWUX SUHFXP >L vQWUH &DUSD@L >L 3HQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC
)LJ$FH>WLLQYDGDWRULDULHQLDYHDXRRUJDQL]DUHWULEDOCDYkQG
vQ IUXQWHD ILHFCUXL WULE XQ UHJH 5DPDQ D FCUXL IXQF@LH HUD
HUHGLWDUC9LD@DGHIDPLOLHHUDGRPLQDWCGH
● 7$7$3LWDUvQVDQVNULWC¥QXYCVXQCDFHVWFXYkQWIDPLOLDU"
FHOFDUHDGXFH·3,7$¨vQFDVCFDUHvQJHUPDQCHVWH9$7(5LDU
vQODWLQC3$7(5
● 0$0$0$7$5vQVDQVFULWC0877(5vQJHUPDQC0$7(5vQ
ODWLQC >L 0,7,5 vQ JUHDFC VH EXFXUC GH R RDUHFDUH OLEHUWDWH
DYkQGDXWRULWDWHDVXSUDFRSLLORU>LVHUYLWRULORU
113
)LJ +DUWCDUCWkQGGLVWULEX@LDDULHQLORUvQWLPSXOSULPHLORUDSDUL@LL3HWHULWRULXO
GLQWUH1LVWUX&DUSD@L>LWRDWC3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFCVXQW>DSWH·[¨XULPDUFDWHFDUH
FRUHVSXQG QXPDL FX XQXO vQ 7XUFLD ,UDQ ,UDN ,QGLD VXGXO &KLQHL >L -DSRQLD
&RQFOX]LLOHYCODVSHGYRDVWUCVCOHWUDJH@L
7KH$U\DQV9*RUGRQ&KLOGH7KH+LVWRU\RIFLYLOL]DWLRQ%DUQHV 1REOH,QF86$
114
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
115
GLQFDUWHD ·7KH8SSDQLV+DGV¨ FHVHSRDWHFXPSCUDOD%DUQHV
1REOH%RRNV?Q1HZ<RUN
116
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
117
XQ GLDOHFW JUHF GH FCWUH /HPSULHUH D]L QL VH SDUH R JOXPC VDX
LJQRUDQ@CFUDVC
6WXGLXO UHOLJLLORU >L FXOWXULORU DQWLFH HVWH FD R DYHQWXUC FDUH
DGXFH UHIOH[LL DOH XQRU LGHL GH QHFRQFHSXW 7H DYHQWXUH]L vQ
·OLWHUDWXUD7HRVRILFC¨VDXvQ·%XGKLVPXOHVRWHULF¨>LWHGHVFRSHUL
SXUWDWGLQ$VLDvQ(XURSD>LGHDFRORvQ$IULFDGRDUGHQL>WHVLPSOH
FRQFHS@LL GHVSUH OXPH FD PDL WkU]LX VC WH ORYH>WL GLQ QRX GH
VLPEROLVPXOORU(OHGHVFULXOXPHDvQFLFOXULGHFkWH>DSWH
SULPHOHGRXCUDVHFDILLQGQHPDWHULDOH
DWUHLDVH[XDWC¥FHDD/HPXULHQLORUSRSXOD@LHQHJURLGCFH
DUILWUCLWSHIk>LDGHSCPkQWFHOHJD$XVWUDOLDGH$IULFD
DSDWUDFHDDDWODQWL]LORU
D FLQFHD UDVC XPDQC ¥ VXQWHP QRL QH JCVLP vQ PLMORFXO
DFHVWHLSHULRDGH
D D >L D D YRU IL GLQ QRX LPDWHULDOH >L FX HOH VH vQFKLGH
FLFOXO
9HFKLL DUKLWHF@L DL OXPLL YRUEHDX GHVSUH >DSWH SODQHWH
0HUFXU9HQXV3CPkQW0DUWH-XSLWHU6DWXUQ>L8UDQXV1HSWXQ
>L 3OXWR QX IXVHVHUC GHVFRSHULWH ¥ FX WRDWH FC XQLL GLQWUH HL
YRUEHDX GHVSUH VLVWHPXO QRVWUX VRODU FD DYkQG SODQHWH " (L
QXPHVFSHFHLGLQSULPD>LDGRXCUDVC'(9$RUL'$9$XQIHO
GH ]HL SH FDUH OLPED VDQVFULWC vL GLYLQL]HD]C FXYkQW SH FDUH
LQYDGDWRULLDULHQLODXDGXVKLQGX>LORUFXvQ@HOHVGH·=HX¨
L GDFC VCULP GLQ vQGHSCUWDWD ,QGLH OD WUDFL GHVFRSHULP
6XFLGDYDFDRUD>DO]HXOXL6XFL0ROGDYDFD@LQXWDO]HXOXL0RO>L
GLQWURGDWCFXYLQWHGDFLFH·ICUCVHQV¨vQFHSVCDLECXQQRXvQ@HOHV
%D PDL DYHP >L XQ RUD> '(9$ 'HVFRSHULP FC RUD>H D>H]CUL
@LQXWXULDOHYHFKLL7UDFLLDOHYHFKLLOXPLSHODVJLFHDSDU@LQHDXXQRU
·]HL¨ GLQ SULPD VDX D GRXD UDVC D OXPLL L FkQG DFHLD>L WLEHWDQL
HOHYL DL DFHORU DULHQLVDQVNULWL v>L vQFHS UXJCFLXQLOH FX FXYkQWXO
·20¨¥DFHOD>LFXYkQWSHFDUHOJCVLPSHVWHWRWvQVFULHULOHYHGLFH
>LQLFLXQ8SDQL>DGQXvQFHSHICUCHO208/RPXOYHGLFFHOHDJC
ILLQ@DVXSUHPCLPDWHULDOCGHFHDPDWHULDOCGRPLQCYLD@D
9C YH@L vQWUHED GDFC PDL VXQW >L DOWH FXYLQWH VDQVFULWH
DVHPCQCWRDUH FX DOH QRDVWUH 6LJXU FC GD ([HPSOX ·3$5$¨ vQ
118
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
VHQVGHPRQHGCGHVFKLPEFXYkQWXO·%$1¨GRPQVWCSaQGDU>L
PRQHGCGHVFKLPE$3$$SC>LHOHFRQWLQXC
&5(',1$
119
3CPkQWVCYDGCFHVHvQWkPSOCDLFLvQQXPHOHORUFkQGGHIDSW
HVHQ@DWXWXURUUHOLJLLORUHVWHFHDDEXQXOXLVLP@>LDDGHYCUXOXLFD
OHJHXQLYHUVDOC·1,&,25(/,*,(6$8/(*(0$,35(686&$
$'(9n58/¨
120
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
SIMBOLISTICA LA PELASGI
·3HFaQGQXHUDPRDUWHQLPLFQHPXULWRU
1LFLVaPEXUXOOXPLQLLGHYLD@CGCWCWRU
1XHUDD]LQLFLPaLQHQLFLLHULQLFLWRWGHDXQD
&CFLXQXOHUDXWRDWH>LWRWXOHUDXQD
3HFaQGSCPaQWXOFHUXOYC]GXKXOOXPHDWRDWC
(UDXGLQUaQGXOFHORUFHQDXIRVWQLFLRGDWC
3HDWXQFLHUDL7XVLQJXU'RDPQH7X=$/02;,6
?QFaWPCQWUHE?QVLQHPL
$XXXXFLQHL]HXOFCUXLD]LSOHFCPDQRDVWUHLQHPL""§
·5XJCFLXQHDXQXLGDF§0(PLQHVFXSX@LQPRGLILFDWCGH16CYHVFX
'
DFC GXSC 1 'HQVX>LDQX SHODVJLL DX FRQVWUXLW FHO PDL
PDUH >L PDL SXWHUQLF LPSHULX vQ (XURSD SUHLVWRULFC
vQWLQ]aQGXVH GLQ SXVWLXULOH 6DKDUHL SaQC vQ PXQ@LL
1RUYHJLHLGLQSCFDWHQXDXOCVDWQLPLFVFULVFDUHVCOHGRYHGHDVFC
WUHFXWXOPCUH@vQDIDUCGHSLHWUH>LUXLQHFX·]PaQJCOLWXUL¨FLXGDWH
GHVSUHFDUHQLPHQLQXVDJaQGLWFCDUSXWHDUHSUH]HQWDFHYD
$OHUJaQG SH vQWLQVXULOH (XURSHL UCVSaQGLQGX>L FXOWXUD >L
OLPED DULHQLL SHODVJLL WUDFLL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL DX JHQHUDW
·FXOWXUDODWLQC¨DOXPLL¿QWRWGHDXQDvQVSDWHOHXQHLFXOWXULPDULVH
JCVH>WH R DOWD QHREVHUYDWC XLWDWC QHJOLMDWC LJQRUDWC L FDUH D
IRVWFXOWXUDFLYLOL]D@LDvQVSDWHOHFHOHLJUHFH>WLODWLQH"
'HSDUWHvQOXPHIRDUWHGHSDUWHSHvQWLQVXULOH$VLHLWRFPDLvQ
,QGLDRFLYLOL]D@LHDULDQCLD·LQYDGDW¨vQXUPCFXGHDQL
SURYRFaQG R DGHYDUDWC ·H[SOR]LH¨ QX QXPDL FXOWXUDOC GDU >L
VRFLDOC ,QGLHQLL v>L DPLQWHVF >L D]L GH DFHL DULHQL SRSXOD@LH DOEC
FDUHVDVXSUDSXVSRSXOD@LHLORFDOHQHJURLGH>LGLQGRULQ@D·UDVLVWC¨
GHDQXVHDPHVWHFDIL]LFFXSRSXOD@LDORFDOCDXFUHDW·FDVWHOH¨
121
)LJ 0LUFHDFHO%CWUkQYRLHYRGXO
9DODKLHL)UHVFDGHOD0CQCVWLUHD
&R]LD'DFCSH
FRVWXPXODFHVWXLDVLPEROXULOHVXQW
GHVWXOGHHYLGHQWHQXDFHOD>LOXFUX
VHSRDWHVSXQH>LGHVSUHJLXOJLXO
YRLHYRGXOXL1HJUX9RGCDFRSHULWGH
·FUXFLSHODVJLFH¨]YDVWLFLSHFDUH
QXODPSXWXWJCVLIRWRJUDILDW
GHVHQDWSLFWDWvQQLFLXQDGLQFCU@LOH
VWXGLDWH0RUPkQWXODFHVWXLDDIRVW
GHVFKLVODLXOLHFXSULOHMXO
XQRUOXFUCULGHUHVWDXUDUHD%LVHULFLL
'RPQH>WLGHOD&XUWHDGH$UJH>(O
1HJUX9RGCHVWHSULPXOGRPQLWRU
PHQ@LRQDWvQVFULVDO9ODKLHL
GLQVSUHUHJDWXO8QJDULHLDO8QJUR
9ODKLHL3ULQDFHVWQXPHDUD
5RPkQHDVFC0XQWHQLDFCXWkQGVC
VHGHRVHEHDVFCGHFHOHODOWHUHJLXQL
ORFXLWHGHYODKLFD5XVR9ODKLD
QXPHYHFKLDO0ROGRYHLvQVHPQkQG
DUD9ODKLORUGLQYHFLQCWDWHD
UX>LORURULFHOHGHODVXGGH
'XQCUH'DUVCYHGHPFXPHUD
vPEUCFDWDFHVWDGHYCUDWVWUCPR>DO
QRVWUXGRPQLWRUDO9ODKLHL1HJUH
WLWOXSCVWUDW>LDVWC]LGHPLWURSROLD
0XQWHQLHLvQDFHOHYUHPXULXLWDWH
GHLVWRULH·oQPRPHQWXOFkQG
SLDWUDDIRVWULGLFDWCGHSHVDUFRIDJ
DDSCUXWvQWURVFXUWCYHGHQLH
LPDJLQHDQHDOWHUDWCD0DUHOXL
'RPQ>L3UHRWGLQYHDFXO;,,,OHD
/DJkWSHVWHWXQLFDGHPCWDVH
SXUSXULHVHUCVIUkQJHDXQJXOHUGH
GDQWHOCvQPCWDVH>LDXU8Q>LUGH
DSUR[LPDWLYGHQDVWXULGHDXU
vQFKHLDWXQLFDvPSRGRELWCODJkWOD
SLHSW>LODPDQ>HWHFX>LUDJXULGH
PCUJCULWDUH3HVWH>ROGXUL
DYHDSHWUHFXWCRFHQWXUCEURGDWCFX
ILUGHDXU>LPCUJCULWDUHFDUHVH
vQFKHLDFXRVXSHUECSDIWDGHDXU
*LXOJLXOYRLHYRGXOXLHUD
DFRSHULWFX]YDVWLFLVLPEROXO
VDFUX¨
'XSC$%XFXUHVFX 'DFLD6HFUHWD
S(G$UKHWLS%XFXUH>WL
122
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
&XOWXUDYHGLFCFRQVLGHUDWCSaQCD]LFHDPDLYHFKHGLQOXPH
GLQ FDUH v>L WUDJ RULJLQHD FHOH FDOGHHDQC HJLSWHDQC LXGDLFC >L
FUH>WLQCFDUHVWCODED]DvQWUHJLLFLYLOL]D@LLDOXPLLHVWHFRQVLGHUDWC
FDSRUQLQGGLQVSD@LXO&DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ>LQXGHFCWUHURPaQL
FLGHFHLGHOD&DPEULGJH$QJOLDSUHFXP>LGHFCWUHDPHULFDQL>L
DVWDQXGHVDXDQLFLGHPDLPXOWGHRVXWCGHDQL&aQGQL
VDVSXVQRXCvQLVWRULD·QRDVWUC¨GHSRVLELOLWDWHDRULJLQLLFXOWXULL
YHGLFHGHODQRLFa@LGLQWUHURPaQLDXDX]LWGHVSUHHD"
'H PXOWH RUL WUHEXLH VC QH XLWCP OD LVWRULH ·SULYLQG FD vQ
RJOLQGDUHWURYL]RDUHDDXWRPRELOXOXL¨SULYLQGvQHDvQVSDWHQH
DMXWC GH IDSW VC PHUJHP vQDLQWH REVHUYaQG HIHFWHOH XQHL
FLYLOL]D@LLDVXSUDDOWRUD>LGHVFRPSXQaQGRFXSULYLUHD(VWHIRDUWH
JUHX GH LPDJLQDW FCXWDUHD XUPHORU DFHOHL LPHQVH FLYLOL]D@LL
SHODVJLFH FDUSDWRGDQXELHQH vQ FHQWUXO $VLHL GLQWUR SHULRDGC
SUHLVWRULFCICUCOLWHUDWXUCVFULVCFHOSX@LQQHJCVLWCvQFCICUCDQDOH
>LFURQLFLFLQXPDLFXFHDUCPDVvQ·OLWHUDWXUDYRUELWC¨YHGLFC
&aQGQXGHPXOWYRUEHDPFXXQSULHWHQ&ULVWLDQ5CFKLWDQ
GHVSUHUHOD@LDGLQWUHGDFL>LVDQVFUL@LHOPLDUHSOLFDWLPHGLDW·FX
DQL vQ XUPC FaQG PC DIODP vQ 7LEHW vQWUXQXO GLQ WHPSOHOH
KLQGXVH DFRPRGaQGXPC UHOLJLHL ORFDOH DP IRVW VXUSULQV GH
DVHPCQDUHD FXYLQWHORU DFHVWRUD FX FHOH URPaQH>WL QLPHQL vQ
OXPHQLFLXQSRSRUQXDUHFXYaQWXO20¨
+HOHQD 3HWURYQD %ODYDWVN\ vQ '2&75,1$
6(&5(7n R VLQWH]C D >WLLQ@HL UHOLJLHL >L ILOR]RILHL DPLQWH>WH
GHVSUH DFHL ·SXU DULHQL¨ DOH FCURU XUPH VH JCVHVF SHVWH WRW vQ
(XURSD XUPH SH FDUH 'U 6FKOLHPDQQ OH VFRDWH OD LYHDOC GLQ
UXLQHOH7URLHLVHPQH>LVLPEROXULJUDYDWHSHSLHWUHYDVH>LRELHFWH
GHQHvQ@HOHV>LLJQRUDWHFDDWDUHRULFRQVLGHUDWHVLPSOHRUQDPHQWH
GDUFCURUDDQFHVWRULLQR>WULOHGCGHDXvQ@HOHVXULPLVWLFHOHJDWHGH
DFHO $UKLWHFW DO 8QLYHUVXOXL SH FDUH OH PDL JCVLP vQFC vQ FXOWXUL
L]RODWHXLWDWHvQOXPH
&aQGvQYDUDDQXOXLFCOCWRUHDPvQ2ULHQWPDPRSULW>L
vQ LQVXOD %DOL GLQ $UKLSHODJXO ,QGRQH]LHL D FCUHL SRSXOD@LH
KLQGXVCWUCLDvQWURHSRFCXLWDWCGHVXWHGHDQLvQFKLQaQGXVHOD
]HL>L]HL@HOXDWHGLQWUROXPHGHSRYH>WLFRQVWUXLQG·vQGLVSHUDUH¨
WHPSOH FLXGDW RUQDPHQWDWH >L FRORUDWH FX ]YDVWLFL GHVHQDWH SH
SLHWUH GH KRWDUH >L FDUH FX VXSHUVWL@LL QHFXQRVFXWH QRXC WUCLH>WH
123
)LJ 9CODVSHGYRDVWUC
VCJKLFL@LVLPEROLVWLFD
WUDQVPLVCGHJHQHUD@LL
>LJHQHUD@LLSHFDUH@CUDQLL
URPkQLFRQWLQXCVR
UHSUH]LQWHSHSRUWLFXUL
XQVLPSOXFHUFFXXQSXQFW
vQFHQWUXVDXROLQLH
RFUXFHWDQJHQWCODFHUF
VDXLH>LWCGLQHO
9CGRUHVFQRURF
124
)LJ LRDOWC
SRDUWCFLRSOLWCGH
DVWCGDWCDYkQGQX
QXPDLFUXFHDvQDIDUD
FHUFXOXLGDU>L
vQCXQWUXOOXL&HUFXO
FXRFUXFHvQ
LQWHULRUXOOXLHUDXQ
VLPERODOvQFHSHULL
YLH@LLRDPHQLORU
VLPEROL]kQG>L3XUXO
3DQWHLVP
GRFWULQDFDUH
FRQVLGHUC=HXO
6XSUHPQLPLFDOFHYD
GHFkWIRU@HOH>LOHJLOH
8QLYHUVXOXLILLQGPDL
GHJUDECR·FUHGLQ@C
DWHLVWC¨GLQDFHVW
SXQFWGHYHGHUH
$VWC]LDFHVWH
VLPEROXULXLWDWH
UHSUH]LQWCQXPDL
·PRWLYHIROFORULFH¨
DGXVHGHXQGHYDGLQ
VWUCIXQGXULOH
QHSCVCWRDUHDOH
LVWRULHLQRDVWUH
PXOWLPLOHQDUH&kW
WLPSYRPFRQWLQXDVC
OHQHJOLMCPVCOH
FRQVLGHUCPVLPSOH
·GHFRUD@LLQDLYH
@CUCQH>WL¨"&kQGQH
YRPSOHFDDWHQ@LDOD
LQWHOLJHQ@D
PXOWLPLOHQDUCD
DFHVWRU@CUDQL
GDFRURPaQL
SCVWUCWRULDLXQRU
VLPEROXULHWHUQH"
125
)LJ6HSDUHFCQLPHQL
QXLFXULRVVC>WLHFHVHDVFXQGH
VXEFRUQL>DDFHVWHLFDVH
6LPEROXULXLWDWHQHSRWUHDGXFH
RLVWRULHXLWDWC0DLELQHVCOHOCVCPDFROR
VXEXPEUDDFRSHUL>XOXL>LDQHSCVCULL
)LJ5RPaQLD0XQ@LL&DUSD@L
(G7KDXVLE65,6LELX5RPkQLD
126
)LJ 2IHPHLHQRELOC
GDFCQHSULYH>WH
VXSCUDWCSULQQHJXUD
PLOHQLLORU3CUXOHLvQEXFOH
HVWHVWLOL]DWSULQVSLUDOH
3HIUXQWHDUHRGLDGHPC
FRPSOH[CFRQVWUXLWCGLQ
WUHLUHJLVWUHDOFCURUVLPERO
QHHVWHQHFXQRVFXW3HJkW
DUHXQFROLHUGHFDUHDWkUQC
PCUJHOHvQIRUPCGHDPIRUH
3HJkWVHSRWREVHUYDGRXC
SHUIRUD@LLFDUHDXDMXWDW
SUREDELOODIL[DUHDDFHVWXL
FDSSHXQVXSRUWULJLG
127
)LJ &LQHRIL
VXSCUDWRSHDFHDVWC
IHPHLHGDFC"
2EVHUYCPFXPSDQ
JOLFDGHSHIUXQWH
OHDJCSCUXOWUHFkQG
SHVXEEXFOHSHQWUXD
VHOHJDvQFKLGHOD
VSDWH
128
)LJ $SOLFH VWLOL]DWH vQ IRUPD FUXFLL
SHODVJLFH XQHOH WHUPLQDWH vQ FDSHWH GH FDO
DOWHOH vQ FDSHWH GH JULIRQ 6HQVXO FUXFLL
SHODVJLFH VH VFKLPEC >L HO ILH GH OD GUHDSWD
VSUH VWkQJD VLPEROL]kQG SUREDELO UHvQWRDU
FHUHD OD YLD@C ILH GH OD VWkQJD VSUH GUHDSWD
VLPEROL]kQG YLD@D YH>QLFC 6SLUDOD SHODVJLFC
QXOLSVH>WHGHDVHPHQHD0DLDYHP>LRIRUPC
VWLOL]DWCDFUXFLLvQWUHLSXQFWHSUREDELOWRWFX
VHQV GH VSLUDOC L WRDWH DFHVWH IRUPH
VLPEROLFH JUDYLWHD]C vQ MXUXO VLPEROXOXL
SULPRUGLDOvQMXUXOXQXLFHUFFXXQSXQFWvQ
PLMORF 'DFC FHUFXO VLPSOX UHSUH]HQWD R
XQLWDWHGLYLQCGHXQGHWRWXOSRUQHDFDVCVH
UHvQWRDUFC UHSUH]HQWkQG GH IDSW 8QLYHUVXO
ICUCOLPLWCFLUFXPIHULQ@DFHUFXOXLHUDXQHRUL
LQWHUSUHWDWC FD OLQL>WHD PHQWDOC D ILLQ@HL
XPDQH 1X DFHOD>L OXFUX VH SXWHD VSXQH
DWXQFLFkQGFHUFXODYHDXQSXQFWvQPLMORFFD
vQ FD]XO DSOLFHORU GH PDL VXV oQ DFHVW FD] HO
UHSUH]LQWCSULPDGLIHUHQ@LHUHDPDQLIHVWCULORU
SHULRGLFH >L HWHUQH GLQ QDWXUC DVH[XDWH >L LQILQLWH 7RW HO SRDWH VC UHSUH]LQWH XQHRUL >L
UHGH>WHSWDUHD QDWXULL 7UH]LUHD 8QLYHUVXOXL (L ELQH vQ MXUXO DFHVWXL VLPERO SULPRUGLDO
FHOHODOWHSRWJUDYLWDD>DFXPGHDOWIHOVXQW>LUHSUH]HQWDWHPDLVXV
)LJ 7H]DXUXO GH OD 3HUHWX MXG7HOHRUPDQ GHVFRSHULW vQ QRLHPEULH
vQWUXQWXPXOIXQHUDUFXSULQ]kQGXQPRUPkQWGHvQKXPD@LHFXFDUFDLFkLQL>LRIUDQGHDOL
PHQWDUHSUHFXP>LFXSLHVHGHLQYHQWDUGLQDUJLQW>LEURQ]
)LJ*HWRGDFLL,0LFOHD>L5)ORUHVFX (G0HULGLDQH5RPkQLD
129
)LJ 3HDFHVWFRLI
VLPEROXULOHDEXQGC
$VWIHORFKLLGHSH
FRLIDUILvQVHPQDWD
GHVFKLGHRFKLLVSUH
FHURULDWHUHQD>WH
vQ3DUDGLVXO=HLORU
oQFUHGLQ@DJHWR
GDFLORUGXSCPRDUWH
VXIOHWXOSCUCVHD
WUXSXO>LGDFCDLIRVW
FXUDWvQYLD@CRULDL
PXULWFXFLQVWHvQ
UC]ERLWHvQCO@DLOD
FHUXUL&COCWRULD
vQFHSHDSH·3RGXOGH
)RF¨SH&XUFXEHX
$UFR'D%DUD>L
FRQWLQXDSH·'UXPXO
6WUCOXFLWRUFD
/DSWHOH¨¨&DOHD
/DFWHH¨QXPLWC>L·'UXPXO,H]LORU¨
'URP,&KDLWHV'DFCQHUHDPLQWLPXQXOGLQUHJLL
PDFHGRQHQL/LVLPDFKRVDMXQJkQGvQPkQDOXL'URPLFKHWHUHJHOHWUDFLORUYDILLHUWDWGH
DFHVWDvLYDUHGDOLEHUWDWHDFk>WLJkQGX>LDVWIHOXQSULHWHQGHQCGHMGH$FHLD>LRFKLvLYRP
vQWkOQL>LSHFRLIXOGHVFRSHULWOD&R@RIHQH>WLFkW>LvQ(WUXULD,WDOLDXQGHRFKLLVWUDQLL
FRQWLQXCVCSULYHDVFCFHUXO7RWSHDFHOD>LFRLISXWHPYHGHD·&RUEXO3HODVJLF¨FDUHXQHRUL
vOUHSUH]LQWCSH$SOR=DOPR[LVFDUHDUHvQJKHDUHXQSRUF3\WKD*RUDVILDUDJUDVCLDU
vQSOLVFXQSH>WHVLPEROL]kQGXOSH&HOGLQ$SCGHIDSWGX>PDQLLOXL
130
)LJ oQYDUDDQXOXLDPJCVLWvQWHPSOXOVXEWHUDQGHODLQFD¥9HFKHQXQXPDLEDVR
UHOLHIXOXQXLSHUVRQDMVWUDQLXDVWUDOGDU>LVHPQXOVDFUXDOFHOXLGHDOOHD&RQVWUXFWRUDO
8QLYHUVXOXLGHPDLMRVDO8QLYHUVXOXL)L]LF(VWHXQVLPERODOFHORU]HLDLJHQH]HLSXQFWXO
FHQWUDO UHSUH]HQWkQGXO SH 'DNVKD SCULQWH DO FHORU GH ILL LXEL@L GH DOH>L DL OXPLL
SCULQWHDO'DFLORUoQVWaQJDHVWHVFXOSWDWCRILJXUCFLXGDWC
)LJ ¨3RDUWDVCUXWXOXL¨DPDUHOXLVFXOSWRU
%UkQFX>LGHOD7kUJX-LX5RPkQLD
'HIDSWODYHFKLLDULHQLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
VLPEROL]DVHSDUDUHD
VH[HORU(UD>LXQVHPQIHPLQLQFCFLRPXOv>L
FXQRD>WHPDLELQHPDPDGHFkWWDWCO
7RXULVWLFUHLVHODQG5RPDQLD¨9RQ3HWUH%DURQ
&DVDHGLWRULDOCSHQWUXWXULVP>LFXOWXUC¨$EHRQD¨
%XFXUH>WLS
131
)LJ 9kUIGHODQFH
PDWHULDOGHILHUFHDIRVW
GHVFRSHULWOD0XQFKHEHUJ
vQPDUFKLRQDWXO
%UDQGHQEXUJUCPDVSH
DFHOHORFXULvQXUPD
FXFHULULORUGHFCWUH
SHODVJLLFDUSDWR
GDQXELHQL
'RYDGDSURYHQLHQ@HL
HLGLQVSD@LXOFDUSDWR
GDQXELDQHVWH>L
GHVFRSHULUHDFHOHLPDL
YHFKL·FUXFLSHODVJLFH¨SH
WHULWRULXO%XOJDULHLGHD]L
HDILLQGGDWDWCGH
DQLYHFKLPH>LFDUHvQ
OXQDPDLDDQXOXLD
IRVWSUH]HQWDWCOD
FRQJUHVXOGHWUDFRORJLH
GLQ@DUDVXVDPLQWLWC
132
)LJ ,QVFULS@LHGXSCYkUIXOGHODQFHGHOD7RUFHODOkQJC9HQH@LD/LWHUHOHVXQWIRUPDWHGLQ
VWHOX@H>LGLQFHUFXULPLFLVWDPSDWHSHOLQLLJUDYDWH$UKHRORJLLDXFRQVLGHUDWDFHDVWCLQVFULS@LH
FD HWUXVFC L vQ FRQWLQXDUH DFHOD>L 1LFRODH 'HQVX>LDQX QH VSXQH SULQ DQLL FkQG
PLFX@XO$GROI6FKLFNOJUXEHUQLFLQXVHQCVFXVHDSULOLH>LPDLWUHEXLDXVCWUHDFCvQFC
DQLFDVC>LVFKLPEHQXPHOHGHIDPLOLHvQ+LWOHUGXSCPDPDVD>LVCGHYLQCFHOPDLRGLRVFUL
PLQDODOVHFROXOXLQRVWUX>LPDUHFRQVXPDWRUGHGURJXULFCDPkQGRXCDFHVWHYkUIXULGHOCQFL
SRDUWC GHFRUD@LL VLPEROLFH R ]YDVWLFC >L XQ WULTXHWUX oQ FRQWLQXDUH DFHOD>L DXWRU QH VSXQH
·=YDVWLFD VXE FHOH GRXC IRUPH DOH VDOH UHSUH]HQWD vQ WLPSXULOH DUKDLFH
VRDUHOHGHSULPDYDUC>LVRDUHOHGHWRDPQC$FHVWHVHPQHKLHUDWLFHQHDSDUvQGLIHULWHSCU@LDOH
OXPLL YHFKL SH XQGH VH H[WLQVHVH RGDWC UDVD SHODVJLFC vQ (XURSD $VLD >L $IULFD GH 1RUG
&XOWXO]YDVWLFLLH[LVWDvQ@CULOH'DFLHL>LvQHSRFDURPDQC8QPRQXPHQWYRWLYGHVFRSHULWOD
7XUGD >L GHGLFDW 'LDQHL VRUD OXL $SROOR SRDUWC GHDVXSUD VHPQXO VXVDPLQWLW ([LOD@LL GDFL
GXVHVHUC FX VLQH vQ %ULWDQQLD DFHVW VLPERO DO FUHGLQ@HORU ORU UHOLJLRDVH 3H R LQVFULS@LH D
&RKRUWHL , $HOLD 'DFRUXP GLQ $PERJODQQD OkQJC YDOXO OXL +DGULDQ DIOCP VHPQXO FUXFLL
vQFRQMXUDW GH XQ FHUF >L VHPQXO ]YDVWLFLL FX EUD@HOH VSUH UCVCULW &D XQ VLPERO WUDGL@LRQDO
DPkQGRXC DFHVWH IRUPH DOH ]YDVWLFLL PDL VXQW >L DVWC]L vQWUHEXLQ@DWH OD SRSRUXO URPkQ SH
FUXFLOH GH OD PRUPLQWH YH]L FRPXQD *kUOD 0DUH MXG 0HKHGLQ@L HD ILJXUkQG SH SLHWUHOH
FLRSOLWHGLQFDUHHFRQVWUXLWCPRQXPHQWDODELVHULFC7ULVIHWLWHOHGLQ,D>L(OHVHDIOCUHSURGXVH
GH 7RFLOHVFX vQ 5HYLVWD SHQWUX ,VWRULH SDJLQD >L SH FXVCWXULOH IHPHLORU GLQ
7UDQVLOYDQLD&UXFHDSHODVJLFCQHPDLDSDUH>LSHKULVRDYHOH>LGLSORPHOHGRPQH>WLGLQDUD
5RPkQHDVFC vQ VHF DO ;9,OHD >L DO ;9,,OHD GHVLJXU SH ED]D XQRU WUDGL@LL SH FDUH DVWC]L
OH¥DPXLWDW$VWIHORSXWHPJCVLSHKULVRYXOGHOD5DGXOHUEDQGLQD>LDOWXOGH
OD5DGXOILXOOXL0LKQHDGLQDDPEHOHvQELEOLRWHFD$FDGHPLHL5RPkQH
133
vQWUROXPHVSLULWXDOCDPLQWLQGXPLGHFHDDQRDVWUCGDFLFCXQGH
XQ VLPSOX FHUF GHVHQD WVDX VCSDW vQ OHPQ DYHD R DQXPLWC
vQVHPQCWDWH LDU GDFCL DGCXJDX XQ SXQFW R OLQLH RUL R FUXFH vQ
PLMORFv>LVFKLPEDFXWRWXOvQ@HOHVXO
¿QDFHVWXQLYHUVGLIX]GHUHOLJLLXLWDWHSLHUGXWHVDXDFWXDOHvQ
FDUH OXPHD SUHLVWRULFC QH LQYDGHD]C SUH]HQWXO SULQ VLPEROXUL
FLXGDWHvQFDUHLGHVFRSHULPSHVWUCEXQLLQR>WULSHODVJLLFDUSDWR
GXQCUHQLDULHQLUCVSaQGLQGXVHVSUHYHVWXO(XURSHLGaQGQD>WHUH
ODLWDOLHQLVSDQLROLSRUWXJKH]L>LIUDQFH]LRULUCVSaQGLQGXVHvQ
$VLD vPSUC>WLLQG FXOWXUD YHGLFD FH UHQD>WH DFROR GHSDUWH RUL
FXWUHLHUaQG GUXPXULOH $VLHL 0LFL WUHFaQG SHVWH (JLSW SaQC vQ
&DOGHHD FUHaQG VDFUXO >L RFXOWXO vQ %DELORQ XQHRUL DL LPSUHVLD
XQXLFKLEULWDSULQVvQWURPDJD]LHGHSUDIGHSX>FCYHFKH>LXLWDWC
GDU FDUH vQFC SRDWH H[SORGD &LQH DX IRVW DFH>WL DULHQL SHODVJL
GDFL vQ FH FRO@XUL XLWDWH DOH OXPLL RUL DOH @CULL QRDVWUH YRU
GHVFRSHUL DUKHRORJLL vQWUR ]L WUHFXWXO ORU VLPEROLVWLFVSLULWXDO SH
FDUH D]L vO YHGHP GRDU FD UHIOH[LL DOH XQRU LPDJLQL GLQ RJOLQ]LOH
LVWRULFHDOHDOWRUSRSRDUHFXFDUHDXYHQLWvQFRQWDFW
134
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
SIMBOLISTICA
LA PELASGII-ARIENI
&HUFXOVLPSOXSHFDUHOJCVLP>LD]LVFXOSWDWSH
SRDUWD GH OD LQWUDUHD RJUC]LL @CUDQXOXL URPaQ RUL
SH VXE FRUQL>HOH FDVHORU GHVHQDW >L PXOWLSOLFDW
&H R IL vQVHPQaQG" 9D@L JaQGLW FC DFXP
PLOHQLLDYHDRvQVHPQCWDWH"
&HUFXO HVWH R XQLWDWH GLYLQC GH XQGH WRWXO SRUQH>WH >L VH
UHvQWRDUFH(VWHXQLYHUVXOICUCOLPLWHHVWHHQHUJLDHPDQDWCGH]HXO
VXSUHP *HEHOHL]LV FLUFXPIHULQ@D OXL HVWH XQHRUL LQWHUSUHWDWC FD
OLQL>WHD PHQWDOC D ILLQ@HL XPDQH &aQG ID@D GLVFXOXL HVWH DOEC
IXQGXOQHJUXDUUHSUH]HQWDPDUHDUHVSLUD@LHPL>FDUHDFRQWLQXCD
8QLYHUVXOXLvQVHQVQHOLPLWDW
&HUFXO FX XQ SXQFW vQ PLMORF vQ FUHGLQ@D
DULHQLORU GLQ 5LJ9HGD UHSUH]LQWC SULPD
GLIHUHQ@LHUHDPDQLIHVWCULORUSHULRGLFH>LHWHUQHvQ
QDWXUCDVH[XDOH>LLQILQLWH
$>D vO FRQVLGHUDX VWUCPR>LL QR>WUL DFXP PDL
ELQHGHFLQFLPLOHQLL
&H X>RU OHD IRVW ·ILOR]RILORU¨ JUHFL DL DQWLFKLWC@LL VC
·WUDQVIHUH¨DFHDVWCFXOWXUC>LVRWUDGXFCvQJUHFH>WH&HUFXO
FX SXQFWXO vQ PLMORF PDL UHSUH]LQWC vQ FXOWXUD DULHQLORU >L
VSD@LXOSRWHQ@LDOvQFRQWDFWFXVSD@LXODEVWUDFW7RWHOvQVHDPQC
>L UHGH>WHSWDUHD QDWXULL WUH]LUHD 8QLYHUVXOXL ILLQG XQ VHPQ
XQLYHUVDO SH FDUHO JCVLP >L vQ .$%$/$ &aQG DFHVWD D FC]XW
vQ PaLQLOH FUH>WLQLORU QH>WLXWRUL DL VLPEROLVPXOXL XQLYHUVDO
DFH>WLD ODX FRQIXQGDW FX ·081'$1( &5266¨ &58&($
/80,,
&H VSXQH@L VWLPD@L FLWLWRUL VC QH FRQWLQXCP FCOCWRULD vQ
OXPHDVLPEROLVWLFCJHQHUDWCGHDLQR>WULVWUCPR>L"
135
&HUFXO vQ FDUH SXQFWXO FHQWUDO VH WUDQVIRUPC
H[WLQ]aQGXVHvQWUXQGLDPHWUXVLPEROL]HD]CVHSDUH
',9,1$ ,0$&8/$7$ 0$0$ 1$785$ (VWH
FRQVLGHUDWXQHRULFDRXPEUCRDOX]LHODSURFUHD@LH
&aQG OLQLD HVWH YHUWLFDOC FHUFXO VLPEROL]HD]C
VHSDUDUHD VH[HORU VC IL FXQRVFXW DFHVW VLPERO >L
VFXOSWRUXO%UaQFX>L"FLQH>WLH"(VWHXQVHPQPDL
PXOW IHPLQLQ RPXO v>L FXQRD>WH PDL ELQH PDPD
GHFaWWDWCOQDWXUD>LSaQCODRDQXPLWCOLPLWCFKLDU
XQHOH6SLULWHVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHGHVH[IHPLQLQ
/XFUXULOH vQFHS VC VH FRPSOLFH FaQG SXQFWXO
FHQWUDOVHH[WLQGHvQSDWUXSXQFWHFDUGLQDOHGaQG
QD>WHUH OD D>DQXPLWD >L FRQWURYHUVDWD &58&( $
/80,,081'$1(&5266
/DDFHVWPRPHQWVHFRQVLGHUCFCOXPHDDDWLQV
QLYHOXO FHOHL GHD WUHLD UDVH >L HVWH ·VHPQDOXO vQFHSHULL YLH@LL
RDPHQLORU¨ VC ILH >L XQ VLPERO /HPXULDQ" VLPEROL]HD]C SXUXO
3$17(,60 GRFWULQD FDUH FRQVLGHUC =HXO 6XSUHP QLPLF DOWFHYD
GHFaW IRU@HOH >L OHJLOH 8QLYHUVXOXL ILLQG PDL PXOW R ·FUHGLQ@C¨
DWHLVWCGLQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUH6CILHDFHDVWDRDUHRVLPEROLVWLFC
YHFKHGHPLOHQLL"1LFLQXQHYLQHDFUHGHLD]LEXQLFLOHQRDVWUH
OD @DUC vO GHVHQHD]C SH FRODFL >L FR]RQDFL DYaQG vQVC XQ vQ@HOHV
VFKLPEDW OD FUH>WLQLL PLVWLFL HVWH VLPEROXO ·XQLULL GLQWUH VSLQL >L
FUXFH¨ FRURDQD GLQ VSLQL GH WUDQGDILUL XVFD@L SXVC SH FDSXO
'RPQXOXL ,VXV &ULVWRV ·7KH 8QLRQ RI WKH 5RVH DQG &URVV¨ RUL
·5RVL&UXFLDWL¨·5RVH&URVV¨
&aQG FHUFXO GLVSDUH VLPEROXO v>L VFKLPEC >L HO
VHQVXO OXPHD VH VFKLPEC XQLL WLOXWHQLL vO
FRQVLGHUCVLPERODODSDUL@LHLFHOHLGHDSDWUDUDVH
'DUFUXFHDQHFLUFXPVFULVCGHYLQHXQHRULVLPERO
·SKDOOLF¨ 7aU]LX vQ LVWRULH FaQG YD DSDUH
FUH>WLQLVPXOHDYDGHYHQLXQVLPEROUHSUH]HQWDWLYDODFHVWXLD
'DU VXUSUL]C SXQFWXO FHQWUDO XQHRUL VH
UCVSaQGH>WH QXPDL vQ WUHL SXQFWH FDUGLQDOH
vQVHPQaQG ·7$8¨ &aQG %LEOLD QH SRYHVWH>WH GH
1RH >L GH 3RWRS QX FUHGHP FC VH YD GHVFRSHUL
DFHHD>L LVWRULH OD FDOGHHQL GH DFHDVWC GDWC FX
136
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
137
WLLQ@LILF 'LYLQ >L 8PDQ (D YD IL SUHOXDWC >L GH 0DULL 0DH>WUL DL
/RMLORU0DVRQLFH&aQG6FKOLHPDQQVCSaQGvQUXLQHOHYHFKLL7URLD
DVFRVODOXPLQCRELHFWHFXRUQDPHQWHFLXGDWH>L·ICUCVHQV¨HOGHIDSW
VFRWHDODOXPLQCUHvQYLLQGWUDGL@LDSHODVJLFCFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC)LJ
D FHORU PDL YHFKL DULHQL VLPEROXUL YHFKL GH SHVWH GH VHFROH
GHVSUH FDUH >L 1 'HQVX>LDQX DPLQWH>WH vQ vQ D VD ·'DFLD
3UHLVWRULFC¨ PHQ@LRQaQG 3DVCUHD 3KRHQL[ FDUH YHQHD GLQ QRUGXO
(JLSWXOXL VC PRDUC vQ 0XQ@LL &HUQHL SHQWUX D UHQD>WH GLQ SURSULDL
FHQX>C(DSXUWDvQFLRFDFHVWVHPQDOYLH@LLYH>QLFH>LDOHWHUQLWC@LL&HD
PDLYHFKHDIRVWJCVLWCODQRLDFDVCODVXGGH'XQCUH?G+>L
SUH]HQWDWCOD&RQIHULQ@DGH7UDFRORJLH0DL%XOJDULD
(VWHXQVHPQVDFUXFDUHvQSUHLVWRULHVLPEROL]D
2 SH DO OHD &RQVWUXFWRU DO ·8QLYHUVXOXL GH PDL
1 3
MRV¨DO·8QLYHUVXOXLIL]LF¨
7 (OvLUHSUH]LQWCSHFHL>DSWHFRQVWUXFWRULDLOXPLL
DYaQGXO vQ FHQWUX SH FRQGXFCWRUXO ORU SH
6 5 4
'$.6+$ UHSUH]HQWaQG >L FHOH SHULRDGH DOH
FUHD@LHL L QX QH PLUC FaQG DXWRUXO OXL 4DEEDODK
UHPDUFC FX VXWH GH DQL vQDLQWHD &UH>WLQLVPXOXL FC OXPHD HUD
GRPLQDWC GH UHOLJLD 12$675n 5(/,*,$ ¿1(/(3&,81,,
UHOLJLHSHFDUHHLYHGLFLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLLDXSXUWDWRSULQ$VLD
&HQWUDOC3HUVLD,QGLD>L0HVRSRWDPLDGHOD8U>L+DUDQSaQCvQ
3DOHVWLQD
)LLL $/(, $, 0$5(/8, =(8 '$.6+$ GDFLL FDUSDWR
GXQCUHQL>LDXUHYCUVDWFXOWXUDQXQXPDLDVXSUD(JLSWXOXLGDU>LD
&KLQHL>LvQVSHFLDOD,QGLHL&aQGFXPXOWHPLLGHDQLPDLWaU]LXVH
QC>WHDFUH>WLQLVPXOHO,VXV&ULVWRVvQFHLDQLDLGLVSDUL@LHLOXLQX
DICFXWDOWFHYDGHFaWVCFCOCWRUHDVFCSHXUPHOHQRDVWUHDOHYHGLFLORU
LFDXQEXQHOHYVCVHvQGRFWULQH]HFXDFHDVWCUHOLJLHDvQ@HOHSFLXQLL
>L FD XQ DGHYCUDW YHGLF QCVFXW GH GRXC RUL VC VH vQWRDUFC >L VC R
SURSRYCGXLDVFCGXSCFXP(OL]DEHWK&ODUH3URSKH\vQFDUWHD·7KH
/RVW <HDUV 2I -HVXV¨ vQFHDUFC VC QH FRQYLQJC SUH]HQWaQGXQH
HYLGHQWHGRFXPHQWDUHGHVSUHDFHDVWCFCOCWRULH
8QXOGLQWUHFHOHPDLYHFKLVLPEROXULHVWHFHOFH
HUD WDWXDW SH FDSXO PDUHOXL ]HX DO FUHD@LHL DO
*HQH]HL OXPLL DO FHOXL FH >LD D>H]DW SH SULPLL
GH ILL ·SH SRSRUXO DOHV¨ SH FHOH PDL
138
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
IUXPRDVHSODLXULDOHOXPLL$FHVWVHPQVHJCVH>WHSHFDSXO]HXOXL
·'$&,$¨'$.6+$ILLQG>LXQVLPERODODSHLDOSRWRSXOXL>LDO
PDWHULHL ¿O JCVLP >L DVWC]L SH WRW FXSULQVXO YHFKLL 'DFLL @DUD SH
FDUH(/PDUHOH]HXDOJHQH]HLOXPLLDLXELWRD>DGHPXOW¨DUD
=HLORU¨
'DUQXQXPDLODQRLFL>LSHVWHWRWvQOXPHvOYRPJCVLPDL
WaU]LXFD vQ YHFKLXO DOIDEHW KLHURJOLILF HJLSWHDQ DYaQG vQ@HOHV GH
DSC(ODSDUHSHUVLVWHQWSHSRUWDOXULOHFDVHORU@CUDQLORUGDFLRULSH
FRYRDUHRULSHIRWH>L@HVCWXULDUCWaQGFCUHVSHFWLYLLVXQWDOH>LLILL
DL OXL '$.6+$ DL OXL 'DFLD SH FDUH FKLDU GDFC DSDUHQW HL ODX
XLWDW (/ vQFC FRQWLQXC VCL SURWHMH]H SH HLSH QRL ILLL OXL LXEL@L
SULPLLILLDLJHQH]HLOXPLL
63,5$/$ '$&,&n HVWH SRDWH FHO PDL
FDUDFWHULVWLF GDU >L FHO PDL HUPHWLF VLPERO DO
SRSRUXOXLQRVWUX
VLPSOC GXEOC >L vQ VSHFLDO WULSOC HD SUREDELO
UHSUH]LQWC YLD@D YH>QLFC FH QHD KCUC]LWR (/
'$.6+$ ]HXO VXSUHP >L ]CPLVOLWRU FUHDWRU DO
SRSRUXOXL '$& (VWH VHPQXO QHPXULULL QD@LHL QRDVWUH DO
UCVSaQGLULLQRDVWUHvQVSLUDOCVSUHLQILQLWICUCDQHXLWDQLFLRGDWC
RULJLQHDGDFCHVWHVHPQDOSRSRUXOXLDOHVGHHO'$.6+$]HXDO
JHQH]HLFDUHVCOUHSUH]LQWHDLFLSHSCPaQWHVWHVHPQXOQHPXULULL
ILLORU OXL HVWH >L FX VHQV GH EOHVWHP SHQWUX FHL FH>L XLWC OLPED
QHDPXO
3(17$*5$0$ 0$*,&n 'DFLFD GXSC
3U'XPLWUX%COD>DIDFHSDUWHGLQWH]DXUXOGHFXOWXUC
GDFLFCILLQGLGHQWLILFDWCvQ3H>WHUDGHOD&KLQGLDGLQ
MXG0HKHGLQ@LGH9DVLOH%RURQHDQWILLQGSUH]HQWDWC
>L vQ UHYLVWD ·$UKLWHFWXUD¨ GH 6LOYLD 3CXQ FD XQ
vQVHPQGDFLFYHFKLFXPLLGHDQLvQDLQWHGH3LWDJRUDDFHVWDRYD
VWXGLD PDL WaU]LX vPSUHXQC FX DO@L XFHQLFL JUHFL vQ XQLYHUVLWDWHD
=DOPR[LDQD GXFaQG DFHVW VHPQ SaQC vQ $WHQD >L ICFaQGXO
FXQRVFXWVXEQXPHOHGH·'LDJUDPDOXL3LWDJRUD¨'HVSUHDFHDVWC
SHQWDJUDPC PDJLFC JCVLWC >L SH R FCUCPLGC OD ELVHULFD IRVWHL
PCQCVWLUL 6WCQH>WL GH OaQJC 'UCJC>DQL DUKLWHFWXO $QGUHL 3CQRLX
YRUEH>WH vQ ·$UKLWHFWXUD *RUMXOXL¨ %XFXUH>WL S
·VHPQGHPDUHPH>WHU¨$FHVWVHPQDPXOHWGXSCFUHGLQ@DGDFR
139
JH@LORU HUD D>H]DW vQ ID@D WHPSOXOXL ]DOPR[LDQ SHQWUX D vPSLHGLFD
LQWUDUHDVWULJRLXOXLVDXDRULFCUXLGXKPDOHILF(OVHYDWUDQVIRUPD
vQ GHFXUVXO WLPSXOXL vQWUXQ VLPERO HVRWHULF FHO D OXL .DOL <XJR
VWHDXDvQFLQFLSXQFWHLQYHUVDWCHVWHXQVHPQPDJLFGHIRORVLUHD
SXWHULLSULPLWCGHODXQVSLULWUCXvQELQH&aQGFHOHGRXCSLFLRDUH
GH VXV VXQW vQGUHSWDWH VSUH UDL HVWH >L XQ VHPQ RFXOW IRORVLW GH
PXOWHRULvQFHUHPRQLLPDJLFH
0DMRULWDWHDVLPEROXULORUSHFDUHYLOHDPGHVFULVOHvQWaOQLP>L
DVWC]L SHVWH WRW vQ 5RPaQLD VFXOSWDWH SH SRU@LOH FDVHORU D>H]DWH
FXPLQ@L >L WCFXWH VXE FRUQL>HOH FDVHORU SH YDVH >L SH FRYRDUH
vQ@HOHVXO ORU ILLQGXQH GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL QHFXQRVFXW )LJ
9RU UCPaQH HOH vQ FRQWLQXDUH
QL>WHWDLQH"6DX12,OHYRPFCXWD>LLQWHUSUHWDDFXP"(OHQX
PDL VXQW ·IORULFHOH RUQDPHQWDOH¨ HOH VXQW VLPEROXUL DOH FXOWXULL
QRDVWUH VSLULWXDOH GH SHVWH GH VHFROH 6C OH FCXWDP 6C OH
vQ@HOHJHP6COHUHVSHFWCP
140
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
8
QGHYD GHSDUWH vQ LQLPD (XURSHL &HQWUDOH WRFPDL SULQ
@LQXWXULOHXQGHOHJHQGHOHVSXQFC·%DED'RFKLD¨0DPD
0DUH &\EHOH RUL 'RDPQD 1HDJD FXP vL PDL ]LF
ORFDOQLFLLREL>QXLDDFCOCULSHXQ/HXIHURFHDYaQGXOODGUHDSWD
HL SH IDOQLFXO &DORLDQ $WWLV ILXO OXL &DODXV H[DFW vQ ]RQD XQGH
$UFXO &DUSDWLF WLQGH D VH UHFXUED FCWUH PLD]CQRDSWH VH vQDO@C
PaQGUX>LHQLJPDWLF0XQWHOH,VWUL@DGLQ-XGH@XO%X]CXvQWLPS
FHSHXQPLFSODWRXDIODWODSRDOHOHVDOHXQRFKLDWHQWYDGHVFRSHUL
FRPXQD 3LHWURDVHOH 'LQ YUHPXUL VWUCYHFKL DFHDVWC SR]L@LH D
0XQWHOXL ,VWUL@D SUH]HQWaQG HYLGHQW DYDQWDM VWUDWHJLF DYHD VC ILH
IRORVLWC GUHSW SXQFW GH REVHUYD@LH GH FCWUH vQWUHDJD SRSXOD@LH
FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQCILHHDDULDQCSHODVJLFCWUDFLFCVDXGDFLFCvQ
VSH@C XUPD>LL DFHOHLD>L QD@LXQL DL SRSRUXOXL ERWH]DW ·5RPaQ¨ vQ
·PRGHUQLWDWH§ 5HSXWDWXO LVWRULF >L FHUFHWCWRU vQ VIHUD WLPSXULH D
GHYHQLULL QHDPXOXL QRVWUX SURIHVRUXO 1LFRODH 'HQVX>LDQX DUDWC
SULQWUHDOWHOHFCSULQDQXOvQFCVHPDLSXWHD]CULSHFHOPDL
vQDOW >L VHPH@ SLVF DO DPLQWLWXOXL PDVLY PXQWRV XQ VRL GH YDO
FLUFXODU DYaQG GLDPHWUXO GH P >L FDUH SXUWD VWUDQLXO QXPH
·XUD GH $XU¨ 7RWRGDWC R DOWC VWaQFC DIODWC SH DFHOD>L PXQWH
SUH]LQWCVLPEROLFDIRUPCDXQXLDUPCVDUICFaQGXLSHORFDOQLFLD
GHQXPLORFXO·3LVFXO&DOXOXL$OE¨)LHVFXOSWDWCGHPaLQLRPHQH>WL
RUL UH]XOWDW DO HUR]LXQLORU QDWXUDOH VWaQFD UHVSHFWLYC HVWH
FRQVLGHUDWC GH SURI 'HQVX>LDQX GUHSW XQ PRQXPHQW YRWLY
FRQVDFUDW YHFKLL 'LYLQLWC@L VXSUHPH 6RODUH 8UDQLHQH ¿Q IDSW
FHUFHWaQG PLWRORJLD DQWLFC GDFRURPaQHDVFC HVWH YRUED DLFL
GHVSUHRQRXCGRYDGCDFXOWXOXL]HXOXLVRODUWUDF*HEHOHL]LVVDX
141
)LJ $>DDUDWCD>D]LVD·&OR>FC¨·)LEXOD
PDUH¨ GH DXU FX JUDQDWH >L DOWH SLHWUH
VHPLSUH@LRDVH6CYHGHPFXPHVWHGHVFULVC
DFHDVWC ·FOR>FC¨ vQ FDUWHD GRPQLORU
, 0LFOHD >L 5 )ORUHVFX ·'DFR5RPDQLL¨
(G0HULGLDQHS¨SHXQVFKHOHW
FRQVWLWXLWWRWGLQWURILEXOCGHWLSFX¨FDSH
WH GH FHDSC¨HVWH D>H]DW XQ VFXW FX SDUWHD
VXSHULRDUC URWXQGC >L FHD LQIHULRDUC HYD
]DWCSHFDUHDIRVWVXGDWXQWXEWURQFRQLF
DMXUDWWHUPLQDWvQFDSGHSDVCUHGHSUDGC
FLXGDW FDS GH FOR>FC 3H VFXW XQ SODV
WURQFHQWUDOPCUJLQLWGHGRXCIk>LLURPEL
FH DUFXLWH vQFHDUFC VC UHGHD SHQDMXO R
UH@HDGHFHOXOHSDUDOHOH>LFLUFXODUHGLVSXVH
VLPHWULF vQFDGUHD]C XQ PDUH FDERVRQ GLQ
FULVWDO GH VWkQFC >L PDL PXOWH FDERVRDQH
PDLPLFLFLUFXODUH>LSCWUDWHGLQJUDQDWH>L
WXUFRD]H3DWUXIk>LLWULXQJKLXODUHDFRSHUL
WHFXPRWLYXO·RFKLXOXLGHSCXQ¨UHGDXDUL
SLOH>LSLFLRDUHOHYXOWXUXOXLVCILXLWDWDXWR
UXOFCHVWHYRUEDGHFOR>FC"LDUGRXCIk>LL
WULXQJKLXODUH FX YkUIXO vQ MRV vPSCU@LWH vQ
PDLPXOWHFHOXOHvQIRUPCGHSDUCvQFUXV
WDWHFXJUDQDWHvQFDGUHD]CGRXC>LUXULYHU
WLFDOH GH FDERVRDQH GLQ FULVWDO GH VWkQFC
JUDQDWH >L WXUFRD]H >L XQ >LU RUL]RQWDO FDUH
IRUPHD]COLPLWHOHSODVWURQXOXL$FHVWHIk>LL
ILJXUHD]CFRDGDvQHYDQWDLDYXOWXUXOXL'H
PDUJLQHD GH MRV DWkUQDX SDWUX SDQGDQWLYH
GLQDXUDMXUDW>LFULVWDOGHVWkQFC*kWXOYXO
WXUXOXLHVWHvQFDGUDWFXJUDQDWHvQIRUPCGH
LQLPCFXYkUIXOLQMRV¨9HGHPGLQQRXFXP
RJUH>HDOCVSXVCGHGRXCRULGHYLQHXQDGH
YDU LVWRULF 8LWD@LYC >L GXPQHDYRDVWUC SH
JkWXO D>D]LVHL FOR>WL >L YHGH@L XQGH HVWH
VLWXDW YkUIXO LQLPLL vQ VXV RUL vQ MRV 'DFC
VCUDFXO 2GREHVFX D GHVFULV JUH>LW GLUHF@LD
YkUIXOXLLQLPLLQLFLDFXPGXSCPDLELQHGH
XQVHFROOXPHDQXYUHDVCYDGCFHSXWHPFX
WR@LLVCYHGHPLFXPDPVSXVRGHPXOWH
RUL·RPLQFLXQCUHSHWDWCGHYLQHXQDGHYCU
>LXQDGHYCUQHJOLMDWWUHFHvQVSD@LXORFXOW¨
$>DHVWH>LFXD>D]LVDQRDVWUCLVWRULHXQGH
GRJPDMRDFCXQUROHVHQ@LDOFUHGH>LQXFHU
FHWD &H QHDX VSXV YHFKL FURQLFDUL GLQ
PCQCVWLULOHHYXOXLPHGLXHVWHXQDGHYCUGH
QHFRQWHVWDWFkQG·>FRDODDUGHOHDQCDGHFLV
FC QRL VXQWHP XUPD>LL 5RPHL FKLDU GDFC
%RJGDQ 3 +D>GHX D GHFODUDWR JUH>HDOC
LVWRULFCQRLFRQWLQXCPVCLFUHGHPSHHL>L
VCUHIX]CPVCYHGHPDGHYCUXOD>DFXPFHL
FHGHVFULX>LUHGHVFULX·LQLPLRDUHOH·GHSH
JkWXO 3CVCULL 3KRHQL[ UHIX]C VC OH YDGC FC
VXQW FX YkUIXO vQ VXV >L FRQWLQXC GLQ
JUH>HDOCvQJUH>HDOCVSUHYLFWRULDILQDOC
142
)LJ 3DWHUDGLQWH]DXUXOGHOD3LHWURDVDDYkQGXQGLDPHWUXGHFPIRUPDWCGLQGRXCIRL
GHDXUFHDLQIHULRDUCPDLJURDVC>LXQLWDUCFHDVXSHULRDUCGHFRUDWCSULQFLRFCQLUHFXPRWLYH
ILJXUDWH JUXSDWH GH OD PDUJLQH VSUH LQWHULRU GXSC FXP XUPHD]C UHJLVWUXO OLPLWDW GH SURILOH
FDUHIRUPHD]CFKHQDUXOHVWHGHFRUDWFXXQYUHMGHYL@CGHYLHFXIUXQ]H>LVWUXJXULGHSC>LQG
XQHRUL PDUJLQHD LQIHULRDUC DSRL XQ DPSOX UHJLVWUX FLUFXODU FXSULQ]kQG >DLVSUH]HFH ILJXUL
LGHQWLILFDWHGXSCLPDJLQD@LDILHFCUXLD'DFC2GREHVFXFDUHDPUHPDUFDWFXPYHGHDOXFUXULOH
SHGRVOHFRQVLGHUDSHUVRQDMHDOHSDQWHRQXOXLJRWLF&H]DU%ROOLDFLQL@LDWRUXOVWXGLLORUDUKHR
ORJLFHvQ5RPaQLDH[SULPDXUPCWRDUHDRSLQLHvQ·7URPSHWD&DUSD@LORU¨DQQU
S ¨ ]LFC FLQH RULFH YD ]LFH ]YkUFROHDVFCVH RULFkW YRU SXWHD DUKHRORJLL QR>WUL YDVHOH GH OD
3HWURDVDVXQWYDVHGDFLFHFXVWLOGDFLFSHXQFXOWGLQ'DFLD¨
143
SRDWH DO YUHXQHL >L PDL YHFKL GLYLQLWC@L YHGLFH ¿Q SOXV DOWH GRXC
VWaQFL SUH]HQWH SH 0XQWHOH ,VWUL@D vQIUXQWaQG YHDFXULOH SRDUWC
GHQXPLUHDGH·3LDWUDRLPXOXL¨>LQXGHSDUWHGHDFHVWHDVHvQDO@C
VHPH@ SLVFXO ERWH]DW ·&XLEXO &RUEXOXL¨ GLQ FDUH @a>QH>WH DSD
OLPSHGH SUHFXP FOH>WDUXO D XQXL L]YRU ]LV ·)aQWaQD 9XOWXUXOXL¨
$SHOHVDOHVHDGXQCvQWURLPHGLDWCDSURSLHUHIRUPaQGODUaQGXO
ORU·/DFXO9XOWXUXOXL¨
'XSC FXP VH YHGH QLFL XQXO GLQ UHSHUHOH DFHVWRU ORFXUL
·EaQWXLWH¨GHOHJHQGCQXSRDUWCYUHREDQDOCGHQXPLUHGHJCLQC
SXL VDX FOR>FC GH>L vQGHSCUWDWXO 0DUDPXUH> GLQ QRUGXO
7UDQVLOYDQLHLVHPaQGUH>WHFXDOVCX0XQWH*CLQDORFXOXQGHVH
GHVIC>RDUC DQXDO ·6kPEUD 2LORU¨ SRSXODUD VCUECWRDUH D
FLREDQLORU GLQ UHJLXQH L WRWX>L DLFL vQ DQXO GH JUD@LH GRL
@CUDQL GLQ FRPXQD 3LHWURDVHOH ,RQ /HPQDUX >L VRFUXO DFHVWXLD
6WDQ$YUDPDYHDXDIDFHRGHVFRSHULUHVHQ]D@LRQDOC>LWRWRGDWCGH
XQLQWHUHVDUKHRORJLFSULPRUGLDO/XFUaQGSHFRDVWHOHDPLQWLWXOXL
0XQWH ,VWUL@D VSUH D H[WUDJH SLHWUHOH QHFHVDUH FRQVWUXF@LHL XQXL
SRGDFH>WLDGHVFRSHUCVXEXQERORYDQDIODWODPLFCDGaQFLPHR
LPSUHVLRQDQWC FROHF@LH GH SRGRDEH GLQ DXU vQVXPaQG QX PDL
SX@LQ GH GH RELHFWH YDVH >L RUQDPHQWH )LUL VLPSOH
·SUDJPDWLFH¨ @CUDQLL VDX JUCELW VC DVFXQGC vQVC WH]DXUXO LYLW OD
OXPLQC GLQ QHJXULOH LVWRULHL QRDVWUH SHQWUX D SOCQXL XOWHULRDUD >L
SULSLWD VD FRPHUFLDOL]DUH SH XQ SUH@ ·GH QLPLF¨ XQXL DOEDQH]
QXPLW$QDVWDVH9HUXVVL1HJXVWRUXOUHVSHFWLYVHYDGRYHGL>LPDL
·LQYHQWLY¨ GHFaW GHVFRSHULWRULL FRPRULL DSXFaQGXVH VC VSDUJC R
PDUH SDUWH GLQ QHSUH@XLWHOH RELHFWH FX GDOWD >L FLRFDQXO VSHUaQG
vQWUX HYLWDUHD KR@HDVFCvQ DFHVW IHO D LQWUCULL WH]DXUXOXL VXE
MXULVGLF@LD OHJLORU VSHFLILFH DOH CULL LD WUHEXLW VC PDL WUHDFC
DVWIHOXQDQvQWUHJSaQCFaQGvQJXYHUQXOCULL5RPaQH>WL
VC FDSHWH FHYD LQIRUPD@LL GHVSUH H[LVWHQ@D DFHVWHL FRPRUL
ODSURSULX>LODILJXUDW>LVCvQFHUFHDVDOYDFHHDFHPDLSXWHDIL
VDOYDW &D XUPDUH SH OD VIaU>LWXO DQXOXL VXQW GHSXVH OD
0X]HXO1D@LRQDOGLQ%XFXUH>WLXQQXPCUGHSLHVHDSDU@LQaQG
WH]DXUXOXL GH OD 3LHWURDVD XUPaQG D IL XOWHULRU FXQRVFXWH VXE
QXPHOHLPSURSULXGH·&OR>FDFXSXLLGHDXU¨
144
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
145
)LJ 0XOWPDLSUDJPDWLF1'HQVX>LDQXGHVFULHXQVHJPHQWGLQSDWHUDGH
OD3LHWURDVDDVWIHO·$SROOR$SORODGDFLGXSCXQLLVLQRQLPFX=DOPR[LV1
$]HXOOXPLQLLDOSCVWRULHL>LDUPRQLHLDVLVWCODVCUECWRDUHDKLSHUERUHLORUvQ
RQRDUHDGLYLQLWC@LL7HUUD0DWHU/kQJD]HXVHYHGHILJXUDW,DQXVUHJHOHKLSHU
ERUHLORUDYkQGSHFDSRUQDPHQWHDULPDVSLFHvQPkQDGUHDSWCRGLDGHPCFD
vQVHPQHDOHGHPQLWC@LLvQVWkQJDXQDUFFXFRDGDvQIC>XUDWC>LMRVFDDWULEXWXQ
GHOILQHPEOHPDSXWHULLVDOHSHVWHPCUL/kQJC,DQXVXQSUXQFSHUVRQLILFD@LD
$QXOXL1RXDGXFHFDGDUXQFR>FXXQVSLFPDUHGHJUkXLDU?QPkQDVWkQJC
@LQHRSDOPCVLPERODOWXWXURUVXFFHVHORUIHULFLWH¨
146
)LJ $FHDVWCILJXUCFHQWUDOCvQMXUXOFCUHLDVHSDUHFCWRWXQLYHUVXO
PLWRORJLF GDFLF VH vQYkUWH PD LQWULJDW FHO PDL PXOW 3RDWH >L GDWRULWC
IDSWXOXL FC PCULQGR OD PD[LPXP SH FRPSXWHU QX LDP SXWXW YHGHD
ID@DD>DFXPRGHVFULD1'HQVX>LDQXGHRDUHFHIRWRJUDILDHVWHIDFXWC
GHVXVSHUSHQGLFXODUSHDFHDVWCSDWHUC$>DFCYCURJVCYCXLWD@L>LOD
ILJXUDSHQWUXDRREVHUYDPDLELQH(DRUHSUH]LQWCSH
*DHDVDX7HUUD0DWHU0DPD3CPkQWXOXL(DVHULGLFCvQ
PLMORFXODFHVWHLSDWHUHFDPFP>LHVWHvQIC@L>DWC>H]kQG
SHXQWDPEXUFLUFXODUGHFRUDWFXXQYUHMGHYL@CGHYLHFX
IUXQ]H>LVWUXJXUL(DSRDUWCRWXQLFCOXQJCICUCPkQHFLH
vQFLQVCSHVWHPLMORF>L@LQHFXDPkQGRXCPkLQLOHOkQJCSLHSW
XQ SDKDU GH IRUPC FRQLFC =HL@D VH GLVWLQJH SULQWUR ILJXUC
QRELOCPDMHVWXRDVC>LSOLQCGHVLJXUDQ@C
7LSXO HL QX HVWH QLFL JUHFHVF >L QLFL JRWLF 7UCVCWXULOH HL ILLQG
FDUDFWHULVWLFHSHQWUXRIL]LRQRPLHGLQ]RQD'XQCULLGH-RV
RIL]LRQRPLHGDFLFC3CUXOvODUHVWUkQVvQWUXQFRFULGLFDW
vQ VXV OD VSDWH oQCXQWUXO DFHVWXL SULP FHUF >L GHFL vQ
MXUXO]HL@HLSULPRUGLDOHODSLFLRDUHOHHLVHRGLKQH>WHXQ
SCVWRUDYkQGODSLFLRDUHXQFkLQHSULHWHQXOVCXFHOPDL
EXQoLXUPHD]CXQOHXGRLPCJDUL>LROHRDLFC'HIDSW
OHXO >L OHRDLFD R IODQFKHD]C SH 0DPD 3CPkQWXOXL vQ
GUHDSWD >L UHVSHFWLY VWkQJD oQ FHUF vQ MXUXO ORU VH
JCVHVFILJXULGH]HL>L]HL@HIRUPkQGXQFHUFVROHPQ
DGXFkQGX>LRPDJLLOHORU=HL@HL0DPH
147
JHRJUDIXOXL0HOD·3DQFKHD¨VHDIODWRFPDLvQDSURSLHUHD0XQ@LORU
&HUDXQLFL DGLFC 0XQ@LL ·&HUQHL¨ GH DVWC]L 7H[WHOH PDUHOXL SRHW
URPDQ H[LODW 2YLGLX FRQVLGHUDX FC 3KRHQL[XO DU IL YLH@XLW SH R
FROLQC DSDU@LQaQG FHORU PDL IUXPRDVH PHOHDJXUL DOH (OL]HXOXL GH
IDSW XQD >L DFHHD>L UHJLXQH JHRJUDILFC D WLPSXULORU SUHLVWRULFH FX
9DOHD -DOH>XOXL GLQ 5RPaQLD PRGHUQC FDUH vQFHSH GLQ VXV GH
$UFDQL$UUH]XOWDD>DGDUFCFHDPDLIDLPRDVCvQDULSDWCDUHOLJLHL
SUHFUH>WLQHSRDWHILORFDOL]DWCFRQFUHWvQWUROHJHQGDUCUHJLXQHD
HPLVIHUHL QRUGLFH DIODWC VXE RUL]RQWXO FHO SXU >L VHQLQ DO ,VWUXOXL
IOXYLX QXPLW XOWHULRU ·'XQCUH¨ GLQ DSURSLHUHD VXVQXPL@LORU
0XQ@L&HUDXQLFL
,DWCSULQFRPSDUD@LHFXPVHSUH]LQWC·&OR>FD¨QRDVWUCGHOD
3LHWURDVD ILEXOD UHSUH]LQWC LPDJLQHD XQHL SCVCUL VDFUH FDP GH
PCULPHD XQXL >RLP vQWUHDJD VXSUDID@C D DFHVWHL ]EXUCWRDUH
PRGHODWC vQ DXU PDVLY IXVHVH LQL@LDO GHFRUDWC FX IHOXULWH SLHWUH
SUH@LRDVH RUL VHPLSUH@LRDVH UR>LL YHU]L DOEDVWUH >L JDOEHQH
'HDVXSUDvQFUH>WHW·&OR>FD¨SUH]HQWDXQLPHQVJUDQDWUR>XWRW
GLQ SLHWUH UR>LL ILLQGXL >L RFKLL vQ WLPS FH FRDGD L VH WHUPLQD vQ
QHQXPCUDWHOCQ@L>RDUHVXVSHQGDWHGLQDXUXOFHOPDLILQ
6FULLWRUXO URPaQ $OH[DQGUX 2GREHVFX FHO FDUH DYHD D>L
vQVXPDDQLLGHGLFD@LVWXGLHULLSDVLRQDWHDUHVSHFWLYXOXLWH]DXUvQWUR
PRQXPHQWDOC OXFUDUH SXEOLFDWC OD 3DULV ·/H 7UHVRU GH 3HWURVD¨
·XLWD¨vQVCDRPDLQXPL·&OR>FD¨SHQWUXDVHUHIHULvQVFKLPESH
SDUFXUVXO SDJLQLORU OD ·JaWXO 9XOWXUXOXL¨ FDUH vL DSCUHD
vQFDGUDW FX JUDQDWH DYaQG IRUPD XQRU LQLPLRDUH FX YaUIXO vQ MRV
SHUVRQDOvQIRWRJUDILLHXOHDPYC]XWWRWX>LFXYaUIXOvQVXVL
WRW HO 2GREHVFX YRUEH>WH vQ GHWDOLX GHVSUH ·FLRFXO >L FHDID
9XOWXUXOXL¨ GH DVHPHQHD RUQDWH FX JUDQDWH GH R PCULPH
DSUHFLDELOC L vQWUXFaW OD VWUCYHFKLXO SRSRU FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQ
SHODVJLFWUDFLF FX GHRVHELUH vQ FDGUXO FXOWXOXL UHOLJLRV WRDWH v>L
DYHDXIRUPHOH>LFDQRDQHOHORUWLSLFHVHSRDWHVLQWHWL]DDILUPaQG
vQFRQVHFLQ@CFCDYHPGHDIDFHFXILJXUDFHOHEUHL3CVCULFCUHLDXQ
DUWLVWDQRQLPvLYDILGDW·YLD@D¨GXSCXQPRGHOVWULFWWUDGL@LRQDO
'HDOWIHODWXQFLFaQGvQDQXOSURI1'HQVX>LDQXOXFUDODD
VD ·'DFLH 3UHLVWRULFC¨ HO QX XLWD VC PHQ@LRQH]H ·2FWRLKXO
148
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
6ODYRQHVF¨ WLSCULW OD vQ FDUH 3DVCUHD 3KRHQL[ HVWH GHVFULVC
SULQWUXQ GHWDOLX VXSOLPHQWDU DFHOD GH D @LQH vQ FLRF R FUXFH
vQFaUOLJDWC GH IRUPD YHFKLL ]YDVWLFL SHODVJLFH XQ IRDUWH YHFKL
VLPERO DO 6RDUHOXL ·UHQCVFXW¨ RGDWC FX DSDUL@LD SULPCYHULL L WRW
DVWIHODSDUH(D>LvQ·3VDOWLUHD6ODYR5RPaQHDVFC¨GLQ%LDQX
+RGRV%LEOLRJUDILDURPWRP,SVL
0DL WaU]LX YRP JCVL 3KRHQL[XO FD SDVCUH KHUDOGLFC vQ
HPEOHPHOHCULL5RPaQH>WLILLQGUHSUH]HQWDWCH[DFWvQPRPHQWXO
GHSXQHULL FXLEXOXL GHDVXSUD XQRU IOCFCUL UHJHQHUDWRDUH DYaQG
GHDVXSUDL6RDUHOH/XQD>L8UVD0DUHFRQVWHOD@LD·&DUXO0DUH¨
GH D]L FRPSXVC GLQ VWHOH GHFL vQ WRWDO D>WUL ·YHJKHWRUL¨ DL
HWHUQLWC@LLVDOHLDUvQFLRF@LQaQGDFXPWUDGL@LRQDODFUXFHFUH>WLQC
FH DYHD D vQORFXL SULPRUGLDOD ]YDVWLFC YH]L ·3UDYLOD¨ WLSCULWC OD
*RYRUDvQ'DU>L·LVWRULFLL¨FHYDPDLQHFKHPD@LvQGRPHQLX
DX XQ GUHSW DO RSLQLHL SHUVRQDOH LDU DFH>WLD ICUC D FHUFHWD SUHD
PXOWFRYaU>LWRDUHDVHPQLILFD@LHGLQVXEVWUDWXODFHVWHLGHVFRSHULUL
VDXJUCELWvQDFDWDORJDSULPDUHSUH]HQWDUHPRQGLDOCDXWHQWLFCD
OHJHQGDUHL 3CVCUL 3KRHQL[ GUHSW R ·DPCUaWC¨ GH ·&OR>FD FX SXL¨
&aQGGHIDSW·SXLL¨VXJHUHD]CVLPEROLFWRFPDLHWHUQDUHQD>WHUHD
3KRHQL[XOXL GLQ SURSULDL FHQX>C FD PLFL GXSOLFDWH PHQLWH D
UHIDFHLDUC>L>LLDUC>LGLYLQLWDWHDRULJLQDUC'DUD>D]L>LL·LVWRULFL¨
DL QR>WUL GH LHUL >L GH D]L QX VH RSUHVF DLFL )RDUWH UHFHQW YHGH
OXPLQDWLSDUXOXLOD%XFXUH>WLYROXPXO·+HUDOGLFD5RPaQLHL¨VFULV
>LUHGDFWDWGHRDQXPHGRDPQC0DULD'RJDUXFDUHPLDSOCFXWSH
DORFXUL GDU PLD OCVDW SH DQVDPEOX XQ JXVW SH FDUH GRDU FX
LQGXOJHQ@CvOSRWQXPL·DPDU¨YC]aQGFXPVXQWGHOLEHUDWRPLVH
RUL WUHFXWH ·SH OLQLH PRDUWC¨ QHQXPCUDWH LQIRUPD@LL >L
UD@LRQDPHQWH FRQVLGHUDWH SUREDELO ·LQFRQIRUWDELOH SROLWLF¨ FD
FUXFHDSHODVJLFC
'DU D>D FXP FRPRULOH )DUDRQLORU HJLSWHQL >LDX GRYHGLW
PDOHILFDLQIOXHQ@CDVXSUDWXWXURUGHVFRSHULWRULORUODFRPLFaW>LD
SURILWRULORU FH OHDX UaYQLW XOWHULRU SXWHP VSXQH >L GH]YROWD vQ
SUHPLHUC PRQGLDOC vQ FH FRQVWDX PDQLIHVWCULOH XQXL VLPLODU
EOHVWHPvQYCOXLQG7H]DXUXOGHVFRSHULWOD3LHWURDVDEOHVWHPPHQLW
DLDIHFWDOHWDOODSURSULX>LODILJXUDWSHWR@LDFHLFHLDXvQFHUFDW
149
,QVFULS@LDGHSHYHULJDGHOD3LHWURDVD DVWIHOFXPDIRVW
SXEOLFDWCGH0LFDOL?Q0RQXPHQWLLQHGLWL )LUHQ]H7DY
>LUHSURGXVCGH)DEUHWWL?Q&RUSXVLQVFULWDOQU
,QVFULS@LDGHSHYHULJDGHOD3LHWURDVD GXSCUHSURGXFHUHD
JDOYDQRSODVWLFCICFXWCSHQWUX0X]HXOGLQ%HUOLQ?Q
D'XSC+HQQLQJ'LHGHXWVFKHQ5XQHQGDQNPlOHU
7DI,,
,QVFULS@LDGHSHYHULJDGHOD3LHWURDVD UHSURGXVCGH&%ROOLDF
?Q·7URPSHWWD&DUSD@LORU§QUGLQ
)LJ 'LIHULWHUHSURGXFHULDOHYHULJLLGHOD3LHWURDVDD>DFXPOHSUH]LQWC1'HQVX>LDQXvQ
'DFLD3UHLVWRULFC(G0HULGLDQH%XFXUH>WLS
150
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
VDXvLYRUvQFHUFDvQVWUCLQDUHDGHXUPD>LLYHFKLORUSHODVJLFDUSDWR
GDQXELHQLVWCSaQLWRULLVCLHWHUQLGHIDSW>LGHGUHSW6WUDQLXHVWHFC
QXGRDU/HPQDUX$YUDP>L9HUXVVLDYHDXVCPRDUCODVFXUWWLPS
GXSC LOHJDOLWC@LOH FRPLVH DVXSUD WH]DXUXOXL GDW OD OXPLQC GDU >L
WCLQXLWRULL RELHFWHORU FH QDX PDL SXWXW IL UHFXSHUDWH GH *XYHUQ
XUPDX D R VIaU>L OD IHO GH UHSHGH >L VWUDQLX GH RELFHL vQ PRG
YLROHQW¿QLDUQDDQXOXLFRPRDUDHVWHIXUDWCGLQPX]HXSHR
QRDSWH FX YLVFRO JUR]DY GH FCWUH XQ IRVW VHPLQDULVW SH QXPH
3DQWD]HVFX ,XWH SULQV >L vQFKLV DFHVWD YD IL vPSX>FDW vQWUR
LPSXOVLYC vQFHUFDUH GH HYDGDUH ¿QVX>L VFULLWRUXO $OH[DQGUX
2GREHVFXDXWRUXOFHOHEUXOXL·3VHXGR.\QHJKHWLFRV¨ ·)DOV7UDWDW
GH 9aQCWRDUH¨ VH VLQXFLGH vQ PRG EL]DU OD VFXUW WLPS GXSC FH
·vQGUC]QH>WH¨ D SXEOLFD ·/H 7UHVRU GH 3HWURVD¨ WRFPDL OD 3DULV
GHFL QX vQ 5RPaQLD @DUD VD GH RULJLQH /D vQFHSXWXO YHDFXOXL
QRVWUX ·LQWHOLJHQWXO¨ JXYHUQ URPaQ GLQ WLPSXO SULPXOXL UC]ERL
PRQGLDOIDFHRJUH>HDOCLVWRULFCHYDFXHD]CWH]DXUXO@CULLLQFOXVLY
·&OR>FD FX SXLL GH DXU¨ OD 0RVFRYD VSUH DO VDOYD GH DUPDWHOH
3XWHULORU &HQWUDOH ·XLWaQG¨ SUREDELO YHFKHD ]LFDOC GXSC FDUH
·FHLDPXVFDOXOHEXQOXDW¨¿QVCGHvQGDWCFH3KRHQL[XOSHODVJLF
·VHWUH]H>WH¨UH@LQXWDEX]LYOD.UHPOLQSHFXSULQVXOXULD>HL5XVLL
vQFHSVCVHSHWUHDFCXULD>HQHQRURFLULYH]L>L ·'DFLD6HFUHWC¨GH
$GULDQ %XFXUHVFX DUH ORF R ORYLWXUC GH 6WDW ERO>HYLFC FH
LQVWDXUHD]C XQ VLVWHP VRFLDO QHJaQG H[LVWHQ@D RULFCUHL GLYLQLWC@L
LDU·3DVCUHD¨QRDVWUCUHSUH]LQWCWRWX>LSXWHUHD>LGHFLPDQLDXQXL
]HX DFHOD DO 6RDUHOXL H[DFW SUHFXP vQ EOHVWHPDWHOH FRPRUL DOH
IDUDRQLORU vQWUHDJD IDPLOLH LPSHULDOC D @DUXOXL 1LFRODH DO ,,OHD
5RPDQRY DXWRULWDWH VXSUHPC vQ PRPHQWXO DFHOHL ·SUHOXCUL¨ D
WH]DXUXOXL R VIaU>H>WH YLROHQW ILLQG H[HFXWDWC >L L]EXFQH>WH
UC]ERLXO FLYLO 0DL WaU]LX PLOLRDQH GH UX>L SLHU DWXQFL FaQG
*HUPDQLD DWDFC 8566 >L vQFC >L PDL PXO@L GLQ FDX]D
JHQRFLGXOXL RUGRQDW GH 6WDOLQ GLQ SULFLQD RURULORU VLVWHPXOXL
FRPXQLVWvQJHQHUDO¿QSOXVPDLWR@LFRQGXFCWRULL5RPaQLHLFDUH
ILH QDX UHX>LW FD]XO OXL $QWRQHVFX ILH QLFL PCFDU QDX GRULW
UHFXSHUDUHD ·3CVCULL 3KRHQL[¨ GLQ ORFXULOH VWUCLQH ·FXLEXOXL¨ (L
FD]XULOH 'HM >L &HDX>HVFX XUPDX VC VIaU>HDVFC GH PRDUWH
151
QHQDWXUDOCGHVHRULvQWRFPDLOXL3DQWD]HVFX2GREHVFXVDX@DUXOXL
1LFRODHDO,,OHD
7H]DXUXO GH OD 3LHWURDVD SRDUWC vQWUDGHYCU XQ WHULELO EOHVWHP
vQFUXVWDW vQWUR YHULJC LDU VHQVXULOH VDOH VH GH]YCOXLH GRDU RFKLXOXL
DWHQW >L PLQ@LL FXOWLYDWH GH OD VWaQJD OD GUHDSWD LQVFULS@LD WUDFLFC
vQIC@L>HD]C WULQLWDWHD +87(1 ,$5(1 (,9(1 vQ WUDGXFHUH ·&DVD
1HDPXO vQ SDFH VC@L ILH¨ GDU FLWLWC SH GRV FXYLQWHOH GHYLQ
1(9,(1 (5$, 1(78+ DGLFC ·%OHVWHPDW VC ILH UCXICFCWRUXO
KR@XO¨
3RDWHFCDUILPDLELQHVCOHVSXQHP>LUX>LORUDGHYCUXOQXGH
DOWDGDUSRDWHYRU>LHLGHDFXPFHYDPDLPXOWCOLQL>WHvQ@DUC
'XSCFXPORFXO·,QHOXOXL1LEHOXQJXOXL¨QXSRDWHILGHFaWvQDSHOH
5LQXOXL ·&DVD¨ 3CVCULL 3KRHQL[ WUHEXLH VC UHGHYLQC FaW PDL
FXUaQG5RPaQLD
152
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
„CUIUL DACIC”
SAU
„CUIUL LUI PEPELEA”
3
H GDWD GH VHSWHPEULH VRVHDP OD &KL>LQCX VCPL
vQWaOQHVFXQSULHWHQ7XGRU3DQWLUXIRVWXODPEDVDGRUDO
5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD OD 1D@LXQLOH 8QLWH >L VC PC UHSHG
SaQCOD2UKHLL9HFKLGLQUD@LXQLVHQWLPHQWDOHIDPLOLDOH$PvQWaOQLW
RPXO@LPHGHRDPHQLPLQXQD@LGDUSRYHVWHDXQXLDGLQWUHHLPLVD
SCUXWGHRVHELWGHLQWHUHVDQWC/DPFXQRVFXWSH$QGUHL9DUWLFGH
SURIHVLH IL]LFLDQVSHFWURVFRSLVW XQ SDVLRQDW DO LVWRULHL GDFLORU
FDUHPLVSXQHD·(VWHWULVWVCVWDLGHYRUECFX·SURIHVRULXQLYHUVLWDUL
vQDUKHRORJLH¨FDUHVDSCWRWFXORSDWDYHFKHGHGHDQL>L
QLPLF DOWFHYD PHQ@LQaQG FHUFHWDUHD DUKHRORJLFC vQ 5RPaQLD SH
SR]L@LLDSURDSHSDXNHULVWHQHJaQGRULUHIX]aQGVCYDGCUCGCFLQLOH
H[WUDRUGLQDUHSHFDUHURPaQLLOHDXvQFLYLOL]D@LDOXPLL¨
$IDFHD]LFHUFHWDUHDUKHRORJLFCICUCODERUDWRDUHGHWHUHQFDUH
VCL VSXQC FHUFHWCWRUXOXL FH URFC VDSC FH FRPSR]L@LH DUH FXWDUH
FCUCPLGCVDXFLREICUCDFFHVOD,QWHUQHWODFHOHPDLVROLGHED]HGH
GDWHICUCXUPCULUHSULQVDWHOLWDFHHDFHVHvQWaPSOCvQ&DUSD@LFD
GH SLOGC PLVWHULRDVHOH ·DUVXUL¨ ICUC R HFKLSC VROLGC PXOWL
GLVFLSOLQDUC LQFOX]aQG VRFLRORJL HWQRORJL LVWRULFL PHGLFL
HFRQRPL>WL HVWH vQ FHUFHWDUHD DUKHRORJLFC PRGHUQC ·XQ IHO GH D
MXFD @XUFD SH UDPSD GH ODQVDUH D XQHL UDFKHWH QHYC]aQG DOWFHYD
GHFaWWXLXO§/DPvQWUHEDWFXPGHDDMXQVVCILHD>DGHSDVLRQDWGH
GDFLODFDUH$QGUHLPLDUCVSXQV
·3H YUHPHD FaQG HUDP VWXGHQW vQ DQXO , OD )L]LFC vQ OD
/HQLQJUDG XQFKLXO PHX *ULJRUH &RQVWDQWLQHVFX DEVROYHQW DO
153
6RUERQHLPLDICFXWFDGRXFDUWHDOXL'DLFRYLFLX·'DFLL¨SHDWXQFLR
FDUWH LQWHU]LVC SH WHULWRULXO 5HSXEOLFLL 6RFLDOLVWH 6RYLHWLFH
0ROGRYHQH>WL $P GHYHQLW D>D GH vQGUCJRVWLW GH DFHL GDFL vQFaW
LPHGLDWGXSCFRODSVDUHDLPSHULXOXLVRYLHWLFDPIXJLWUHSHGH·$FDVC¨
vQ0XQ@LL2UC>WLHLFDVCLvQWaOQHVFSHGDFLRULSHXUPD>LLORU¨
&HDUHDOL]DW$QGUHL9DUWLFvQH[SHGL@LDVDHVWHIRUPLGDELO
$FHVWDGHVFLIUHD]CWRSRJUDILDGDFLFCUHGHVFRSHUCPHWDOXUJLD
GDFLFCFHDPDLDYDQVDWCGLQOXPHDDQWLFCGHVFULHPDWHULDOHOHGH
FRQVWUXF@LH GDFLFH vQ VSHFLDO EHWRDQHOH GDFLFH YRUEH>WH GHVSUH
FRVPRJRQLDGDFLFCPRUDOLWDWHDODGDFL>LFHHVWHFHOPDLLPSRUWDQW
vL UHGHVFRSHUC SH GDFL VFULLQG FCU@L FD ·2VSH@HOH 1HPXULULL¨
·(QLJPHOH FLYLOL]D@LHL GDFLFH¨ ·)LHUXO3LDWUD 'DFLL7LPSXO¨
·0DJLVWUDOHOH WHKQRORJLFH DOH FLYLOL]D@LHL GDFLFH¨ SXEOLFaQGX>L
FHUFHWCULOHFKLDU>LvQFRQIHULQ@H1$72
(O$QGUHL9DUWLFULGLFDYCOXOQHSCVCULLGHSHWUHFXWXOQRVWUX
GDFLF ¿Q WLPS FH VH SOLPED DFXP DQL vQ MXUXO 0RYLOHORU
&LFORSLFH GH OD RQD GHVFRSHUC vQ KXPD DFHVWRUD R YHULWDELOC
JKHDUC GH VILQ[ ILLQG XQ RP FRUHFW HO FKHDPC ,QVWLWXWXO GH
$UKHRORJLH GLQ &OXM FDUH WULPLWH SH FLQHYD FH VRVH>WH SHVWH
QRDSWHRULGLFC>LGLVSDUH
·(LD>DRUILOHJLOHSHDLFL¨>LDVSXV$QGUHLSX@LQQHFCMLWFC
HLDUKHRORJLLQXDXGLVFXWDW>LFXHO
(UD YDUC IUXPRV SCSCGLL JDOEHQH SHVWH WRW FaQG $QGUHL
JCVH>WH FDOXSXUL GH ILHU GDFLF GH SHVWH NJ >L GLQ QRX FRUHFW vL
DQXQ@CSH·WRYDUC>LL¨DUKHRORJLFDUHYLQLDX>LSOHDFC
7RWHOJCVH>WHvQVDQFWXDUXOGDFLFGHOD5DFR>FXLHGDFLFH>LGLQ
QRX·HFKLSD¨GHEUDYLDUKHRORJLURPaQL"VRVH>WHvQIUXQWHFXGO
SURIGU,RDQ*ORGDULX>LvOIHOLFLWCLDXFXLHOHGDFLFHQXvQDLQWHGH
DLGD·FDGRX¨>LOXL$QGUHLXQFXLGDFLF·FXWHPD¨VCOFHUFHWH]H
$QGUHLWUHFHFXFXLXOSHVWHJUDQL@CDFDVCGHFHDODOWCSDUWHD
3UXWXOXLODFHLODO@LURPaQLXUPD>LDLDFHORUD>LGDFLGDUGHVSCU@L@L
GHQL>WHSROLWLFLHQLFDUHLDXFRQYLQVSHLVWRULFLLPROGRYHQLFCHLDU
IL GH XQ DOW QHDP >L FC DU YRUEL >L R DOWC OLPEC GLIHULWC
PROGRYHQHDVFD FDUH DU DYHD >L QL>WH IRDUWH PLFL DVHPCQCUL FX
OLPEDURPaQHDVFCGDUSUHDPLFLSHQWUXDILOXDWHvQFRQVLGHUD@LH
154
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
'DUHLSROLWLFLHQLLGLQGUHDSWD>LGLQVWaQJD3UXWXOXLFaQGVH
vQWaOQHVFXLWCFCQXIRORVHVFWUDGXFCWRULEDGHPXOWHRULVXQWYHUL
RULFXPQD@LDYaQG>LDFHOHD>LQXPH
'DUVCUHYHQLPOD$QGUHL9DUWLF6HICFXVHLDUQCOD&KL>LQCX
vQWUR ]L QLQJHD vQ DOWD SORXD LDU HO $QGUHL vQWUXQD GLQ GXSC
DPLH]H VH XLWD FaQG SH JHDP DIDUC OD SORDLH FaQG OD FXLXO GDFLF
YHFKLGHSHVWHGHDQLSULPLWFD·WHPCGHOXFUX¨FDUHQXHUD
QLFL PaQFDW QLFL DFRSHULW GH UXJLQC R DGHYCUDWD PLQXQH $VWIHO
vQFHSHLVWRULDDFHOXLFXLGDFLF&XLDOOXL3HSHOHDVSXQHXSULPLW
GHODSURIHVRUXOURPaQGHDUKHRORJLHGHGLQGUHDSWDGH3UXW
$QGUHLLDFXLXO>LIXJHFXHOOD,QVWLWXWXOGH0HWDOXUJLHGHOD
%CO@L XQGH PLQXQH ;5D\XO DUDWC FC DFHO FXL GH SHVWH GH
DQLDFHOFXLGDFLFFDUHQXYUHDVCUXJLQHDVFCDYHDvQFRPSRQHQ@D
OXLQLFLPDLPXOWQLFLPDLSX@LQGHFaWDOIDILHUSXUGHQLFL
XUPCGHLPSXULWC@LDGLFCGHFRPSX>LDLFDUERQXOXLFHUCPaQGHOD
SUHOXFUDUH
2 ·PLQXQH DQWLFC¨ FDUH YC DWUDJ DWHQ@LD FC VH SRDWH RE@LQH
QXPDLvQFRQGL@LLVSHFLDOHGHODERUDWRUVDXvQ&RVPRV3aQCODRUD
DFWXDOCVXQWFXQRVFXWHvQOXPHQXPDLGRXCH[HPSOHGHDVWIHOGH
ILHUDQWLFVWaOSXOGHILHUGHOD'HOKL>LXQGLVFGLQ0RQJROLDGDWDW
GLQ VHFROXO ,; FHUFHWDW >L vQ ODERUDWRDUHOH GH OD 1$6$ FaW >L OD
8QLYHUVLWDWHD +DUYDUG 6SHFLDOL>WLL VSXQ FC SURFHVXO PRGHOCULL
XQXL RELHFW GLQ ILHU SXU HVWH PXOW PDL FRPSOLFDW FKLDU GHFaW
RE@LQHUHD OXL GDWC ILLQG SRVLELOLWDWHD LQWURGXFHULL vQ HO D XQRU
LPSXULWC@L
'LVFXOGLQ0RQJROLDSXWHDILPRGHODWGRDUvQ&RVPRVVXV@LQ
VSHFLDOL>WLL GH OD 1$6$ LDU FHUFHWCWRULL GH OD &KL>LQCX DYHDX
DFHHD>LSCUHUHGHVSUH·FXLXOGDFLF¨
$QGUHL SUDJPDWLF PDL QHvQFUH]DWRU D IXJLW FX FXLXO OD
/HQLQJUDGOD,QVWLWXWXO0HWDOXUJLFFCFLILHUSXURILHOGDUSRDWHFC
VXSUDID@DOXLVCILIRVWYRSVLWCFXYUHRYRSVHD·GDFLFC¨VSHFLDOCFD
VC QX UXJLQHDVFC /D /HQLQJUDG FHUFHWCWRULL DX PDL GHVFRSHULW R
PLQXQHGHVSUHFDUHYCYRLYRUELPDLWaU]LX
9UaQG VC YHULILFH PLQXQHD $QGUHL LD ·&XLXO OXL 3HSHOHD¨ >L
IXJHOD0RVFRYDLGHDVWCGDWCUH]XOWDWXODIRVWDFHOD>LFXLXOGDFLF
155
)LJ 3ULQ PXQ@LL VILQ@L DL CULL 'DFLORU JUCGLQLOH GH ]DU]DYDW DOH @CUDQLORU DVFXQG ERJC@LL
DUKHRORJLFH GH QHGHVFULV &HUDPLFD GDFLFC FDUH VH JCVH>WH GLQ DEXQGHQ@C SH SCPkQWXO OXL
$GULDQ vO LPSLHGLFC SH DFHVWD VC>L FXOHDJC URDGHOH PXQFLL ¨2ULXQGH VDSL GDL GH HOH GH
SDUFCLXQEOHVWHP¨VSXQHVCUPDQXOVCWHDQ
'HVFRSHULULOHOHJDWHGHFXLHOHGDFLFHFDUHQXYRUVCUXJLQHDVFCGXSCPDLPXOWGHGHDQL
GHEHWRDQH>LFCUCPL]LGHFHUDPLFDGDFLFCFHDUHDWkWGHPXOWPHWDOvQHDvQFkWRDWUDJH>L
PDJQHWXOWRDWHDFHVWHDDUWUHEXLVCUHGH>WHSWHRULFHFHUFHWCWRU·VRPQRURV¨WRDWHDFHVWHDODU
IDFH>LSHXQPLRSVC>LSXQCSHQDV·RFKHODULL>WLLQ@HL¨GDFCQXGLQSDWULRWLVPFHOSX@LQGLQ
LQWHUHV>WLLQ@LILF
156
)LJ 6SHFWURJUDPD ILHUXOXL SXU GDFLF FDUH QX YUHD VC UXJLQHDVFC QLFL GXSC PDL PXOW GH
GHDQL&HUFHWDUHUHDOL]DWCvQGH*K.LRVVH*9RORGLQ'*UDEFR&3RVWHXFD
10DOFRFL,$QGURQLFVXEFRQGXFHUHDGOXLDFDG6HUJLX5DGDXWDQ)DSWXOFCvQPDL
GO SURIHVRU ,RDQ *ORGDULX >HIXO >DQWLHUHORU GLQ 0XQ@LL 2UC>WLHL LD GDW OXL $QGUHL VC
·VWXGLH]H¨XQ FXL GDFLF FDUH QX YURLD VC UXJLQHDVFC GH SHVWH GH DQL vQ XPH]HDOD >L
LQWHPSHULLOHXQXLVDQFWXDUGDFGHOD5DFR>GLQ3HU>DQLQXODLPSLHGLFDWSHDFHOD>L$QGUHL
9DUWLFVCJCVHDVFCROXSCERORYDQGLQDFHOD>LDOIDILHUSXUWRFPDLOD3H>WHUD%RGLL'LVWDQ@D
GLQWUH5DFR>>L3H>WHUD%RGLLILLQGGHSHVWHNP&LXGD@L>LDFH>WLVWUCPR>LDLQR>WULFDUH
DWLQVHVHUC SHUIHF@LXQHD vQ RE@LQHUHD >L SURWHMHDUHD ILHUXOXL >L QX QXPDL D ILHUXOXL GDU >L D
DXUXOXL SH FDUH QXO IRORVHDX QLFL SHQWUX SRGRDEH QLFL SHQWUX PRQHGH >L SH FDUH WRWX>L vO
DGXQDXvQFDQWLWC@LXULD>H
$QGUHL9DUWLF0DJLVWUDOHOHWHKQRORJLFHDOHFLYLOL]D@LHLGDFLFH(G%DVDUDELD
157
FDUHQXYURLDVCUXJLQHDVFCGHSHVWHGHDQLIRUPDWGLQDOIDILHU
SXUvQSURSRU@LHGHHUDDFRSHULWQXFXYRSVHDFLFXVWUDWXUL
PROHFXODUH SHUSHQGLFXODUH FDUHO SURWHMDX LPSHFDELO SCVWUaQGXL
SXULWDWHDDFHVWHWUHLVWUDWXULILLQG@LQH@LYCUHVSLUD@LDYCURJ
VXSUDID@D0DJQHWLWC·)H2¨
R[LGGHILHU·)H2¨
DOXPRVLOLFD@L
3ULQ FHUFHWCULOH HIHFWXDWH GH SURIHVRUXO .LRVVH >L GRFWRU
*DOLQD 9RORGLQ XWLOL]aQG PHWRGH GH LUDGLHUH ;5D\ DSOLFDWH OD
SHOLFXOH VXE@LUL GH VHPLFRQGXFWRUL D>DQXPLWHOH XQJKLXUL PLFL
VDSXWXWREVHUYDSHOLFXOHOHSURWHFWRDUHGHVSUHFDUHDPYRUELWPDL
VXV3URIHVRU'DULD*UDEFRDVWXGLDWODPLFURVFRSPLFURVWUXFWXUD
GHRVHELWCDILHUXOXLGDFLF>LDPDLREVHUYDWFCDFHVWILHUDUHGRXC
VWUDWXULGH·GRPHQH¨XQXOFHQWUDO>LXQXOGHVXSUDID@C'RPHQHOH
>LDLFLHVWH·FLXGC@HQLD¨VXQWRULHQWDWHSHUSHQGLFXODUXQXOSHDOWXO
DVWDvQVHPQaQGFCPDLvQWaLVDVROLGLILFDWvQFaPSXOPDJQHWLFDO
3CPaQWXOXL VWUDWXO LQWHULRU DSRL SHVWH HO VD DSOLFDW vQ VWDUH
OLFKLGCXQDOWVWUDWFDUHVDVROLGLILFDWVLHOGDUvQDOWCSR]L@LHID@C
GHFaPSXOPDJQHWLFDO3CPaQWXOXL
(L GRPQLORU >L DVWD VH vQWaPSOD DFXP SHVWH GH DQL
vQWUR@DUCVCOEDWLFCSRSXODWCGH@CUDQLGDFLSULPLWLYL>LVCOEDWLFL
&XFHUL@L PDL WaU]LX GH URPDQL QXPDL GLQ WHULWRULXO 'DFLHL
FDUHDXVRVLWFXR·PLFC¨DUPDWCGHGHOHJLRQDUL>LFCURUD
OHDXWUHEXLWPDLPXOWGHDQLVCFXFHUHDVFCFHFa@LYDNLORPHWUL
GLQ VSD@LXO GDFLF 2DUH VD vQWUHEDW FLQHYD FXP D SXWXW UH]LVWD vQ
ID@D5RPHLRVLPSOCFLYLOL]D@LH@CUCQHDVFC"
'HFHVHWHPHDXURPDQLLGHGDFL"
'HFH&DHVDU>L%XUHELVWDDXPXULWvQDFHOD>LWLPS"
'H FH GH OD PRDUWHD OXL &DHVDU FDUH GRULVH VC SRUQHDVFC
UC]ERLXOvPSRWULYDGDFLORU>LSaQCODFXFHULUHDDQXPDLGLQ
'DFLDGHFCWUH7UDLDQDXPDLWUHEXLWVCWUHDFCGHDQL"
'HFHvQWR@LDFH>WLGHDQLURPDQLL>LGDFLLQXVDXDYaQWDW
vQFRQIOLFWHGLUHFWH"
'HFHQLFLRDUPDWCURPDQCQXSOHFDODUC]ERLICUCVCDLECFHO
SX@LQXQGRFWRUGDFFXHD"
158
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
&H RU IL DYXW GH vPSCU@LW HL GDFLL >L URPDQLL FD DFH>WLD GLQ
XUPCGXSCFXFHULUHDXQHLEXFC@LD>DGHQHvQVHPQDWHGLQWHULWRULXO
'DFLHL VC GHFODUH FHD PDL OXQJC VCUECWRDUH FXQRVFXWC SaQC vQ
]LOHOHQRDVWUHRVCUECWRDUHGHQLFLPDLPXOWQLFLPDLSX@LQGH
GH]LOHvQFDUHSRSRUXOURPDQSXWHDVCPCQaQFH>LVCEHDJUDWXLW
SHVRFRWHDODVWDWXOXLGH]LOH"
&HRUILVCUECWRULWGHIDSWURPDQLL"
$VWIHOVHGHPRQVWUHD]CFCHLGDFLLDXOCVDWGRFXPHQWHPXOW
PDL UH]LVWHQWH vQ ID@D PCFLQCULL WLPSXOXL GHFaW FHOH DOH DQWLFLORU
JUHFLVDXURPDQLGDUvQDOWOLPEDMGHFaWvQFHOVFULVYRUELW/LPELOH
VXQW>LHOHVXSXVHGLVWUXJHULLDOIDEHWHOHODIHO
&CGDFLLQHDXOCVDWPRVWUHGH·FLYLOL]D@LH¨H[WUDRUGLQDUCFD
%HWRDQH SHUIHFWH QHGLVWUXVH GH WLPS DSC >L LQWHPSHULL GH SHVWH
GHDQL
0HWDOXUJLHPDLDYDQVDWCGHFaWFHDGLQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHFXLHFDUH
QXUXJLQHVFGHGHDQLFDOXSXULGHILHUGHNJFaQGURPDQLL
QXSXWHDXVCWRSHDVFCvQFXSWRDUHOHORUEXFC@LPDLPDULGHNJ
0RGHOHOHPDWHPDWLFHGHOD*UCGL>WHD0XQFHOXOXL>LGHVLJXUFHOH
7RSRJUDILFH SULQ D>H]DUHD ·D>D]LVHORU FHWC@L¨ GLQ 0XQ@LL 6XU\D
QXOXL &LQGUHOXOXL 3HU>DQLORU 5DFR> vQWUR RUGLQH SHUIHFW
JHRPHWULFCGHLQYLGLDWFKLDU>LD]L)LJ
'DU QLPCQXL VH SDUH FC QX vL SDVC DFROR VXV OD QLYHO
·SURIHVRUDO¨GHDFH>WLGDFLLDU$QGUHL9DUWLFvQORFVCJCVHDVFCQX
vQ@HOHJHUHFLGRULQ@DDU]CWRDUHGLQSDUWHDFRPSDWULR@LORUURPkQLD
IRVWQHYRLWVCVHGXFCvQ5XVLDFXDFHO·&XLDOOXL3HSHOHD¨VSUHDL
FHUFHWD PLVWHUHOH 'H FH QX VD RIHULW ,QVWLWXWXO GH 0HWDOXUJLH GLQ
5RPaQLDVCIDFCVWXGLLGDFCQXGLQVHQWLPHQWSDWULRWLFPCFDUGLQ
LQWHUHV >WLLQ@LILF" 3H $QGUHL 9DUWLF OD FKHPDW >L SUH>HGLQWHOH GH
DWXQFL,RQ,OLHVFXSHQWUXRvQWUHYHGHUHGHPLQXWHFDUHDGXUDW
RRUC>LMXPCWDWHXUPDWCGHSURPLVLXQLGDUJXYHUQXOVDVFKLPEDW
,VWRULD SRSRUXOXL QRVWUX FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQ QX D IRVW VFULVC
vQFCLDU6DUPLVHJHWXVDHVWHvQFCXQPLVWHUDFRSHULWGHSCPaQWXUL
FDUH SRDWH FC R SURWHMHD]C 8QLL VSXQ FC QXPHOH HL YLQH GH OD
6DUPLV H >L *HWX]D DO@LL PDL LQL@LD@L vQ WDLQHOH YHGLFH vO FLWHVF
159
)LJ &HWC@LOH>LD>H]CULOHGDFLFHGLQ0XQ@LL2UC>WLHLGXSC+DGULDQ'DLFRYLFLX'DFLL(GSHQWUX
OLWHUDWXUC $QGUHL 9DUWLF ?Q 0DJLVWUDOHOH WHKQRORJLFH DOH FLYLOL]D@LHL GDFLFH (G %DVDUDELD
XQH>WHDFHVWHFHWC@L>LDVWIHOQHDSDUHRQRXCVHPQLILFD@LHIDVFLQDQWCXQPHVDMWUDQVPLVGH
DFHLGDFLHWHUQLWC@LL8QJKLXOGLQWUH9aUIXOOXL3CWUX3LDWUD5R>LH>L%OLGDUXOHVWHXQXQJKLGUHSW
L XQJKLXO GLQWUH 9aUIXO OXL 3CWUX FHWDWHD GDFLFC GH OD %DQL@D >L FHD GH OD 3LDWUD 5R>LH HVWH WRW
GUHSW3HUSHQGLFXODUDSHOLQLD%CQL@D3LDWUD5R>LHQHGXFH?QFHWDWHDGDFLFCGLQYaUIXOOXL+XOSH
2DOWCSHUSHQGLFXODUCQHWULPLWHGLUHFWOD6DUPLVHJHWXVD$POXDW>LHXXQFRPSDVDPPCVXUDW
GLVWDQ@HOHDSRLXQJKLXULOHOXFUXFHOSRDWHIDFHRULFLQH>LD>DHVWHQHJUXSHDOE
160
)LJ 'DU SULHWHQXO PHX $QGUHL QX>L FXQRD>WH PCVXUD >L FRQWLQXC VC OH XQHDVFC SH YHFKLOH
FHWC@LGDFLFH$VWIHOSHUSHQGLFXODUDFH?PSDUWHOLQLDWRSRJUDILFC3LDWUD5R>LH¥6DUPLVHJHWXVD?Q
GRXCSCU@LHJDOHWUHFHSULQFHWDWHD%CQL@D
161
)LJ LFXPQLPHQLQXOSRDWHRSULSHDFHOD>L$QGUHLHOFRQWLQXCVC?QWLQGCOLQLLGaQGGXUHULGH
FDSFHORUFHYRUVCODXGCHXILLQGXQXOGLQWUHDFH>WLD$>DFCVCOXCPRULJOCXQFRPSDV>LXQ
UDSRUWRU>LVCSRUQLPODOXFUXOFH?OSRDWHIDFHRULFHHOHY>LDQXPHVCOYHULILFPSH$QGUHL8QLP
9aUIXO2PXFXFHWDWHDGDFLFCGHOD5DFR>DSRLFXFHOHEUHOHSLUDPLGHGHSCPaQWGHODRQDILLFD
UHJHOXL RQD 6LWUD VD PCULWDW FX 5DPD FHO SX@LQ D>D QH VSXQ 9HGHOH QXPLWH >L JXUXH@L ?Q
VDQVNULWC JXUX ?QVHPQaQG SURIHVRU ?QYC@CWRU HGXFDWRU 5H]XOWDWXO QX ?QWaU]LH VC VH DUDWH
5DFR>XO FDUH HVWH OD NP GH 9aUIXO 2PX IRUPHD]C XQ XQJKL GH GH JUDGH FX RQD LDU
XQJKLXO SH FDUH RQD ?O IDFH FX 5DFR>XO >L 9aUIXO 2PX HVWH GH GH JUDGH 1H DSDUH DVWIHO
7ULXQJKLXO'LYLQFDWHWDRSXVCXQJKLXOXLGHGHJUDGHHVWHHJDOCFXMXPCWDWHGLQLSRWHQX]CSH
FDUH SLUDPLGHOH GH OD RQD ?O IRUPHD]C FX FHWDWHD GDFLFC GH OD 5DFR> >L 9aUIXO 2PX $VWIHO
DOJRULWPXOWRSRJUDILFDOGDFLORUFXSULQGHSHUIHFW>LRQD>L2PXO>LWHRUHPDOXL3\WDJRUD?QDLQ
WHGHQD>WHUHDDFHVWXLD>LFHDDOXL7KDOHV>LWULXQJKLXOGHDXUDOHJLSWHQLORU>LRLVWRULH?QWUHDJC
)LJ0DJLVWUDOHOHWHKQRORJLFHDOHFLYLOL]D@LHLGDFLFH$QGUHL9DUWLF(G%DVDUDELD&KL>LQCX
162
Noi nu suntem urma[ii Romei
%,%/,2*5$),(
163
%25'$90$5&805,1&,8 ( DUD?QDLQWHGHWRDWH (GDUD1RDVWUC%XFXUH>WL
%8&85(6&8$ 'DFLDVHFUHWC(G$UKHWLS56%XFXUH>WL
&$17(0,5 ',0,75,( 'HVFULHUHD0ROGRYHL(G/LWHUD&KL>LQCX
&(5$0&: =HLPRUPLQWHFCUWXUDUL(GWLLQ@LILFC%XFXUH>WL
&+(9$/,(5-$*+((5%5$17 'LF@LRQDUGHVLPEROXUL(G$UWHPLV%XFXUH>WL
&+,/'(9* :KDW+DSSHQHGLQ+LVWRU\+DUPRQGV:RUWK3HQJXLQ%RRNV
&+,/'(9* 7KH+LVWRU\RI&LYLOL]DWLRQ7KH$U\DQV %DUQHV 1REOH%RRNV1HZ<RUN
&,2%$1895 'DFLD)HOL[(G7LQHUHWXOXL
&2167$17,1,8)/25,1 2LVWRULHDSRSRUXOXLURPaQ(G8QLYHUV(QFLFORSHGLF%XFXUH>WL
&5,$1,21 +25$,8 %XUHELVWD>LHSRFDVD(GWLLQ@LILFC>L(QFLFORSHGLFC%XFXUH>WL
'$,&29,&,8+$'5,$1 'DFLL (GSHQWUXOLWHUDWXUC
'(168,$181,&2/$( 'DFLDSUHLVWRULFC,QVWLWXWXOGH$UWH*UDILFH &DURO*REO%XFXUH>WL
SS
'2*$580 +HUDOGLFD5RPaQLHL(G-LI65/%XFXUH>WL
'5n*$1,26,) &2167$17,1 ,VWRULDURPaQLORU (G(XURSD1RXC%XFXUH>WL
'80,75(6&89$98/3( 'DFLD?QDLQWHGH'URPLKHWH(GWLLQ@LILFC>L(QFLFORSHGLFC%XFXUH>WL
(&5$0 38%/,&$7,216 &KURQLFOHRIWKH:RUOG 3UHQWLFH+DOOS
(/,$'(0,5&($ 7KH5RPDQLDQV (G5R]DYaQWXULORU%XFXUH>WL
)851($8;583(57 $QFLHQW0\VWHULHV %DOODQWLQH%RRNV1HZ<RUN
*(25*(6&89/$' ,VWRULDURPaQLORUGHODRULJLQLSaQC?Q]LOHOHQRDVWUH (G+XPDQLWDV
*+(25*+(*$%5,(/ /LQJYLVWLFDLVWRULDGHILOHHGHHURUL?Q *HWLFDS
*,0%87$60 7KH3UHKLVWRU\RI(DVWHUQ(XURSH&DPEULGJH0DVV3HDERG\0XVHXP
*,0%87$60 2OG(XURSHF%&7KHHDUOLHVW(XURSHDQ&LYLOL]DWLRQRIWKH,QGR
(XURSHDQ3HRSOH 7KH-RXUQDORI,QGR(XURSHDQ6WXGLHV
*,0%87$60 7KH*RGVDQG*RGGHVVHVRIWKH2OG(XURSH%&0\WKV/HJHQGVDQG
&XOW,PDJHV%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
*25'21&$ %HIRUHWKH%LEOH 1HZ<RUN+DUSHUDQG5RZ
+(52'2786 7KH+LVWRU\RI+HURGRWXV%& 7UDQVODWHGE\*5DZOLQVRQ
KWWSZZZIRFXVPPFRPDX~ )2&86&,9&7<$17B%22.+,6725<+70
+20(5 ,OLDGD (G)XQGD@LHL&XOWXUDOH5RPaQH%XFXUH>WL
,25*$1,&2/$( ,VWRULDURPaQLORU YRO;;;SDUWHD,%XFXUH>WLS
,25*$1,&2/$( ,VWRULDURPaQLORUVWUCPR>LL?QDLQWHGHURPDQL %XFXUH>WL
/$77,025(5 7KH,OLDGRI+RPHU 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV
/83$, ,VWRULDURPaQLORU (G'DFLDWUDLDQD6LELX
0,8/(6&81 'DFLD@DUD]HLORU &ROHF@LD 7ULND5RP
02006(17+(2'25 ,VWRULDURPDQD (GWLLQ@LILFC>L(QFLFORSHGLFC%XFXUH>WL
02006(17+(2'25 7KH3URYLQFHVRIWKH5RPDQ(PSLUH %DUQHV 1REOH
08$70 )RUHLJQ6RXUFHVDQGWHVWLPRQLHVDERXW)RUHEHDUVRIWKH5RPDQLDQ3HRSOH (G
$FDGHPLHL
1,&$0$5&(/$ ,VWRULDURPaQLORU (G0RQGDQ
1257+-2+1 6WRQHKHQJHD1HZ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRI3UHKLVWRULF0DQDQGWKH&RVPRV 7KH)UHH
3UHVV1<
3c59$19$6,/( 'DFLD (GWLLQ@LILFC%XFXUH>WL
3c59$19$6,/( *HWLFD (GPHULGLDQH%XFXUH>WL
3(/($ 9LGXOGHPRJUDILF>LPDWHPDWLFD (G$EDGGDED
35$%+$9$1$1'$6$1')0$1&+(67(5 7KH8SDQLVKDGV¥%UHDWKRIWKH(WHUQDOD0HQWRU
%RRN
5$3621(-(G·7KH&DPEULGJH+LVWRU\RI,QGLD§&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULJGH
YRO,SS&I*DEULHO*KHRUJKH ·oQYHFKLPH)UDQ@DDIRVWURPDQRIRQC§§?Q*HWLFD
S
7KH5LJ9HGD3HQJXLQ%RRNV
6729(5/($1' %.5$,* 6WRQHKHQJHWKH,QGR(XURSHDQ+HULWDJH 1HOVRQ+DOO¥&KLFDJR
721&,8/(6&83/ 'HOD7CUWCULDODDUD/XDQHL(G0LUDFRO
7KH8SDQLVKDGV 3HQJXLQ%RRNV
9$57,&$1'5(, )LHUXO¥3LDWUD¥'DFLL¥7LPSXO (G%DVDUDELD
9$57,&$1'5(, 0DJLVWUDOHOHWHKQRORJLFHDOHFLYLOL]D@LHLGDFLFH(G%DVDUDELD
9$57,&$1'5(, 'UXPXOVSUH.RJDLRQRQ (G%DVDUDELD
164
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
ORIGINI [I LEGENDE
6
XQW URPaQ >L WUHEXLH VC UHFXQRVF FC VFULX FX PXOWC
SOCFHUH GHVSUH LVWRULD QRDVWUC QH>WLXWC RUL PDL SX@LQ
>WLXWC
'DFC QX GH PXOW YC YRUEHDP GH IDSWXO FC ·1RL QX VXQWHP
XUPD>LL5RPHL¨FLHLVXQWXUPD>LLQR>WULRULPDLWaU]LXYCSXUWDPSULQ
PLWRORJLDQRDVWUCDURPaQLORUGLQFDUHVDXLQVSLUDWJUHFLL>LURPDQLL
GHIDSWvQFCQXYDPVSXVSUHDPXOWFCFL$GHYCUXOXQHRULWUHEXLH
VCO GUCPXLH>WL DOWIHO >RFXO HVWH SUHD PDUH >L FaQG WRW GH FXUaQG
VFULDPGHVSUH·%OHVWHPXO3CVCULL3KRHQL[¨RUL·&OR>FDFXSXLLGHDXU¨
DPSULPLWVFULVRULGLQFDUHDPUHDOL]DWFCPXO@LGLQWUHGXPQHDYRDVWUC
DYH@LGHMDED]HOHQHFHVDUHXQXL·QRXFXWUHPXUvQLVWRULDURPaQLORU¨
ODFDUHYCYRLH[SXQHvQPLQXWHOHXUPCWRDUHGHOHFWXUC
&RQVLGHUaQG FC VWRFXO GH ·DGHYCUXUL LVWRULFH¨ FDUH OH HVWH
SUHGDWFRSLLORU>LWLQHULORUvQ>FROLOHVDXXQLYHUVLWC@LOHURPaQH>WLFX
SULYLUHODLVWRULDURPaQLORUDUH]XOWDWvQPDUHSDUWHGLQREVHUYD@LLOH
>LGHGXF@LLOHDSDUHQWORJLFHICFXWHvQPCQCVWLULOHGLQ(YXO0HGLX
GHFLFXPXOWvQDLQWHGHH[SOR]LD>WLLQ@LILFCGHGXSCDOGRLOHDUC]ERL
PRQGLDO FXP DP SXWHD QRL FHL GH D]L VC QX DYHP vQGRLHOL FX
SULYLUH OD DFHVW DGHYCU" 6C DFFHSWCP R LVWRULH FRQVWUXLWC SH
FXQR>WLQ@HOHGREaQGLWHvQ(YXO0HGLXDUILFD>LFXPDPDFFHSWD
FC3CPaQWXOHVWHSODWFDRIDUIXULH>LFC6RDUHOHVHvQYaUWHvQMXUXO
QRVWUXRULFCVXQWHPEROQDYLSHQWUXFCGLDYROXODLQWUDWvQQRL>L
SHQWUXDOVFRDWHWUHEXLHVCEHPGLQDSDvQFDUHDXIRVW@LQXWHWUHL
EURD>WH>LXQ@aQ@DU6CILPVHULR>LGRPQLORU$]LDYHPRH[SOR]LH
>WLLQ@LILFC LDU FXQR>WLQ@HOH (YXOXL 0HGLX GHVSUH LVWRULH WUHEXLH
FRUHFWDWH SH YUHPHD DFHHD QX VH YRUEHD GHVSUH DUKHRORJLH
DQWURSRORJLHELRORJLHIL]LRORJLHRULFRPSXWHUH
&aQG FHUFHWCWRDUHD DPHULFDQC 0DULMD *LPEXWDV SURIHVRDUC
OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD &DOLIRUQLD GLQ /RV $QJHOHV VFULD ·5RPaQLD HVWH
YDWUC D FHHD FH DP QXPLW 9HFKHD (XURSC R HQWLWDWH FXOWXUDOC
165
FXSULQVC vQWUH ?G+¨ D ICFXW VC GHYLQC HYLGHQW FC
DFHDVWC VWUCYHFKH FLYLOL]D@LH HXURSHDQC FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC D
SUHFHGDWFXFaWHYDPLOHQLLSHFHDVXPHULDQC
6CYCGDXXQH[HPSOXGHVSUHIDQWH]LHLVWRULHGXSC&9&HUDP
vQ·=HLPRUPLQWHFCUWXUDUL¨ ·SaQCQXGHPXOWDFXPGHDQL
GHFLUHODWLYUHFHQWODVFDUDLVWRULHL·,OLDGD¨HUDFRVLGHUDWCXQSRHP
IDQWDVWLFXQJHUPDQXQYLVCWRUvQGUCJRVWLWGHDFHVWSRHPDUHIX]DW
VC DFFHSWH GRJPD FC QX HUD DOWFHYD GHFaW R SRYHVWH HURLFC
IDQWDVWLFC +HLQULFK 6FKOLHPDQQ D DYXW FXUDMXO VC FUHDGC FC HUD
DGHYCUDWC $>D FC D IRVW RGDWC FD QLFLRGDWC XQGHYD GHSDUWH vQ
(XURSD vQWUXQ VCWXF JHUPDQ GLQ SURYLQFLD 0HFNOHPEXUJ XQ
ECLH@D> FDUH D SULPLW GH &UCFLXQ vQ DQXO ·,VWRULD 8QLYHUVDOC
,OXVWUDWC¨GH-HUUHUDFHVWDvODUDWCSHWUDFXO(QHDIXJLQGGLQFHWDWHD
7URLD FXSULQVC GH IOCFCUL SXUWaQGX>L WDWCO SH XPHUL >L @LQaQGX>L
ILXO,XOLXVGHPaQCXUPDWILLQGGHDO@LVXSUDYLH@XLWRUL(OWUDFXO
DYHDVCDMXQJCvQ9DOHD7LEUXOXL9DOHDFHORU>DSWHFROLQHXQGHVH
YD FCVCWRUL FX /DWYLD ILLFD XQXL UHJH ORFDO SXQaQG DVWIHO ED]HOH
GLQDVWLHLGH$OED/RQJDGLQFDUHVHWUCJHD>L5KHD6LOYDPDPDOXL
5RPXOXV>L5HPXV>LGLQFDUHVHPaQGUHDFCVHWUCJHD>L,XOLXV&H]DU
D>DFCGRPQLORULWDOLHQLIL@LPDLDWHQ@LFXQRLVWUCEXQLLYR>WUL
$FHO FRSLO JHUPDQ v>L ?QWUHEC WDWCO ·'HFL D>D DUCWD 7URLD >L
QLPHQLQX>WLHXQGHVHDIOCHDDVWC]L"§$QLLDXWUHFXW>LPLFX@XO
6FKOLHPDQQ IX QHYRLW OD DQL VC>L ?QWUHUXSC VWXGLLOH GLQ FDX]D
VCUCFLHL>LVCVHDQJDMH]HECLDWGHSUCYCOLH?QWUR]LLQWUC?QSUCYCOLH
XQRDUHFDUHEHDWPRUW>L?QFHSXVCGHFODPHYHUVXULGLQ·,OLDGD¨
UHGH>WHSWaQGDVWIHOPLFX@XODYHQWXULHU$FHVWDDMXQJHSULQ?Q
+DPEXUJ VH DQJDMHD]C FD PXV SH R FRUDELH FH SOHFD VSUH
9HQH]XHOD GDU OD QXPDL GRXC VCSWCPaQL FRUDELD VH VFXIXQGC
OaQJC LQVXOD 7H[HO +HLQULFK UHX>LQG ?QVC VC VH VDOYH]H oO JCVLP
PDLWaU]LXOXFUaQG?Q$PVWHUGDP?QWLPSXOOLEHUVWXGLLQGHQJOH]D
IUDQFH]DRODQGH]DVSDQLRODSRUWXJKH]D>LLWDOLDQD
3ULQ HUD ?Q $PHULFD GH 1RUG >L FCSCWD FHWC@HQLD
DPHULFDQCHVWHFXFHULWDSRLGHIHEUDDXUXOXLGDUQXVHODVCIHUPHFDW
VC>L SCUCVHDVFC DIDFHULOH ?QDLQWH GH D>L Fa>WLJD LQGHSHQGHQ@D
PDWHULDOCD>DFCDELDSULQVHGXFHvQ,WDFDLQVXODOXL8OLVH
2PDMXQVODFHDPDL?QDOWCWUHDSWCPDWHULDOCODVCWRWXO>LIXJHGXSC
166
)LJ $>DDUCWD
WaQCUDVR@LH
6RILDJUHFRDLFD
DOXL6FKOLHPDQQ
SDYRD]DWCFX
RSDUWHGLQD>D]LVD
FRPRDUCDOXL
3ULDP(LDXJCVLW
?QMXUGHGH
RELHFWHGHDXU
LQHOHFHUFHL
OCQ@L>RDUHHWF
LGHQWLILFDWHPDL
WaU]LXFDILLQGFX
FaWHYDPLLGHDQL
GLQDLQWHGH3ULDP
(OHDXDSDU@LQXW
UDPDQLORU
FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL
DGHYCUD@LL
FRQVWUXFWRUL
DLYHFKLL7URLH
167
XQEDVPRSRYHVWLUHIDQWDVWLFC&X,OLDGD?QPaQC?QFHSHVCFDXWH
752,$ FHWDWH OHJHQGDUC D WUDFLORU XQGH 12, DP IRVW ?QYLQ>L GH
SXKRLXOEDUEDUGHJUHFLDKHLYHQLWvQWUH?G+GLQHVWXO
0CULL&DVSLFH?PSUHXQCFXHROLHQLLGRULHQLL>LLRQLHQLL
$>DFC6FKOLHPDQQFRQVLGHUaQGUC]ERLXOWURLDQGUHSWXQXOUHDO
LDUSHOXSWCWRULQL>WHSHUVRQDOLWC@LLVWRULFHVHGXFHVCLUHGHVFRSHUHSH
DFHLDFDUHPXULVHUCFXWUHLPLLGHDQL?QXUPCVHGXFH?Q$VLD0LFC
WRFPLQGX>LRFCOCX]CSHQWUXSLD>WULFCOCULQGSHXQFDOICUCIUaX
DUXQFaQGX>L SULYLUHD SHVWH FHHD FH GRDU YLVDVH SaQC QX GH PXOW
3OLPEaQGXVH FX ,OLDGD ?Q PLQWH HO FDOFXOHD]C GLVWDQ@H v>L
LPDJLQHD]C ECWCOLD ED FKLDU VH >L FCVCWRUH>WH FX R JUHFRDLFC 6RILD
(QJVWURPHQRVSHFDUHRDVHPXLH>WHFX(OHQD)LJ
oQVIaU>LWODLXQLHLDKRWCUaUHDVCVHDSXFHGHVCSDW
'XSCVCSDUHDDPLLPHWULFXELGHSCPaQWSOLPEaQGXVHFXVR@LD
SULQ VCSCWXUL ?L VSXQH DFHVWHLD ·'XWH >L GC GUXPXO WXWXURU
OXFUCWRULORUVSXQHOHFHYDVSXQHOHFCH]LXDPHDGHQD>WHUH>LFC
DXOLEHU¨&aQGVR@LDVH?QWRDUFHODHOGXSCSOHFDUHDOXFUCWRULORU?O
JCVH>WHVCSaQGFXGLVSHUDUHSULQWUHEORFXULHQRUPHGHSLDWUCJDWDVC
FDGC SHVWH HO VFR@aQG OD LYHDOC $85 ELMXWHULL LQFDOFXODELOH
ELMXWHULLXGDWHFXVaQJH>LODFULPL?QJURSDWHGHWUHLPLLGHDQLVXE
UXLQHOHD>DSWH?PSCUC@LLGLVSCUXWH>LUHDGXVHODOXPLQC¨(OQXICFHD
DOWFHYD GHFaW VC QH VFRDWC OD VXSUDID@C LVWRULD QRDVWUC D FDUSDWR
GDQXELHQLORUXLWDWC?QJURSDWCSCUCVLWC>LQHJOLMDWC&aQGRYRUOXD
?QFRQVLGHUD@LH·LVWRULFLLQR>WUL¨>LRYRUSXQH?QGUHSWXULOHHL"
'DU6FKOLHPDQQDFUH]XWFCDGHVFRSHULWWH]DXUXOOXL3ULDPFaQG
GH IDSW WH]DXUXO DSDUHQW DSDU@LQXVH XQXL UHJH FH WUCLVH FX
20LHGHDQL?QDLQWHDOXL3ULDP6FKOLHPDQQDVFRVODLYHDOCFLXGDWH
Pa]JCOLWXULFXPDUILVSLUDODGDFLFCVDX]YDVWLFDSHODVJLFC>LSHFDUH1
'HQVX>LDQXOHDPLQWHD?Q·'DFLD3UHLVWRULFC¨ GLQODSDJLQD
&H VC IDFC ?QVC 6FKOLHPDQQ FX WH]DXUXO" 6CO SUHGHD
JXYHUQXOXL 7XUFLHL" 1LFL YRUEC &X PXOWH SHULSH@LL >L FX DMXWRUXO
IDPLOLHL VR@LHL VDOH JUHFRDLFH ?O WUHFH SHVWH JUDQL@C SaQC OD $WHQD
SROL@LD WXUFC QHPDLDMXQJaQGXO 3RDWH HO IL VRFRWLW XQ KR@"
0LFX@XOYLVCWRUECLDWGHSUCYCOLHQXVHRSUH>WH?QVCDLFLSRUQH>WH
?Q FCXWDUHD FRPRULORU OXL $JDPHPQRQ GLQ 0LFHQH >L OH JCVH>WH
)LJ6HSDUHSHDOHQRDVWUH?G+FXFHOSX@LQ
168
)LJ $FHOD>L6FKOLHPDQQYDGHVFRSHULOD0LFHQHXQDOWWH]DXUFXSULQ]aQGRELHFWHULWXDOHGH
?QPRUPaQWDUHIRDUWHERJDWHFDFXSHELMXWHULLYDVH>LRPDVFCPRUWXDUCSHFDUHDDWULEXLWR
OXL$JDPHPQRQGDUDJUH>LWGLQQRXHDDSDU@LQaQGDQLORU?G+GHFLFXVHFR
OH ?QDLQWHD ?QFHSHULL UC]ERLXOXL WURLDQ 6SHFLDOL>WLL ?Q OXFUCUL ?Q DXU DOH DFHORU WLPSXUL HUDX
WUDFLL'HIDSWQLFLSaQCD]LQXVDDIODWFXLLDDSDU@LQXWDFHDPDVFCPRUWXDUC>WLLQGXVHFC
JUHFLLDXVRVLW?Q(XURSD?QWUH>L?G+?QWUXQVWDGLXGHFLYLOL]D@LHFDP·SDVWRUDO§
)LJ>LDXIRVWUHSURGXVHGXSC7KH$GYHQWXUHRI$UFKHRORJ\1DWLRQDO*HRJUDSKLF6RFLHW\
169
GHDQLPDLYHFKLGHOHJHQGDUXO$JDPHPQRQ'DUDVWDHVWHRDOWC
SRYHVWHSHFDUHQXLQWHQ@LRQH]VRGHUXOH]DLFL
6CPDLDGDXJFCSDWUXPLLGHDQL?G+3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFC
HUD OHJDWC GH $VLD 0LFC SULQWUR OLPEC GH SCPaQW FXQRVFXWC GH
SRSRUXOFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQFDUHRVWUCECWHDGXFaQGX>LFXOWXUD>L
FLYLOL]D@LD SULQ HD SaQC OD 7LJUX >L (XIUDW 3ULQ VFXIXQGDUHD HL ?Q
0DUHD 0HGLWHUDQC YRU DSDUH R QRXD PDUH 7UDFLFC (JHH >L R
SX]GHULH GH PLFL LQVXOH 0XOWH GLQ DFHVWH LQVXOL@H SRDUWC XUPHOH
YHFKLL FLYLOL]D@LL SHODVJLFH FDUSDWRGXQCUHQH ·XLPLQG¨ >L D]L
·VDYDQ@LL¨FDUHQXSRW?Q@HOHJHFXPRLQVXOL@CFXPDUIL&UHWDVDX
6DQWRULQLSRWDYHDSHHOHFLYLOL]D@LL·L]RODWH¨IRDUWHDYDQVDWH
'DUVCUHYHQLPODHLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL0DULOHFLYLOL]D@LLDOH
OXPLLDXDSCUXW>LVDXGH]YROWDWODJXULOHGHYCUVDUHDOHXQRUPDUL
IOXYLL*DQJH1LO7LJUX(XIUDWoQ(XURSDH[LVWCXQVLQJXUPDUH
DVHPHQHDIOXYLX>LDQXPH'XQCUHD'$18%,8DFCUHLJXUCGH
YCUVDUHGHOWDVHDIOCSHWHULWRULXO@CULLQRDVWUH
(XURSD D IRVW DFRSHULWC GH R FDORWC GH JKHD@C FX H[FHS@LD
VXGXOXL HL ?Q VSH@C ]RQD FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQRSRQWLFC $LFL ?Q
DFHDVWC]RQCQHDFRSHULWCGHFDORWDJODFLDUCFXYHJHWD@LHDEXQGHQWC
ERJDWC?QL]YRDUH>LVDUHDSDUH>LVHGH]YROWCRFLYLOL]D@LHQXPLWCGH
XQLL ·FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC¨ LDU GH DO@LL ·DULDQC¨ RUL PDL WaU]LX
SHODVJLFCVDXWUDFLFCDFHHD>LFXQRVFXWCDVWC]LFDGDFRURPaQC
,DUGDFCDFXPRVXWCGHDQLDFHL·RDPHQLGH>WLLQ@C§JCVHDX
FCLQGRDULHQLLWHUPHQQHMXVWLILFDWDUILDSCUXWXQGHYDSHFXUVXO
PLMORFLX DO 'XQCULL 331HJXOHVFX .UHWVFKPHU .LHVOLQJ
'XVVDQG WRW HL FHUFHWCWRUL GLQ GLIHULWH GRPHQLL
OLQJYLVWLFCDUKHRORJLHDVWURORJLHDXDMXQVODFRQFOX]LDHURQDWC
FCSRSRDUHOHDULHQHv>LDXRULJLQHD?Q]RQDPDLVXVPHQ@LRQDWC
'DU WLPSXO WUHFH LDU >WLLQ@D DYDQVHD]C OD 1HZ <RUN OD
HGLWXUD·%DUQHV 1REOH¨DSDUHOXFUDUHD¨7+($5<$167+(
+,6725<2)&,9,/,=$7,21¨VFULVCGH9*25'21&+,/'(
>L ?Q FDUH OD SDJLQLOH )LJ H[LVWC R QRWC SULYLQG
OHDJCQXO >L GLVWULEX@LD DULHQLORU ORFDOL]aQGXL ?Q VSD@LXO &DUSDWR
'XQCUHDQ1LVWUX QLFLGHFXP SH 6HQD 5LQ VDX 2GHU /XPHD VH
VFKLPEC>LRGDWCFXHD>L>WLLQ@DD>DGDUVCQH5('(6&23(5,0
,6725,$D>DFXPVHSDUHFCDIRVWHDGHIDSW
170
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
ORIGINEA ROMåNILOR
,
Q ]RQD &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQC3RQWLFC >L SaQC OD 1LVWUX D
DSCUXW?Q(XURSDSULPXOQXFOHXXPDQ?QDFHHDSHULRDGCD
(UHL *ODFLDUH QXPDL DFHDVWC ]RQC SURWHMDWC GH DUFXO
0XQ@LORU&DUSD@L>LQHDFRSHULWCGHJKHD@CDSXWXWJHQHUD208/
(5(, */$&,$5( RP FDUH VH RFXSC ?Q H[FOXVLYLWDWH FX YaQDWXO
D>DFXPQHVSXQH1LFRODH0LXOHVFX?Q·'DFLDDUD=HLORU¨2GDWC
FX ?PEXQCWC@LUHD FRQGL@LLORU FOLPDWHULFH ?QFCO]LUHD YUHPLL >L
UHWUDJHUHDJKH@DULORUDSDUHRH[SOR]LHDIORUHL>LIDXQHL?QDFHDVWC
UHJLXQHILLQGDVWIHOSURSLFH?QPXO@LULLSRSXOD@LHL9aQDWXOSH>WHOH
>L IUXFWHOH FDUH VH JCVHDX GLQ EHO>XJ OH DVLJXUD R YLD@C UHODWLY
X>RDUC QLFL IRFXO QX OH HUD XQ VHFUHW $SDUH OLPED FD PLMORF GH
FRPXQLFDUHRJOLQGCDQLYHOXOXLVSLULWXDOODFDUHDMXQJHRVRFLHWDWH
?Q SURFHVXO GH]YROWCULL HL &DUSDWRGXQCUHQLL YaQDX >L DQLPDOH
PLFL GDU ?Q VSHFLDO DQLPDOH PDUL OD DFHVWH YaQCWRUL SDUWLFLSaQG
WR@LPHPEULLIDPLOLHLPDPX@LL]LPEULLXU>LLQXHUDXX>RUGHYaQDW
oQFCXWDUHDYaQDWXOXLDFH>WLD>LDX?QFHSXWPLJUDUHDPDL?QWaLVSUH
YHVW ?Q VXGXO (XURSHL FD PDL DSRL VC FRQWLQXH ?QDLQWDUHD SH
PCVXUD UHWUDJHULL JKH@DULORU FCWUH QRUG $FHVW OXFUX H[SOLFC >L
ERJC@LDWHUPHQLORUVLQRQLPLGLQOLPELOHHXURSHQH
$FH>WL SDOHRHXURSHQL FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL ?QFHS VC VH ULGLFH
SH WUHSWHOH VSLULWXDOLWC@LL ?Q DULD ORU GH RULJLQH VLWXaQGXQH ?Q
SULPSODQXO FLYLOL]D@LLORU HXURSHQH oQFCO]LUHD FOLPHL D IDYRUL]DW
?QVC>LICUaPL@DUHDFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORUFDUHSRUQLQGGXSCKUDQC
RGDWCFXUHWUDJHUHDSCWXULLJODFLDUHVHGHSCUWHD]CGLQFH?QFHPDL
PXOWDMXQJaQGVCIRUPH]HFHQWUHGHFLYLOL]D@LHGHVLQHVWCWCWRDUH
&X?QFCO]LUHDWUHSWDWCDYUHPLL>LYaUIXULOH?Q]CSH]LWHDOHPXQ@LORU
v>LYRUVFKLPEDFXORDUHD?QYHUGHFLQHDUSXWHDRDUHVSXQHFaWH
PLOHQLL DX WUHFXW SaQC FaQG GHDOXULOH VDX DFRSHULW FX SCGXUL"
2DPHQLL SH>WHULORU VXQW >L HL SULQ>L GH VFKLPECULOH IDQWDVWLFH DOH
171
QDWXULL?QFHSVCGRPHVWLFHDVFCDQLPDOHVHRFXSCFXDJULFXOWXUD
GHYLQVHGHQWDUL
5DPXUD PLJUDWRDUH QRUGLFC D FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORU GHVSULQVC
?Q ID]D WLPSXULH D IRUPCULL DFHVWHLD VH YD ?PSCU@L OD UaQGXO HL ?Q
GRXCEUD@HXQXOJHUPDQ>LDOWXOVODYILHFDUHFXFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHOXL
GLVWLQFWH GDU >L PXOWH FRPXQH 5DPXUD VXGYHVWLFC HXURSHDQC
FRQWLQXC VC DLEC UHOD@LL VWUaQVH FX FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL >L YRU DYHD
PXOWPDLPXOWHOXFUXUL?QFRPXQ?QVSHFLDO/,0%$
6SLULWXDOLWDWHD FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORU DWLQJH DSRJHXO GH]YRO
WCULL SULQ UHDOL]DUHD D FHHD FH HL SXWHDX 9('($ >L ?Q@HOHJH
9('($8]HL>LQRLUHJXOLGHYLD@CLDUFLQHOHYHGHDFXDGHYCUDW
FLQHOH?Q@HOHJHD>LSUDFWLFDHUDVRFRWLWDVHILQCVFXWGHGRXCRUL
DSCUXVH·63,5,78$/,7$7($9(',&$¨$LFLSHFXUVXOLQIHULRUDO
'XQCULL VH QD>WH VSLULWXDOLWDWHD D FHHD FH D GRPLQDW >L ?QFC PDL
GRPLQCOXPHDGHDLFLL>LWUDJHUDGCFLQLOHFXOWXUD·9('(¨GLQFDUH
VH YRU LQVSLUD FDOGHHQLL >L HJLSWHQLL LDU PDL WaU]LX LXGDLVPXOXL >L
FUH>WLQLVPXO
$LFL YD DSDUH VRFLHWDWHD ·3$6725$/n¨ FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL
VH YRU GHSODVD GH DFHDVWC GDWC FX FLUH]LOH ORU ?QVSUH UCVCULWXO
(XURSHL>L$VLDGLQFH?QFHPDLGHSDUWHGH&$6nFCXWaQGSC>XQL
ERJDWH SHQWUX FLUH]L FaPSXUL FX IaQ L]YRDUH FCXWaQG VC VH
?QWRDUFC?QVC?QILHFDUHDQ$&$6n'DUGUXPXULOHGHYHQHDXGLQFH
?QFHPDLOXQJLDFXPXODXFDQWLWC@LPDULGHERJD@LLDOLPHQWDUHSH
FDUH·YHFLQLL¨PDLSX@LQKDUQLFL>LOHGRUHDXICUCPXQFCDVWIHOD
DSCUXW SULPD FODVC D OXSWCWRULORU FDUH SC]HDX &$6$ >L FDUH PDL
WaU]LXYRUGHYHQLDSCUCWRULL@CULL.6+$$75,<$
3HQWUXFHLFDUHSOHFDXSULPCYDUDSHQWUXDVH?QWRDUFHDFDVC
WRDPQDVSD@LXOFDUSDWLFD?QFHSXWVCDLECXQFDUDFWHUVDFUXDVWIHO
DX DSCUXW VHUECULOH VCUECWRULOH (L VH ?QWRUFHDX DFDVC OD PDUHD
]HL@C '$18 PDPD SORLORU >L D SDML>WLORU ERJDWH GH XQGH YLQH VL
QXPHOH IOXYLXOXL 'XQCUHD '$18%,8 7UDGL@LLOH >L GHQXPLULOH
ORFDOHYRUILOXDWHFXHLGHDFH>WLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLLVWULHQLDULHQL
SHODVJLRULFXPYUH@LVCLQXPL@L>LSXUWDWHSHVWHWRWUHSUH]HQWaQG
FDUDFWHULVWLFDORUSULQFLSDOC
1LFRODH 0LXOHVFX ?Q OXFUDUHD ·'DFLDDUD =HLORU¨ IDFH XQ
FDOFXOIRDUWHVLPSOXFRQVLGHUaQGGLVWDQ@DSDUFXUVC]LOQLF?QWLPSXO
172
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
SC>XQDWXOXLGHDSUR[LPDWLYNPSHQWUXDVHSXWHD?QWRDUFHLDUQD
DFDVCSCVWRULLSXWHDXDMXQJHX>RUSaQCODQRUGGH0XQ@LL&DXFD]
2 GRYDGC D H[SDQVLXQLL HVWLFH >L D VWDELOL]CULL ORU ?Q SHULPHWUXO
FDXFD]LDQVHUHJCVH>WH>L?QELQHFXQRVFXWXO·'580$/=(,/25¨
PDUFDW FX SLHWUH XULD>H IL[H >L PHQ@LRQDW GH .$86+,7$., ?Q
83$1,6+$'$FHLSRDUWCQXPHOH&DUWHD,
'HVSUHDFHVWGUXPDO]HLORUFXQRVFXW?QDQWLFKLWDWHFDILLQG
PLVWHULRVSRHWXO3,1'$5?Q·,67+,$¨YVSXQHD·1LFLGDFC
YHL FCOCWRUL SH PDUH VDX SH XVFDW QX YHL DIOD FDOHD FHD GHPQC GH
DGPLUD@LH FDUH GXFH OD ORFXO SULQFLSDO DO ·KLSHUERUHLORU¨ FXP QH
GHQXPHDHO
'XSC 3LQGDU OD QRUG GH 'XQCUH >L 0DUHD 1HDJUC H[LVWD ?QFC
GLQDLQWHDWLPSXULORUVDOHRFDOHPRQXPHQWDOC>LWRWRGDWCPLUDFXORDVC
SULQPXO@LPHD>LPCULPHDFRORVDOCDVWaOSLORUVCLLQWHULRULFDUHVSXQHD
HOHUDX?QDO@LGHSHVWHGHSLFLRDUHSHVWHGHPHWUL
+HURGRW YRUEH>WH GHVSUH DFH>WL VWaOSL FD GHVSUH ·&ROXPQHOH
OXL 6(62675,6¨ 26,5,6 FDUH H[LVWDX >L ?Q WLPSXULOH VDOH ?Q
@LQXWXULOH6FL@LHL
3RHWXO2YLGLX?QFDUWHDDWUHLDD)$67(/25VDOHDPLQWH>WHGH
FCLOHWULXPIDOHDOHOXL%DFKVDX/LEHU3DWHUSULQ6FL@LD
oQFaQWHFHOHHURLFHSRSXODUHDOHGDFRURPaQLORUPDLJCVLP>L
D]LDPLQWLULGHVSUH·%aFXO9LWHD]XO¨·%aFXO+DLGXFXO¨FDUHLQVWL
WXLVHXQVHUYLFLXGHVWUCMLSHGUXPXOFHOOXQJGLQWUH2'5,8>L',8
·oPSCUDWXO?PSCUDW
&DHOPDUHPLDDIODW
'HQXPHOH%aFXOXL
%aFXOXLKDLGXFXOXL
%aFXOXLYLWHD]XOXL
&HDSXVVWUHDMDGUXPXOXL
'LQGHDOXO2GULXOXL
3aQCQSUHDMPD'LXOXL¨
7HRGRUHVFX 3RH]LLSRSXODUH S
173
(;$03$(26FXYaQWFH?QWUDGXFHUHGLQJUHDFC?QVHDPQC&n,/(
6$&5( $FHVWH ORFXUL QXPLWH (;$03(( HUDX GXSC +HURGRW
VLWXDWH OD R GHSCUWDUH GH SDWUX ]LOH GH QDYLJDUH ?Q VXV SH UaXO
+\SDQLV %XJ DFHDVWC FDOH VIaQWC VH DIOD D>DGDU DSURDSH SH
DFHHD>L SDUDOHOC FX &KL>LQCXO GH D]L DYaQG GLUHF@LD GH OD DSXV OD
UCVCULW 'HVSUH RULJLQHD >L GHVWLQD@LD DFHVWHL FCL VILQWH D VFL@LORU
+HURGRW ?QVC QX QH PDL VSXQH QLPLF DILUPC FHO PDL PDUH
FXQRVFCWRUDOSUHLVWRULHLURPaQLORU1'HVX>LDQX
LUXOFHOOXQJGHOHVSH]LHQRUPHLPSODQWDWHvQSCPaQWFHVH
?QWLQGHDGLQ%DVDUDELDVSUH&ULPHHD>L'RQGHOD3UXWODPDUHDGH
$]RY UHSUH]HQWD XQD GLQ 0,181,/( /80,, 35(,6725,&(
UHSUH]HQWDFDOHDVIaQWCDFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORUGLQ(XURSD?Q$VLD
UHSUH]HQWD >L UHSUH]LQWC ,6725,$ 12$675n QHJOLMDWC XLWDWC
SCUCVLWC>LSROLWLFLQFRQIRUWDELOCSHQWUX·YHFLQLLQR>WUL¨
$SD %aFXOXL SH OaQJC FDUH WUHFHD SaQC ?Q VHFROXO DO ;9,,,
OHD DFHDVWCIDLPRDVCOLQLHGHPRQXPHQWHPRQROLWLFHVHYDUVC?Q
YHFKLXO 7\URV 1,6758 ?Q DSURSLHUHD VDWXOXL URPaQHVF *XUD
%aFXOXL 6SUH QRUG OD PLFC GLVWDQ@C GH DFHVW SXQFW VH DIOC >L
DVWC]L GRXC VDWH XQXO SH PDOXO GUHSW >L DOWXO SH FHO VWaQJ DO
1LVWUXOXLSXUWaQGDPaQGRXCDFHOD>LQXPH·63(,$¨'LQSXQFW
GHYHGHUHILORORJLF63(,$HVWHLGHQWLFFXWHUPHQXOVFLW(;$03(
26 XQGH XOWLPD VLODEC D IRVW SUREDELO YXOJDUL]DWC RUL JUHFL]DWC
oQFHSHP DVWIHO VC JCVLP ·FCLOH VDFUH¨ DOH DULHQLORU FDUSDWR
GXQCUHQLORU
,DUGDFCD]LHQJOH]LLVHPaQGUHVFFX·PLVWHULRDVHOH¨ORUSLHWUH
GH OD 6$/,6%85< RUL 6721(+(1*( VDX IUDQFH]LL FX
&$51$&QRLURPkQLLQLFLQXOHPDLSRPHQLPvQFCU@LOHQRDVWUH
GHLVWRULHLDULVWRULFLL·QR>WUL§SDUQXFCOHDXXLWDWGDUQLFLPCFDU
QDXDX]LWGHHOH
&LWHDP GH FXUkQG ·/RVW &LYLOL]DWLRQV (DUO\ (XURSH
0\VWHULHVLQVWRQH¨ 7LPH/LIH%RRNV>LQXSXWHDP?Q@HOHJHGHFH
3LQGDU+HURGRW2YLGLXYRUEHDXGHVSUHDFHVWGUXPDOPHJDOL@LORU
FXUHVSHFWLDUFHLGHPDLVXVQLFLQXODPLQWHVFCULOHGLQMXUXO
QRVWUX VH PaQGUHVF FX FkWH R EXFC@LFC GH GLQWH VDX GH RV >L ?>L
VFULXLVWRULLIUXPRDVH1RLDYHPGHPLOHQLLGUXPXULFRQVWUXLWH?Q
SLDWUC>LQLFLQXQHSDVC
174
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
¿QDQWLFKLWDWHDSUHLVWRULFCFROXPQHOHGHSLDWUCEUXWCDXDYXW
SUREDELO >L R XWLOLWDWH SXEOLFC LQGLFaQG FCOCWRULORU GLUHF@LLOH
GUXPXULORUSULQ@LQXWXULOHSDVWRUDOHDFRORXQGHQXHUDXVHPQHGH
RULHQWDUH'DUVCULGLFLOHVSH]LERORYDQLVWkQFLGHFLUFDPHWUL
vQCO@LPH>LVCPDUFKH]LFXHOHD>DRPDUHGLVWDQ@CSDUHRPXQFC
FLFORSLFCFKLDU>LSHQWUXXQPRGHUQDOYUHPXULORUQRDVWUH&LQHDX
IRVW (, 675n%81,, 1275, >L FXP GH DX IRVW FDSDELOL GH R
DVWIHOGHOXFUDUH"([SOLFD@LL?QSUH]HQWQXH[LVWCRULQXYUHPVC
OH DX]LP 6C QX XLWCP FC ?Q WUDGL@LLOH SUHLVWRULFH DOH SRSRUXOXL
URPkQ H[LVWD R EUD]GC XULD>C FDUH WCLD FaPSLLOH 5RPaQLHL >L DOH
8FUDLQHL GH D]L SkQC OD 'RQ GH OD DSXV OD UCVCULW ·%UD]GD OXL
129$&¨'XSCDOWHWUDGL@LLDFHDVWCEUD]GCHVWHDWULEXLWCOXL/(5
,03n5$7 /LEHU3DWHU ILJXUD UD]ERLQLFC FH FXWUHLHUD OXPHD
HURX MHIXLWRU SHUVRDQC FX FDUDFWHU QHJDWLY >L GHWHVWDW vQ
GHVFkQWHFHOHQRDVWUHSRSXODUH
·,DUYRL6WULJRDLH
9RL0RURDLH
9CGXFH@L
/D/HU¿PSCUDW
/DDOYRVWUXSDODW
$FRORVCPHUJH@L
$FRORVC>HGH@L
$FRORVCSLHUL@L¨
0DULRQ 'HVFaQWHFH S
175
GLVWDQ@D SH FDUH VH ?QWLQG WUHF SHVWH 1LVWUX SkQC ?Q &ULPHHD ¿Q
OLPEDSRSRUXOXLDFHVW>LUGHSLHWURDLHSRDUWCQXPHOHGH&+(,/(
%c&8/8,@CUDQLLvQVLPSOLWDWHDORUVSXQFCDFHDVWCFRQVWUXF@LHD
IRVW ICFXWC GH ]PHL FDUH VH FRQMXUDVHUC VC ?QFKLGC FXUVXO UaXOXL
%aFXO¨ &DQWHPLULL ·'HVFULSWLR 0ROGDYLDH¨ HG 3CVWRULL
FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLGXSCROXQJC>HGHUH?Q]RQD&DXFD]XOXL?>LYRU
FRQWLQXDGUXPXOORUVSUH(VW
176
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
CUCERIREA
NORD-VESTULUI EUROPEI
DE C`TRE CARPATO-DANUBIENI
2
GDWCIRUPD@LFDSRSRUvQVSD@LXOFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQVWUCPR>LL
FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL>LDXvQFHSXWPLJUD@LDvQ]RQHOHSURSLFH
YLH@LLFDUHDSCUHDXSHVWHWRWvQ(XURSDRGDWCFXUHWUDJHUHD
FDORWHL JODFLDUH >L VFKLPEDUHD FOLPHL &LQH DU SXWHD VSXQH FkWH HUH
FkWH PLOHQLL DX WUHFXW SkQC FH GHDOXULOH PDL MRDVH VDX DFRSHULW GH
SCGXUL SCGXULOH DX SULQV YLD@C LQVHFWHOH SCVCULOH >L vQ VIkU>LW
DQLPDOHOHDXvQFHSXWVCOHSRSXOH]HHOHILLQGXUPDWHvQPRGILUHVFGH
RDPHQLvQFCXWDUHDKUDQHLDYkQGvQHL>LLQVWLQFWXOGHH[SORUDUH
'DFC QH XLWCP SH KDUWD (XURSHL SXWHP YHGHD FXP ODQ@XO
&DUSDWR+HUFLQLFVHFRQWLQXCFXFHO7XULQJLDQ'HRSDUWH>LGHDOWDD
DFHVWHLOLQLLSRUQHVFUkXULXQHOHVSUH1RUGDOWHOHVSUH6XG$VWIHOVSUH
1RUGDYHP%D]LQXOKLGURJHRJUDILFFDUHFXSULQGH(OED2GUD9LVWXOD
>L1HPDQvQWLPSFHvQ6XGDYHPFHODO'XQCULL'DQX]HL@DYHGLFCD
SORLL >L D SDML>WLORU ERJDWH QXPLW >L 'DQXELX RUL ,VWUX >L FDUH DGXQC
DSURDSHWRDWHDSHOHFHL]YRUCVFSHYHUVDQWXOVXGLFDOOLQLHLVXVDPLQWLWH
2GDWC FX vPEOkQ]LUHD FOLPHL SHODVJLL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL YRU
SRUQLvQFXFHULUHDOXPLLSUHDQWLFH
2UDPXUCWLPSXULHQRUGLFCEDOWLFRPD]XULDQCVHYDVHSDUDPDL
WkU]LX vQ GRXC VXEGLYL]LXQL GkQG QD>WHUH OD GRXC SRSRDUH
JHUPDQLFH>LVODYH
2 D GRXD UDPXUC FHD VXGLFC D FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORU YD GD
QD>WHUHODVXEGLYL]LXQL
D6XGHVWLFCVXPHULHQLLUDPDQLLWURLHQLGLQ$VLD0LFCKLWL@LL
JDUDPRQLLGLQQRUGXO$IULFLL
E6XGYHVWLFCFHYDGDQD>WHUHUDVHORUD>D]LVHODWLQHGLQ(XURSD
JHWRGDFLL WUDFLL LOLULL ODWLQLL URPDQLL LWDOLHQLL ,EHULFLL
VSDQLROLLSRUWXJKH]LLIUDQFH]LLHWF
177
5DPXUDHVWLFCFHYDGDQD>WHUHODVSLULWXDOLWDWHDYHGLFCFDUHYD
FXFHUL $VLD VXGXO &KLQHL ]RQD 7DULP %DVLQ 7RFKDULHQL
,QGLDYHGLFLLDULHQL-DSRQLDSRSXOD@LD$LQXHWF
7RWFHVDVSXVSkQCDLFLUHSUH]LQWCPDLGHJUDECRUHFRQVWL
WXLUH ORJLFC GXSC FkWHYD GRYH]L >L UHIHULUL H[WUDVH GLQ SX@LQXO SH
FDUHvO>WLPDVWC]L
1HUCPkQHVCLOXVWUCPFHDOWHGRYH]LSRWILDGXVHODSX@LQXO
SHFDUHOFXQRD>WHPGHMD)LJ
'H OD $WODQWLF >L SkQC OD 0DUHD GH $]XU D H[LVWDW R
LPSUHVLRQDQWCDULHFXOWXUDOCRPDQLIHVWDUHFXOWXUDOCGHOD·GDQVXO¨
EL]RQLORU GLQ VDQFWXDUXOSH>WHUC GH OD $OWDPLUD 6SDQLD VDX GH OD
)RQWGH*DXPH)UDQ@D·)HOLQDGH)LOGH>¨GHOD3DYORY&HKLDOD
·3DQWHUC FDL >L FDYDOHU XFLV¨ GLQ VDQFWXDUXOSH>WHUC GH OD &XFLXODW
?G+¥5RPkQLDRULOD·*DLHQDWDF¨GLQVDQFWXDUXO
SH>WHULL*DXUD&KLQGLHL?G+ ¥5RPkQLD>LSkQCOD
ILJXUDVWUDQLHFRVPLFCDEDVRUHOLHIXOXLGLQVDQFWXDUXOSH>WHUCGHOD
LQFD9HFKHYH]L)LJ>L)LJ7UHEXLHVCODPLQWHVFFXSOCFHUH
SH GRPXO ,RQ 3DFKLD 7DWRPLUHVFX FDUH vQ FDLHWHOH 'DFR5RPkQLHL
YRUEH>WH GHVSUH R XQLWDWH FXOWXUDOCDUKDLFHXURSHDQC SHODVJLFC
DSCUXWC vQ SHULRDGD DQLORU ?G+ >L FDUH D GHYHQLW R
XQLWDWHVWDELOCODRUL]RQWXODQXOXL?G+ IUDJPHQWkQGXVHvQWUHL
XQLWC@L$FHVWHXQLWC@LVDXGH]YROWDWvQDFHO·DSRJHXDOQHROLWLFXOXL¨
GLIHUHQ@LLQGXVHvQ3HODVJLDGH9HVW¥GHOD$WODQWLF>LSkQCvQ$OSL
3HODVJLDGH&HQWUX¥GHOD$OSLL5CVCULWHQL>L6DUGLQLDSkQCOD1LSUX>L
0DUHD*HWLFC0DUHD1HDJUCGHOD&DUSD@LL1RUGLFL>L0DUHD%DOWLFC
GLQWUH 2GHU >L 1HDPXQD SkQC vQ 6LFLOLD &UHWD 0DUHD 7UDFLFC
DSCUaQGPXOWPDLWkU]LXFkQGSXQWHDGHSCPkQWFHOHJD$VLD0LFCGH
3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFCVHYDSUCEX>LvQ0DUHD0HGLWHUDQCvQXUPCFX
GHDQLOCVkQGRSX]GHULHGHQRLLQVXOH>LRQRXCPDUH0DUHD
7UDFLFC¥QXPHVFKLPEDWGHJUHFLPDLWkU]LXvQ0DUHD(JHH
LvQVIkU>LWDYHP3HODVJLDGH(VWGHOD0DUHD7UDFLFC(JHH
0DUHD*HWLFC1HDJUC>L1LSUXSkQCOD'RQ0XQ@LL&DXFD]>LGH
DLFLSHVWH$QDWROLDSkQCvQLQVXOD&LSUX
$QGUH /HURL*RXUQDQ FHUFHWkQG FXOWXULOH DUWD UXSHVWUC
HXURDVLDWLFC UHOLJLLOH SUHLVWRULHL D IRVW XQXO GLQWUH SULPLL FDUH DX
HYLGHQ@LDW·H[WUDRUGLQDUDXQLWDWHDFRQ@LQXWXOXLILJXUDWLY¨SHUPDQHQWC
SHUVLVWHQWCFRQWLQXLWDWHDUHSUH]HQWCULORUvQVSD@LX>LWLPSGLQ$VWXULD
SkQCOD'RQDFHDVWDILLQGXQLWDWHDFXOWXUDOC>LGHPRJUDILFCGLQFDUH
178
9ROJD
0$5($ 0$5($
%$/7,&
125'8/8,
$6,$
2&($18/$7/$17,&
'21
9ROJD
$6785,$
9(67 &(1758 0$5($*(7,&1($*5
(67
179
0(62327$0,$
3(/$6*,$/$$32*(8/1(2/,7,& 0$5($0(',7(5$1
¿G+
GH]YROW³QGXVH¿QGLUHFÎLLRULJLQDOH¿QFHOHWUHLDULL
3(/$6*,$'(9(673(/$6*,$'(&(17583(/$6*,$
2/'(8523($1&,9,/,6$7,21L3(/$6*,$'((67
V´JHÎLOHLQGLF´SULPDLXOWLPDPDUHPLJUDÎLHGLQ
(XURSD¿QYUHPHDFDWDFOLVPXOXLJHRFOLPDWHULFL
WHFWRQLFGHODFXPS´QDPLOHQLLORU9,,L9,¿G+
)LJ +DUWD SUHOXDWC GLQ &DLHWHOH 'DFR5RPaQLHL DQXO QU GHFHPEULH ¥ PDUWLH ,3
7DWRPLUHVFX¥(G$HWKLFXV
)LJ %DVRUHOLHIXOGLQVDQFWXDUXOGHODLQFD9HFKHUHWX>DWGHPLQHGHIDSW
VFXOSWDW ?Q SLDWUC GLQ YUHPXUL LPHPRULDOH >L SH FDUH SXWH@L VCO YHGH@L >L ?Q
)LJ
&RQFOX]LLOHGHVSUHDFHVWDYCODVSHGYRDVWUCVCOHWUDJH@LRULGDFCFXULR]LWD
WHDQXYCYDOCVD?QSDFHYCLQYLWVCOYL]LWD@LODHODFDVCODSLFLRUXOGHDOXOXL
3OH>XDIODW?QLPHGLDWDDSURSLHUHDFRPXQHLLQFD9HFKHDUD)CJCUD>XOXL
MXGH@XO%UD>RY
180
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
VDXLYLWvQ]RULLLVWRULHLHXURSHQLLSHODVJLLDUKDLFLXQLWDWHFHDDQWUHQDW
>L R OLPEC FRPXQC SHODVJD DUKDLFC D RDPHQLORU SDOHROLWLFXOXL >L
PH]ROLWLFXOXL DYkQG XQ OH[LF UHGXV OD VWULFWXO QHFHVDU GDU
vPERJC@LQGXVH>LGLYHUVLILFkQGXVHGHODXQPLOHQLXODDOWXO(GHDMXQV
VCQHJkQGLPODVFKLPECULOHOLQJYLVWLFHGLQXOWLPLLGHDQLFDVCQH
SXWHPLPDJLQDFHVDSXWXWvQWkPSODDWXQFLGHPXOWvQDQWLFKLWDWHD
SHULVWRULHL (XURSHL OLPED SHODVJLFCDUKDLFC D FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORU
GkQG QD>WHUH DFROR GHSDUWH vQ $VLD OLPELL VDQVFULWH vQ WLPS FH vQ
(XURSDVXGLFCYDvQIORULOLPEDODWLQCYXOJDUCFDUHYDGDQD>WHUHFHOHL
FXOWHGLVSCUXWCGXSCRSHULRDGDGHPDLSX@LQGHGHDQL
5DPXUDVXGYHVWLFCDFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORUv>LYDSXUWDOLPED
SHVWH WRW ¥ D>D FC GLQ OLPED FHQWUDOC ¥ SLYRW ¥ YRP DYHD GDFR
URPaQCYODKCURPaQCLWDOLDQCUHWRURPDQCVDUGC
5DPXUD HVWLFC FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC YD IL YRUELWC vQWUH 1LSUX
&ULPHHD>L'RQ&DXFD]GHFHLFHVDXFRQVWLWXLWvQSULPXO>LDOGRLOHD
YDONXUJDQ>L?G+vQGHRVHELGHXUPD>LLORU·UCPD>L
SH ORF¨ FDUH VXUSULQG >L D]L SULQ D>D]LVHOH ·LQVXOH GH URPDQLWDWH¨
YRUELWRULDLXQHLOLPELYODKLFHHVWLFHRULH[WUHPHVWLFHFDvQUHJLXQHD
.HUVRQRULvQ3HQLQVXOD&ULPHHD8FUDLQDGHD]LRULSH@CUPXOHVW
QRUGHVW DO 0CULL &DVSLFH FD vQ 9DFKL .KXFKQL .XUDNK GLQ
'DJHVWDQ5XVLD>L3HQLQVXOD%X]DFKLRULvQ.D]DKVWDQHWF
$O@LL YRU DMXQJH vQ VXGXO &KLQHL WRFKDULHQLL RUL vQ ,QGLD
DULHQLOLPEDVDQVFULWCRULFKLDUvQ-DSRQLD¥SRSXOD@LD$LQX
5DPXUD VXGYHVWLFC D FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORU YD FRQVWLWXL GH IDSW
FHHD FH QXPLP ·9HFKHD FLYLOL]D@LH HXURSHDQC¨ DYkQGX>L RULJLQHD vQ
VSD@LXO VDFUX FDUSDWRGDQXELDQ &RQFHSWXO GH YHFKHD (XURSC D IRVW
SXV vQ FLUFXOD@LH GH 0DULMD *LPEXWDV ¥ SURIHVRDUD GH DUKHRORJLH
OLQJYLVWLFC GH OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ /RV $QJHOHV &DOLIRUQLD FDUH OD
SUH]HQWDW vQ OD DO 9,,,OHD &RQJUHV LQWHUQD@LRQDO GH >WLLQWH SUH
LVWRULFH>LSURWRLVWRULFHGHOD6LQJLGXQXP%HOJUDG$FHVWHLUDPXULvL
FRUHVSXQG @LQXWXUL FH VH JCVHVF D]L SH KDUWD (XURSHL vQ 8FUDLQD
5HSXEOLFD 0ROGRYD 5RPkQLD %XOJDULD 6HUELD 0DFHGRQLD
0XQWHQHJUX+HU@HJRYLQD%RVQLD&URD@LD6ORYHQLD$OEDQLD*UHFLD
7XUFLD8QJDULD(OYH@LD,WDOLDFXRH[WUHPLWDWHQRUGLFC$XVWULD&HKLD
6ORYHQLD 3RORQLD >L /LWXDQLD >L R H[WUHPLWDWH VXGLFC PDUFDWC GH
LQVXOHOH 6DUGLQLD 6LFLOLD &UHWD &LSUX $FHDVWC UDPXUC VXGYHVWLFC
FDUSDWRGDQXELDQCDvQUHJLVWUDWRLPSUHVLRQDQWCGH]YROWDUHQHROLWLFC
DGXFkQGSHOXPHFHDPDLYHFKHVFULHUHGHSHSODQHWCFHDGHOD7CUWCULD
181
¥5RPkQLD>LFHDPDLIDVFLQDQWCDUKLWHFWXUCDWHPSOHORU&CVFLRDUHOH¥
5RPkQLD &UDQRQ ¥ *UHFLD 3RURGLQ 0DFHGRQLD *UDGHVQLWD ¥
%XOJDULD 3DUWD ¥ 5RPkQLD 6DUPL6HJHW8VD 5RPkQLD 3DQWHRQXO
SHODVJLORU DULHQLLFDUSDWRGDQXELHQL GRPLQDWC GH FXOWXO 6RDUHOXL
]HX GLQ PXQ@LL 6XU\DQXOXL 6XU\D QXPHOH ]HXOXL 6RDUHOXL vQ OXPHD
9HGLFD ¿Q QHFURSROD GH OD &HUQDYRGC ¥ 5RPkQLD VDX GHVFRSHULW
GRXC VWDWXHWH GLQ FHUDPLFC GLQ RUL]RQWXO DQXOXL ?G+
UHSUH]HQWkQG ·SHUHFKHD SULPRUGLDOC¨ WDWCOFHU 6DPDVXD >L PXPD
SCPkQW'DNLDQXPLW>L·*kQGLWRUXOSRQWRGXQCUHDQ>LVR@LDL¨6C
QX XLWCP FC FRQGL@LLOH JHRFOLPDWLFH >L vQ VSHFLDO WHFWRQLFH GLQ DQLL
?G+ SkQC vQ ?G+ YRU DIHFWD UCVSkQGLUHD QHDPXOXL
QRVWUXFDUSDWRGDQXELDQ$VWIHOvQSHULRDGDGHVFULVCPDLVXVvQXUPD
FDWDFOLVPXOXLWHFWRQLFVDULGLFDWSODFDWHFWRQLFCD0CULL1HJUHFX
PLQXQGkQG]RQDFkPSLHL'XQCULLGH-RVVDUXSW>LVDIRUPDW
·WUHFCWRDUHD¨%RVIRUXOXLVDSUCEX>LWvQ0DUHD0HGLWHUDQCSXQWHDFH
OHDJC %DOFDQLL GH $VLD 0LFC GkQG QD>WHUH OD 3HQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC >L
0DUHD 7UDFLFC (JHH FX LQVXOHOH HL 7RW vQ DFHDVWC SHULRDGC FHQWUXO
VDFUX.RJD,RQVHYDPXWDGLQ0XQ@LL%XFHJLGHODSXQFWXOVHLVPLFDO
9UDQFHL vQ ]RQD PXQWHOXL 6XU\D OD 6DUPL6HJHW8VD vQ YHFKHD
VDQVFULWCvQVHPQkQGHXPCJUCEHVFVCFXUJ
¿QWUH DQLL ?G+ VRVH>WH SULPXO YDO UCVCULWHDQ
PLJUDWRU vQ DFHDVWC 3HODVJLD ¥ VRVH>WH SRSXOD@LD ·.XUJDQ¨ vQ
VWHSHOH1RUG9HVW3RQWLFH>LYDOHD'XQCULLRULJLQDULGLQDULD'RQ
9ROJD$FHVWSULPYDOPLJUDWRUGHFCOCUH@LUC]ERLQLFLVHYDRSULOD
FRQIOXHQ@DUkXULORU6DXVD>L'UDYDFX'XQCUHD(OYDFRQWULEXLOD
UHYLJRUDUHDPLJUD@LHLSHODVJLFHFDUSDWRGDQXELHQHGLQFRORGH$OSL
>LvQVSHFLDOvQ3HQLQVXOD,WDOLFC
3HODVJLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLVHYRURUJDQL]DPDLELQHDGPLQLVWUDWLY
PLOLWDU >L UHOLJLRV VSUH D OXSWD vPSRWULYD SRSXOD@LLORU PLJUDWRDUH ¿Q
QXPHOH ]HLWC@LORU VDFUH FD FHO DO UC]ERLXOXL 6RODUHV 6RDUHWkQCU
UC]ERLQLF RUL vQ QXPHOH FXOWXOXL VRODUHV ILXO 7DWCOXLFHU¨ ·6DPD
6XD¨6DOPRV=DOPRV=DOPR[LVUROXOFUHGLQ@HLYDILUHYLJRUDW
¿QYHGHUHDDSCUCULL@CULLVHYDGH]YROWDRSURGXF@LHGHDUPH
GLQFHvQFHPDLSHUIHF@LRQDWH7HUUD$UXWHOLHQVLV$UGHDOGHYHQLQG
vQILQDOSULPFHQWUXPHWDOXUJLFDO(XURSHL
$VWIHOSULPXOYDOGHSRSXOD@LH.XUJDQDIRVWDEVRUELWDVLPLODW
GH DXWRKWRQLL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL FDUH VWLPXOD@L >L DJDVD@L GH
PLJUDWRUL YRU GD QD>WHUH XQXL SRSRU UC]ERLQLF ·UC]ERLQLFLL
182
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
6RDUHOXL¨ODDFHOvQFHSXWDODQLORU¥?G+ FXQRVFXW>L
VXEQXPHOHGHSRSRUGDF'D[VILQ@LFDYDOHULUC]ERLQLFLSRSRUXO
·FHO PDL YLWHD] FHO PDL FLQVWLW >L GUHSW GLQ PDVD QHDPXULORU
SHODVJLFH§+HURGRW ,VWRULL ,9
&DUSDWRGXQCUHQLLDXGHVFRSHULW
6HFHUDYH]LFRPSOH[HOHFXOWXUDOH*XPHOQL@D.DUDQRFR>L&XFX
WHQL
&X@LWXO FXUE GLQ VLOH[ DWLQJkQG SkQC OD FP OXQJLPH GHYH
QLQGvQHSRFDPHWDOHORUVDELDGDFLFCvQFRYRLDWCIRORVLWCDWkW
ODVHFHUDWXOJUkXOXLFaW>LODVHFHUDWXOGX>PDQLORU
3OXJXOFXEUC]GDUGLQFRUQGHFHUERULGLQVLOH[PDLWkU]LXILLQG
ICFXWGLQEURQ]RULILHU
-XJXOIRORVLWODWUDF@LXQHDFDUHORUFXERL
7RSRUXOGLQVLOH[PDLWkU]LXICFXWGLQEURQ]ILHUWXUQDWvQWUXQ
WLSDU GH OXW DUV WRSRU FX GRXC WCL>XUL WLSLF SHQWUX SRSRUXO
QRVWUXFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQ
5RDWD SHQWUX ROCULW FkW >L URDWD SHQWUX FDU LQYHQ@LH DWULEXLWC
GDFLORUFXFXWHQL
&RWLJDFDUXOFCUX@DFXGRXCWUHLVDXSDWUXUR@L
7RDWHDFHVWHDDXIRVWLQYHQWDWHGHVWUCPR>LLQR>WUL2ULFDUHDOW
SRSRUGLQOXPHVDUPkQGULFXD>DGHVFRSHULULH[FHSWkQGSRSRUXO
QRVWUXURPkQFDUHGLQ·PRGHVWLH¨GDFCQXSURVWvQ@HOHDVCOLSVCGH
PkQGULH FRQWLQXC VC>L DVXPH R RULJLQH ODWLQRURPDQC
QHJOLMkQGX>LDGHYCUDWCLVWRULH
9DOXULOHGH·PLJUDWRUL¨GLQ5CVCULWDXFRQWLQXDWDVWIHODYHP
XQ DO GRLOHD YDO NXUJDQ ?G+ >L FKLDU XQ DO WUHLOHD
?G+ FDUH GDWRULWC QXPCUXOXL ORU PLF QX YRU
LQIOXHQ@DHOHPHQWXOGHPRJUDILFORFDO
$WXQFLODvQFHSXWXODQLORU?G+·SROXO¨GHPRJUDILFDO
SODQHWHL VH DIOD vQ DULD FDUSDWRGXQCUHDQCSRQWLFC D>D vQFkW
SRSXOD@LLOHVHPLQRPDGHGLQVWHSHOHGLQWUH1LSUX>L8UDOSCVWRUL
·GH KHUJKHOLL¨ DWUD>L GH SURVSHULWDWHD >L ERJC@LLOH YHFLQLORU GLQ
GUHDSWD1LSUXOXLYRUDSDUH>LGLVSDUHvQPDUHDPDVCDSRSXOD@LHL
FDUSDWRGXQCUHQH$FHVWHPDVHPLJUDWRDUH¥.XUJDQ,,,,,¥VDX
VWUHFXUDW vQ JUXSXUL PLFL SkQC GHSDUWH vQ YHVWXO (XURSHL XQHOH
JUXSXULDMXQJkQGFKLDUSkQCvQ3HQLQVXOD,EHULFC6SDQLDGHD]L
'DFLL DX SURWHMDW (XURSD GH QCYDOD EDUEDULORU OD IHO FXP
XUPD>LLORURYRUIDFHPDLWkU]LX/LSVDGHFLYLOL]D@LHIRDPHDKR@LD
183
>LQHHGXFDUHDGHVHFROHvQVSLULWXOPXQFLLDEDUEDULORUGLQVWDWHOH
5CVCULWXOXLLDDGXV>LFRQWLQXCVCLDGXFCVSUHQRL
¿Q 'DFLD LQWUDWC vQ SHULRDGD EURQ]XOXL VH FRQVWLWXLH FXOWXUD
&R@RIHQL GRPLQDWC GH LGHL UHOLJLRDVH VLPEROXUL PRWLYH VDFUH
JCVLPVSLUDODGXEOCJCVLPFXOWXOEUDGXOXLYH]LPRWLYXOUDPXULORU
GHEUDG*HEHOHL]LV·EDODXUXOQRULORU¨v>LIDFHDSDUL@LDFD0DUHOH
=HXDYkQGRDOCWXUHDSH0DUHD=HL@C%HQGLV]HL@DSCGXULL/XQLL
>L IDUPHFHORU &DUSDWRGDQXELHQLL VH YRU UCVSkQGL vQ OXPH R YRU
FXFHULGDUYRUIL>LHLFXFHUL@LSDU@LDO¥DVWIHOFLYLOL]D@LLOHFUHDWHGH
HLSHODVJRWUDFRPLFHQLDQCSHODVJRWUDFRPLQRLFCSHODVJRWUDFR
WURLDQCYRUILQLPLFLWHFXFHULWHGHXQJUXSEDUEDUVRVLWGHXQGHYD
GLQHVWXO0CULL&DVSLFHvQDQLL?G+ vQYDOXULDKHL
LRQLHQLGRULHQL>LHROLHQLFXQRVFX@LPDLWaU]LXFDJUHFL
(LYRURFXSDWUHSWDWVXGXO3HQLQVXOWHL%DOFDQLFH$VLD0LFCQH
YRU DOXQJD GLQ LQVXOHOH 0CULL 7UDFLFH YH]L DKHXO 7HPLVWRFOH
FRQGXFCWRUXOJUXSXOXLGHJUHFLFDUHYRUFXFHULLQVXOD/HPQRVGHOD
WUDFLL 6LQWKLRQL ?G+ (L YRU VFKLPED >L QXPHOH GLQ 0DUHD
7UDFLFCvQ(JHH9RUFXFHULGHODQRL7URLDSHFDUHRYRUGLVWUXJHGDU
GLQFXFHULWRULYRUGHYHQLFXFHUL@LGHFXOWXUDFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORU(L
QHYRULPSUXPXWD]HLL>LXQLYHUVXOPLWRORJLF*HEHOHL]LVYDGHYHQL
=HXV]HL@D%HQGLV¥9HQXVSH2UIHX>L%DFKXVvLYRUDVLPLODICUC
PXOWHVFKLPECULGHPXOWHRULUHFXQRVFkQGXVHRULJLQHDWUDFRGDFC
1HVLJXUDQ@DGUXPXULORUILHUXOXLDXUXOXLJUkXOXL>LYLWHORUvQ
'DFLD@DUDPDPCvLYDGHWHUPLQDSHDFH>WLDSHGDFLVCUCVSXQGC
VROLFLWCULORU SULQ vQILLQ@DUHD XQXL RUGLQ HURLFUHOLJLRV FDYDOHUHVF
FDUHYDSURPRYDLGHLvQvQDOWXOVSLULWMXVWL@LDUSRWULYLWRELFHLXULORU
GDFLORUSURPRYkQGFHOHEUHOHOHJLSHODVJLFHSHODJLQHEHOODJLQHRUL
YODKLFH SXQkQG DVWIHO FDSCW WkOKCULLORU >L SLUDWHULLORU ORFDOH
&DYDOHULL DFHVWXL RUGLQ FDYDOHULL 6RDUHOXL vQ]HVWUD@L FX DUPH GH
ILHUYRUILQHWVXSHULRULLQDPLFLORUORU
'XSC FXP DP VSXV OD vQFHSXW SHODVJLL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL
VDXGHVSCU@LWvQGRXCUDPXULXQDVXGLFCVSLULWXDOLWDWHDYHGLFCSH
FDUHDPGLVFXWDWRSDU@LDO>LDOWDWLPSXULH¥QRUGLFC&HDQRUGLFC
YDGDQD>WHUHODGRXCJUXSXULPDULGHSRSRDUHVODYH>LJHUPDQLFH
8Q GRFXPHQW LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX QR@LXQHD GH 'DFLD FkW >L
SHQWUXRULJLQHD>LLVWRULDGHVFHQGHQ@LORUHLHVWH&KURQLFOH5ROOVDX
0RVHOH\5ROORFURQLFCLVWRULFCDOFCUHLRULJLQDOVDSLHUGXWGDUDOH
FCUHLFRSLL>LPDQXVFULVHGXSCDFHVWHGRFXPHQWHICFXWHvQVHFROXO
184
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
;9 vQ WLPSXO GRPQLHL OXL +HQU\ DO 9,OHD VH JCVHVF OD
·8QLYHULVWDU\&ROOHJH¨GLQ/RQGUD·&RUSXV&KULVWL&ROOHJH¨GLQ
&DPEULGJH>L·%LEOLRWKHTXH1DWLRQDOH¨GLQ3DULV)LJ
$FHVW GRFXPHQW HVWH R JHQHDORJLH D SRSRDUHORU JHUPDQH R
OHJHQGC D DFHVWRUD $VWIHO 6WHSK 6WHOGLXV RUL %RHULQXV HVWH SULPXO
ORFXLWRU>LLQL@LDWRUDOSRSRDUHORUJHUPDQHFDUHDUHQRXCGHVFHQGHQ@L
FHOH QRXC SRSRDUH JHUPDQLFH YHFKL LQL@LDWRDUH *HDWH 'DFXV
6XHWKHGXV)UHVXV*HWKLXV:DQGDOXV,XWXV*RWKXV&LQULQLFLXV
7UHEXLH VCL PXO@XPHVF FROHJXOXL GLQ 1HZ -HUVH\ GU
$OH[DQGUX %CGLQ FDUH vQ OXFUDUHD ·'DFLD GLQ 9HVWXO (XURSHL¨
SXEOLFDWC OD 1HZ <RUN ¥ (G 7KH *HU\RQ 3UHVV GHVFULH vQ
DPCQXQW>LFXOX[GHLQIRUPD@LLDFHDVWCOHJCWXUDGLQWUH'DFLDGH(VW
>L 9HVW GH]OHJkQG R LVWRULH SkQC DFXPD QHGH]OHJDWC R LVWRULH
OHJHQGDUC UHDELOLWkQG SH ED]H LVWRULFH >L GRFXPHQWDUH RULJLQHD
'DFLHL GLQ YHVWXO (XURSHL &KLDU GDFC RSLQLLOH QRDVWUH QX VXQW
vQWRWGHDXQDDFHOHD>LFRQWLQXXVCLSCVWUH]DFHHD>LGHRVHELWCVWLPC
5HYHQLQG OD FHL GHVFHQGHQ@L DL OXL %RHULQXV %RLHU QD
HVWHFODU)LJFCHLQXUHSUH]HQWDXSHUVRDQHFLSRSRDUHLDUSUH
LVWRULDGHYLQHGLQWURGDWCXQURPDQIDVFLQDQWSROL@LVWFXPGHHL
JHUPDQLLSRWDFFHSWDFDGRXCGLQWUHUDPXULOHORUVCSRDUWHQXPH
FDJHDWH>LGDFXV6CILHRDUHRVLPSOCFRLQFLGHQ@CRULVRVLUHDSH
WHULWRULXO *HUPDQLHL DWXQFL D XQXL WULE FDUSDWRGDQXELDQ GXSC
UHWUDJHUHDFDORWHLJODFLDUH>LvQFCO]LULLFOLPHLVCILJHQHUDWDFHDVWC
OHJHQGC
([LVWC XQ HURX VFDQGLQDY %HRZXOI FRQGXFCWRU DO XQXL
SRSRUQXPLWJHDWHJHDWDVJXDWDVDXJXDWDU
)ULHGULFK+HHUvQFDUWHDVD ·7KH0HGLHYDO:RUG¨1HZ<RUN
1HZ $PHULFDQ /LEUDU\ GHVFULH WUHL SURIHVRUL LOX>WUL GH OD
8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ 3DULV VHFROXO ;,,, WR@L RULJLQDUL GLQ QRUGXO
(XURSHL XQXO GLQ HL ILLQG %RHWLXV GLQ 'DFLD $FHVWD HUD
UHSUH]HQWDQWXO WH]HL PXOWGH]ECWXWH D ·GXEOHL UHDOLWC@L¨ >L FDUH
GHVFULD FXQRD>WHUHD >L UHOLJLD FD GRXC SULQFLSLL GLIHULWH ILHFDUH
DYkQG YDOLGLWDWHD HL SURSULH ,GHLOH OXL HUHWLFH DX IRVW DGXVH OD
WCFHUHvQDQXOSULQWUXQGHFUHWSDSDO
/RFDOL]DUHD JHRJUDILFC D 'DFLHL @DUD OXL %RHWLFXV HVWH
FRQWURYHUVDWC 'XSC SURIHVRUXO -HQVHQ 6 6NRYJDDUG WHUPHQXO GH
'DFLD DYHD GRXC VHPLQILFD@LL SULPD VH UHIHUHD OD XQ PHPEUX DO
RUGLQXOXL GRPLQLFDQ VDX IUDQFLVFDQ vQVHPQkQG FC SHUVRDQD
185
DSDU@LQHD 3URYLQFLHL 'DFLD vQ FDUH HUDX FXSULQVH WHULWRULLOH PDL
PXOWRU @CUL 'DQHPDUFD 1RUYHJLD 6XHGLD >L )LQODQGD $ GRXD
VHPQLILFD@LH DU vQVHPQD FC SHUVRDQD DSDU@LQHD @CULL 'DFLD GLQ
YHFKLOHWH[WHODWLQHDOH(YXOXL0HGLXQXPLWCGHDVHPHQHD'DQLD
VDX'DQHPDUFD$>DGDUJCVLPGRXCJUXSXULGHSRSXOD@LLvQGRXC
UHJLXQLJHRJUDILFHGLIHULWHGLQ(XURSDFDUHSRDUWCDFHOHD>LQXPHGH
GDFL>L'DFLD8QJUXSHVWHVLWXDWvQHVWXO(XURSHLvQYDWUDYHFKLL
(XURSH >L FHOCODOW vQ SDUWHD GH QRUGYHVW D FRQWLQHQWXOXL XQGH
JCVLPFDVWDW'DQHPDUFDQXPLWC>L'DFLDvQYHFKLOHWH[WHODWLQH
VDXRJCVLPFDSURYLQFLHUHJLXQHQXPLWCWRW'DFLDLQFOX]kQGGH
GDWDDFHDVWD6XHGLD1RUYHJLD'DQHPDUFD>L)LQODQGD
&HHVWHLQWHUHVDQWFDGDWDUHLVWRULFC'DFLDGLQHVWXO(XURSHL
DIRVWPHQ@LRQDWCvQLVWRULDVFULVC¥GLQVHFROXO,,?G+ vQWLPSFH
FHDGLQ9HVWPXOWPDLWkU]LXvQMXUXOVHFROXOXL,9G+
3HUVRQDO QX FUHG FC SUREOHPD RULJLQLL QD@LRQDOH D OXL
%RHWLFXVGLQ'DFLDWUHEXLHVCILHGH]ECWXWCvQWUHVXHGH]L>LGDQH]L
HLWUHEXLQGVCVHDGUHVH]H'DFLHLGH(VWDFRORILLQGFKHLDFDUHOH
SRDWHGHVFKLGHX>DSUHLVWRULHLRULJLQLLORU
(VWHRDUHSRVLELOFDSHRDULHJHRJUDILFCGHWHUPLQDWCXQGHYDOD
YHVWGHUkXO5LQ>LODHVWGH0XQ@LL&DUSD@LVCH[LVWHGRXCUHJLXQL>L
GRXC SRSRDUH FX QXPH LGHQWLFH FX WUDGL@LL FXOWXUDOH UHOLJLRDVH >L
OLQJYLVWLFHIRDUWHDVHPCQCWRDUHFDUHVCQXDLECROHJCWXUDLVWRULFC
vQWUHHOHFDUHVCQXDLECRLVWRULHXQWUHFXW>LRRULJLQHFRPXQC"
(L SHODVJLLFDUSDWRGDQXELHQL >LDX SXUWDW VLPEROXULOH SHVWH
WRDWH]RQHOHFXFHULWHDVWIHOJCVLPFUXFHDSHODVJLFCQXQXPDLSHXQ
YkUI GH ODQFH OD 7RURFHOOR OkQJC 9HQH@LD GDU >L OD 0XQFKHEHUJ
*HUPDQLDGLQ%DOFDQL>LSkQCvQ$VLD0LFC>LGHDFRORSkQCvQ
,QGLD &RUHHD >L ,QGRQHVLD LQVXOD %DOL FHD PDL YHFKH GLQ OXPH
JCVLQGXVHODVXGXO'XQCULLSHWHULWRULXO%XOJDULHLGHD]LYHFKLPHD
HLILLQGGHSHVWHGHDQL3DVCUHDKHUDOGLFCDCULL5RPkQH>WL
&RUEXO 3HODVJLF SDVCUHD VIkQWC D ]HXOXL 0LWUD ]HXO 6RDUHOXL
DSDU@LQkQGSRSXOD@LHLFHOHLPDLYHFKLGLQSDQWHRQXOYHGLFDGRUDW
D>D GH PXOW vQ UHJLXQLOH 'DFLHL YH]L 1 'HQVX>LDQX 'DFLD
SUHLVWRULFC S (G0HULGLDQH DUH vQ SOLVF R FUXFH
SHODVJLFC VLPSOC DOWHRUL GXEOC vQ 2FWRLKXO VODYRQHVF WLSCULW OD
DFHDVWC FUXFH DUH vQ SDUWHD VXSHULRDUC IRUPD XQHL ]YDVWLFL
YHFKL SHODVJLFH VLPERO DO VRDUHOXL UHQCVFXW VDX DO VRDUHOXL GH
SULPCYDUC 7RW DVWIHO R JCVLP >L vQ 3VDOWLUHD VODYRURPkQC GH OD
186
)LJ &KURQLFOH5ROOVDX0RVHOH\
5ROO¥VHF;9
$FHVWGRFXPHQWHVWHRJHQHDORJLHD
SRSRDUHORUJHUPDQHROHJHQGCD
DFHVWRUD$VWIHO6WHSK6WHOGLXVRUL
%RHULQXVHVWHSULPXOORFXLWRU>L
LQL@LDWRUDOSRSRDUHORUJHUPDQH
FDUHDUHQRXCGHVFHQGHQ@LFHOH
QRXCSRSRDUHJHUPDQLFHYHFKL
LQL@LDWRDUH*HDWH'DFXV6XHWKHGXV
)UHVXV*HWKLXV:DQGDOXV,XWXV
*RWKXV&LQULQLFLXV
'XSC·'DFLDGLQYHVWXO(XURSHL§$
%n',11HZ<RUN(G7KH*HU\RQ
3UHVV
)LJ 2FWRLKVODYRQHVF
SDUWHDDGRXD
WLSCULWGHGLDFRQXO&RUHVL
9H]L
%LEOLRJUDILDURPaQHDVFCYHFKH
YRO,S
187
%LDQX>L+RGRV %LEOLRJUDILDURP 7RP,
)LJ /D LXOLH OD ELVHULFD 'RPQHDVFC GLQ &XUWHD GH
$UJH> D IRVW GHVFRSHULW PRUPkQWXO OXL 1HJUX9RGC vQ PRPHQWXO
vQ FDUH D IRVW ULGLFDWC SLDWUD GH SH VDUFRIDJ D DSCUXW LPDJLQHD
QHDOWHUDWCD0DUHOXL'RPQ>L3UHRWGLQYHDFXODO;,,,OHDJLXOJLXO
YRLHYRGXOXL ILLQG DFRSHULW FX VHPQXO VDFUX SHODVJLF FUXFHD
SHODVJLFC
'DFCQHXLWCPvQ·0LFDFURQLFCDUHJLORUGLQ/HLUH¨VFULVCvQ
;,, G+ JCVLP ·(UDW (UJR 'DQ 5H[ LQ 'DFLD 3HU 7ULHQQLXP¨ ¥
'DQDIRVWGHFLUHJHvQ'DFLDWLPSGHWUHLDQL¿QSDUWHDGHMRVD
DFHOHLD>L SDJLQL 5: &KDPEHUV DGXFH R QRWC LQIRUPDWLYC
GHRVHELWC'DFLD 'HQ0DUN'XSCRUHH[DPLQDUHDGRFXPHQWXOXL
0RVHOH\5ROOVHSRDWHREVHUYDFCDWkWQXPHOHUHJHOXL'DQFkW>LDO
SRSRUXOXL 'DQL VXQW DEVHQWH GLQ DFHVW GRFXPHQW DSDUL@LD ORU
LVWRULFCILLQGPXOWPDLWkU]LH'DQL'DQLD'DQHPDUFDVXQWQXPH
PDLUHFHQWHFHDXvQORFXLWQXPHOHWUDGL@LRQDOGH'DFLD
9HQLUHDGDQLORUGLQQRUGXO6FDQGLQDYLHLDGHSODVDWRSDUWHD
SRSXOD@LHL GH GDFL SH WHULWRULXO 2ODQGHL GH D]L XQGH ORFXLWRULL HL
VXQWFXQRVFX@L>LD]LVXEQXPHOHGH'XWFKFDUHVHSURQXQ@CGDFL
$YHP 5R\DO 'XWFK 2LO &RPSDQ\ RUL 'XWFK (DVW ,QGLD
&RPSDQ\'XWFK5HIURPHG&KXUFKHWF
'LQQHIHULFLUHvQ5RPkQLDGHD]LDYHPXQSRSRUSUHRFXSDWvQ
SULPXO UkQG GH VXSUDYLH@XLUHD IL]LFC >L PDL SX@LQ GH RULJLQL GH
LGHQWLWDWHDOXLUHDOC
¿QSOXVHYHQLPHQWHQHILUH>WL>LGUDPDWLFHODXICFXWVC>LXLWH
DGHYDUDWDRULJLQH
¿QFHUFCULOH UHSHWDWH GH DO IDFH SH SRSRUXO GDFRURPaQ VC>L
XLWH LGHQWLWDWHD QD@LRQDOC >L LVWRULFC VH SDUH FC DX UHX>LW 6C QX
XLWCPFCRPLQFLXQCUHSHWDWCGHYLQHXQDGHYCUGHYDORDUHvQWLPS
FHXQDGHYCUQHJOLMDWWUHFHvQVSD@LXORFXOW
2DUH DFHDVWC ·KLSQR]C¨ GH VHFROH OD FDUH HVWH VXSXV SRSRUXO
GDFRURPDQ VC QX DLEC XQ VIkU>LW" 'DFRURPaQLL VC QX>L SRDWC
GHVFRSHULDGHYCUDWDRULJLQHLVWRULH"$GHYCUXOXLvLWUHEXLHGRXCOXFUXUL
FLQHYDVCOURVWHDVFC>LFLQHYDVCODXGC'HFLSULPXOSDVDIRVWICFXW
188
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
CUCERIREA INDIEI
DE C`TRE POPORUL
CARPATO-DUN`REAN
3
CUCVLQG VSD@LXO &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ >L SRUQLQG VSUH HVW
DFH>WL SHODVJL VDX VWDELOLW SHQWUX XQ WLPS vQGHOXQJDW vQ
]RQD0XQ@LORU&DXFD]GXSCFDUH>LDXFRQWLQXDWPLJUD@LD
HVWLFCSaQCvQ,QGLDPLJUD@LHSD>QLFCVDXPDLSX@LQSD>QLFCGXSC
vPSUHMXUCUL VXE SUHVLXQHD VXUSOXVXOXL GH SRSXOD@LH (L DMXQJ SH
YDOHD,QGXVXOXLSHDOFCUXLFXUVVXSHULRUVDXVWDELOLW1XPHOHGDW
IOXYLXOXLDIRVW6,1'+8FDUHRGDWCFXFXFHULUHDDFHVWXLWHULWRULX
GH FCWUH SHU>L ?G+ GDWRULWC SUREDELO GLILFXOWC@LL GH
SURQXQ@DUHDFH>WLDODXQXPLW+LQGXSUHOXDWODUaQGXOOXLGHJUHFL
FD ,QGRV (L FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLLDULHQLL YRU SURYRFD 0n&(/8/
GHOD+$5$33$)LJGHDFXPGHDQL?G+>LYRU
PDL WUHFH GH DWXQFL PLL >L PLL GH DQL SaQC FaQG vQ DQXO XQ
GH]HUWRU DO DUPDWHL EULWDQLFH FXQRVFXW VXE QXPHOH GH &KDUOHV
0DVVRQ YD VFULH GHVSUH ·5XLQHOH XQXL &DVWHO GH &CUCPLGC¨
GHWHUPLQaQGXOSH6LU$OH[DQGHU&XQQLQJKDPVCOYL]LWH]HGH
DQLPDLWaU]LXvQLDUQDDQXOXL'DUPLVWHUHOHGHOD+DUDSSDQ
YRU FRQWLQXD VC H[FLWH PLQ@LOH DUKHRORJLORU vQ VSHFLDO FaQG DX
GHVFRSHULW vQWUXQ FLPLWLU ORFDO >L UCPC>L@H VFKHOHWDOH GH
SURYHQLHQ@C FDXFD]LDQC PHGLWHUDQHHDQC $QFLHQW 0\VWHULHV GH
5XSHUW)XUQHDX[S$FHVWHDVSXQHDXWRUXOPDLVXVFLWDWVXQW
vQWCULWHGLQOLWHUDWXULOH9HGLFH$ULHQHFDUHvQ5LJ9HGDYRUEHVFGH
QXPLWXO+DUL<XSX\D+DUDSSD"FDGHVSUHRVFHQCGHECWCOLHvQ
FDUH LQYDGDWRULL FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL DULHQL WUHEXLDX VC LD FX DVDOW
FHWC@L IRUWLILFDWH WHUPHQ FDUH QX VH SRDWH DSOLFD QLFL XQHL DOWH
UHJLXQLGHFaW+DUDSSHL>L0DKHQMRGDUR'XSCDXWRUXOGHPDLVXV
>LQXQXPDLGXSCHO6LU0RUWLPHU:KHHOHUDIRVWSUREDELOFHOPDL
189
190
)LJ +DUDSSDRUD>FDUHDFXPGHDQLYDGLVSDUH?QXUPDFXFHULULLOXLGHFCWUHFDUSDWRGDQXELHQL>LUHGHVFR
SHULW GH XQ GH]HUWRU DO DUPDWHL EULWDQLFH ?Q oQ OLWHUDWXUD YHGLFC 5LJ9HGD VH YRUEH>WH GHVSUH QXPLWXO
+DUL<XSX\D+DUDSSDFDGHVSUHRVFHQCGHECWCOLH?QFDUHLQYDGDWRULLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLDULHQLWUHEXLDXVCLDFX
DVDOW FHWC@L IRUWLILFDWH 6LU 0RUWLPHU :KHHOHU GLUHFWRUXO JHQHUDO DO FHUFHWCULORU DUKHRORJLFH GLQ ,QGLD ?Q SHULRDGD
DIRVWFHOPDLDUGHQWDYRFDWDOWHRULHLVXVDPLQWLWH
6LWXDWODGHPLOHGH0HVRSRWDPLDSHWHULWRULXOGHD]LDO3DNLVWDQXOXL>L,QGLHLRFXOWXUCGHQHJXVWRULSD>QLFL
?>LFRQVWUXLDXQXOGLQWUHFHOHPDLIUXPRDVH>LPRGHUQHRUD>HFDUH?QVCYDGLVSDUHEUXVFICUCVCODVHQLPLF?QXUPC
GHFaWXQQXPH+DUDSSD
'LVFRYHU,QGXV9DOOH\E\6KDQWL0HQRQSGHFHPEULH
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
191
)LJ 7CPC>DVD 'HVSUH QXPHOH VDWXOXL 7CPC>DVD DUKHRORJLL LVWRULFLL QX VSXQ QLPLF GDU
OLQJYL>WLL?OFRQVLGHUCFaQGGHRULJLQHJHUPDQCFaQGPDJKLDUCFaQGQLFLHLQX>WLXFHSRDWH
ILHVWHGHRULFHRULJLQHQXPDLGHODQRLQX(LELQHGRPQLORUWUHEXLHVC>WL@LFC7DPDVQDHVWH
QXPHOHFHOXLGHDOSDWUXOHD0DQXLDUGDFCQXD@LDX]LW?QFCGH·7UDWDWHOHRUGLQLLXQLYHUVDOH§?Q
FDUHODORFGHFLQVWHVHDIOCFHOHEUHOH·/HJLDOHOXL0DQX§YCVICWXLHVFVCOHFCXWD@L>LVCOHFLWL@L
(OHIDFSDUWHGLQOLWHUDWXUD·9HGD§FDUHUHIOHFWCSHGHRSDUWHFRQFHS@LLOHUHOLJLRDVHDOHSULPLORU
DULHQL>LSHGHDOWCSDUWHSHDFHOHDSURIHVDWHGHDFH>WLDGHDOXQJXOYHDFXULORUVHSRWYHGHD?Q
HOHSUHRFXSCULOHJDWHGHRULJLQHDSULPDUCDOXPLLDWLSXOXLDVWUXFWXULLSHUVRQDOLWC@LLXPDQH
([LVWC R SRYHVWH D 3RWRSXOXL SaQC DFXP FHD PDL YHFKH GLQ OXPH GLQ FDUH VXPHULHQLL
PHVRSRWDPLHQLL >L PDL WaU]LX HYUHLL >L FUH>WLQLL QX DX ICFXW GHFaW ·VC VH LQVSLUH§ oQ DFHDVWC
SRYHVWH0DQXRPXOVIaQWHVWHDQXQ@DWGHXQSH>WHGHVSUH3RWRSXOFDUHYDGLVWUXJHWRDWHFUHD
WXULOHGDUHOYDSXWHDVCOHVDOYH]HFHHDFHD>LICFXW0LVWHULRVYDDSUH>LRILLFCLDU?QILQDO
ILLLVCLFHYRUSRSXODSCPaQWXO0XOWQRURFGRPQLORUOLQJYL>WL·URPaQL§
192
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
/D NP GH FRPXQD %XGLOD WRYDUC>XO GH DUPH DO PDUHOXL
5DPDQ %UD>LYD DSDUH 02$&$ QXPH FLXGDW QX >WLX GH XQGH
VRUILLQVSLUDWVWUCEXQLL>LFXDFHVWQXPHGDU(LYHGLFLLDYHDXXQ
]HXRGLYLQLWDWHFDUHH[SULPCvQDFHOD>LWLPS8QLWDWHD>L,QILQLWXO
1XPHOH OXL 02.6+$ 'DU GRPQLORU VC ILP VHULR>L DFHVWH
QXPHQXVXQWGHFaWVLPSOHFRLQFLGHQ@H6CILHFKLDUD>D"1XPHOH
GDWXQXLPDUH]HXDWXQFLFaQGVHIDFHUHIHULUHODSXWHUHDOXLIL]LFC
HVWH+$5$XQLLFRQVLGHUCFC>LFXYaQWXO+25$v>LWUDJHRULJLQHD
GLQDFHVWDGDULDWCFCDSDUH>LFRPXQD
+$51$8SRDWHGHULYDWGLQ+25$0$1,"7RDWHDFHVWH
ORFDOLWC@L >L PXQWHOH +CUPDQ vQFRQMRDUC ·GLQ vQWvPSODUH¨ YaUIXO
%n5n7n8 QXPLW DVWIHO GXSC %+$5$7$ HURXO FDUSDWR
GDQXELDQDU\DQVXEDFCUXLFRQGXFHUHDIRVWFXFHULWCRPDUHSDUWH
GLQ,QGLD>LDOHFCUXLIDSWHVXQWDPLQWLWH>LvQ0$+$%+$5$7$
>LVCILHQXPDLDWaW>LWRWDUILGHDMXQVFDVCvQFRO@HDVFCRLGHHvQ
PLQWHD RULFCUXL RP QRUPDO GDU QX >L vQ D ·LQGLIHUHQ@LORU¨ GH
RULJLQH·URPkQC¨FDUHYHJKHD]COD·DFXUDWH@HD¨LVWRULHL·QRDVWUH¨"
'DU QRURFXO QX OH VXUkGH >L WUHEXLH VCO DPLQWHVF GLQ QRX SH GO
1LFRODH 0LXOHVFX SHQWUX HQWX]LDVPXO >L PXQFD GHSXVC ?Q
FCXWCULOHVDOHGHDQHGHVFRSHUL$'(9n5$7(/(25,*,1,>LSH
FDUHOFLWH]GHPXOWHRULODDFHVWVXELHFWD>DFCQHDSDUHvQID@CR
DOWCFRPXQCYHFLQC
$1'5$QXPHFDUHvQVHDPQCWRWQLPLFGDFCQXQHJkQGLPOD
]HLWDWHD OXQDUC YHGLFC &+$1'5$ 1XPHOH DQGUX ¥ ?Q WRW
%DQDWXO>LPDLSX@LQ?Q$UGHDOLH[HPSOHOHSRWFRQWLQXDvQWUR
D>DGHPDUHERJC@LHGH¨DVHPCQCUL¨vQFaWSHQWUXFHLQHFRQWDPLQD@L
GH·IDFXOWC@LOHGHLVWRULH¨WRDWHDFHVWHDULGLFCXQVHPQGH·"¨6C
YCPDLGDX>LQL>WHH[HPSOHGHPXQ@LFXQXPH9(',&(
20 20VLODEDYHGLFCVDFUCSHFDUHDPPDLGLVFXWDWR
1(*$( 1(*2,8/
3$386+$1 3n38$
6+,5,VDX65, 6,5,8]HL@DEHO>XJXOXL
6C YHGHP FH DX IDFXW FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLLDU\HQLL GXSC
FXFHULUHD ,QGLHL DX vPSCU@LWR vQ FODVH VRFLDOH SULPHOH
DSDU@LQkQGXOH /RU FXFHULWRULORU /RU FHL LQ@LD@L vQ WDLQHOH
VSLULWXDOLWC@LLYHGLFHQCVFX@LDVWIHOGHGRXCRUL
193
5$0$1,,FXQRVFX@LPDLWkU]LXFDEUDKPDQLVSHFLDOL>WLvQ
ULWXDOHSUHR@L>LSRH@L
.$6+$75,<$6 DSCUCWRULL &$6(, OXSWCWRULL FDUH VHUYHDX
FD>HILGHWULE
9$,6+<$6YDL>LDPDUGHFDSXOORUUHSUH]HQWDXFODVDFHD
PDLMRDVCDFHORUQCVFX@LGHGRXCRUL
6+8'5$ FODVD D SRSXOD@LHL QHDU\HQH D FHORU FH WUDQVSLUDX
VXGRUDXvQPXQFDJUHDGHWRDWH]LOHOHSRSXOD@LDEDVWLQD>CORFDOC
QHJURLGC
¿Q $1&,(17 ,1',$ /DQG RI 0\VWHU\ 7LPH/LIH %RRN
$OH[DQGULD9LUJLQLDDULHQLLVXQWGHVFUL>LGXSC5LJ9HGDFDILLQG
DJUHVLYLVHPLQRPD]LFUH]kQGvQ]HLYLJXUR>LUC]ERLQLFLDWDFkQG
FXIXOJHUHGLQFCUX@HOHORUGHOXSWC
(L FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLL DX FXFHULW ,QGLD GDU QX>L YRU XLWD
QLFLRGDWC ORFXULOH XQGH ]HLL ORU ]HLL YHGLFL ORFXLDX QX YRU XLWD
QLFLRGDWC 6SD@LXO &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ QX YRU XLWD '$&,$
'$.6+$DUD=HLORUGHXQGHHLDXSOHFDWORFDOHVGHFHL]HL
DL JHQH]HL DYkQGXO SH (/ '$.6+$ FRQGXFCWRU FD FHO PDL
IUXPRVORFGHSH3CPkQWORFXOSHFDUHPDUHOH]HXODSRSXODWvQ
WLPSXO QRS@LL FX SULPLL VCL GH ILL $OH>LL ]HLORU '$&,,
(LYHGLFLL YRU FRQWLQXD VR YL]LWH]H vQ SHOHULQDM vQWRUFkQGXVH
DFDVCSH·'UXPXO=HLORU¨GUXPXO%<.XOXLD>DFXPHVWHGHVFULV
vQSRYHVWHD8SDQLVKDGD.DQVKLWDNLFXP>LHXURSHQLLPDLWkU]LX
GHVFRSHULQG >L FXFHULQG $PHULFD DX GDW QD>WHUH FHOHL PDL
DYDQVDWHFLYLOL]D@LLGLQOXPHDGHD]L>LVHvQWRUFGLQFkQGvQFkQG
·DFDVC¨ vQ (XURSD WRW D>D >L QRL DWXQFL GHPXOW GXSC FH DP
LQYDGDW >L FXFHULW ,QGLD GkQG QD>WHUH OD R VXSHUFLYLOL]D@LH
SUHLVWRULFC QX DP XLWDW ·&DVD¨ UHvQWRUFkQGXQH XQHRUL DFROR
DFDVC vQ SHOHULQDM vQ '$&,$$5$ =(,/25 SH GUXPXO ]HLORU
GHGLFDW OXL %<. GH XQGH >L QXPHOH 'UXPXO %c&¥XOXL GHVSUH
FDUHYDPYRUELWSX@LQPDLvQDLQWH$VWIHODFH>WLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
YHQL@L GH SH PDOXULOH UkXOXL 7,6$ 3$7KLVVXV XUPkQG FXUVXO
1LVWUXOXL 7\URV RUL YHQLQG GXSC PDOXULOH FHOXL PDL SXWHUQLF
IOXYLXDO(XURSHLIOXYLXFHSRDUWCQXPHOH]HL@HL'$180DPCD
3ORLL v>L YRU SCVWUD RELFHLXULOH >L OLPED D>D]LVD VDQVNULWC
PR>WHQLUH FHL YD IDFH PDL QHPXULWRUL GHFkW vQ>L>L ]HLL 'H DFHHD
194
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
FkQG PDUHOH ]HX 'DNVKD OH¥D GDW /25 GDFLORU SRSRUXOXL OXL
LXELWSRSRUXOXLDOHVVLPEROXOGH63,5$/nOHDGDWRFXGRULQ@D
FDVCVHUCVSkQGHDVFC>LHLFDHD>LWRWFDHDVCSRDWCSULYLvQDSRL
FXPkQGULHD>DFC
%/(67(0$76n),(&,1(,8,7n/,0%$1($08/¥
FXPVSXQDLQR>WULIUD@L¥$URPaQL
6RVLUHD UHvQWRDUFHUHD $FDVC D PDUHOXL >HI GH WULE D
5DPDQXOXL %5$6,9$ ODVC vQ XUPD OXL RUD>XO %5$29 ¿Q MXUXO
DFHVWXLDvLYRPJCVLSHWRYDUC>LLOXLGHDUPHFD98',/$ %8',/$
>LSH'-$9$ILXOOXL6+$5.$5$ (5&$,$
¿QPLMORFXORUD>XOXL%UD>RYVHJCVH>WHGHDOXOQXPLW9$57(
vQ YHFKHD VDQVNULWC YHGLFXO 9$57$ $5n 9$75n 'HFL
9$57$ %5$6,9$ 9$75$ OXL %5$6,9$ RUL DUD OXL %UDVLYD
HUFDLD%UD>RY%XGLODVXQWvQFRQMXUDWHGHXQFRPSOH[GHD>H]CUL
SXUWkQGQXPHDOHYHFKLORU]HLYHGLFLD>DFXPDPDPLQWLWPDLVXV
7DPDV¥IDODX 3DYD 0RDFVD +DUQDX 5DPDQXO EUDKPDQXO
8GGDODFDFDUHICFXVHFDX]CFRPXQCFXUDPDQLLUHEHOL?QWRUV>LHO
$FDVC vQ 'DNVD'DFLD VH D>D]C OD 8'$ SH 9$/($ 9('(, vQ
DSURSLHUH GH VLKCVWULD /$&+80$1$ DGLFC QX GHSDUWH GH
723$1$ 9(8 HWF 2 SULYLUH GH DQVDPEOX SH KDUWD DFHVWXL
WHULWRULXQHDUDWCFXPRXQLWDWHFHQWUDOC·UDPDQC¨HvQFRQMXUDWCGH
DOWHOHFDUHRVXV@LQLFDVCOSDUDIUD]H]SH0DULXV9LYHNDQDQGD
GLQOXFUDUHDVD
·3URPDQWHXVWUCPR>XOPHX¨
¿Q@HOHSWXO5$0VWUCEXQ
$OSRSRUXOXL5RPkQ
'$&,$D>H]DUHGH5$0$1,
'CLQXLHGHPLLGHDQL
6HFXODUCQDWHVWDUH
'HQXPLUHDLJUCLWRDUH
'$.6$]HXFUHDWRU
'HSRSRU'$&LXELWRU
¿Q63,5$/nFUH]CWRU
195
'$&,$ORFXOXQGHFODQXO
'HSCVWRULDOXDWILLQ@C
'HYHQLQG>LUH>HGLQ@C
LFXUROGH·FDSLWDOC¨
2FHWDWH$ULDQC
9HFKHDYDWUCGHOXPLQC
$·YHGLFXOXL¨ICUCGHYLQC
$>H]DUHPLOHQDUC
1RELOC>LOHJHQGDUC
520c1,(vQMXUXOWCX
1XDIRVW>LQXLXQKCX
$QFHVWUDOHD>H]CUL
'HSHYDWUDQWUHJLL@CUL
6XQW>LDVWC]LYLLSUH]HQWH
$OHYLH@LLPRQXPHQWH
$YHP7$0$6DOXL)$/$8
&KLDUDSURDSHGH%UD>RY]CX
02$&6$6$1'5$FKLDU>L3$9$
&HQHSUHDPCUH>WHVODYD
9(',&,=HLGHPLLGHDQL
6WDXGHYHJKHSHQWUX1HDP
$GHYCUXULHQJUDPDWH
¿QFXYLQWHUHIOHFWDWH
'LQJUDLXO5$0$1,/25
75$&2*(72'$&,/25
L5DPDQLORUVWUCPR>L
$QFHVWUDOLLQR>WULPR>L
'LQDORUOLPECYRUELWC
'HQXPLWC>L6$16&5,7n
$PGDWOXPLLQWUHJL
2/,0%nR&8/785n
LR(1,*0n
&XPGHD]LDOQRVWSRSRU
196
)LJ
$WXQFLQLFL1HILLQ@CQDIRVW>LQLFL)LLQ@C
&CFLQXHUDQLFLVSD@LXQLFLFHU>LQLFLVWLKLH
$YHDVWCSaQ>LPDUJLQLSHDWXQFHD8QLYHUVXO"
$YHDDGaQFLSUCSCVWLL"'DUPDUH"1XVH>WLH
1DIRVWQLFLQHPXULUHFCFL0RDUWHDQXQFHSXVH
1XVHQCVFXVHPRDUWHDFCFLQXIXVHVH]L
1LFLYaQWQDIRVWVCEDWCDFHOH?QFHSXWXUL
oQVCFHYD?QOXPH¥8QLFXO¥VHLYL
'DUFDUHPaQLHRDUHIXQVWDUHVCSULFHDSC
&UHD@LXQHD?QVC>LGHXQGHD?QFHSXW"
3RDWHDLFHD]HLL?>L]CPLVOLUCQHDPXO
'DUFLQHYDVCVSXQCGLQFLQHVDXQCVFXW"
'RDU(ODFHODFDUHSRUQL&UHD@LXQHD
(OFHOFDUHRSULYH>WHGLQFHUXULQXPDO(O
(OFHOFDUHDICFXWRVDXSRDWHQDICFXWR
(OVLQJXU>WLHSRDWH6DXSRDWHFCQLFL(O
WUDG,/DULDQ3RVWRODFKH
197
(VWHGRDUXQ63(&7$725
&kQG©20ULGLFDLDUIUXQWHD
6CVWCPGUHS@LSUHFXP1(*2,8/
&X6,5,8OkQJCQRL
LSXWHUQLFLFD7LWDQXO
$>DFXPHUD5$0$18/
6CWUCLPvQ$UPRQLH
¿QUHVSHFW>L%RJC@LH
198
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
9
HUJLOLXV ?G+ FHO PDL PDUH SRHW ODWLQ OD
LPRUWDOL]DW SH (QHD FD HURX DO FHOHEUXOXL VCX SRHP HSLF
$HQHLGD FDUH HVWH PDUHD HSRSHH D SRSRUXOXL URPaQ
)DSWHOHOXL(QHDGLQWLPSXOUC]ERLXOXLJUHFRWURLDQVXQWDPLQWLWH
GH +RPHU ?Q ,OLDGD (QHD D IRVW XQ QH?QIULFDW OXSWCWRU ?PSRWULYD
JUHFLORUILLQG?QWUHFXW?QYLWHMLHGRDUGH+HFWRU/HJHQGDVSXQHFC
GH IDSW UC]ERLXO WURLDQ D SRUQLW ?QWaPSOCWRU FKLDU GLQ FDX]D OXL
(QHD?QXUPCWRDUHOH?PSUHMXUCULFaQGIORWDJUHFHDVFCVDRSULWOD
@CUPXO GLQ ID@D FHWC@LL SHODVJLFH 7URLD JUHFLL VWCWHDX FXPLQ@L SH
YDVHOHORUQH?QGUC]QLQGVCFRERDUHSH@CUPSHQWUXFCRSURIH@LH
VSXQHDFCSULPXOJUHFFHYDFRERU?SHSCPaQWYDIL>LSULPXOFDUH
YDPXUL?QDFHVWUC]ERLWURLDQ
*UHFLL VRVL@L ?Q XUPC ?G+ GLQ HVWXO 0CULL
&DVSLFH?QSDWUXYDOXULDKHLLRQLHQLGRULHQL>LHROLHQLQXPDLVXQW
DFXPRKRDUGCEDUEDUCFLXQSRSRUGHOXSWCWRULRUJDQL]D@LFDUH
GXSCFHDXDEVRUELWQR@LXQLOHGHFLYLOL]D@LHDOHSRSRDUHORUGLQMXU
SHODVJLWUDFLGDFLFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLHJLSWHQL>LDXFRQVWUXLWR
FLYLOL]D@LH·SURSULH¨SHFDUHYRLDXVRUCVSaQGHDVFCSULQIRU@CDYL]L
GH FRQWLQXC FXFHULUH >L MHIXLUH D FHWC@LORU ERJDWH GLQ MXU SUHFXP
WXUFLL>LUX>LLRYRUIDFHPDLWaU]LX
5HJHOHFHWC@LL3KLODFH3URWHVLODRVFDUHSDUWLFLSCODUC]ERLGH
SDUWHD JUHFLORUFX YDVH >L FX RDPHQL GH OXSWC D VCULW FX
?QGUC]QHDOC SH @CUP ILLQG XFLV GH (QHD 3ULQ@ GLQ IDPLOLD
GRPQLWRDUH SHODVJLFC D 7URLHL (QHD HUD ILXO OXL $QFKLVH >L DO
$IURGLWHL ]HL@D IUXPXVH@LL $IURGLWD LD VSXV OXL $QFKLVH VC QX
GH]YCOXLH QLPCQXL >L QLFLRGDWC RULJLQHD GLYLQC D OXL (QHD 'DU
199
)LJ (XURSD OD DQXO ?G+ QL VH DUCWD ?QFC GRPLQDWC GH DIDUCGLQVSD@LXOGHD]LDO(
GDFLVCQXXLWCPFC%XUHELVWD?>LDSCUDJUDQL@HOHSHPDOXOODFXOXL GHDQLSaQCFaQG?QXUPDX
&RQVWDQ@D (OYH@LD GH D]L /D VXG GH 'XQCUH URPDQLL QH RFXSD GLQ WHULWRULXO 'DFLHL
VHUC0DFHGRQLDICUCVCQHVFKLPEHQXPHOH*UHFLLHUDXFXQRVFX@L FaQG VODYLL YRU VRVL >L R UD
FDDFKHL>LWUCLDXOLQL>WL@L?QVXGXO3HQLQVXOHL%DOFDQLFHVXEURPD EXOJDULLVaUELLFURD@LLGHD
QL(XURSD?QFHSHDVCILHEaQWXLWCGHWULEXULEDUEDUHJHUPDQLFH>L GDFRURPaQLL OD QRUG GH
YRUPDLWUHEXLVCWUHDFCVHFROHSaQCFaQGDFHVWHDQHYRU?PSLQJH URPaQLL LVWURURPaQLL GDO
200
L$XVWULHL9RUPDLWUHFH?QFC WUHFH GH DQL SaQC OD VRVLUHD XQJXULORU ?Q &aPSLD 3DQRQLFC
C]ERLIUDWULFLGURPDQLLYRURFXSD SHFDUHQHYRURFXSDR1RUGXOQHYDIL>LHORFXSDWGHRDOWCJUX
U PDL WUHFH FDP GH DQL SaQC SDUH VODYLFC >L ?QFC H[LVWCP L DVWC]L (L VH JaQGHVF GDFC VC QH
D ORU QH YD RFXSD VXGXO 'XQCULL SULPHDVFCRULQXSH1RL?Q(XURSD1RLDPIRVWGLQWRWGHDXQDDLFL
FVHSDUaQGXQH?QGRXCJUXSXUL 1RLQXDPYHQLWGHQLFCLHUL&aQGJUHFLLDFKHLLDXVRVLW?Q(XURSD
DURPaQLLPDFHGRQHQL PHJOHQR ?G+ QRL HUDP DLFL +HURGRW QH QXPHD ·RDPHQLL
URPaQLL OD VXG GH HL 9RU PDL ORFXOXL§SHODVJL
201
$QFKLVHODXQSDKDUGHYLQFXSULHWHQLLVDOCXGDWFCHOVDFXOFDW
FX$IURGLWD=HL@DODSHGHSVLWSH$QFKLVHEHWHJLQGXOGHSLFLRDUH
DVWIHO FC $QFKLVH D UCPDV LQYDOLG 7RWX>L OLSVD GH GLVFUH@LH D OXL
$QFKLVHQXDDYXWUHSHUFXVLXQL>LSHQWUX(QHD$IURGLWDDUCPDVR
PDPC LXELWRDUH HO VD EXFXUDW GH DMXWRUXO PDPHL OXL RULXQGH >L
RULFaQGDDYXWQHYRLH
&aQG?QDO]HFHOHDDQGHUC]ERLJUHFLLDXUHX>LWVCFXFHUHDVFC
7URLD>LVCLGHDIRFQXWRWSRSRUXOWURLDQDIRVWQLPLFLWSULQIRF>L
VDELHRSDUWHGLQWUHHL?QVSHFLDOIHPHLOHDXIRVWOXDWH?QVFODYLH
GHFCSHWHQLLOHJUHFLORU3ULQWUHFHLFHDXUHX>LWVCVFDSHQHYCWCPD@L
DIRVW(QHDFDUHDMXWDWGHPDPDOXL>LDOXDWIDPLOLDSHWDWCOVCX
$QFKLVH ?Q FkUFC XQLL VSXQ FC SH XPHUL SH PLFXO ,8/,8
$VFDQLXFXPJUHFLL?OYRUQXPLPDLWaU]LXILXOVCXFDUHDOHUJD
DOCWXUL GH (QHD @LQaQGXO GH PkQC GH PDPD VD &UHXVD ILLFD
UHJHOXL 3ULDP >L R SDUWH GLQ UXGHOH VDOH DSURSLDWH QXPDL FC ?Q
?QYCOPC>HDODFUHDWCGHFHLFDUHDOHUJDX?QWRDWHSCU@LOH>LPDLDOHV
GLQ FDX]D QRS@LL &UHXVD D GLVSCUXW DVWIHO FC (QHD D DMXQV OD
FRUDELHICUCHD$MXWD@LGH?QWXQHULFXOQRS@LL>LGH$IURGLWD(QHD>L
RDPHQLL OXL DX UHX>LW VC VH VWUHFRDUH SULQ IORWD JUHFHDVFC >L VC
SRUQHDVFC?QFCOCWRULDORUSH0DUHD7UDFLFC(JHH
$HQHLGDOXL9HUJLOLXV?OSRDUWCSHWUDFXO(QHD?QWURFCOCWRULH
OXQJCSaQC?ODGXFH?Q,WDOLDXQGHHUDGHVWLQXOOXL>LXQGHWUHEXLD
VCSRUQHDVFCRQD@LXQHQRXC>LXQLPSHULXFDUHXUPDVCGRPLQH
OXPHD WLPS GH DSURDSH XQ PLOHQLX XQ LPSHULX FHO YD DYHD FD
QXFOHXGHRULJLQHSHWUDFXO(QHD>LSHODVJLLOXL9HUJLOLXVDWUCLW?Q
WLPSXO GRPQLHL ?PSCUDWXOXL 2FWDYLDQ $XJXVW (O HUD SRHWXO
SUHIHUDW DO ?PSCUDWXOXL >L DO OXL 0HFHQD HUD SHULRDGD GH DXU D
OLWHUDWXULLODWLQH2YLGLXV>L+RUDWLXVVHFRQGaQGXOFXFLQVWH
¿QDLQWHGH9HUJLOLXVOLWHUDWXUDODWLQCDDYXW>LDO@LSRH@LHSLFL
SH(QQLXV ?G+JUHFSULQQD>WHUHFDUHDVFULVRHSRSHH
$QQDOH?QFDUHFaQWDLVWRULD5RPHLSH1DHYLXV?G+
FDUHDVFULVWUDJHGLL>LFRPHGLL?QFDUHDWDFCDULVWRFUD@LDURPDQC
GXSC9HUJLOLXXQSRHWHSLFUHPDUFDELODIRVW>L/XFDQG+
QHSRWXO ILORVRIXOXL 6HQHFD HO D VFULV R HSRSHH 3KDUVDOH GHVSUH
OXSWDGLQWUH&DHVDU>L3RPSHL$>DFCLPSHULXOURPDQFDUH>LWUCLD
DSRJHXO?QWLPSXOOXL$XJXVWGHIDSWQXDYHDRHSRSHHQD@LRQDOC
202
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
203
SURIHWXO WURLDQ +HOHQXV $QGURPDFD >L +HOHQXV LDX SULPLW FX
PXOWC EXFXULH SH (QHD >L SHODVJLL OXL ?Q IDSW (QHD IXVHVH
FXPQDWXO $QGURPDFCL SULQ VR@XO HL +HFWRU >L VRUD OXL &UHXVD
SULPDVR@LHDOXL(QHD(LOHDXGDWFHOHGHWUHEXLQ@C>L?QDLQWHGH
GHVSCU@LUH+HOHQXVLDGDWOXL(QHDVIDWXULSUH@LRDVH?QOHJCWXUCFX
FCOCWRULDOXLYLLWRDUHSaQC?Q,WDOLD+HVSHULDDVWIHOHOODVICWXLWVC
QXVHVWDELOHDVFCSHFRDVWDGHHVWD,WDOLHLXQGHVXQWIRDUWHPXO@L
JUHFLOXL(QHD?LHUDGHVWLQDWCFRDVWDGHYHVWFHYDPDLVSUHQRUG
GDUVCQXLDFXPYDGUXPXOVFXUWGLQWUH,WDOLD>L6LFLOLDXQGHVXQW
VWkQFLOH6F\OOD>L&KDU\EGD0HVVLQDGHDVWC]LFLVCIDFCXQGUXP
PDLOXQJGDUPDLVLJXURFROLQG6LFLOLDSHODYHVW'XSCFHDXDWLQV
FRO@XO VXGHVWLF DO ,WDOLHL (QHD D FRQWLQXDW GUXPXO VSUH VXG VXG
YHVW D>D FXP OH VSXVHVH +HOHQXV QXPDL FC DFHVWD QHFXQRVFaQG
H[DFWFDUHHVWHVLWXD@LDGHIDSWD6LFLOLHLQXOHDVSXVSHODVJLORUVC
QX FRERDUH SH @CUPXO VXGLF DO 6LFLOLHL XQGH ORFXLDX &\FORSLL
2EL>QXLW FaQG VH ?QVHUD HL WUCJHDX OD PDO XQGH ?QQRSWDX LDU
GLPLQHD@DSOHFDXPDLGHSDUWH
$>DVD?QWaPSODW>LGHGDWDDVWD3UREDELOFCHLDUILIRVWSULQ>L
>L PaQFD@L GH &\FORSLL OXL 3RO\SKHPXV GDFC QX VH WUH]HDX
GLPLQHD@DIRDUWHGHYUHPH>LGDFCQXDOHUJDODHLXQRP?Q]GUHQ@H
FDUHVCOHVSXQCVCSOHFHLPHGLDWGHOD@CUPFDVCQXFDGC?QPaLQLOH
&\FORSLORUDFHVWRPHUDXQXOGLQWRYDUC>LLOXL8OO\VHOCVDW?QXUPC
QHLQWHQ@LRQDW?QSH>WHUDOXL3RO\SKHPXVFaQG8OO\VH>LRDPHQLLOXL
UHX>LVHUCVCVHHOLEHUH]HGXSCFH8OO\VHUHX>LVHVCO?PEHWH>LVCO
RUEHDVFCSH&\FORS'HDELDVHGHVSULQVHVHUCYDVHOHWUDFXOXL(QHD
GH @CUP FaQG DSCUX 3RO\SKHPXV FDUH VH ?QGUHSWD VSUH DSC VC>L
VSHOHRUELWDJRDOCDX]LQGVXQHWXOORSH@LORUFHORYHDXDSD>LDGDW
VHDPDFCWUHEXLHVCILHQL>WHRDPHQLSHDSURDSH>LDLQWUDW?QDSC
GXSCHLGDUYDVHOHHUDXVXILFLHQWGH?QGHSCUWDWHGHPDO
'HDELDVFCSD@LGHDFHVWSHULFROSHODVJLLDXGDWSHVWHDOWXO>L
PDLJUR]DY-XQRQDFDUH?LXUDSHWURLHQLGHFaQGFXSRYHVWHDFX
3DULVFDUHRSUHIHUDVHSH$IURGLWD>L>WLDFC5RPDYDIL?QWHPHLDWC
GHRDPHQLFXVkQJHWUDFLFWURLDQ>LFCGXSCPXOWHJHQHUD@LLDFHVW
RUD>YDGLVWUXJH&DUWKDJLQDRUD>XOHLFHOPDLGUDJD?QFHUFDWVCL
RSUHDVFC SH SHODVJL GLQ GUXPXO ORU FCWUH ,WDOLD &X DMXWRUXO OXL
$HROXVUHJHOHYaQWXULORUDLVFDWRIXUWXQC?QJUR]LWRDUHvQLQWHQ@LD
204
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
GHDO?QHFDSH(QHD'DU1HSWXQFCUXLDQXLDFRQYHQLWGHORFFD
VRUD VD -XQRQD VC VH DPHVWHFH ?Q WUHEXULOH OXL OD DGPRQHVWDW
VHULRV SH $HROXV FDUH D OLQL>WLW LPHGLDW DSHOH SHUPL@aQG DVWIHO
WURLHQLORUVCWUDJCOD@CUPQXPDLFCGHDVWCGDWCHLHUDXSHFRDVWD
$IULFLLQXGHSDUWHGH&DUWKDJLQD
&DUWKDJLQD IXVHVH IRQGDWC GH R IHPHLH 'LGRQD VDX (OLVVD
ILLFDUHJHOXL7\UXOXL0XWWRVRUDOXL3\JPDOLRQQXVFXOSWRUXOFX
DFFHOD>L QXPH FDUH VD ?QGUCJRVWLW GH *DODWKHD SURSULD OXL
VFXOSWXUC 6R@XO 'LGRQHL 6LFKH IXVHVH XFLV GH 3\JPDOLRQ FDUH
FCXWD VR RPRDUH >L SH HD 'LGRQD D UHX>LW VC IXJC GLQ 7\U FX R
PaQCGHRDPHQL>LDQDYLJDWSH0HGLWHUDQDXQGUXPOXQJSaQCD
DMXQV?QFRO@XOXQHLSHQLQVXOHDIULFDQHXQGHDIRQGDW&DUWKDJLQD
(DHUD?QFCUHJLQDRUD>XOXLHUDIRDUWHIUXPRDVC>LYCGXYC
-XQRQD YC]aQGXO SH (QHD OD XQ SDV GH &DUWKDJLQD >L GH
'LGRQD D SOCQXLW LPHGLDW FXP VCO RSUHDVFC SH WUDFXO (QHD GLQ
GUXPXOVCXVSUH,WDOLDVROX@LDHUDVCO?QFXUFHFX'LGRQD
'DUSODQXO-XQRQHLQXLFRQYHQHDGHORF$IURGLWHLFDUHGRUHD
FD ILXO HL VC QX ?QFHUFH VHQWLPHQWH GHRVHELWH SHQWUX 'LGRQD FL
UHOD@LDOXLFXHDVCVHOLPLWH]HODDWkWFaWVCLIRORVHDVFCOXLVCRE@LQC
GHODHDQXPDLFHHDFHDYHDHOQHYRLH'DUSHQWUXFC'LGRQDOD
UkQGXO HL QX FHGD X>RU XQRU VHQWLPHQWH SUHD DIHFWXRDVH ID@C GH
ECUED@LUHIX]DVHGHMDQHQXPDUDWHFHUHUL?QFCVCWRULHDOHUHJLORUGLQ
UHJLXQH ]HL@D OD WULPLV SH &XSLGRQ VC SXQC SH MCUDWHF LQLPD
'LGRQHLDWXQFLFaQGVHYD?QWaOQLFX(QHD
'LPLQHD@D?QVR@LWGHFUHGLQFLRVXOVCXSULHWHQ$FKDWH(QHDD
SCUCVLWFRUDELD>LDSOHFDW?QUHFXQRD>WHUHFDVC>WLHSHFHWCUaPXUL
HUDX$IURGLWDGHJKL]DWCLD?QWaPSLQDWOHDVSXVXQGHVHDIODX>L
LDVICWXLWVCPHDUJCGLUHFWOD&DUWKDJLQDXQGHUHJLQD'LGRQDPDL
PXOW FD VLJXU ?L YD DMXWD (D LD ?QYCOXLW SH FH GRL ?QWUXQ YDO GH
FHD@C)CUCFDHLVC>WLHFCDXGHYHQLWLQYL]LELOLDXLQWUDW?QFHWDWH
>LDXPHUVSHVWUC]LOHDJORPHUDWHICUCDILYC]X@L&aQGDXDMXQV?Q
ID@DXQXLWHPSOXPRQXPHQWDOSHSHUH@LLFCUXLDHUDXVFXOSWDWHFKLDU
VFHQH GLQ UC]ERLXO SHODVJLF WURLDQ HL VDX RSULW ?Q DGPLUD@LH
7RFPDLDWXQFLVHDSURSLD>L'LGRQDvQVR@LWCGHXQJUXSGHIHPHL
$IURGLWD D ULGLFDW YCOXO FH DVFXQGHD SH (QHD DSCUaQG ?Q ID@D
'LGRQHLGUHSW>LIUXPRV&aQG(QHDLDVSXVFLQHHVWHUHJLQDLD
205
XUDWOXL>LWXWXURURDPHQLORUOXLEXQYHQLW?QRUD>XOHL(DDGDWXQ
VSOHQGLG EDQFKHW ?Q FLQVWHD WURLHQLORU (QHD LD SRYHVWLW ?QWUHDJD
ORU LVWRULH GH OD FCGHUHD 7URLHL SaQC OD VRVLUHD OD &DUWKDJLQD
3HQWUX 'LGRQD HUDX VXILFLHQWH IDSWHOH HURLFH DX]LWH FD VC VH
?QGUCJRVWHDVFCGH(QHDGDU>L&XSLGRQHUDSUH]HQWFDVCIDFLOLWH]H
OXFUXULOH %LQH?Q@HOHV FC 'LGRQD VH ?QGUCJRVWLVH ?Q D>D FKLS ?QFaW
ODICFXWSCUWD>ODFRQGXFHUHDRUD>XOXLLDFRQYLQVSHFRQFHWC@HQLL
HLVCODFFHSWHFDSHXQFRQGXFCWRUVCGHDVHUECUL?QFLQVWHDORU>L
VC RUJDQL]H Y?QCWRUL SHQWUX HL (D QX FHUHD ?Q VFKLPE DOWFHYD
GHFaW GUDJRVWHD WUDFXOXL (QHD $FHVWD HUD DWaW GH PXO@XPLW GH
VFKLPEDUHD OXFUXULORU ?QFaW VH JaQGHD IRDUWH VHULRV VC UCPaQC
GHILQLWLYOD&DUWKDJLQD'DU-XSLWHUQXGRUPHD(OSURPLVHVHILLFHL
OXL $IURGLWD FC (QHD ?>L YD XUPD VRDUWD >L YD FUHD ?Q ,WDOLD XQ
SRSRU FDUH FaQGYD YD VXSXQH >L FRQGXFH OXPHD $>DGDU HO OD
WULPLV SH ]HXO 0HUFXU FX XQ PHVDM ICUC HFKLYRF SHQWUX (QHD
0HUFXUOD?QWaOQLWSH(QHDVLQJXUSOLPEaQGXVHSHPDOXOPCULL
?PEUCFDW?QKDLQHVFXPSH>L?QFLQVFXDUPHDUWLVWLFOXFUDWHWRDWH
GDUXULDOH'LGRQHL
·&aWYHLPDLSLHUGHWLPSXOWCXDLFL?QOX["¨RYRFHVHYHUCOD
RSULW SH ORF (QHD VH ?QWRDUVH >L ]HXO 0HUFXU HUD ?Q ID@D OXL
·&RQGXFCWRUXO FHUXOXL PD WULPLV VC@L VSXQ VC SCUCVH>WL
&DUWKDJLQD >L VC FDX@L UHJDWXO FDUH HVWH GHVWLQXO WCX¨ &X DFHVWH
FXYLQWH ]HXO GLVSCUX OCVaQGXO ?QJaQGXUDW SH (QHD FRQYLQV FC
WUHEXLHVC?QGHSOLQHDVFCRUGLQXOOXL-XSLWHUFRQ>WLHQW?QVCFaWGH
GLILFLOCYDILGHVSCU@LUHDGH'LGRQD(QHD?>LFKHPCRDPHQLL>LOH
RUGRQCVCILHSUHJCWL@LSHQWUXSOHFDUHGDUVCIDFCWRWXO?QVHFUHWFD
VCQXVHDIOH7RWX>L'LGRQDDDIODW>LDWULPLVGXSCHO/D?QFHSXW
'LGRQD D IRVW DPDELOC FX HO >L LD UHDPLQWLW WRW FHHD FH ICFXVH HD
SHQWUXHO>LSHQWUXRDPHQLLOXL(QHD?LUCVSXQVHFCHOQXHVWHRPXO
FDUH VC QHJH WRW ELQHOH SH FDUH OD ICFXW ORU GDU FC HO QX VD
FCVCWRULWFXHD>LFCHVWHOLEHUVRSCUCVHDVFCRULFaQGGRUH>WH>LFC
-XSLWHULDRUGRQDWVCSOHFH>LHOWUHEXLHVCVHVXSXQC'LGRQDD
IXJLW>LVDDVFXQV?QSDODWH[WUHPGH?QGXUHUDWC¿QDFHHD>LVHDUC
WURLHQLLVDX?PEDUFDW>LDXSCUCVLW&DUWKDJLQD'HSHPDUH(QHD
>LDDUXQFDWRXOWLPCSULYLUH?QVSUHRUD>XO?QFDUHWUCLVHIHULFLW>LD
YC]XW ]LGXULOH RUD>XOXL OXPLQDWH GH XQ PDUH IRF ICUC VC >WLH FC
206
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
SULYHD OD UXJXO IXQHUDU DO 'LGRQHL FDUH DX]LQG GH SOHFDUHD OXL
(QHD VD XUFDW SH UXJ >L >LD SURYRFDW VLQJXUC PRDUWHD FX XQ
SXPQDO
&COCWRULDSHPDUHSaQCSHFRDVWDGHYHVWD,WDOLHLDIRVWIRDUWH
SOCFXWC ?Q FRPSDUD@LH FX IXUWXQLOH SULQ FDUH WUHFXVHUC ?QDLQWH
3URIHWXO+HOHQXV?LVSXVHVHOXL(QHDFCLPHGLDWFHDMXQJHvQ,WDOLD
VR FDXWH SH SURIHWHDVD 6LE\O OD SH>WHUD HL GH OD &XPDH R IHPHLH
IRDUWH?Q@HOHDSWCFDUH?LYDSUH]LFHYLLWRUXO>LLYDGDVIDWXUL?QFHHD
FH DUH GH ICFXW (QHD D JCVLWR >L HD LD VSXV FC HO YD WUHEXL VC VH
?QWaOQHDVFC FX WDWCO VCX $QFKLVH FDUH PXULVH FKLDU ?QDLQWH GH
PDUHD IXUWXQC >L GH OD FDUH YD DIOD WRW FH YUHD VC >WLH 6LE\O OD
DYHUWL]DWFCGUXPXO?QOXPHDGHMRVQXYDILX>RUGDUGDFCHO(QHD
HVWHKRWCUaWVC?QWUHSULQGCDFHDVWCFCOCWRULHGLILFLOCHD?OYD?QVR@L
'DUPDL?QWaLHOWUHEXLHVCJCVHDVFC·UDPXUDGHDXU¨ICUCGHFDUH
QX VH SRDWH LQWUD ?Q ,QIHUQ (QHD ?QVR@LW GH $FKDWH D ?QFHSXW
LPHGLDWVCFDXWHUDPXUDGHDXUGDUWRDWHFCXWCULOHORU?QFHOHPDL
GHVH SCGXUL DX GDW JUH> 7RFPDL FaQG DMXQVHVHUC OD GLVSHUDUH D
YC]XW GRXC WXUWXUHOH SCVCULOH $IURGLWHL FDUH ]EXUaQG OLQ VDX
D>H]DWSHUDPXULOHXQXLDUERUHFXIUXQ]HJDOEHQHVWUCOXFLWRDUHQX
GHSDUWHGHODFXO$YHUQXVXQGHHUD>LLQWUDUHDFCWUH,QIHUQ(QHDD
OXDW UDPXUD GH DXU GLQ DUERUHOH FX IUXQ]H JDOEHQH >L D GXVR
6LE\OHL/DFCGHUHDQRS@LLGXSCFHDXVDFULILFDWSDWUXERLQHJUL?Q
FLQVWHD ]HL@HL QRS@LL +HFDWH 6LE\O D LQWUDW ?Q SH>WHUC XUPDWC GH
(QHD &COCWRULD VSUH ,QIHUQ D IRVW ?QWUDGHYCU ?QVSCLPaQWCWRDUH
?QVC FHL GRL DX DMXQV ?Q ILQDO OD MRQF@LXQHD FHORU GRXC UaXUL GLQ
,QIHUQ &RF\WXV >L $FKHURQ XQGH &KDURQ ECWUaQXO EDUFDJLX
WUDQVSRUWDVXIOHWHOHGHSHXQPDOSHFHOCODOW/D?QFHSXW&KDURQ
QXDIRVWGHDFRUGVCLWUDQVSRUWHSHFHLGRLSHVWHUaXVSXQaQGFC
HOWUDQVSRUWDFXEDUFDQXPDLPRU@LQX>LYLL?QVCODYHGHUHDUDPXULL
GHDXUDDFFHSWDWVCLWUHDFCGLQFROR3HPDOXORSXV?LD>WHSWD?QVC
FaLQHOHFXWUHLFDSHWH&HUEHUXVFDUHSC]HDFXVWUC>QLFLHWUHFHUHD
>L QX OCVD SH QLPHQL VC WUHDFC PDL GHSDUWH 'DU 6\ELO SUHJCWLVH
SHQWUX HO R EXFDWC GH SUCMLWXUC FX FDUH WUHFHUHD D IRVW UH]ROYDWC
X>RU&COCWRULDDFRQWLQXDWVXEVHPQXOWHURULLSHFDUHD?QFHUFDWR
(QHDODYHGHUHDWRUWXULORUODFDUHHUDXVXSXVHVXIOHWHOHFHORUFDUH
DYHDXGHLVSC>LWSCFDWHGLQYLD@DORUDQWHULRDUC¿QGUXPDXWUHFXW
207
>LSHOaQJC9DOHD3OaQJHULORUXQGHHUDXQHIHULFL@LL?QGUCJRVWL@LFDUH
VHVLQXFLVHVHUC$LFL(QHDDYC]XWRSH'LGRQD(QHDD?QFHSXWVC
SOaQJCFaQGVDDSURSLDWGHHD·$PIRVWHXFDX]DPRU@LLWDOH"-XU
FCWHDPSCUCVLW?PSRWULYDYRLQ@HLPHOH¨(DQLFLQXLDUCVSXQV>L
QLFLQXODSULYLWUCPaQaQGUHFHFDRVWaQFCGHPDUPXUC(QHDD
IRVW IRDUWH HPR@LRQDW GH DFHDVWC ?QWaOQLUH >L >LD >WHUV PXOW WLPS
ODFULPLOH GXSC FH D SLHUGXWR GLQ YHGHUH ¿Q ILQH DX DMXQV OD R
ELIXUFDUH GH GUXPXUL XQGH (QHD D IRVW VICWXLW GH 6LE\O VC IL[H]H
UDPXUD GH DXU SH ]LGXO FDUH GHOLPLWD FHOH GRXC GUXPXUL GUXPXO
GLQ VWaQJD GXFHD VSUH ,QIHUQ LDU FHO GLQ GUHDSWD VSUH &aPSLLOH
(OL]HHXQGH(QHDXUPDVC>L?QWaOQHDVFCWDWCO$QFKLVH&aPSLLOH
(OL]HH HUDX XQ ORF IRDUWH SOCFXW $LFL ORFXLDX SRH@LL HURLL >L WR@L
FDUH?QYLD@DORUSCPaQWHDQC?>LDMXWDVHUCVHPHQLL3ULQWUHHLHUD>L
$QFKLVH FDUH OD VDOXWDW SH ILXO VCX FX PXOWC EXFXULH $PkQGRL
>LDX>WHUVODFULPLGHIHULFLUHSHQWUXDFHDVWCVWUDQLH?QWaOQLUHGLQWUH
XQPRUW$QFKLVH>LXQYLX(QHDDFCUXLGUDJRVWHSHQWUXWDWCOVCX
IXVHVHDWaWGHSURIXQGC?QFaWVCYLQCSULQWUHPRU@L7DWCO>LILXODX
DYXWPXOWHVC>LVSXQC$QFKLVHODGXVSH(QHDODUaXO/HWKHUaXO
XLWCULLGHSOLQHSHPDOXOFCUXLDD>WHSWDXWR@LFHLFDUHEaQGGLQDSD
UaXOXLXLWDXWRWXOGHVSUHYLD@DORUDQWHULRDUC>LXUPDXVCSRUQHDVFC
R QRXC YLD@C SH SCPaQW $QFKLVH LD DUCWDW ILXOXL VCX SH WR@L
VWUCPR>LL ORU >L SH WR@L XUPD>LL ORU SaQC PXOW GHSDUWH ?Q WLPS
YLLWRULLURPDQLVWCSaQLWRULLOXPLLQXPLQGXLSHILHFDUHXQXOFaWH
XQXO¿QILQDOLDGDWVIDWXULFXPVC>LVWDELOHDVFCHOUH>HGLQ@D?Q
,WDOLD>LFXPVCGHSC>HDVFCWRDWHQHFD]XULOHFDUH?OD>WHSWDX$SRL
VDXGHVSCU@LWGHVWXOGHFDOP>WLLQGFC?QFXUaQGVHYRUUH?QWkOQL
FaQG (QHD YD DMXQJH OD FDSCWXO ]LOHORU VDOH SH SCPaQW (QHD >L
6LE\ODXUHOXDWGUXPXOORU?QDSRLSHSCPaQWXQGHVDXGHVSCU@LW
(QHD ?QWRUFaQGXVH OD FRUDELD OXL $ GRXD ]L GLPLQHD@D (QHD D
?QFHSXW QDYLJD@LD VSUH QRUG ?Q FCXWDUHD SCPaQWXOXL ICJCGXLW
XQGHYDODYCUVDUHD7LEUXOXL?QPDUH
'DU SH (QHD >L SH RDPHQLL OXL ?L D>WHSWDX >L DOWH ?QFHUFCUL
WHULELOHFDX]DORUILLQGWRW-XQRQD(DLDLQFLWDWSHODWLQL>LUXWXOL
SRSRDUHOHFHOHPDLSXWHUQLFHGLQUHJLXQHVCVHRSXQCODD>H]DUHD
SHODVJLORUSHWHULWRULXOORU7RWX>LUHJHOHODWLQLORUSHQXPH/DWLQXV
HUDELQHYRLWRUID@CGHDFH>WLVWUCLQL/DWLQXVIXVHVHSUHYHQLW?QYLV
208
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
GHWDWCOVCX)DXVWXVVCQX>LPCULWHVLQJXUDIDWC/DYLQLDFXQLFLXQ
RPGLQ,WDOLDFLFXXQVWUCLQFHYDVRVLFXUaQG>LFCGLQDFHDVWD
XQLUHVHYDQD>WHRUDVCFDUHYDGRPLQDOXPHD$>DFCDWXQFLFaQG
(QHD D WULPLV R GHOHJD@LH OD UHJHOH /DWLQXV FHUaQG R EXFDWC GH
SCPaQWGHDOXQJXOPCULLSHFDUHHLVCVHD>H]HUHJHOHDIRVWIRDUWH
ELQHYRLWRU FRQYLQV ILLQG FC (QHD HVWH VWUCLQXO FDUH YD IL JLQHUHOH
VCXD>DFXP?LSUH]LVHVHWDWCOVCX)DXVWXV(OSURPLVHWRWVSULMLQXO
>LSULHWHQLDVDLDUOXL(QHD?LWULPLVHYRUECFCHODUHRIDWCRSULWCGH
FHUXUL VC VH PCULWH FX XQ ORFDOQLF FL GRDU FX XQ VWUCLQ RPXO
GHVWLQXOXLIHWHLOXL>LFDUHHVWH(QHD
'DU-XQRQDDLQWHUYHQLWGLQQRX&XDMXWRUXOXQHLDGLQ)XULL
$OHFWR D LQFLWDWR SH UHJLQD $PDWD PDPD /DYLQLHL VC VH RSXQC
FCVCWRULHLILFHLHLFXXQVWUCLQ3HGHDOWCSDUWHODLQFLWDWSHUHJHOH
UXWXOLORU 7XUQXV FDUH HUD FHO PDL VHULRV SUHWHQGHQW OD PaQD
/DYLQLHLVCSRUQHDVFCLPHGLDWXQUC]ERL?PSRWULYDODWLQLORUFDVC
SUHYLQC RULFH ?Q@HOHJHUH ?QWUH ODWLQL >L WURLHQL $OHFWR D UHX>LW VC
FUHH]H>LRDWUHLDVLWXD@LH>LPDLGLILFOC?QGHIDYRDUHDSHODVJLORU
8Q@CUDQORFDOQLFDYHDODFXUWHDOXLXQFHUEWaQCUIUXPRV>LEOaQG
)DWD @CUDQXOXL ?PSRGREHD FRDUQHOH FHUEXOXL FX JKLUODQGH ?O
SLHSWCQD?OVSCOD>LDYHDJULMDOXL¿QWLPSXO]LOHLFHUEXOVHSOLPED
VORERG SH SDML>WL GDU VHDUD YHQHD DFDVC WR@L @CUDQLL GH SULQ
?PSUHMXULPL?OLXEHDX>LOSURWHMDX
)LXOOXL(QHD,8/,8$VFDQLXV?QGHPQDWGH$OHFWRILLQGOD
YaQCWRDUHUCQLPRUWDOFHUEXOFDUHUHX>LWRWX>LVCDMXQJCDFDVCOD
VWCSaQDOXLXQGH>LPXUL$OHFWRDYXJULMCVCUCVSaQGHDVFCLPHGLDW
]YRQXOXFLGHULLIDSWFHDJHQHUDWROXSWC?QWUHORFDOQLFLFDUHYRLDX
VCORPRDUHSH,XOLX>LWUDFLLFDUH?ODSCUDX$FHDVWCYHVWHDDMXQV
OD/DWLXPLPHGLDWGXSCVRVLUHDUHJHOXLUXWXOLORU7XUQXVFXDUPDWD
OXL FDUH VD D>H]DW ?Q ID@D SRU@LORU FHWC@LL 5HJHOH /DWLQXV
?QVSCLPaQWDW GH GHVIC>XUDUHD HYHQLPHQWHORU VH ?QFKLVH ?Q SDODW
OCVaQGOXFUXULOHSHVHDPDVRDUWHL¿QILQDODUPDWDUXWXOLORUVDXQLW
FXFHDDODWLQLORU?PSRWULYDWUDFLORUWURLHQL$FHDVWCDUPDWCXQLWC
HUDFRQGXVCGH7XUQXVFDUHHUDXQVROGDW?QFHUFDW$OCWXULGHHOHUD
0H]HQWLXVIRVWUHJHDOHWUXVFLORUVFCSDWGHIXULDSRSRUXOXLVCX>L
DGCSRVWLWGH7XUQXV$FHVW0H]HQWLXVHUDXQVROGDWLVFXVLWGDUGH
RFUX]LPHQHPDL?QWaOQLWC8QDOWDOLDWHUD&DPLOODUHJLQDYROVJLORU
209
XQ SRSRU GLQ VXGXO /DWLXOXL $FHDVWC &DPLOOD IXVHVH FUHVFXWC >L
DQWUHQDWCGHWDWCOHLVCDOHUJHPDLUHSHGHGHFaWSCVCULOH?Q]ERU>L
VC PaQXLDVFC DUFXO >L VCJH@LOH DWaW GH ELQH ?QFaW GRERUD FHD PDL
LXWH SDVCUH GLQ ]ERU (D HUD ?QVR@LWC GH R PaQC GH UC]ERLQLFL
SULQWUH FDUH HUDX >L PXOWH IHPHL (D ?QVC>L GLVSUH@XLD FCVCWRULD
LXEHD YaQCWRDUHD UC]ERLXO >L OLEHUWDWHD HL ¿Q DFHDVWC VLWXD@LH
SHULFXORDVCSHQWUXWURLHQL7DWCO7LEUX]HXOIOXYLXOXLSHOaQJCFDUH
DYHDX WURLHQLL WDECUD ORU OD YL]LWDW SH (QHD ?Q YLV >L LD VSXV VC
SOHFHLPHGLDW?QVXVXODSHLSaQCODXQRUC>HOQH?QVHPQDWXQGHHUD
UHJH (YDQGUX =HXO 7LEUX LD SURPLV OXL (QHD FC YD JCVL DFROR
DMXWRUXOGHFDUHDUHQHYRLH
'LPLQHD@D (QHD ?PSUHXQC FX Fa@LYD ?QVR@LWRUL D QDYLJDW SH
7LEUX ?Q VXVXO DSHL SaQC OD (YDQGUX GH FDUH DX IRVW SULPL@L FX
PXOWCFCOGXUC2UC>HOXOHUDD>H]DWSHFaWHYDFROLQH?QWUHFDUHHUDX
SDML>WL YHU]L XQGH SC>WHDX RL (QHD D ?Q@HOHV FC FHHD FH HO YHGHD
HUDX ORFXULOH SH FDUH ?QWUXQ YLLWRU ?QGHSCUWDW XUPD VC VH ?QDO@H
WHPSOHOH &DSLWROLXO )RUXO 5RPDQ >L DOWH HGLILFLL (YDQGUX LD
SRYHVWLWOXL(QHDFC?QDLQWHFXPXOWWLPS@DUDHUDVXEVWCSaQLUHD
XQRURDPHQLVCOEDWLFLSaQCFaQGDYHQLW]HXO6DWXUQJRQLWGLQFHU
GHILXOVCX-XSLWHU=HXO6DWXUQDVFKLPEDWWRWXO?QELQHDLQWURGXV
RUGLQH ?Q @DUC >L D GRPQLW FX DWaWD ?Q@HOHSFLXQH MXVWL@LH >L SDFH
?QFaWWLPSXOVCXDUCPDV?QDPLQWLUHDRDPHQLORUFD(SRFDGH$XU
'XSCDFHHDDLFLDXGRPQLWRVHULHGHWLUDQLSaQCDYHQLWHOXQ
H[LODWGLQ*UHFLD>LDQXPHGLQ$UFDGLD(QHDDSHWUHFXWQRDSWHD
?QXPLOXOFRUWDOOXL(YDQGUXSHXQSDWGHIUXQ]H>LDFRSHULWFXR
EODQC GH XUV 'LPLQHD@D (YDQGUX ?L GCGX OXL (QHD VIDWXO SHQWUX
FDUH YHQLVH (O ?L VSXVH FC $UFDGLD HO QXPLVH QRXD VD @DUC GXSC
QXPHOHFHOHLSCUCVLWH?Q*UHFLDHUDXQVWDWVODEFHQXLSXWHDRIHUL
GHFaW XQ DMXWRU QH?QVHPQDW 'DU FHYD PDL ?Q VXVXO 7LEUXOXL SH
PDOXORSXVWUCLDXQSRSRUERJDW>LSXWHUQLFHWUXVFLLDOFCURUUHJH
IXJLWLYHUD?QWDECUDOXL7XUQXV$FHVWIDSWQXPDLHUDVXILFLHQWFD
HWUXVFLLVCLRIHUHDMXWRUOXL(QHDSHQWUXFCHL?OXUDXGHPRDUWHSH
0H]HQWLXV IRVWXO ORU UHJH (YDQGUX VH RIHUL VCL GHD FD DMXWRU SH
XQLFXOVCXILX3DOODVGHDVHPHQLGCGXILHFCUXLDGLQRDPHQLLFDUH
?QVR@HDX SH (QHD FaWH XQ FDO FDUH VCL GXFC FaW PDL UHSHGH OD
HWUXVFL
210
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
211
VXSUDYLH@XLWPXO@LIRDUWHPXO@LDXFC]XW0H]HQWLXVGXSCFH>LD
YC]XWSURSULXOECLDWRPRUaWDFC]XW>LHOFD>LWaQCUXO3DOODVILXO
OXL(YDQGUX?QILQDOLQDPLFLLWUDFLORUWURLHQLVXQWRPRUa@L?QPDVC
/D VIaU>LW 7XUQXV >L (QHD VDX ?QWaOQLW OXSWD DFHDVWD HUD ?QVC
LQHJDOC 3HQWUX 7XUQXV OXSWD FX (QHD HUD ICUC QLFL XQ VHQV FD >L
FaQG DYHD VC VH OXSWH FX XQ VHPL]HX (SRSHHD OXL 9HUJLOLXV VH
WHUPLQCFXXFLGHUHDOXL7XUQXV6XQWHPOCVD@LVCFUHGHPFC(QHD
VDFCVCWRULWFX/DYLQLDGaQGQD>WHUHXQHLUDVHQRLUDVDURPDQC
SXQaQGXLDVWIHOED]HOH
'HDLFLOHJHQGDRULJLQLLGLYLQH>LWURLHQHWUDFLFHDSRSRUXOXL
URPDQ
1RWH
D/HJHQGDVSXQHFC3ULDP>L+HFXEDDXDYXWFRSLL
E'DUGDQXVDIRVWIRQGDWRUXO7URLHL>LVWUCPR>XOGLQDVWLHLUHJDOHGLQ7URLD
F,OXVUHJHOHJHQGDUDO7URLHLPRUPkQWXOOXLVHDIOCvQDIDUD]LGXOXLFHWC@LL
G/DRPHGRQUHJHDO7URLHLWDWCOOXL3ULDP
H$VVDUDFXVIUDWHOHOXL,OXV
I,8/,86$VFDQLXVILXOOXL(QHD>LDO&UHXVHLDGRPQLWFDUHJHDO/DWLXOXLGXSC
WDWCOVCX>LDIRQGDWRUD>XO$OED/RQJD(OHVWHVWUCPR>XOIDPLOLHL-XOLDGLQFDUH
SUHWLQGHD&DHVDUFCVHWUDJH
212
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
'
DFC DFFHSWCP WHRULD FURPR]RPDOC D PLJUD@LHL >L
UCVSaQGLULL UDSLGH D SRSRDUHORU GXSC 0LFKDHO ' /H
0RQLFN 7LPH 0DJD]LQH IHEUXDULH )LJ
RGDWC FX IRUPDUHD >L DSDUL@LD VSH@HL XPDQH DSUR[LPDWLY
?G+ vQVXGHVWXO$IULFLLRPXOSULPLWLYVRVH>WHvQ(XURSDvQMXUXO
DQXOXL?G+RFXSaQGRVXSUDID@CFXSULQVCvQWUH&HKLDGH
DVWC]L FD OLPLWC QRUGLFC >L FRQWLQXaQGXVH SULQ VSD@LXO &DUSDWR
'XQCUHDQSaQCvQ%DOFDQL>LGHDFRORSHIa>LDGHSCPaQWFHXQHD
3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFCGH$VLD0LFC>LFDUHVHYDVFXIXQGDvQ0DUHD
0HGLWHUDQC vQ MXUXO DQXOXL ?G+ OCVaQG vQ ORFXO HL R QRXC
PDUH7UDFLFC(JHH>LRPXO@LPHGHLQVXOH3HQLQVXOD,WDOLFCDIRVW
RFXSDWCPXOWPDLWaU]LXGHFCWUHQRLvQSDWUXHWDSH
VLPSODPLJUDUHVXGYHVWLFCDFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORU
VRVLUHD vQ VSD@LXO LWDOLF D DU\HQLORUFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
DSUR[LPDWLY?G+VXEQXPHOHGHHWUXVFL
UHFXFHULUHD SHQLQVXOHL GH FCWUH UDPDQLL FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
DYaQGFRQGXFCWRUSH·VWUCOXFLWXO§(QHD
UHFXFHULUHD SD>QLFC D LPSHULXOXL URPDQ FX PXWDUHD
FDSLWDOHLOD6DORQLFVXEFRQGXFCWRULLGDFL*DOHUFHO%CWUaQ>L*DOHU
FHO 7aQCU LDU PDL WaU]LX VXE GDFXO &RQVWDQWLQ FHO 0DUH FDUH YD
PXWDGLQQRXFDSLWDODOD&RQVWDQWLQRSRO
2GDWC FX WRSLUHD FDORWHL JODFLDUH FH DFRSHULVH WRDWC (XURSD
H[FHSWaQG VSD@LXO &DUSDWR3RQWLF >L VXGXO 0XQ@LORU 3LULQHL
SRSXOD@LDORFDOCSDOHRHXURSHDQCGLQVSD@LXO&DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ
v>LvQFHSHH[SORUDUHD>LRFXSDUHDWHULWRULLORUGLQMXUSURSLFHYLH@LL
'HODQRLDvQFHSXW(XURSDVCH[LVWH 1XGHSH5LQGLQ*HUPDQLD
QLFL GLQ ED]LQXO 6HQHL GLQ )UDQ@D >L QLFL GH SH 7DPLVD GLQ
$QJOLD 1RL DP GDW QD>WHUH OD FHHD FH VH FKHDPC DVWC]L (XURSD
$VWIHO FC SULPD FXFHULUH D 3HQLQVXOHL ,WDOLFH D DYXW OD vQFHSXW
213
214
)LJ &HDPDLGHYUHPHPLJUD@LHDVSHFLHLXPDQHFDUHD?QFHSXW?QXUPCFXGHDQLGLQ$IULFDYDDWLQJH(XURSD
?QXUPCFXGHDQL?Q%DOFDQLSC>LQGSHIa>LDGHSCPaQWFHOHJDFaQGYD3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFCGH$VLD0LFCFDUHVH
YDVFXIXQGD?Q0DUHD0HGLWHUDQC?G+OCVaQG?QORFXOHLRQRXCPDUH7UDFLFC¥(JHH>LRPXO@LPHGHLQVXOL@H
'XSC7LPH·6HFUHWVRIVWRQHDJH§SYRO1RIHE7LPHPDSE\-RH/HUWRODDQG3DXO-3XJOLHVH
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
DVSHFWXOXQHLVLPSOHPLJUD@LLSD>QLFHILUH>WL0XOWPDLWaU]LXSULQ
MXUXO DQXOXL ?G+ DU\HQLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL RUJDQL]D@L
SROLWLF >L UHOLJLRV ·FLYLOL]DWRUL¨ YRU UHFXFHUL DFHHD>L 3HQLQVXOC
,WDOLFC GH OD IUD@LL ORU $FH>WL ·QRL¨ FXFHULWRUL vL IDF >L DVWC]L SH
LVWRULFLDUKHRORJLOLQJYL>WLLVWRULFLDLDUWHLHWFVCDLECUH@LQHULID@C
GHD[LRPHOHSHFDUHOHSUH]LQWCHWUXVFLLFDUHDXDSCUXWvQ3HQLQVXOD
,WDOLFC vQ DSURSLHUHD DQXOXL ?G+ SHQWUX D GLVSDUH VXE
FXFHULUHDURPDQC$WaWOXPLLDQWLFHFaW>LFHOHLPRGHUQHHWUXVFLL
DU\HQLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL DX DSCUXW FD ·XQ SRSRU VWUDQLX FX R
FLYLOL]D@LH DYDQVDWC FH QX DYHDX QLPLF vQ FRPXQ FX SRSXOD@LLOH
YHFLQH¨5D\PRQG%ORFN (WUXVFLL
+HURGRW OD PLMORFXO VHFROXOXL DO 9OHD ?G+ vL FRQVLGHUD
XUPD>L DL OLGLHQLORU SRSXOD@LH 7UDFLFC 9HUJLOLXV 2YLGLXV >L
+RUDWLXVVXQWFXWR@LLGHDFHHD>LSCUHUHvQWLPSFH1LFRODV)UHUH
VHFROXO DO ;9,,,OHD G+ vL FRQVLGHUD SH HWUXVFL FD ILLQG
FRWURSLWRUL LQGRHXURSHQL FH DX FRERUaW vQ SHQLQVXOC SULQ DQXO
?G+ /LPED HWUXVFLORU QX VH FXQRD>WH ELQH H[LVWaQG vQ
VHQVXODFHVWDRPXO@LPHGHLSRWH]H'DUvQDQXOGRLWLQHUL
GHOD>FRDODIUDQFH]CGLQ$WHQD&RXVLQ>L'XUUEDFNGHVFRSHUCvQ
,QVXOD /HPQRV GLQ 0DUHD (JHH vQ DSURSLHUH GH VDWXO .DPLQD R
VWHOC IXQHUDUC GHFRUDWC >L SXUWaQG R LQVFULS@LH )LJ 3H VWHOD
IXQHUDUC HVWH FLRSOLW SURILOXO XQXL UC]ERLQLF VDX ]HX =DOPR[LV"
vQDUPDWFXRODQFH>LGRXCWH[WHJUDYDWHXQXOvQMXUXOFDSXOXLDOWXO
SHXQDGLQWUHIH@HOHODWHUDOHDOHVWHOHL$FHVWPRQXPHQWSURGXVDO
DUWHL DUKDLFH ORFDOH GDWHD]C GLQ VHFROXO DO 9,,OHD ?G+ GHFL FX
FLUFDGRXCVXWHGHDQLvQDLQWHFDLQVXODVCILHFXFHULWCGHJUHFLvQ
MXU GH ?G+ VXE 7KHPLVWRFOHV GH OD QHDPXO WUDFLF DO
VLQWKLRQLORUDPLQWLW>LvQ,OLDGD
/LWHUHOHVXQW·(WUXVFH¨LDUPRGXOGHVFULHUHHVWHEXVWURIHGRQ
GHODGUHDSWDODVWaQJD>LGHODVWaQJDODGUHDSWD,DUGDFCvQ
5D\PRQG%ORFKvQ$QFLHQW3HRSOHVDQG3ODFHV QXOHJCVLVHQLFLXQ
vQ@HOHVQXDFHOD>LOXFUXQHVSXQH$%XQHVFXvQ 'DFLD6HFUHWC ¿Q
WUDGXFHUHD DFHVWXLD XQXO GLQWUH WH[WH DPLQWH>WH GH IDSWXO FC
=DOPR[LV D WUCLW GH DQL LDU GXKXO DFHVWXLD D IRVW UHvQYLDW >L
DSCUDWGHQRELOLYUHGQLFL'XSCFXPDPPDLVSXVGHPXOWHRUL
vQFRQMXUDWCGHPLVWHUHvQYCOXLWCvQOHJHQGHSUHLVWRULDRPHQLULL>L
vQ VSHFLDO D QRDVWUC HVWH vQFC R PDUH HQLJPC )LHFDUH QRXC
GHVFRSHULUH >WLLQ@LILFC QH VFKLPEC LGHHD GHVSUH WUHFXW &aQG YRP
215
)LJ oQDQXOGRLWLQHULGHOD>FRDODIUDQFH]CGLQ$WHQD&RXVLQ>L'XUUEDFNGHVFRSHUC
?QLQVXOD/HPQRVGLQ0DUHD(JHH?QDSURSLHUHGHVDWXO.DPLQDRVWHOCIXQHUDUC$FHDVWDHVWH
GDWDWCFDDSDU@LQaQGVHFROXOXLDO9,,OHD?G+GHFLFXGHDQL?QDLQWHDFXFHULULLLQVXOHLGH
FCWUHJUHFL¥ VXE7HPLVWRFOH?G+¥GHODWUDFLL6LQWKLRQL1'HQVX>LDQXFRQVLGHUCFHOH
GRXC VFULHUL FD ILLQG SHODVJLFH >L OH WUDGXFH FDP D>D ·,RODLH ECWUaQXO ?Q DFHDVWD ]DFH EROQDY
QLFLRGDWCVCQCWRVIXVHDIRVWLQWHULQDW§1XDFHOD>LOXFUXSRDWHVSXQHGHDQLPDLWaU]LX
5D\PRQG %ORFK ?Q $QFLHQW SHRSOH DQG 3ODFHV $ %XQHVFX ?Q 'DFLD 6HFUHWC QH RIHUC R
WUDGXFHUH PXOW PDL VRILVWLFDWC FRQVLGHUaQG OLWHUHOH HWUXVFH FD >L SUHFHGHQWXO LDU PRGXO
GHVFULHUHEXVWURIHGRQGHODGUHDSWDVSUHVWaQJD>LGHODVWaQJDVSUHGUHDSWD
'XSC5D\PRQG%ORFK·(WUXVFLL§S(GWLLQ@LILFC%XFXUH>WL
216
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
UHQXQ@D OD RSLQLD ·FCUWXUDULORU¨ GLQ (YXO 0HGLX >L QH YRP
UHGHVFRSHUL SH QRL" 3HUVRQDO VXQW IDVFLQDW GH PLVWHUHOH
DQWLFKLWC@LL URPaQH>WL >L VXQW KRWCUaW FD GH FaWH RUL SRW VC ULGLF
YRDOXO QHSCVCULL >L VC SUH]LQW WUHFXWXO D>D FXP FUHG HX FC WUHEXLH
SUH]HQWDWLvQWRUFkQGXQHODHWUXVFLDU\HQLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLVC
QXXLWCPFCGLQDVWLDHWUXVFCD7DUTXLQLORUDFRQGXV5RPDGLQ
SkQCvQ?G+ FkQGXQLQGXVHFXFHOHDOHFDUWDJLQH]LORULDX
RSULW SH JUHFL VC FRORQL]H]H VXGXO ,WDOLHL >L LDX vQYLQV vQ ECWCOLD
QDYDOCGLQ ?G+GHOD $ODWLD0RPHQWXOSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDW
GUHSWDSRJHXDOSXWHULLHWUXVFLORUFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLFDUHGHDWXQFL
DXLQWUDWvQGHFOLQILLQGvQYLQ>LGHJUHFLOD&XQDHvQ*ROIXO1DSOHV
vQDQXO?G+ 5HSXEOLFD5RPDQCYDGLVWUXJHvQWUXQUC]ERLSH
FDUHHXvOQXPHVFIUDWULFLGSH8HLvQ>LSH9ROVLQLvQ?G+
vQDFHVWIHODFHDVWCUDPXUCFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQCHWUXVFLLGLVSCUkQG
'HDOXQJXODDSURDSHGRXCPLOHQLLHLDXUHSUH]HQWDWXQIDFWRUGH
FLYLOL]D@LHvQLQLPD3HQLQVXOHL,WDOLFH>LDXULGLFDWRGLQvQWXQHULFXO
>L EDUEDULD SULPLWLYC 'DU 5RPD FDUH VD HOLEHUDW GH WLUDQLD
HWUXVFLORU FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL D FRQWLQXDW VC H[LVWH VXE LQIOXHQ@D
FXOWXUDOCPR>WHQLWCGHODDFH>WLDSUHOXkQGR>LODUkQGXOHLOCVkQGR
PR>WHQLUH2FFLGHQWXOXL¿QDIDUDPXOWHORUPRQXPHQWHIXQHUDUHD
XQXLDOIDEHWVXUVCEXQCGHLQVSLUD@LHSHQWUXFHOHJUHF>LODWLQVC
YHGHPFHDOWFHYDQHDXPDLOCVDWDFH>WLDU\HQLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
QXPHOH IHPLQLQ 5DPD VH >WLH FC ·$UERUHOH 7UDFLF¨ QXPCUD
SHVWHGHWULEXULXQGHDOCWXULGHJHWRGDFLHUDX>LUDPDQLLFX
IRUPHOH5DPDWKD5DPHWKD5DPXWKD>L5DPWKD
RH[SUHVLH·FODVLFC¨DFODVHLFRQGXFCWRDUHGHDWXQFLVXQCIRDUWH
DURJDQW >L GLQ QHIHULFLUH R PDL vQWkOQLP >L DVWC]L ·FODVD FHORU FH
PXQFHVFQXDUHGUHSWXULFLQXPDLvQGDWRULUL¨
HLFUHGHDXvQPDJL>LULWXDOXULPDJLFHOD3LDFHQ]DVDJCVLWXQ
ILFDW GLQ EURQ] GH RULJLQH HWUXVFC vPSCU@LW vQ GH VHFWRDUH
ILHFDUHGLQWUHHOHDYkQGXQQXPHGHGLYLQLWDWH)LJ
'DUVCQHRSULPDLFLFXHWUXVFLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL>LVCYHGHP
FLQHDXIRVWURPDQLL"$PVCvQFHSFXELQHFXQRVFXWDOHJHQGCD
JHPHQLORU5RPXOXV>L5HPXVILLDLYLUJLQHL5KHD6LOYD5KHD6LOYD
ILLFD QXPLWRUXOXL GH $OED /RQJD IDPLOLD $OED /RQJD D IRVW
vQWHPHLDWC GH WUDFXO UDPDQ VWUCOXFLWRUXO (QHD SULQ FCVCWRULD FX
ILLFDXQXLUHJHORFDO/DYLQLDILLQGYHVWDOCvQ7HPSOXOOXL0DUWH
UCPkQHD>DGLQWURGDWCJUDYLGCFX]HXO0DUWH'HIDSWQHDP
217
)LJ )LFDWHWUXVFGHEURQ]JCVLWOD3LDFHQ]D?PSCU@LW?QGHVHFWRDUHILHFDUHGLQHOH
DYaQGXQQXPHGHGLYLQLWDWH
218
)LJ &DVCHWUXVFCDFRSHULWCGHVLPEROXUL>L?QYCOXLWCGHPLVWLFLVP
)LJVXQWUHSURGXVHGXSC(WUXVFDQHV,WDO\/RYHUVRI/LIH
219
REL>QXLW FX PLQXQL GH IHOXO DFHVWD HVWH VXILFLHQW VC QH DPLQWLP
OHJHQGD JHWRGDFLFC D OXL 0LULDP 0DPD )ORULORU GH 0CU FDUH D
UCPDVJUDYLGCWRW·GLQVHQLQ¨FXRUD]CGHVRDUHQCVFkQGSHFHL
GRL=DOPR[LVIUDWH>LVRUCHWF
5HYHQLQG OD OHJHQGD QRDVWUC XQFKLXO 6LOYHL $PXOLXV QD
FUH]XWR >L D DUXQFDWR vQ WHPQL@C RUGRQkQG XFLGHUHD FHORU GRL
SUXQFLJHPHQL8QVXIOHWPLORVvLYDSXQHvQWUXQFR>>LvLYDOCVDVC
SOXWHDVFCSHDSD7LEUXOXLGHXQGHOHJHQGDVSXQHYRUILSHVFXL@L
>LXOWHULRUKUCQL@LGHROXSRDLFC5HYHQLQGODOHJHQGDJHWRGDFCFHL
GRLJHPHQL=DOPR[LVDXIRVWDGRSWD@LGHQRELOXO$LVHSRV3CVWRUXO
>LGHVR@LDOXL%ULWR/DJLV'LYLQD/XSRDLFD
&URQLFDUL URPDQL DL DFHORU WLPSXUL DX PCUWXULVLW FC OHJHQGD
URPDQCFXOXSRDLFDDIRVWSUHOXDWCGHODWUDFL'DUVCUHYHQLPOD
DGHYCUDWDRULJLQHDURPDQLORU
2OWLQD$OWLQD/DWLQD/DWLXP
&XPLLGHDQLvQDLQWHGHFXFHULUHDDGLQWHULWRULXO'DFLHL
GH FCWUH URPDQL VXE FRQGXFHUHD ·VWUCEXQXOXL¨ 7UDLDQ 12,
FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLL WUDFLL FXFHULVHP GHMD 3HQLQVXOD ,WDOLFC
9HUJLOLXVR>WLDDWXQFLGHPXOWGDUQRLFHLGHD]L%$8UPHOHORU
DOH FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLORU DX UCPDV SULQ ORFXULOH SH XQGH HL DX
HPLJUDWGLQDFWXDOD2OWLQD@LQXWGLQ]RQD'REURJHLGHD]L$OWLQD
vQVHDPQC ·PCUH@LH¨ ·IHULFLUH¨ vQ OLPED JHWRGDFLORU D>D]LVD
·ODWLQCYXOJDUC¨
8Q JUXS GH HPLJUDQ@L WUDFRJH@L DYkQGXO vQ IUXQWH SH
6WUCOXFLWRUXO (QHD ¥ WUDF UDPDQ ¥ DX SCUCVLW QXFOHXO FDUSDWR
GXQCUHDQ DMXQJkQG SkQC vQ FHQWUXO 3HQLQVXOHL ,WDOLFH QXPLQG
ORFXO /DWLQD /DWLXP /LPED ORU VH YD QXPL /DWLQD /LPED
0CUH@LHL /LPED )HULFLULL 'HD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL ·FHUFHWCWRUL GH
IUXQWH¨ VDX FC]QLW >L vQFC R PDL IDF VC JCVHDVFC R DOWC RULJLQH
SHQWUXDFH>WLODWLQLGDUGDFC9HUJLOLXVUHFXQR>WHDRULJLQHDWUDFCD
SRSRUXOXL URPDQ >L>L IRORVHD LPDJLQD@LD vQ DO SXQH SH (QHD vQ
IUXQWHDHSRSHLLIRUPCULLSRSRUXOXLODWLQSXUWkQGX>LHURXOWUDFGH
OD UXLQHOH vQ IOCFCUL DOH 7URLHL SkQC SH 9DOHD 7LEUXOXL VC YHGHP
FDUHHVWHSCUHUHDDOWRUDGHVSUHDFHDVWCFCOCWRULH*KHRUJKH0XVX
vQOXFUDUHD·'LQPLWRORJLDWUDFLORU¨9LFWRU.HUQEDFKvQ ·0LWXULOH
HVHQ@LDOH¨ 0DQIUHG 2SSHUPDQQ vQ D VD ·7UDFLL vQWUH $UFXO
220
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
221
UHvQILLQ@DW ,PSHULXO 'DFLD 0DUH GDFLL GHYHQLQG GLQ QRX VWCSkQLL
OXPLL &kQWHFHOH >L FROLQGHOH SRSXODUH vO PDL RPDJLD]C >L D]L SH
/HU?PSCUDWXOGDFLORU
6FULLWRUXO (XVHELX VSXQH FC GXSC FH *DOHULXV D VFKLPEDW
QXPHOH ,PSHULXOXL 5RPDQ vQ ,PSHULXO 'DFLF D GDW >L DUPDWHORU
VDOHvQFCGHODvQFHSXWYHFKLXOGUDSHODOGDFLORUDUSHOH*QRVWLF
OXFUDWGLQDUDPCSLHOHVDXFKLDUVWRICSULQVvQSR]L@LHRUL]RQWDOC
SHXQEDVWRQGHFRUQGXSCSURI'XPLWUX%COD>DvQ,VWRULD'DFR
5RPkQLHL (O VD GHFODUDW FHO PDL PDUH GX>PDQ DO QXPHOXL GH
5RPDQ)RQWHV,,>LDPXWDWFDSLWDODOD7HVDORQLF/DFWDQLXV
XQ FURQLFDU URPDQ QRWD vQ G+ FC *DOHU FHO %CWUkQ HVWH ·R
ILDUC FX WRWXO VWUCLQC GH VkQJHOH GH 5RPDQ¨ )RQWHV ,,
5HDOLWDWHD HUD FC WRDWC DUPDWD DYHD RIL@HUL FRQGXFCWRUL >L VROGD@L
GDFL &UHGLQ@D vQ =DOPR[LV >L vQ QHPXULUH vL ICFHD DSURDSH GH
QHvQYLQV 'XSC YLFWRULD vPSRWULYD SHU>LORU VH ULGLFC ·$UFXO GH
7ULXPI¨ GH OD 6DORQLF 0RQXPHQWXO D IRVW UHDOL]DW GLQ PDUPXUC
DOECFXVFXOSWXULvQEDVRUHOLHIGHVSUHFDUHDFHOD>L1LHOV+DQQHVWDG
DILUPD FC HVWH ·FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW GLQWUH PRQXPHQWHOH WHWUDUKLFH
SCVWUDWH¨ FRQVHPQkQG SHQWUX HWHUQLWDWH WULXPIXO GDFLORU vQ
vQWUHDJDOXPHDQWLFCRULHQWDOC>LRFFLGHQWDOC
¿Q DQXO /HU ,PSCUDW vQDLQWH VC PRDUC GLQ FDX]D XQHL
LQIHF@LL YD GD GHFUHWXO GH /,%(5n 35$&7,&n $ &8/78/8,
&5(7,1¿LYRUXUPDODWURQFHLGRLQHSR@L*DOHUFHO7kQCULDU
PDL DSRL &RQVWDQWLQ FHO 0DUH $FHVWD GLQ XUPC YD UHFRQVWUXL
SRGXOGHSHVWH'XQCUHICFXWLQL@LDOGHVWUCEXQXOVCX%XUHELVWD
(O PXWC FDSLWDOD OD &RQVWDQWLQRSROH LDU SULQ (GLFWXO GH OD
0LODQR GLQ G+ FUH>WLQLVPXO GHYLQH REOLJDWRULX DFHVW IDSW
EXFXUkQGRPXOWSH(OHQDPDPDQRXOXLvPSCUDW(OULGLFCXQ$UF
GH WULXPI OD 5RPD SH FDUH GDFRUDPDQLL VXQW SUH]HQ@L SULQ RSW
VWDWXLGHSHVWHWUHLPHWULvQCO@LPHUHSUH]HQWkQGFRPDQGDQ@LGDFL
&HOH GRXC DUFXUL GH WULXPI SUHFXP >L FHL WUHL vPSCUD@L GDFL
PHQ@LRQD@L JORULILFC SHQWUX HWHUQLWDWH YLFWRULLOH GDFLORU ·5RPDQLL
DXIRVWYHFKLL5DPDQLFHGHVFLQGHDXGLQYHFKHDJLQWCGDFLFCLDU
UC]ERDLHOH GLQWUH 'DFL >L 5RPDQL QX DX IRVW QLPLF DOWFHYD GHFkW
UC]ERDLHIUDWULFLGH¨
3UHRW'XPLWUX%COD>D
222
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
CUCERIREA ANATOLIEI
DE C`TRE CARPATO-DUN`RENI
$
QDWROLD )LJ ]RQD FHQWUDOC D 7XUFLHL GH DVWC]L
PCUJLQLWC OD QRUG GH 0DUHD 1HDJUC OD VXG GH 0XQ@LL
7DXUXV FDUH FRERDUC OLQ SkQC vQ 0DUHD 0HGLWHUDQC FHL
GHVSDUWHGHLQVXOD&LSUXLDUODHVWDFHLD>LPXQ@LDL7DXUXOXLFHVH
vPSOkQWCvQQRUGvQPDVLYXO0XQ@LORU3RQWLFL)OXYLXO(XIUDWv>LDUH
RULJLQHDvQDSURSLHUHLDUFHYDPDLODHVW7LJUXO¥HOHYRUGHOLPLWD
0HVRSRWDPLD)LJ
¿QDQXOXQDUKHRORJ>LH[SORUDWRUIUDQFH]&KDUOHV)HOL[
0DULH 7H[LHU D SRUQLWR GHD FXUPH]L>XO 7XUFLHL SkQC vQ FHQWUXO
$QDWROLHL FX YLVXO VC GHVFRSHUH UXLQHOH XQXL FHQWUX URPDQ QXPLW
7DYLXP3HVWHWRWHOvQWUHEDORFDOQLFLLGDFCDXYC]XWQL>WHUXLQHVDX
]LGXULGHIRUWLILFD@LL¿QWUXQWkU]LXDMXQJkQGvQWUXQVCWXOH@QXPLW
DVWC]L %R]KD]NDOH FDP OD GH PLOH OD HVW GH $QNDUD DFROR
IUDQFH]XO 7H[LHU vQWkOQH>WH XQ VCWHDQ GRULWRU VCL DUDWH FHYD
GHRVHELW
'XSCXQGUXPOXQJGHSHVWHRRUCSHSRWHFLUCVXFLWHDMXQJH
FD vQWUR JDOHULH QDWXUDOC GH SH DOH FCUHL ]LGXUL vO SULYHD R
SURFHVLXQH GH GH ILJXUL VFXOSWDWH XQHOH FCUkQG VCELL FXUEH
GDFLFH ¥ QD DO@LL SXUWkQG FRURDQH FRQLFH SHVWH WRW DIOkQGXVH
WRWIHOXOGHKLHURJOLIH'HIDSWORFDOQLFLLvLVSXQHDX·<D]LOLND\¨VDX
·VWkQFLOHFXLQVFULS@LL¨)UDQFH]XO7H[LHUGHVFRSHUHDDWXQFLvQDQXO
GH IDSW FDSLWDOD XQXL SRSRU SLHUGXW SULQ QHJXULOH LVWRULHL
KLWWL@LL(OUHGHVFRSHUCICUCVC>WLHXQ,PSHULX&DUSDWR'DQXELDQ
XLWDW GH LVWRULH >L WRWRGDWC FDSLWDOD DFHVWXLD +DWWXVKD 5XLQHOH
QHvQJURSDWHVXEQLVLSXULSCPkQWXULRULMXQJOHFDvQDOWHSCU@LDOH
OXPLLHUDXGRDUFUCSDWH>LUXLQDWHGHvQJKH@XULYkQWXUL>LSORLFDUH
vQ ILQDO QH IDF VC QH DPLQWLP GH FLQHYD FDUH VSXQHD FC vQ QDWXUC
QLPLFQXVHSLHUGHQLPLFQXVHFk>WLJCFLWRWXOVHWUDQVIRUPC
223
)LJ $QDWROLD]RQDFHQWUDOCD7XUFLHLGHD]LXQIRVW,PSHULX&DUSDWR'DQXELDQoQYHFLQCWDWH
HVWLFCD$QDWROLHLVHJCVH>WHVSD@LXOGLQWUHGRXCFHOHEUHIOXYLL7LJUX>L(XIUDWXQGHYD?QIORULFLYLOL]D@
VXPHULDQCGHDVHPHQHDFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC>LPHVRSRWDPLDQC
224
225
0DLWUHF>DVHDQLSkQCVRVH>WHSHDFHOHD>LPHOHDJXULFCOFkQG
SH XUPHOH SD>LORU OXL 7H[LHU 6LU :LOOLDP +DPLOWRQ FDUH
FRQWHPSOkQG PLQXQC@LLOH ·URPDQH¨ GHFLGH VC OH GHVHQH]H 'DU
ILHFDUHSHULRDGCLVWRULFCv>LDUHYLVCWRULL>LLJQRUDQ@LLHL+DPLOWRQ
>L DL OXL FRODERUDWRUL >WLLQG FC ·SCULQWHOH LVWRULHL¨ +HURGRW VH
QCVFXVHWRWvQ$QDWROLDOD+DOLFDUQDVv>LvQFKLSXLDXFC$QDWROLDD
IRVW QXPDL SCPkQWXO JUHFLORU UHJLORU SHUVDQL PDFHGRQHQLORU
FXFHULWRUL >L FKLDU DO %L]DQ@XOXL FXP OD IHO DVWC]L vQ 5RPkQLD
·LVWRULFLL¨EXQLFROHJLDLOXL+DPLOWRQFRQWLQXCVCSURSRYCGXLDVFC
RULJLQHD QRDVWUC URPDQC XLWkQG FC QRL FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL DP
FXFHULWGHSDWUXRUL3HQLQVXOD,WDOLFCLDUUC]ERLXOURPDQRGDFQX
DIRVWQLPLFDOWFHYDGHFkWXQUC]ERLIUDWULFLG'HVFLIUDUHDWCEOL@HORU
GHOXWDLQVFULS@LLORUGHSHVWkQFLDUIDFHFDOHJHQGHOH>LHQLJPHOH
VCQXQHPDLGRPLQHWUHFXWXOLDUWXUEXOHQWHOHUHOD@LLDOHKLWWL@LORU
FXHJLSWHQLLVCQHDSDUCvQWURDOWCOXPLQC
6RVLUHD JUHFLORU ?G+ vQ SDWUX KRDUGH LRQLHQL
GRULHQL HROLHQL >L DKHL SH FRDVWD YHVWLFC D $QDWROLHL D>DQXPLWD
$VLH0LFC>LVWDELOLUHDFRORQLLORUDFHVWRUDSHPDOXO0CULL7UDFLFH
DVWC]L FXQRVFXWC FD 0DUHD (JHH QX YD LQIOXHQ@D FHQWUXO
$QDWROLHL XQGH GXSC FXP QH VSXQH 'DOH $OEURZQ vQ ·$QDWROLD
FDXOGURQRIFXOWXUHV¨ ODS·$IRVWGRPLQDWCSHQWUXFkWHYDVXWH
GHDQLGHRIHGHUD@LHWULEDOCRULJLQDUCGLQ%DOFDQLIULJLHQLLDOFCUHL
UHJH0LGDVDUCPDVvQOHJHQGHSHQWUXRSXOHQ@DFDSLWDOHLDFHVWHLD
*RUGLRQ¨ /D QXPDL Fk@LYD NLORPHWUL HVW GH $QDWROLD XQ DOW
LPSHULX D vQIORULW FD VC GLVSDUC UHJDWXO 8UDUWX UCPkQkQG >L HO
SLHUGXWvQJURDSDXLWCULL>LDLVWRULHL
=ECWkQGXVHvQWUHJUHFLLGHSHPDOXULOH0CULL7UDFLFH(JHH>L
IULJLHQLXQDOWUHJDWWUDFLFVDQCVFXWFHODOO\GLHQLORU3ULQVHFROXO
9, ?G+ $QDWROLD VXIHUC R DOWC LQYD]LH FHD D FLPPHULHQLORU WRW
WUDFLODRULJLQH>LFDUHGXSCXQUC]ERLIUDWULFLGvLVOCEHVFSHIULJLHQL
>L O\GLHQL vQWLQ]kQGX>L SXWHUHD SHVWH FHQWUXO $QDWROLHL SkQC OD
0DUHD7UDFLORUGRPLQkQG>LXQHOHGLQFRORQLLOHJUHFH>WL
'DU$QDWROLHLQRURFXOQXLVXUkGH¿Q?G+UHJHOHSHUVDQ
&\UXV FHO 0DUH VRVH>WH vPSCU@LQG $QDWROLD vQ SURYLQFLL QXPLWH
VDWUDSH 6XFFHVRUXO OXL PDL SX@LQ QRURFRV vO YD vQWkOQL SH WUDFXO
PDFHGRQHDQ$OH[DQGUXFDUHvQDQXO?G+WUDYHUVHD]C(XURSD
226
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
227
)LJ oQ$QDWROLD·VHYHGHDGXEOX§SXWHPVSXQH>LDVWDVHGDWRUDSUHGLOHF@LHLHYLGHQWH
SHVFXOSWXUL>LEDVRUHOLHIXULSHQWUXFUHDWXULFXGRXCFDSHWH
9XOWXUXO KLWWLWFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQ FX GRXC FDSHWH XQXO SULYLQG VSUH $SXV DOWXO VSUH
5CVCULW LGHH FH YD IL ·?PSUXPXWDWC§ PDL WaU]LX GH %L]DQ@ 5XVLD 3RORQLD ,PSHULXO
$XVWUR8QJDU&HKLD>LFLQHPDL>WLHGHFLQH
228
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
229
)LJ &UXFHD 3HODVJLFC VLPERO DO YLH@LL YH>QLFH OD FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL FHD PDL YHFKH D IRVW
JCVLWCSHWHULWRULXOGDFLFVXGGXQCUHDQ?Q%XOJDULDGHD]LDYaQGRYHFKLPHGHGHDQLR
JCVLP >L OD KLWWL@LLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL $FHVW VLPERO YD IL SUHOXDW >L HO GH QL>WH LUHVSRQVDELOL >L
WUDQVIRUPDW ?QWUXQ VLPERO DO LQWROHUDQ@HL FUX]LPLL >L VCOECWLFLHL >L DVWD ?QWUR OXPH D>D]LV
FLYLOL]DWC
)LJDXIRVWOXDWHGLQ$QDWROLD&DXOGURQRIFXOWXUHV/RVWFLYLOL]DWLRQV (GLWRUVRI7LPH/LIH%RRNV
$OH[DQGULD9LUJLQLD
230
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
231
)LJ $UKHRORJLDQXVHPDLSUDFWLFCD]LFDDFXPGHDQL·WUHLFXVDSDGRLFXPDSD>LXQXO
FX URDED§ GHFaW DWXQFL FaQG QX YUHL DOWIHO $]L VH IRUPHD]C R HFKLSC PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUC VH
IRORVHVF GHWHFWRDUH VRQLFH >L FKLDU VDWHOL@L 3RDWH FC HVWH PDL ELQH SHQWUX 5RPaQLD FC VH
D>WHDSWCRDVWIHOGHWHKQRORJLHSRDWHQX
232
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
GA-RAMANII CARPATO-DUN`RENI,
CUCERITORI AI AFRICII DE NORD
&
CWUDFLLDXIRVWGDFLQHDVSXVR>L'LR&DVVLXVLDUIDSWXOFC
GDFLLJH@LLUDPDQLLODWLQLLEHVLQLLPHWDOXUJL>WLLDQWLFKLWC@LL
ICFHDX SDUWH GLQ DFHHD>L PDUH IDPLOLH WUDFRGDFC QX PDL
UHSUH]LQWCQLFLXQVHFUHWSHQWUXQLPHQL
0DL SX@LQ FXQRVFXWC HVWH H[SOR]LD UCVSaQGLULL DFHVWRUD
·URLUHD¨UC]ERLQLFLORUFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL?QOXPHDDQWLFC$VLD0LFC
HUDSRSXODWCGH5DPDQLFHWDWHD5DPD?QFDUH,URGDWCLDW
GH SUXQFL HVWH HYRFDWC >L ?Q VFULSWXUL *ODV ?Q 5DPD VD DX]LW
SOaQJHUH>LWaQJXLUHPXOWC0DWHLFDS,,RULUDPDQLLWURLHQL
HWFoQYHFKLOHWH[WHHJLSWHQHVHPHQ@LRQHD]CVRVLUHDGLQ$VLD0LFC
?Q MXUXO DQXOXL ?G+ D XQXL SRSRU DO FCUXL RELHFWLY D IRVW
FXFHULUHD(JLSWXOXL$FH>WLDDXFXFHULW?QILQDOQRUGXO$IULFLL]RQD
FDUHDVWC]LHVWHSDUWHGLQGH>HUWXO6DKDUD
8QDUKHRORJLWDOLDQ6DOYDWRUH$XULJHPPDIDFHRGHVFRSHULUH
FLXGDWC?QDQXO6CSaQGODUXLQHOHXQHLYLOHURPDQH?QVCWXFXO
OLELDQ =OLWHQ OD GH NLORPHWUL GLVWDQ@C GH YHFKLXO RUD> URPDQ
/HSWLV0DJQDHOGHVFRSHUCXQPR]DLFURPDQSHFDUHVSUHQRURFXO
QRVWUX?OIRWRJUDILD]CVSXQVSUHQRURFXOQRVWUXGHRDUHFH?QWLPSXO
SULPXOXLUC]ERLPRQGLDOPR]DLFXODIRVWGLVWUXV6FHQDGLQPR]DLF
UHSUH]LQWCXQWaQDUDOEFDXFD]LDQVIa>LDW?QEXFC@LGHXQOHRSDUG
'RXCDOWHYLFWLPHOHJDWHGHPaLQL>LGHSLFLRDUH?>LD>WHDSWCVRDUWD
$FH>WLSUL]RQLHULFXSLHOHDUR]DXULHSCUGUHSWOXQJQDVXULDFYLOLQH
>L ECUEL VFXUWH DX IRVW LGHQWLILFD@L FD ILLQG JDUDPDQL SRSRU FH D
FRQGXV)H]]DQXOSDUWHD6DKDUHLFHVH?QWLQGHODQRUGGH0XQ@LL
+RJJDU&LQHDXIRVWDFH>WLJDUDPDQLFRQVWLWXLHXQXOGLQWUHPDULOH
PLVWHUHDOH6DKDUHL+HURGRWODPLMORFXOVHFROXOXLDO9OHD?G+ ?L
QXPHD R PDUH QD@LXQH RDPHQL FDUH LDX ?PSLQV SH QHJULL
·WURJORGL@L WUCLQG ?Q SH>WHUL¨ OD R SDUWH oQ 6DKDUD SUREDELO PDL
SX@LQDULGC?QDFHOHWLPSXULPDLSRWIL?QWaOQLWH>L?Q]LOHOHQRDVWUH
VWaQFL>LSLHWURDLHSLFWDWHGHJDUDPDQL
233
234
)LJ oQDQXOH[SORUDWRUXOIUDQFH]+HQUL/KRWHGHVFULHRVHULHGHVWaQFLSLFWDWHVXSHUE?Q6DKDUD$VWIHO
SXWHPYHGHDYaQCWRUL>LSCVWRULDOEL>LQHJULFaW>LFLUH]LGHYDFLFXQL>WHFRDUQHOXQJLSCVFaQGSHYCLOHIHUWLOH>L
DEXQGaQG?QYHJHWD@LHDOH6DKDUHL
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
235
VWaQFLOH 6DKDUHL GLQ 0XQ@LL +RJJDU >L $MMHU DUCWaQG YaQCWRUL
DOHUJaQGFXDUFXUL?QPaLQLRULIHUPLHULFXFLUH]LGHYDFLIHPHL>L
FRSLLRDPHQLDOEL>LQHJUL?PSUHXQCRYLD@CH[RWLFCDIULFDQC?Q
6DKDUD YH]L $IULFDªV *ORULRXV /HJDF\ SDJLQLOH 7LPH/LIH
%RRNV$OH[DQGULD9$
1X OLSVHVF GLQ GHVHQH QLFL HOHIDQ@LL JLUDIHOH JD]HOHOH OHLL >L
FKLDUKLSRSRWDPLL?Q6DKDUD"DQLPDOHFHWUCLHVF?QVDYDQH?Q
DSURSLHUHDXQRUVXUVHDEXQGHQWHGHDSC8QLLFRQVLGHUCFCDXWRULL
SLFWXULORU DX IRVW SUL]RQLHUL DL JDUDPDQLORU FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
QD FXFHULWRUL 2ULFDUH DU IL H[SOLFD@LD HL JDUDPDQLL FDUSDWR
GXQCUHQLDXFUHDW>LXQVLVWHPGHLULJD@LLGHVFRSHULW?QWUH*DUDPD
FDSLWDOD JDUDPDQLORU >L RD]D *KDW 5KDSVD GH PDL WaU]LX
*DUDPDGHYHQLWCXOWHULRU*HUPDVDVFXIXQGDW?QQLVLS&DQDOHOH
QXPLWH·)RJJDUDV¨VH?QWLQGSHGLVWDQ@HGHNP6DGHVFRSHULW
RUH@HDGHGH·IRJJDUDV¨FRQVWLWXLWH?QWURUH@HDGHSHVWHNP
GH WXQHOH 0RGXO ?Q FDUH DFHVW VLVWHP GH LULJD@LH D IXQF@LRQDW
FRQWLQXCVCILHXQPLVWHU1XVH>WLHQLFLSaQC?Q]LXDGHDVWC]LGDFC
DSDHUDDGXVCGLQUH]HUYRDUHDUWLILFLDOHVDXGLQVXUVHVXEWHUDQH
$UKHRORJXO IUDQFH] 3LHUUH %HODLU FHO FDUH D GHVFRSHULW
FDQDOHOH ?Q QX D SXWXW SUHFL]D GDFC DFHVW VLVWHP GH LULJD@LL
LQGLFDH[LVWHQ@DXQHLSRSXOD@LLQXPHURDVHoQDSURSLHUHDFDSLWDOHL
*DUDPDVDXJCVLWSHVWHGHPRUPLQWHGLQWUHFDUH
VXQWPLFLFLUFXODUH2SDUWHGLQWUHVFKHOHWHOHH[FDYDWHGHDLFLDX
FDUDFWHULVLWLFOH UDVHL DOEH FHOHODOWH DSDU@LQaQG UDVHL QHJURLGH
VXEMXJDWH3HVWHWRWSULQGH>HUWVHJCVHVFRUD>H?QUXLQCIRUWLILFD@LL
>L VFULHUL QHGHVFLIUDWH GDU PDMRULWDWHD VXQW ·VLJLODWH¨ VXE QLVLS
D>WHSWaQGX>LGH]OHJDUHD1XDPJCVLWQLFLXQVWXGLXFURPR]RPDO
WLS ·3&5¨ FRQWLQXCP VC FXQRD>WHP SUHD SX@LQ GHVSUH DFH>WL JD
UDPDQLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
6C IL IRVW RDUH WRW HL FDYDOHULD FH OD ?QVR@LW SH +DQQLEDO OD
WUHFHUHD$OSLORU>LFDUH?Q?G+DUHIX]DWVCOXSWH?PSRWULYD
IUD@LORUURPDQLFDX]aQG?QIUaQJHUHDOXL+DQQLEDO"3UREDELOFCJD
UDPDQLL DX IRVW FXFHUL@L GH WUXSHOH URPDQH FDUH GXSC ]GURELUHD
&DUWDJLQHL DX FXFHULW QRUGXO $IULFLL (VWH PXOW PDL SUREDELO FD
DFH>WLDVCILGHYHQLWDOLD@LDLIUD@LORUURPDQLGXSCFXPQHVSXQH>L
5XSHUW )XUQHDX[ ?Q 7KH *DUDPDQWHV $QFHVWRUV RI 0RGHUQ
7XDUHJV" OD SDJLQD (L DX FRQWULEXLW ?Q DFHVW IHO OD FRQWUROXO
GUXPXOXL FDUDYDQHORU DGXFaQG OD 5RPD ERJD@LLOH $IULFLL ILOGH>
DXU SHQH GH VWUX@ VFODYL >L DQLPDOH VCOEDWLFH SHQWUX FLUFXUL
236
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
$UPDWHOHURPDQHDXSHQHWUDW?QDGaQFLPH6DKDUDGHWUHLRUL
?Q ?G+ GXSC FXP QH VSXQH 3OLQLXV FHO %CWUaQ &RUQHOLXV
%DOEXV D WULXPIDW DWLQJaQG VH SDUH >L FDSLWDOD JDUDPDQLORU
*DUDPDFHVHJCVHDODFLUFDNPGHFRDVWCoQDQXOG+?Q
XUPD XQXL DWDF DO JDUDPDQLORU DVXSUD ORFDOLWC@LL /HSWLV 0DJQD
DWDF LOXVWUDW SUREDELO ?Q PR]DLFXO GHVFULV GH $XULJHPPD
6HSWLPXV )ODFFXV D SHWUHFXW OXQL ?Q GH>HUW DMXQJaQG SaQCQ
0XQ@LL7LEHVW(ODIRVWXUPDW?QDQXOG+GH-XOLXV0DWHUQXV
3CWUXQGHUHDURPDQLORU?Q6DKDUDODLQWULJDWSH+HQUL/KRWH
FDUHYRUEH>WHGHVSUHWUDYHUVDUHD6DKDUHLGHFCWUHJDUDPDQL?QFDUH
GH OXSWC GH OD )H]]DQ OD IOXYLXO 1LJHU &RUQHOLXV %DOEXV VSXQH
3OLQLXV D DMXQV SaQC OD ·'DVL %DUL¨ VH SURQXQ@C ·GDFL EDUL¨
DVWC]LFXQRVFXWGUHSWUaXO1LJHUSHFDUHORFDOQLFLL?OPDLQXPHVF
>L,VDQXPHIRDUWHDSURSLDWGH7LVDDYaQGVHPQLILFD@LDGH·UaX¨
FaQG LPSHULXO URPDQ DMXQJH ?PSCUC@LD FHORU GRL /HUL *DOHU FHO
%CWUaQ G+ >L *DOHU FHO 7aQCU G+ DPaQGRL GDFL
&UH>WLQLVPXOQXDIRVWLQWHU]LV>L?QDFHVWIHODMXQJH>LODJDUDPDQL
,DUFaQG?QG+GDFXOQCVFXW?QFRPXQD1L>GHYLQH?PSCUDW
XUPaQGXL SH FHL GRL /HUL (O &RQVWDQWLQ FHO 0DUH LQVWLWXLH
FUH>WLQLVPXO FD UHOLJLH RILFLDOC D LPSHULXOXL *DUDPDQLL R
?PEUC@L>HD]C >L HL $UDELL ?QVC QXL YRU LHUWD FRQIRUP UHODWCULORU
LVWRULFXOXL DUDE ,EQ .KDOGRXQ (O GHVFULH ?Q +LVWRU\ RI WKH
&RQTXHVW RI (JLSW FXP 2NED FRQGXFCWRUXO DUPDWHL DUDEH
DMXQJaQG OD )H]]DQ ?Q ID@D FDSLWDOHL DFHVWXLD *DUDPD *HUPD
SURPLWHSDFH?QVCQX?>L@LQHSURPLVLXQHD
&H VD ?QWaPSODW FX JDUDPDQLL FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL DOELL FDUH
FaQGYD FRQWURODX 6DKDUD HVWH JUHX GH VSXV 8QLL FRQVLGHUC FC
WXDUHJLL GLQ +RJJDU >L $LU 0RXQWDLQV DU IL GHVFHQGHQ@L DL ORU
$FHDVWC WHRULH QX HVWH FRPSOHW DFFHSWDWC GDU QLFL UHVSLQVC
ZHEPDVWHU#NHQLFRP3aQCODVIaU>LWXOVHFROXOXLDO;,;OHDHLDX
IRVW VXE DGPLQLVWUD@LH IUDQFH]C WXDUHJLL ILLQG QXPL@L ·VWCSaQL DL
GH>HUWXOXL¨ /RUGV RI WKH GHVHUW FRQGXFCWRUL DEVROX@L DL
FDUDYDQHORU GH OD )H]]DQ OD 1LJHU (L VXQW FRPSOHW GLIHUL@L GH
FHLODO@L RDPHQL DL GH>HUWXOXL /D HL ECUED@LL WUHEXLH VC>L DFRSHUH
ID@D >L QX IHPHLOH IDSW FH FRQVWLWXLH XQ PLVWHU FKLDU >L SHQWUX HL
&XORDUHDIH@HLORUHVWHDUCPLHVXQW?QDO@L?QWLPSFHEHUEHULLDUDELL
DXSLHOHD?QWXQHFDWC>LVXQWGHVWDWXUCPXOWPDLPLFC
7XDUHJLLDX>LDOWHSDUWLFXODULWC@L>LDXSCVWUDWOLPED7DPDVK
(TVCILHRDUHRDOX]LHODYHFKHD]HLWDWHYHGLFCFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC
237
7DPDVKYH]L7DPDVK)DOCXGHOaQJC%UD>RY>LVFULHUHDSURSULH
7LILQDJKSHFDUHDXXLWDWVRFLWHDVFC
6RFLHWDWHDWXDUHJLORUHUDGLYL]DWCSaQCQXGHPXOW?QFODVH
FHDDQRELOLORU
DFRQGXFCWRULORUGHFCPLOH>LQHJXVWRULORU
D VFODYLORU QHJUL QX FXPYD VH DVHDPCQC FX FHD D DU\HQLORU
FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLFDUHDXFXFHULW,QGLD"
)HPHLOHVXQWWUDWDWHFXPXOWUHVSHFW>LVWLPCFKLDULGRODWUL]DWH
SULQFRPSDUD@LHFXFXOWXOPXVXOPDQ([LVWCRSRYHVWHFDUHSDUH
DVXV@LQHOHJCWXUDDFHVWRUWXDUHJLFXJDUDPDQLLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL
&RQIRUP XQHL OHJHQGH WXDUHJH XQXO GLQWUH VWUCPR>LL ORU UHJLQD
7LHQ+LQDQH D IRVW ?QJURSDWC ?QWUXQ PDXVROHX GH SLDWUC OaQJC
$EDOHVVDODVXGXOPXQ@LORU+RJJDU8QDUKHRORJDPDWRUIUDQFH]
SRUQLQG GH OD DFHDVWC OHJHQGC D GHVFRSHULW ?Q DQXO XQ
PDXVROHXGLQSLDWUCFRPSXVGLQFDPHUH>LWXQHOXULDLFCURUSHUH@L
HUDX GHFRUD@L FX VHPQH >L LQVFULS@LL LQGHVFLIUDELOH 6DX JCVLW
GRXCVSUH]HFH VFKHOHWH GXSC WRDWH DSDUHQ@HOH DSDU@LQaQG XQRU
QRELOLFHDX?QVR@LWRSHUHJLQCSHXOWLPXOHLGUXP
/D DSURDSH GRL NLORPHWUL PDL GHSDUWH VD JCVLW >L R FDPHUC
FHQWUDOCSHDFCUHLSRGHDHUDD>H]DWXQSDWDVHPCQCWRUFHORUJCVLWH
?Q UXLQHOH &DUWDJLQHL oQWUXQ FRO@ DO FDPHUHL VH DIOD XQ YDV FX
LQVLJQD?PSCUDWXOXL&RQVWDQWLQFHO0DUHLDUVFKHOHWXOGLQFDPHUC
DSDU@LQaQGXQHLIHPHLHUD?PSRGRELWFXXQFROLHUGLQDXUPDVLY
DYaQG FD SDQGDQWLY R FROXPQC LDU OD ?QFKHLHWXULOH PaLQLORU FX
EUC@CUL GH DXU 'U /HEODQF GH OD )DFXOWDWHD GH 0HGLFLQC D
8QLYHUVLWC@LLGLQ$OJHU?QXUPDH[DPLQCULLDWHQWHDVFKHOHWXOXLD
GHFODUDWFCDFHVWDDUILDSDU@LQXWXQHLIHPHLGHUDVCDOEC6HFUHGH
FC UHJLQD 7LHQ+LQDQH DU IL PXULW ?Q VHFROXO DO ,9OHD G+
,GHQWLILFDUHD VFKHOHWXOXL FD DSDU@LQaQG XQHL ·IHPHL DOEH¨ OD
LQVSLUDWSHQXYHOLVWXO%HQRLW?QUHDOL]DUHDQXYHOHL$QWLQHDQXPH
DWULEXLWGH3ODWRQUHJLQHL$WODQWLGHL$FHDVWCSRYHVWHURPDQWLFCVH
ED]HD]C SH UHODWCULOH OXL +HURGRW FDUH D GHVFULV XQ WULE QRUG
DIULFDQ QXPLW $7/$7(6 LDU FRQWLQHQWXO SLHUGXW HUD SODVDW ?Q
6DKDUDGXSCSURI%HUOLRX[GHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ/\RQ
3HUVRQDO QX YCG FH PL>FCUL WHFWRQLFH DU IL SXWXW DYHD ORF ?Q
6DKDUDFDUHVCGLVWUXJCSaQCODGLVSDUL@LHIDEXORDVD$WODQWLGDSHVWH
QRDSWH 3RDWH QXPDL R H[SOR]LH GH WLS QXFOHDU $>D FC SRYHVWHD
VFULLWRUXOXLIUDQFH]%HQRLWUCPaQHRSRYHVWHFHOSX@LQSaQCD]L
238
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
CUCERIREA JAPONIEI
DE C`TRE POPORUL
CARPATO-DUN`REAN
&
aQG vQ YDUD DQXOXL FCOCWRUHDP SULQ LQVXOHOH 0CULL
7UDFLFH(JHHvQSULQFLSDOILLQGLQWHUHVDWGHPLFX@DLQVXOC
6DQWRULQL vL VSXQHDP FROHJXOXL >L SULHWHQXOXL PHX
'U HUEDQ &RFLRED FC VXQWHP SH XUPHOH ·0DUHOXL ,PSHULX
3HODVJLF¨
6DQWRULQL DUH R FDUDFWHULVWLFC XQLFC SCVWUHD]C VXE FHQX>D
YXOFDQLFC R FLYLOL]D@LH FDUH D GLVSCUXW FX GH DQL vQDLQWHD
VRVLULLJUHFLORUGLQHVWXO0CULL&DVSLFH ?G+vQSDWUX
YDOXULDKHLLRQLHQLGRULHQL>LHROLHQL
$PUHJCVLWDFRORSHRDPIRUCPDLvQDOWCGHXQPHWUXVSLUDOD
GDFLFC SHODVJLFC LDU SH R IUHVFC ·6RDUHOH OXL $OH[DQGUX
0DFHGRQ¨FUHDWFXFkWHYDPLLGHDQLvQDLQWHGHQD>WHUHDDFHVWXLD
¿QWUHDFCWILHVSXVJUHFLLv>LDGMXGHFCDFHVWVLPEROvQOXSWDSROLWLFC
vPSRWULYD QRLL 5HSXEOLFL 0DFHGRQLD 'XSC FXP DP VSXV
vQWRWGHDXQD LVWRULD HVWH ·FLXGDWC¨ >L GHSLQGH GH FLQH R VFULH >L
SHQWUXFLQH
9RUEHDP FX HUEDQ vQWUR QRDSWH IUXPRDVC GHVSUH LVWRULD
QHDPXOXL L LDP VSXV GH FDUWHD OXL 9 *RUGRQ &KLOGH 7KH
+LVWRU\RI&LYLOL]DWLRQ¥7KH$U\DQVFDUHODSDJLQLOHDUH
RKDUWC)LJDUCVSkQGLULLSRSRUXOXLSURWRHXURSHDQDU\DQ
FDUSDWRGDQXELDQSHODVJLFRULFXPYUH@LVCQHQXPLPGLQ]RQD
&DUSD@L1LVWUX%DOFDQL vQ 0HVRSRWDPLD 3HUVLD 6XGXO &KLQHL
,QGLD+LPDOD\D>LSkQCvQLQVXOHOH-DSRQLHLGHD]L'U&RFLRED
D UHDF@LRQDW LPHGLDW FX UkVXO OXL GH ·ERQ KRPPH¨ >L
VSRQWDQHLWDWHD FDUHO FDUDFWHUL]HD]C UHSOLFkQG ·+DL PCL 0LN\
WHDPvQ@HOHVFkQGDLVFULVFCQRLQXVXQWHPXUPD>LL5RPHLFLHL
239
240
241
)LJ 3HXQXO
GLQ]LGXULOH
LQWHULRDUHDOH
XQHLFDVH
FKLDUDSURDSH
GHX>CDIRVW
SLFWDWCVFHQD
OXSWHLGLQWUH
GRLWLQHUL
ORFXLWRULDL
7HUHL
6DQWRULQL
5HSUH]LQWCGH
IDSWFHDPDL
YHFKHLPDJLQH
DGRLER[HUL
3CUXOORUHVWH
VRILVWLFDW
DUDQMDW
GRYHGLQG
UDILQDPHQW
0XO@L?L
FRQVLGHUCSH
YHFKLLORFXLWRUL
DL7HUHLFD
ILLQGDFHL
DWODQ]L
GHVFUL>LGH
3ODWRQFDUHYRUGLVSDUH?QXUPDHUXS@LHLYXOFDQLFH&HHVWHFLXGDWQXVDXJCVLWUHVWXUL
RPHQH>WLDFRSHULWHGHODYDYXOFDQLFCFDOD3RPSHLGHH[HPSOXGRYHGLQGFCDXSXWXWSCUCVL
ORFXULOH?QWLPS8QGHVDXGXVHLUCVSaQGLQGX>LFXOWXUDUCPaQHGHGHGXV
242
)LJ
·'RDPQD§
GHSHXQXO
GLQWUHSHUH@LL
SLFWD@LDIRVW
JCVLWC?Q
D>D]LVD
·&DVD
'RDPQHORU§
HVWHGH
PCULPH
QDWXUDOC
DYaQGXQSCU
QHJUXIRDUWH
VRILVWLFDW
VWUaQVVXE
XQ
DFRSHUCPaQW
DOEDVWUX
OCVaQGWRWX>L
VCLFDGCSH
IUXQWHR
>XYL@CUHEHOC
LDUODVSDWHR
·FRDGCGHFDO§LQJHQLRV>LHOHJDQWDUDQMDWC&HUFHLLGHDXU>LEX]HOHUXMDWHWH?PSLHGLFCVC
JaQGH>WLFCDFHDVWDHUDPRGDDWXQFLOD·DWODQWH§DFXPPDLELQHGHGHDQLoPLSDUH
UCXFCVSD@LXOQXPLSHUPLWHVCYCDUCW>LDOWH·IUXPRDVH§DOHDFHORUYUHPXUL.LPRQRXOSH
FDUHOSRDUWCDUHSDUWHDGHVXVDSURDSHLGHQWLFCFXKDLQDOXL0LUFHDFHO%CWUaQYH]L)LJ
'XSC7KH:DOOSDLQWLQJRI7KHUD$OH[ &KULVWRV'RXPDV7KH7KHUD)RXQGDWLRQ$WKHQV
243
VXQW DL QR>WUL WHDP vQ@HOHV >L WH VXSRUW vQ LGHHD FC QRL VXQWHP
SULPLL RDPHQL GLQ (XURSD SURWRHXURSHQLL FLYLOL]D@LH
SUHVXPHULDQCFDPLQYDGDW$VLD¥&DXFD]XO&KLQD>LPDLWkU]LX
,QGLD ¥ FDP FXFHULW (JLSWXO >L 0HVRSRWDPLD PDP REL>QXLW >L
FX DFHVWHD GDU FDP FXFHULW >L -DSRQLD"¨ 'LVFX@LLOH DX
FRQWLQXDWSkQCVHDUDWkU]LXSHWHUDVD·9XOFDQLF9LOOD9LHZ¨GLQ
6DQWRULQLXQGH0DUHD7UDFLFC(JHHGLQD]XULHVHWUDQVIRUPDVH
vQUR>LHSHQWUXRVFXUWCSHULRDGCGHWLPSLDUPDLDSRLGXSCFH
DvQJKL@LWVRDUHOHVCGHYLQCPDLQHDJUCGHFkWODYDYXOFDQXOXLGLQ
DSURSLHUHUCFLWCGHPLL>LPLLGHDQLvQWLPSFHFHUXOVHDFRSHUHD
FX PLL >L PLOLRDQH GH IHOLQDUH PLFX@H >L VWUCOXFLWRDUH JDOEHQH
YHU]XL
¿Q ILQDO SDU@LDO FRQYLQV SULHWHQXO HUEDQ vPL VSXQH ·'DFC
YHL VFULH GHVSUH LQYD]LD -DSRQLHL GH FCWUH QRL YH]L VC QX DIOH >L
JXYHUQXO ORU¨ $>D FC YC URJ >L SH GXPQHDYRDVWUC VC SCVWUD@L
·VHFUHWXO¨ ¿Q DQXO DSDUH OD %DUQHV 1REOH FDUWHD 7KH
$U\DQV >LQLPLFQXPD>RFDWPDLPXOWGHFkWDFHDKDUWCFDUHVLWXD
VSD@LXO &DUSDWR1LVWUX3RQWLF FD FHO DO RULJLQLL HXURSHQLORU >L DO
FXOWXULORUOXPLL)DSWXOFCDFHLDULHQLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLDXIRUPDWR
SXWHUQLFCGLQDVWLHvQ0HVRSRWDPLDvQ ?G+DXFXFHULWDSRL
3HUVLD $QDWROLD $VLD ,QGLD ¦ UCVSkQGLQGX>L OLPED UHOLJLD >L
FXOWXUD SkQC vQ +LPDOD\D QXPL HUD QHFXQRVFXW ¦ GDU FC DX
FXFHULW-DSRQLD"
$>DFCDPSRUQLWVCFHUFHWH]SUHLVWRULD-DSRQLHL>LYCODVSH
GXPQHDYRDVWUC VC MXGHFD@L &kQG \D\RLLL VWUCEXQLL MDSRQH]LORU
GHD]LDXVRVLWvQ-DSRQLDvQDQXOG+IRDUWHWkU]LXvQLVWRULH
GXSC FXP YHGH@L HL DX JCVLW R SRSXOD@LH EC>WLQD>C DOEC EORQGC
ECUERDVC SH FDUH DX QXPLWR ·HPLVKL¨ vQVHPQkQG ·ECUER>L¨
$FH>WLDvQVCVHFKHPDX·DLQX¨FXYkQWFXVHPQLILFD@LDGH·RP¨vQ
SURQXQ@LDORUVHPCQkQGFX·DRPX¨ILLQGDWXQFLVLPSOLYkQCWRUL>L
SHVFDUL (L VH QXPHDX ·RDPHQL¨ OD IHO FD >L FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL
DU\HQL FDUH LQYDGDVHUC ,QGLD >L VH vQFKLQDX ]HXOXL YHGLF ·20¨
$FH>WL·RDPHQL¨FXPOHSODFHVCVHQXPHDVFCVXQWFRQVLGHUD@LD]L
XUPD>LL FDXFD]LHQLORU ¥ FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLDULHQL FDUH DX LQYDGDW
LQVXOHOHD>D]LVHMDSRQH]HDFXPGHDQL ?G+LPHGLDW
244
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
GXSCFXFHULUHD,QGLHLFaQGHLWHUPLQDVHUCGHMDFXFHULUHD&KLQHLGH
D]L 3kQC QX GHPXOW FKLQH]LL VH PkQGUHDX FX ·VWUCPR>LL¨ ORU ¥
PXPLLOHGHVFRSHULWHOD7DULP%DVLQ'DUVHSDUHFCVHPkQGUHDX
FX VWUCPR>LL ·QR>WUL¨ $SDUL@LD PD>LQLORU GH ·3&5¨ 3RO\PHUL]H
&KDLQ5HDFWLRQGLVSR]LWLYHFDSDELOHVCFLWHDVFC>LVCLQWHUSUHWH]H
UCPC>L@HFURPR]RPLDOHDPSUHQWHOCVDWHvQ$'1XOPLWRFRQGULDO
DX SURGXV VXUSUL]H ·LVWRULFH¨ >L DUKHRORJLFH $VWIHO FHUFHWkQG
PXPLLOHGLQYHVWXO&KLQHLGHOD7DULP%DVLQUHYLVWD$UFKDHRORJ\
¥ 86$ ¥ 0DUFK$SULO UH]XOWDWHOH DX DWHVWDW RULJLQHD ORU
HXURSHDQC >L LQWHUUHOD@LD ORU FX WRFKDU\HQLL 6XUSUL]H VXUSUL]H
VXUSUL]H
¿Q VIkU>LW VC QH vQWRDUFHP OD FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL DLQX GLQ
-DSRQLD(LDXIRVWIRU@D@LGHFCWUHQCYCOLWRULL\D\RLVCVHUHWUDJCGLQ
FH vQ FH PDL VSUH QRUG SH PCVXUC FH SRQGHUHD GHPRJUDILFC D
DFHVWRUDDGHYHQLWFRYkU>LWRDUH
8QPHPRULXSUH]HQWDWvPSCUDWXOXLvQDQXOG+VHUHIHUC
OD FKHOWXLHOLOH PDUL FDX]DWH GH OXSWD FRQWLQXC FX ·DLQX§
PHQ@LRQkQGFC·DLQXVHVWUkQJvQJUXSXULPDULFDIXUQLFLOHSHQWUX
FDDSRLVCGLVSDUCSUHFXPSCVCULOH¨3RSXOD@LDDLQXvPSLQVCVSUH
LQVXOHOH IULJXURDVH +RNNDLGR >L 6DNKDOLQ >LD SCVWUDW
LQGHSHQGHQ@D SkQC vQ DQXO FkQG MDSRQH]LL VDX KRWCUkW VCL
RFXSH SHQWUX ·DL SURWHMD GH DJUHVLXQHD UXVHDVFC¨ 3kQC QX
GHPXOW QX D LQWHUHVDW SH QLPHQL RULJLQHD DFHVWRU ECUER>L EORQ]L
DLQX1XVDXICFXWFHUFHWCULFURPR]RPDOH¥3&5SHQWUXFCQLPHQL
QXDIRVWLQWHUHVDWVCFKHOWXLDVFCVXPDGHGHGRODULSHQWUX
DDIODDGHYCUXOLDUVWDWXOMDSRQH]GHD]LSUHIHUCVCLLJQRUHFKLDU>L
DVWDVSUHELQHOHLVWRULHLORU
$QWURSRORJXO DPHULFDQ &DUOHWRQ &RRQ vL FRQVLGHUC SH
FDXFD]LHQLLVRVL@LvQXUPCFXGHDQLFDDYkQGDFHHD>LRULJLQH
FXFHLFHDXRFXSDWLQVXOHOH.XULOH>L$OHXWLQHGHYHQLQGQLFLPDL
PXOW QLFL PDL SX@LQ GHFkW SULPLL GHVFRSHULWRUL DL $PHULFLL
ED]LQXO IOXYLXOXL $PXU >L 0DQFLXULD $O@LL vL FRQVLGHUC SH DFH>WL
DLQX FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL FXP OH VSXQ HX FD ILLQG FHL FDUH DX
PLJUDWSHVWHWRDWC$VLDFDXFD]LHQLLFDUHDXVRVLWvQ0RQJROLDGH
D]L >L WUHFkQG SHVWH VWUkPWRDUHD %HKULQJ VH UCVSkQGHVF SH
245
WHULWRULXOFHORUGRXC$PHULFLWHRULHVXV@LQXWCGHGHVFRSHULUHDvQ
SHFRDVWD(FXDGRUXOXLDXQRUYDVHFHUDPLFHDVHPCQCWRDUH
FXFHOHDLQX
'H FH QX FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL DULHQLL SHODVJLL DLQX RUL FXP
YUH@L VCL QXPL@L SH DFH>WL VWUCPR>L DL QR>WUL VC QX ILH DFHLD>L
VXJHUD@LGH·/HJHQGD2PXOXL$OE¨·%CUERVXOEORQG¨FDUHDVRVLW
vQ0H[LF>L3HUXFDPvQDFHHD>LSHULRDGCFXGHDQLvQXUPC
$SDUHQW >L FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL DLQX DWXQFL FkQG DX LQYDGDW
-DSRQLDDXvQWkOQLWRSRSXOD@LHFXQRVFXWCGUHSW·&XOWXUD-RPRQ¨
GHVSUH FDUH PCUWXULLOH VXQW VSRUDGLFH >L LQFRPSOHWH ,]JRQL@L GH
\D\RLLLYHQL@LGHSULQ&RUHHDvQMXUXODQXOXLG+DLQXDXIRVW
vPSUC>WLD@L GHFLPD@L VDX PDL FRUHFW VSXV ·DVLPLOD@L¨ MDSRQH]LL
DGXFkQGX>LFXPDUHGLILFXOWDWHDPLQWHGHVSUH·DFHLRDPHQLDOEL¨
SH FDUH LDX JCVLW vQ LQVXOHOH RFXSDWH DFXP GH HL $SUR[LPDWLY
GHDLQXPDLWUCLHVF>LvQ]LXDGHD]LvQPLFLVCWXFXULGHSH
FRDVWHOH LQVXOHL +RNNDLGR GDU ·LQWHUHVXO >WLLQ@LILF¨ vQ FHHD FH
SULYH>WHRULJLQHDDFHVWRUDQXH[LVWC>LVHSDUHFCQXSDVLRQHD]CSH
QLPHQL
$]LVHFRQVLGHUCFCLQVXOHOH-DSRQLHLDXIRVWGHVFRSHULWHGLQ
?QWaPSODUH GH WUHL PDULQDUL SRUWXJKH]L FDUH DX DWLQV FRDVWD
LQVXOHL .\XVKX ?Q $FH>WL PDULQDUL UCWCFL@L QX VXQW SULPLL
HXURSHQLFDUHDXDMXQV?Q-DSRQLDD>DFXPQLVHVSXQHHURQDW?Q
FCU@LOH GH LVWRULH &X PXOWH PLL GH DQL ?QDLQWHD ORU QRL FDUSDWR
GDQXELHQLL DP GHVFRSHULW LQYDGDW >L SRSXODW DFHVWH LQVXOH
6RVLUHD ?Q D LH]XLWXOXL )UDQFLV ;DYLHU FDUH YD LPSODQWD R
FUXFHSHSCPaQWXO·QRXGHVFRSHULW§QXYDDYHDDFHOD>LVXFFHVFD
?Q$PHULFDGH6XGFUH>WLQLVPXOQXDUHX>LW?QDFHVWHLQVXOHSRDWH
>LGLQFDX]DLQWHUHVXOXLSUDFWLFPLQRUSHFDUH?OSUH]HQWDXODDFHO
PRPHQW-DSRQH]LLDXIRVW>LDXUCPDV>LD]LXQSRSRUIRDUWHUDVLVW
?QFKLVWD@L ?Q FDVWHOH ORU VRFLDOH 3UHMXGLVPXO QD@LRQDO ?PSRWULYD
RDPHQLORU DLQX GHYLQH WRWDO ULGLFXO >L FD VC YC GDX XQ H[HPSOX
XQXOGLQWUHFRQGXFCWRULLUHFHQ@LDLSRSXOD@LHLDLQXHVWH6KL*HUX
<R6DQR FDUH VD OXSWDW DSURDSH GH DQL FX R FRPSDQLH GH
FRQVWUXF@LLMDSRQH]CFDUHYRLDVCFRQVWUXLDVFCXQGLJGLVWUXJaQG
DVWIHOXQUaXVDFUXDORDPHQLORUDLQXGLQWUXQVCWXOH@GLQLQVXOD
246
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
+RNNDLGR &aQG ?Q VIaU>LW D UHX>LW VC DGXFC ?Q ID@D &XU@LL DFHD
FRPSDQLH GH FRQVWUXF@LL FDUH DSDU@LQHD JXYHUQXOXL MXGHFCWRUXO
>L&XUWHDDXUHIX]DWVCDFFHSWHFCDUH[LVWDDFHDVWCSRSXOD@LHDLQX
YH]L S GLQ FDUWHD OXL 3DWULFN 6PLWK -DSDQ D
UHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ -DSRQH]LL VXQW XQ JUXS HWQLF FH DSDU@LQH UDVHL
PRQJRORLGH (L ?L QXPHVF SH WR@L FDUH QX OH DSDU@LQ FD UDVC
·JDLMLQ§$FHDVWDVDUWUDGXFH JDL ¥GHDIDUCLDU MLQ ¥SHUVRDQC(L
ELQHHLQLFLRGDWCQXLDXQXPLWDVWIHOSHFRUHHQLRULFKLQH]LGDU
SHDLQXGD3ULJRDQD?PSRWULYDSRSXOD@LHLDLQXDDWLQVPD[LPXO?Q
DQXOFaQGDXIRVW?PSLQ>LFXVCOECWLFLH?QQRUGXOIULJXURV>L
QHSULPLWRU DO +RQVKXXOXL >L +RNNDLGROXL $]L DLQX WUCLHVF
L]ROD@L ?Q VCWXFXULOH ORU ]ECWaQGXVH VC>L SCVWUH]H LGHQWLWDWHD
OLPED GXSC FXP QH VSXQH DFHOD>L 3DWULFN 6PLWK 6RDUWD ORU QH
DPLQWH>WH GH DFHHD D QDWLYLORU DPHULFDQL FDUH VH SLHUG WUHSWDW
·QDWXUDO§SULQUH]HUYD@LLOHGLQ6WDWHOH8QLWH-DSRQH]LLREL>QXL@L?L
FRQVLGHUCSHRDPHQLLDLQXQLPLFDOWFHYDGHFaWXQSDUFGHDWUDF@LL
&HL XLPH>WH FHO PDL PXOW SH DFH>WLD VXQW FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH IL]LFH
GHRVHELWHGHHLILJXUDGLVWLQVC>LFL]HODWCXQLLGLQHLDYaQGFKLDU
RFKLLDOED>WUL
¿QFHSkQG GLQ VHFROXO ;,; G+ RDPHQLL DLQX DX DGRSWDW
YHVWLPHQWD@LD WUDGL@LRQDOC MDSRQH]C /LPED ORU QX D IRVW VWXGLDWC
ILLQG FRQVLGHUDWC GH ·FHUFHWCWRULL¨ MDSRQH]L ·GH QHFODVLILFDW¨ 6C
VSHUCPFCvQWUREXQC]LXQ·20¨XQXUPD>DODFHVWRUFDUSDWR
GDQXELHQL YD DYHD VLWXD@LD PDWHULDOC >L GRULQ@D >WLLQ@LILFC VC
FKHOWXLDVFCQL>WHPLLGHGRODULSHQWUXDIDFHDFHOWHVWGHDUKHRORJLH
PROHFXODUC¥3&5¥GHFRQILUPDUHDDPSUHQWHLJHQHWLFH·JHQHWLF
EOXHSULQW¨DDFHVWRUD
'DFCDVWC]LPD>LQDGH3&5FRVWCFkWHYDPLLGHGRODUL>LDUH
PCULPHDXQXLFXSWRUFXPLFURXQGHVHSUHFRQL]HD]CFDvQYLLWRUXO
DSURSLDWPCULPHDXQXLDVHPHQHDDSDUDWVCQXRGHSC>HDVFCSHFHD
DXQXL·SDOPWRSFRPSXWHU§FRPSXWHUFHSRDWHIL@LQXWvQSDOPC
$FHVW OXFUX DU SHUPLWH WUDQVSRUWDUHD VD OD ORFXULOH GH FHUFHWDUH
LQIRUPD@LLOH FXOHVH SXWkQG IL DSRL DQDOL]DWH FX DMXWRUXO
FRPSXWHUHORU VSHFLDOL]DWH FH FRPSDUC GDWHOH LQWURGXVH FX PLL GH
DOWH DPSUHQWH JHQHWLFH PLWRFRQGULDOH VSHFLILFH GLIHULWHORU UDVH >L
247
FLYLOL]D@LL 9C VSXQ WRDWH DFHVWHD SHQWUX D YC vQWUHGHVFKLGH R X>C
VSUHYLLWRUXODSURSLDWDODUKHRORJLHLPRGHUQH
$>D FC 2DPHQLORU DLQX FDUSDWRGXQCUHQL PDL DYH@L GH
D>WHSWDWGDFCQXYH@LGLVSCUHDSkQCFkQGFLQHYDYDILLQWHUHVDWGH
FLYLOL]D@LDYRDVWUCDQRDVWUC
248
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
CUCERIREA SUMERULUI
(IRAKULUI)
de C`tre carpato-dun`reni
'HODQRLDvQFHSXWVFULVXO
$
FHLD>L SHODVJL DULHQL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL QX QXPDL FC DX
FXFHULW WRDWC (XURSD >L DX SRSXODWR GDU VDX ULVLSLW VSUH
5CVCULW SCWUXQ]kQG SULQ QRUGYHVWXO &KLQHL YH]L PXPLLOH
GH OD 7DULP %DVVLQ FRQWLQXkQGX>L GUXPXO SkQC vQ LQVXOHOH
-DSRQLHL RUL FRERUkQG vQ VXGXO $VLHL >L FXFHULQG ,QGLD YH]L
PCFHOXOGHOD0RKHQGMR+DUDSSD)DSWXOFCDXFXFHULW$QDWROLD
YH]L SRSRUXO KLWWLW $VLD 0LFC UDPDQLL WURLHQL QRUGXO $IULFLL
JDUDPDQLLQXvQVHDPQCFCHLVDXRSULWDLFL
)DSWXO FC DX FXFHULW 6XPHUXO 0HVRSRWDPLD ]RQD ,UDNXOXL
GH D]L DGXFkQG FX HL SULPD VFULHUH FHD SLFWRJUDILFC D IRVW
FRQILUPDW>LSULQGHVFRSHULUHDFHORUWUHLWCEOL@HGHOXWGHOD7CUWCULD
SHUkXO0XUH>vQDQXO
¿Q DQXO XQ GLSORPDW IUDQFH] (UQHVW GH 6DU]HF
YLFHFRQVXOvQSRUWXO%DVUDGLQ&DSXO*ROIXOXL3HUVLFYDGHVFRSHUL
RFLYLOL]D@LHXLWDWCDFRORSHWHULWRULXO,UDNXOXLGHD]L&XXQVHUYLFLX
SOLFWLVLWRU RERVLW GH FCOCULW YkQDW GH SCVCUL RUL DOWH DQLPDOH
VCOEDWLFH 6DU]HF FDUH v>L FUHDVH XQ ·DSHWLW¨ DUKHRORJLF SULQ
VHUYLFLLOHDYXWHSULQ(JLSW>L(WLRSLDHVWHDQXQ@DWGHXQGLUHFWRUDO
XQXLRILFLXSR>WDOIUDQFH]GHH[LVWHQ@DvQ]RQDQXPLWC7HOORQFDP
ODGHPLOHVXGHVWGH%DJGDGDXQRULQVFULS@LLDQWLFHFLXGDWHSH
FCUCPL]LvPSUHXQCFXFRUSXOXQHLVWDWXLXPDQH6DU]HFLQWULJDW>L
DYkQGSUREDELOVSLULWXODYHQWXULHUXOXLJDWDGHRULFHYDIXJLSkQCOD
7HOORQ YD DQJDMD ORFDOQLFL >L VCSCWXULOH YRU vQFHSH ·XLWkQG§ VC>L
DQXQ@H VXSHULRULL IUDQFH]L RUL VC FHDUC SHUPLVLXQHD DXWRULWC@LORU
RWRPDQH ORFDOH (O v>L YD IDFH R FROHF@LH SHUVRQDOC GH ILJXULQH
249
FLOLQGUL SHFH@L WDEOHWH FX LQVFULS@LL FLXGDWH SH FDUH ·KDUQLF¨ OH YD
WUDQVSRUWD vQ )UDQ@D SHQWUX D OH YLQGH PX]HXOXL /RXYUH vQ DQXO
SHQWUXVXPDGHIUDQFL&KLDUGDFCH[SHU@LLPX]HXOXL
QXDXUHDOL]DWSHPRPHQWFHDFKL]L@LRQDVHUCHLv>LYRUGDVHDPDPDL
WkU]LX $YHDX vQ PkLQLOH ORU RELHFWH FH DSDU@LQHDX XQHL VRFLHWC@L
SLHUGXWH vQ QHJXUD LVWRULHL XQHL VRFLHWC@L PDL YHFKL FD FHD
EDELORQLDQC RUL DVVLULDQC FDUH vL XUPDVH (L DYHDX vQ PkLQLOH ORU
FLYLOL]D@LDVXPHULDQCYHFKHGHGHDQL([KXPDUHDFLYLOL]D@LHL
VXPHULHQH FDUSDWRGDQXELHQH JCVLUHD XQRU WCEOL@H GH OXW FDUH GH
IDSWUHSUH]HQWDXRvQWUHDJCELEOLRWHFCDDQWLFKLWC@LLYDGHVFKLGHR
X>C VSUH WUHFXWXO vQGHSCUWDW DO RPHQLULL 'DU FH HUD FHO PDL
LPSRUWDQWODDFH>WLVXPHULHQLHUDIDSWXOFC>WLDXVCVFULH$SDUHQW
DFH>WLVXPHULHQLDXVRVLWvQGRXCHWDSHvQDFHOVSD@LXGLQWUHIOXYLLOH
7LJUX >L (XIUDW VXSUDSXQkQGXVH SHVWH R SRSXOD@LH D>DQXPLWC
SUHVXPHULDQC QHJURLGC GHVFRSHULWC vQ XUPD VCSCWXULORU OXL
/HRQDUG:RROOH\vQ(LVXPHULHQLLDYHDXROHJHQGCGHVSUH
3RWRS XQGH HURXO SULQFLSDO =LX6XGUD KRWCUC>WH VC VH D>H]H SH
SCPkQWXO·'LOPXQ¨GHXQGHUCVDUHVRDUHOHLQGLUHFWDUCWkQGFCHO
YHQHD GLQVSUH DSXV /HJHQGD DFHVWXL SRWRS >L D HURXOXL VCX =LX
6XGUDFXYkQWDULDQFRPSXV=HXO6XGUDDIRVWJCVLWCvQWHPSOXO
GHOD1LSSXUSULQWUHGHWCEOL@HGHOXWDYkQGvQVFULVCDFHDVWC
SRYHVWH 0HULWXO GH D OH IL GHVFLIUDW LD UHYHQLW OXL 6LU +HQU\
5DZOLQVRQvQ/HJHQGD3RWRSXOXL>LVXSUDYLH@XLWRUXOXLOXLYD
IL SUHOXDWC GXSC FkWHYD PLL GH DQL GH SUHGHFHVRULL ORU VHPLWLFL
EDELORQLHQL >L DVLULHQL 6XSUDYLH@XLWRUXO 3RWRSXOXL VH YD QXPL 8W
1DSLVKWLPFDUHvLYDVSXQHSRYHVWHDOXL*LOJDPHVK
3RWRSXOGHVFULVGH=LX6XGUDVHSUHVXSXQHFCVDvQWkPSODWvQ
DQXO ?G+ 0DL DYHP >L YHUVLXQHD +LEUX D 3RWRSXOXL
·SUHOXDWC¨FDVCQX]LFHPIXUDWCGLQOHJHQGHOH0HVRSRWDPLHLSH
FDUH R JCVLP >L vQ %LEOLH 'DU FD >L OD VXPHULHQL JCVLP OHJHQGD
3RWRSXOXL >L OD YHGLFL $VWIHO ?Q %RRN ,,, %UDKPDQLVP FK,
7KH(DUO\9HGLF5HOLJLRQ S ?Q 6DWD3DWKD%UDKPDQDJCVLP
FHDPDLWLPSXULHGHVFULHUHD3RWRSXOXLXQGH0DQXXQ20VIaQW
D IRVW DQXQ@DW GH FCWUH XQ SH>WH GHVSUH SRWRSXO FDUH YD PCWXUD
WRDWH DQLPDOHOH >L WR@L RDPHQLL GH SH 3CPaQW (O 0DQX YD
FRQVWUXLRFRUDELHSHFDUHVHYDVDOYDGH3RWRS$FHDVWD?OYDSXUWD
GLQFROR GH PXQWH LDU FaQG 3RWRSXO YD GLVSDUH (O YD IL VLQJXUXO
250
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
VXSUDYLH@XLWRUVLQJXUXO20OCVDWSH3CPaQW2ILLFCVHYDQD>WH?Q
PRGPLVWHULRV>L?QILQDOOXPHDYDILUHSRSXODWCFXILLLOXL0DQX
YH]L ZZZWDONRULJLQLVRUJIDTVIDTPHULWWIORRGKWPO $>D FC
PLWXO 3RWRSXOXL DSDUH OD ?QFHSXW OD YHGLFL >L VXPHULHQL ILLQG
·?PSUXPXWDW§ GH EDELORQLHQL HYUHL >L FUH>WLQL L GDFC QH OXCP
GXSC %LEOLH 3RWRSXO D DYXW ORF ?Q ?G+ FaQG SLUDPLGHOH
HJLSWHQHH[LVWDXGHMD'HFHRDUH3RWRSXOQXOHDDIHFWDWQXDOCVDW
QLFL R XUPC SH HOH 'DU VC UHYHQLP OD 7DUWDULD >L OD RULJLQHD
SRSRUXOXLFXFHULWRUDO6XPHUXOXL
&DPODNPGH7CUWCULDVHDIOCFROLQD7XUGD>$FHVWGHDODIRVW
VCSDW vQFC GH OD VIkU>LWXO YHDFXOXL WUHFXW ¿PL DPLQWHVF FRSLO ILLQG
FkQG WDWCO PHX ICFHD PCVXUCWRUL WRSRJUDILFH vQ DFHD ]RQC VCWHQLL
ILLQGIRDUWHPkQGULGHVHFUHWHOH>LPLVWHUHOHORFXULORU&kQGVCSCWXULOH
DUKHRORJLORUSCUHDXFCOXDVHUCVIkU>LW>LFCQLPLFQRXQXPDLHUDGH
JCVLWvQ]RQD7CUWCULHLLDWCFCGHRGDWCVHGHVFRSHUCvQVWUDWXOFHOPDL
GHMRVDOFROLQHLRJURDSCXPSOXWCFXFHQX>C3HIXQGXODFHVWHLDVH
JCVHDXGRXCVWDWXHWHDOHXQRULGROLVWUCYHFKL>LXLWD@LREUC@DUCGLQ
VFRLFL PDULQH >L WUHL WCEOL@H GH OXW PLFX@H DFRSHULWH FX QL>WH
·Pk]JCOLWXUL¨ $OCWXUL GH DFHVWHD VH JCVHDX RDVHOH GH]PHPEUDWH >L
DUVHDOHXQXLDGXOW6XUSUL]DQXDIRVWQXPDLODJCVLUHDDFHVWRUOXFUXUL
FLGXSCFHUFHWDUHDDFHVWRUWCEOL@HFXFDUERQUDGLRDFWLY&7HKQLFD
XWLOL]CULL & SHQWUX GDWDUHD XQRU RELHFWH DUKHRORJLFH DSDU@LQH
SURIHVRUXOXLDPHULFDQ:LOODUG/LEE\GHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ&KLFDJR
SHQWUX FDUH D SULPLW >L 3UHPLXO 1REHO 0HWRGD OXL HVWH GHVWXO GH
SUHFLVCDYkQGRHURDUHGHQXPDLGHDQL$VWIHOWCEOL@HOHFX
VFULHUHD SLFWRJUDILFC DX IRVW HYDOXDWH FD DSDU@LQkQG DQLORU
?G+ vQVHPQkQG GH IDSW PDL PXOW GH DQL YHFKLPH
DSDU@LQkQGFXOWXULLFDUSDWRGXQCUHQH9LQFHD7XUGD>
7UHEXLH VC PHQ@LRQCP >L QXPHOH GHVFRSHULWRUXOXL DFHVWRU
WCEOL@H GO 1LFRODH 9ODVD )LJ 'XSC SCUHUHD FHUFHWCWRDUHL
DPHULFDQH0DULMD*LPEXWDVHOHDX·UHYROX@LRQDWFRQFHS@LDSULYLQG
DSDUL@LD VFULVXOXL ILLQG FRQVLGHUDWH SULPXO PHVDM VFULV vQ LVWRULD
RPHQLULL FX GH DQL vQDLQWHD ·SULPHORU¨ WCEOL@H VFULVH
VXPHULHQH)DSWXOFC(XURSDDvQFHSXWODQRLvQ%DOFDQLQXPDL
HVWHXQVHFUHWSHQWUXQLPHQLIDSWXOFCSULPDURDWCVDGHVFRSHULW
WRWSHWHULWRULXOQRVWUXFDUSDWRGDQXELDQvQ]RQD8QJDULHLGHD]L
GHDVHPHQLQXHVWHFHYDQRXGDUFCSULPDVFULHUHDSCUXWCvQOXPH
251
QHDSDU@LQHWRWQRXCFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORUSHQWUXXQLLDIRVWPXOW
SUHDPXOW1XHVWHVLPSOXVCULGLFLYCOXODGHDQL>LVCVSXL
'HODQRLDvQFHSXW(XURSDVCH[LVWH'HODQRLDvQFHSXWVFULVXOvQ
OXPHQRLVXQWHPDGHYCUD@LLSCULQ@LDL(XURSHLGHD]L
7CFHDXPDUWRULLVWUCYHFKLXOXLULWXDODODGXOWXOXLDUVOkQJCGRL
LGROL GDU YRU WCFHD >L LQVFULS@LLOH GH SH WCEOL@H" 3RHWXO UXV $QGUHL
1DGLURY GLQ /HQLQJUDG RULHQWDOLVW GH SUHJCWLUH D VFULV DYkQG R
LPDJLQD@LH>LLQVSLUD@LHXQLFCRIUXPRDVC>LVHQVLELOCSRH]LH
·2WLPSVWUCEXQDWDVWLKLH
6DSRWROLWJRQLQGSULQKCX
6WULJXQGHH>WLWX7CUWCULH"
3ULQYUHPXULQDXGUCVSXQVXOWCX
6HDVFXQGHJkQGXQGHSCUWDUH
'H>HUWXOXLWCULLPXW
'DUDQYLDWDWDFKHPDUH
¿QPLFXO>LPSLHWULWXOOXW
(ODVRVLWFDFLRFkUOLD
6ROLDIUD@LORUSUHGDFL
1XQDLSLHULWvQYH>QLFLD
&DUHLXFLGHSHFHLGUDJL
$XGLDUJODVXO7CUWCULHL
8QFRO@GHYDOHGHVWUCPDW
LFDXWDHLVODYCYLH
&HvQFCQXDUCVXQDW·
6CLPXO@XPLPSRHWXOXLUXV$QGUHL1DGLURY>LQXQXPDLOXL
6C QXO XLWCP SH DUKHRORJXO UXV 9 7LWRY FDUH FUHGH FC VFULHUHD
SULPLWLYC GLQ @CULOH (JHHQH 0CULL 7UDFLFH v>L DUH RULJLQHD vQ
%DOFDQLL PLOHQLXOXL ,9 G+ >L QX D DSCUXW VXE LQIOXHQ@D
vQGHSCUWDWHL@CUL6XPHUGLQWUHFHOHGRXCUkXUL7LJUX>L(XIUDW¿Q
FDUWHDVD·'HOD7CUWCULDODDUD/XDQHL¨GO3DXO/D]CU7RQFLXOHVFX
GH XQGH DP OXDW >L WUDGXFHUHD SRH]LHL GH PDL VXV VSXQH ·>L SH
GHDVXSUD HVWH FXQRVFXW FC FUHDWRULL FXOWXULL EDOFDQLFH 9LQFHD vQ
PLOHQLXO 9 ?G+ DX WUHFXW SULQ $VLD 0LFC vQ .XUGLVWDQ >L
+X]LVWDQXQGHvQDFHDYUHPHVHVWDELOLVHUCSUHVXPHULHQLL¨
252
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
253
vQWRFPLWC SULYLQG LQIOXHQ@D SH FDUH DX H[HUFLWDWR DVXSUD OXPLL
DQWLFH >L vQ VSHFLDO DVXSUD YHFKLL (ODGH (JLSWXOXL 6XPHUXOXL >L
&KLQHLFXOWXUDFDUSDWRGXQCUHDQC'DFCFRPSDUCPKDUWDDFHVWXLD
FX DFHD D OXL *RUGRQ &KLOGH ·7KH $U\DQV 7KH +LVWRU\ RI
FLYLOL]DWLRQ§ %DUQHV 1REOHS)LJYHGHP
FCDO@LLWUHEXLHVCQHGHVFRSHUHLVWRULDIRUPLGDELOCSHFDUHRDYHP
GDUUHIX]CPVCRFXQRD>WHP
&HUFHWCWRDUHD DPHULFDQC 0DULMD *LPEXWDV FRQVLGHUC FC
DSDUL@LD DFHVWHL FXOWXUL DSDU@LQkQG 1HROLWLFXOXL IRUPHD]C YHFKHD
FXOWXUCHXURSHDQCSHFDUHRVLWXHD]CvQWUH ?G+FXR
SRSXOD@LH ·SUH LQGRHXURSHDQC¨ >L FDUH FXQRD>WH DSRJHXO
GH]YROWCULLVDOHvQWUHDQLL ?G+
$FHOD>L $ .LILVLQ VSXQH FC DSDUL@LD SH QHD>WHSWDWH vQWUR
IRUPC SH GHSOLQ GH]YROWDWC D VFULHULL VXPHULHQH OD VIkU>LWXO
PLOHQLXOXL,9?G+LQGLFCIDSWXOFCHDWUHEXLHVCVHILIRUPDWvQ
DOWCSDUWHSHWHULWRULXOQRVWUX¥QD
¿QQUDOUHYLVWHL·&RQYRUELULOLWHUDUH¨$ULWRQ9UDFLX
vQ DUWLFROXO LQWLWXODW ·/LPED >L VFULHUHD WUDFRGDFLORU¨ VSXQH FC
·VHPQH LGHQWLFH FHORU GH OD 9LQFHD DX IRVW GHVFRSHULWH OD 7URLD¨
$>D FC RULFkW DU DSCUHD GH SDUDGR[DO LQYHQWDWRULL VFULHULL
VXPHULHQH QX DX IRVW VXPHULHQLL FL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLL GLQ ]RQD
7UDQVLOYDQLHL
'DUVCYHGHPFXPDXIRVWLQWHUSUHWDWHVFULHULOHSLFWRJUDILFHGH
SHWCEOL@HOH7CUWCULHL
6LPEROXO D GRL @DSL DYkQG vQWUH HL XQ VSLF DU UHSUH]HQWD
EXQCVWDUHD RE>WHL FDUH VH RFXSD GH DJULFXOWXUC >L FUH>WHUHD
DQLPDOHORU
$GRXDWCEOL@CFHDvPSCU@LWCvQOLQLLRUL]RQWDOH>LYHUWLFDOH
DYHD vQ ILHFDUH VHFWRU ]JkULDWH GLIHULWH LPDJLQL VLPEROLFH FDUH DX
IRVWFRQVLGHUDWH·WRWHPXUL¨'DFCFRPSDUCPGHVHQHOHGHSHWCEOL@D
QRDVWUC FX FHOH GH SH YDVXO ULWXDO JCVLW OD 'HMDPHW1DVUD YRP
UHPDUFD VLPLOLWXGLQHD GLQWUH HOH 3H FHD VXPHULDQC JCVLP XQ
DQLPDOXQLHG"XQVFRUSLRQXQFDSGHRPVDX]HXXQSH>WHR
FRQVWUXF@LHFLXGDWC>LvQVIkU>LWRSDVCUH,QVFULS@LDWUHEXLHFLWLWC
FLUFXODU vQ MXUXO JCXULL WCEOL@HL >L vQ VHQVXO LQYHUV DFHORU GH
FHDVRUQLF 7RWHPXULOH WCEOL@HL GH OD 7CUWCULD VXQW DUDQMDWH vQ
DFHHD>LRUGLQH6CILHRVLPSOCFRLQFLGHQ@CJUDILFC"6CQXXLWCPFC
254
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
255
¿QMXGH@XO%LKRUFRPXQD1RMRULGDYHPVDWXODXDHX
LGDFCQHGHSODVCPVSUH%LVWUL@D1CVCXGOkQJCFRPXQD8ULX
JCVLPVDWXO,OLXD
3H YDOHD UkXOXL LHX vQWUH L]YRDUH >L FRQIOXHQ@D FX 6RPH>XO
0DUH ·SORXC¨ FX WRW IHOXO GH YDULDQWH DOH QXPHOXL PDUHOXL ]HX
·VXPHULDQ¨ " FD LHXW LHX LHX0CJKHUX> LHX0DJKHUX>
9DOH&ULVWXULHXLHX2GRUKHLLHX6IaQWXO>LWRWD>DSkQCVXV
vQ1RUGVSUH7LVD
'HVFRSHULP QXPH URPkQH>WL ICUC VHQV FDUH vQ DQWLFKLWDWH
GHDQLvQXUPCv>LDYHDXVHQVXOORU$>DFCWHRULDQH>WLLQ@LILFC
ODQVDWCGHXQLLFHUFHWCWRULVXPHULHQLSULYLQGRULJLQHDVXPHULDQCD
WCEOL@HORU GH OD 7CUWCULD ·FRSLDWH¨ RUL ·XLWDWH¨ GH XQ QHJXVWRU
VXPHULDQUCWCFLWSULQ7UDQVLOYDQLDDFXPGHDQLFXGH
DQL vQDLQWHD QD>WHULL 6XPHUXOXL HVWH HURQDWC FD VC VSXQHP
IUXPRV)DSWXOFCvQ$UGHDOXOQRVWUX]HXO6XPHUXOXLDXHDIRVW
OD HO DFDVC FX R PLH GH DQL vQDLQWH GH D DSDUH vQ 0HVRSRWDPLD
6XPHUQXIDFHGHFkWVCDUDWHPLJUDUHDFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLORUVSUH
DFHOHORFXUL(VWHFLXGDWIDSWXOFCHLVXPHULHQLL>WLDXVCSUHOXFUH]H
DXUXOPHWDOFDUHQXVHJCVH>WHvQDFHDVWC]RQC¿QVFKLPEvOJCVLP
VDXPDLELQH]LVvOJCVHDPGLQEHO>XJODQRLDFDVC7UDFLLDXIRVW
FHL PDL PDUL PH>WHUL DXUDUL DL DQWLFKLWC@LL 7RW HL VXPHULHQLL DX
LQWURGXVURDWD>LFDUXOJCVLWHvQ(XURSDSHWHULWRULXO'DFLHLFDILLQG
SOHFDWHGHDLFL
6XPHULHQLL SUHFXP FHDODOWC UDPXUC FDUSDWRGDQXELDQC
DULDQCFDUHYDFRWURSL,QGLDHUDXDOELDGRUDXFD]HXSHDXHvQ
WLPS FH SRSXOD@LD FRWURSLWC QHJURLGC YRU IL QXPL@L ·6DJJLJ¨
FDSHWHQHJUHDYHDFD]HL@CSH·*XOD¨
'DUVCYHGHPGDFCGHDFXPGHDQLPDLSXWHPJCVL
FXYLQWH DVHPCQCWRDUH URPaQRVXPHULHQH DJDURJRU DQQX
WLPS DQ DSDSD DUD D VWULYL DUDGXVFODY DUJDW EDKDU
RODUSDKDU%DX%DXVR@LDUHJHOXLUC]ERLXOXLEXOXXKDSOHFD
vQ JUDEC EXOXF EXWXNUXSWXUC EXWXF GXU FHWDWH GH SLDWUC
KLGX SD]QLF GH QRDSWH KDLGXF ODOD OXDL OXL OX PDUX
DPDUQXQXVDDVDVDODWXDvQ>HODVXWLDSXQHPkQDSH
FHYDDOXDD>XWLXVVXUXDHOLEHUDDX>XUD]XWX6CLPDL
PXO@XPLP R GDWC GOXL 7RQFLXOHVFX SHQWUX LQIRUPD@LLOH GH PDL
VXV
256
Epopeea poporului carpato-danubian
'XSC FXP YHGHP UHDOLWC@L GH DFXP GH DQL VH PDL
SCVWUHD]CvQOLPEDMWRSRQLPLH>LKLGURQLPLH
,QFLQHUDUHDPRU@LORUDVHPCQCWRDUHODGDFLFD>LODVXPHULHQL
SUREDELO D OCVDW H[SUHVLD ·PRUWFRSW¨ 3HUVRQDO FUHG FC D VRVLW
WLPSXOVCQHUHSXQHPLVWRULDQRDVWUCvQORFXOHLVCOHVSXQHPvQ
>FROL FRSLLORU QR>WUL FLQH VXQW HL >L FLQH OH VXQW VWUCPR>LL VC ILH
PkQGUL GH QHDPXO GH FDUH DSDU@LQ (VWH R FULPC VRFLDOC VC QX OH
GCPURPkQLORUFHHDFHOHDSDU@LQH0c1'5,$'(1($0>LFHD
PDL IUXPRDVC ERJDWC >L SOLQC GH GHPQLWDWH LVWRULH SH FDUH XQ
SRSRU D FXQRVFXWR FkQGYD $ VRVLW WLPSXO VC QX QH PDL OCVCP
MHIXL@LPDWHULDO>LvQVSHFLDOVSLULWXDO(VWHRDGHYCUDWCUX>LQHVC@L
VHUHFXQRDVFCGHFCWUHVDYDQ@LVWUCLQLFDOLWDWHDGHOHDJCQSODQHWDU
GHFLYLOL]D@LHLDUWXGDFURPkQVC@LGHFODULGHSHQGHQ@DFXOWXUDOC
GHIRFDUHWkU]LLODWLQHJUHFH>WLRULVODYH
'RPQLORU LVWRULFL D VRVLW WLPSXO DGHYCUXOXL D VRVLW WLPSXO
VC OH GCP URPkQLORU vQDSRL LVWRULD ORU PLOHQDUC >L PaQGULD GH
QHDP
%LEOLRJUDILH
3U%COD>D' DUD6RDUHOXLVDX,VWRULD'DFR5RPaQLHL(G.RJDLRQ
%LEOLRJUDILD 5RPaQHDVFC 9HFKH ¥ 7RPXO , (G $FDGHPLHL 5RPaQH
%XFXUH>WL6WDELOLPHQWXO*UDILF.UDXV5HSULQW/LPLWHG-96RFHF
%ORFK5 (WUXVFLL(GWLLQ@LILFC%XFXUH>WL
DUDoQDLQWH'H7RDWH%RUGD9(+ULQFLX00DUFX(GDUD1RDVWUC%XFXUH>WL
&DQWHPLU'LPLWULH 'HVFULHUHD0ROGRYHL/LWHUDWXUD&KL>LQCX
&KHLNK$QWD'LRS&LYLOL]DWLRQ2U%DUEDULVP$Q$XWKHQWLF$QWKURSRORJ\/DZUHQFH
+LOO%RRNV86$
'HQVX>LDQX1'DFLD3UHLVWRULFC,QVWLWXWXOGH$UWH*UDILFH·&DURO*REO§%XFXUH>WL
'U?PED 2YLGLX ,VWRULD &XOWXULL >L &LYLOL]D@LHL (G WLLQ@LILFC >L (QFLFORSHGLFC
%XFXUH>WL
(PLQHVFX0LKDL 3RH]LL (GSHQWUX/LWHUDWXUC
0HQRQ 6KDQWL 7KH )LUVW &LW\ ,QGXV 9DOOH\ %& 'LVFRYHU S 'HFHPEHU
86$
0LXOHVFX1 'DFLDDUD=HLORU&ROHF@LD7ULND¥5RPaQLD
257
1DWLRQDO *HRJUDSKLF 6RFLHW\ 7KH $GYHQWXUH RI $UFKDHRORJ\ :DVKLQJWRQ '&
1RUWK-RKQ6WRQHKHQJH$1HZ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRI3UHKLVWRULF0DQDQGWKH&RVPRV
7KH)UHH3UHVV1<
7KH5LJ9HGD3HQJXLQ%RRN
6FKPDQGW¥%HVVHUDW' %HIRUH:ULWLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV$XVWULD
6FKPDQGW¥%HVVHUDW'+RZZULWLQJFDPHDERXW8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV$XVWULD
7LPH/LIH %RRN $QDWROLD &DXOGURQ RI &XOWXUHV /RVW &LYLOL]DWLRQV $OH[DQGULD
9LUJLQLD
7LPH/LIH%RRN (WUXVFDQV,WDO\ªV/RYHUVRI/LIH$OH[DQGULD9LUJLQLD
7LPH/LIH%RRN /RVW&LYLOL]DWLRQV¥(DUO\(XURSH0\VWHULHVLQ6WRQH
7RQFLXOHVFX3/ 'HOD7CUWCULDODDUD/XDQHL(G0LUDFRO
258
Alesul zeilor
ALEXANDROS [I MACEDONIA
2
OXPH vQWUHDJC D YRUELW >L vQFC PDL YRUEH>WH GHVSUH
$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQ'DUFk@LGLQWUHDFH>WLD>LvQVSHFLDO
GLQWUH LVWRULFL DX YL]LWDW 0DFHGRQLD >L DX vQFHUFDW VC
YRUEHDVFCFXXQPDFHGRQXQYODKXQDURPkQ"
&k@LGLQWUHDFH>WLDDXvQFHUFDWVCGHVFRSHUHOLPEDPDFHGRQH
QLORU"&k@LGLQWUHDFH>WLLVWRULFLDXXUPCULWLVWRULDPDFHGRQHQLORU
>LDVWDWXOXLPDFHGRQHDQGHODvQILLQ@DUH>LSkQCvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH
FkQG HVWH vPSCU@LW vQWUH JUHFL EXOJDUL LXJRVODYL >L DOEDQH]L WR@L
FCXWkQGVC>LDGMXGHFHWHULWRULXO>LSHPDFHGRQHQL&XLvLSDVCFC
DVWC]LPDFHGRQHQLLODHLDFDVCVXEMXJXOJUHFHVFRGXFPDLUCX
GHFkWVXEFHORWRPDQQHILLQGUHFXQRVFX@LGHJUHFLFCDUH[LVWDSHQ
WUXDQXOLVHDFRUGDGUHSWXOGHPLQRULWDWH"
&a@L>WLXFC?QXUPDVFKLPEXOXLGHSRSXOD@LHICFXW?QWUHJUHFL
>L WXUFL ?Q MXUXO DQXOXL WHULWRULXO PDFHGRQHDQ D IRVW
VXSUDSRSXODWFXJUHFLLGLVSHUD@L]YaUOL@LDIDUCGLQ7XUFLD>LFDUHDX
RFXSDW ]RQD 7HVDORQLFXOXL LDU DFXP VXQW OD HL DFDVC FKLDU
PDMRULWDULFDQXPCU
/DPFLWDWGHFXUkQGSH8OULFK:LOFNHQFX$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW
::1RUWRQ &RPSFDUHODSDJLQDFRQVLGHUCRULJL
QHDPDFHGRQHQLORU·FRQWURYHUVDWC¨PDFHGRQHQLLILLQGILHEDUEDUL
GHFL QX JUHFL ILH JUHFL GHFL QX EDUEDUL &X Fk@L PDFHGRQHQL
YODKLDURPkQLRILGLVFXWDWGkQVXOvQDLQWHGHDVFULHD>DRLQHS@LH"
6XELHFWXOQXHVWHFRQWURYHUVDWFLQXPDLYRSVLWFXFXORULOHSROLWLFH
FRQYHQDELOHFDUHVCQXOHGHDGUHSWXOPDFHGRQHQLORUODSUHWHQ@LL
OHJLWLPHGHDDYHD>FROL>L]LDUHvQOLPEDORUvQGLDOHFWXOORUDURPaQ
RULGHFHVCQXVSXQHPGHVFKLVvQOLPEDFLYLOL]D@LHLFCUHLDDSDU@LQ
OLPEDGDFRURPkQC
0DFHGRQHQLLDXIRVWVXQW>LYRUUCPkQHDFHOD>LSRSRUWUDFR
GDFSHODVJLFRULJLQDUGLQQXFOHXOFDUSDWRGDQXELDQ/LPEDYHFKL
ORUPDFHGRQHQLDIRVWHVWH>LYDILXQGLDOHFWWUDFRGDF
259
&DUWHDGRPQXOXL%6WHIDQRVNLSXEOLFDWCvQXUPCFXDQL
YLQHVCFRQILUPHDGHYCUXOFCGDFRURPaQC>LPDFHGRURPaQCVXQW
GLDOHFWH DOH DFHOHLD>L OLPEL SHODVJLFH WUDFLFH WUDFRGDFLFH
'O 6WHIDQRVNL FXQRD>WH vQ GHWDOLX OLPED PDFHGRURPaQC IDSW
FDUHL SHUPLWH VC GHVFLIUH]H FX X>XULQ@C WH[WHOH YHFKL 'RPQLD VD
DUDWCFCPXOWLWXGLQHDGHLQVFULS@LLJCVLWHODVXGGH'XQCUHSUH]LQWC
ROLPECGLIHULWCGHFHDJUHDFC>LODWLQC
$FHDVWCOLPECQXHVWHGHFkWOLPEDWUDFRGDFCPDFHGRQHDQD
ILLQGYDULDQWDVXGLFCDDFHVWHLOLPELYRUELWHSHXQWHULWRULXYDVWGH
ODQRUGGHPXQ@LL%DOFDQL>L'XQCUHSkQCOD0DUHD%DOWLFC
8QDGLQWUHFHOHPDLFXQRVFXWHLQVFULS@LLHVWHFHDGHSHLQHOXO
)LJ JCVLW vQ OD (]HURYD vQ %XOJDULD H[SXV XOWHULRU OD
PX]HXOGLQ6RILD$FHVWLQHODUHRYHFKLPHGHFLUFDGHDQL
GHFL FX PXOW vQDLQWH GH RULFH SUH]HQ@C URPDQC VDX JUHFHDVFC vQ
%DOFDQL0DFHGRQLDDGHYHQLWSURYLQFLHURPDQCSHOD ?G+
GXSCFDUHGRPLQD@LDURPDQCDvQFHSXWVCVHH[WLQGCVSUHQRUG
'DFC RSLQLD FHUFHWCWRULORU GLQDLQWHD FHOXL VXVDPLQWLW D IRVW
FCWH[WXOJUDYDWSHLQHOHUDGHQHGHVFLIUDWVCYHGHPFXPSRDWHILHO
FLWLWSULQODWLQL]DUHDWH[WXOXL
$>DHVWHVFULVSHLQHO ·,§$>DVHSRDWHFLWL ·,,§6DXD>D
¿Q DFHVW JUXS WUHEXLH VC vQ@HOHJHP FC QX H[LVWC VSD@LL vQWUH
FXYLQWHWRWWH[WXOILLQGVFULVSHSHFHWHDXQXLLQHOFXGLDPHWUXOGH
FHQWLPHWUL &XP WUDFRGDFLLPDFHGRQHQL DWLQVHVHUC XQ UDILQD
PHQWSRHWLFQHPDLvQWkOQLWODYHFKLOHSRSRDUHHXURSHQHVCQHUHD
PLQWLPGHRUHOHGHOLWHUDWXUC>LGHDFURVWLKXUL9RPUHJCVLGHFLSH
260
)LJ ,QHO FX XQ GLDPHWUX GH WUHL FHQWLPHWUL JCVLW ?Q OD (]HURYD WHULWRULX GDF VXG
GXQCUHDQRFXSDWD]LGHEXOJDUL9HFKLPHDOXLHVWHGHGHDQLGHFLDIRVWICFXWFX
PXOW?QDLQWHGHSUH]HQ@DURPDQCVDXJUHFHDVFC?QDFHDVWC]RQC6CYHGHPFHHVWHVFULVSHHO
ODWLQL]aQGWH[WXO>LICFaQGVSD@LL?QWUHOLWHUH
261
DFHVW LQHO JHWRGDFRPDFHGRQHDQ YHFKL GH SHVWH GH
DQLXQDFURVWLK&LWLQGGRDUSULPHOHOLWHUHGHVXVvQMRVJCVLP·5(
75(,5(¨FHHDFHvQODWLQDYXOJDUCRULPDLFRUHFWvQOLPEDGDFR
WUDFRPDFHGRQHDQCvQVHDPQC·/DDOWUHLOHDYHUVRSUH>WHWH¨
7UDGXFHUHD·,§·9XOWXUH@LQHROLWHUCGLQGRLQDSRH]LHSHQ
WUXFD7UDQGDILUXOVCGHDURG/DDFHVWDLQHOSRH]LHYHLSULYLGDU
OD7UDQGDILU>LPDLPXOW§
7UDGXFHUHD ·,,§ ·5ROLV @LQH PHUHX LQHOXO OD WLQH ( VFULV GH
5D]HFXGUDJRVWH/DHOVCSULYH>WLGDUOD5D]H>LPDLPXOW§YH]L
·'DFLD VHFUHWC§ $GULDQ %XFXUHVFX (G $UKHWLS 56 %XFXUH>WL
WLLQGFC52//,6FDUHvQVHDPQC>LYXOWXUSRDWHILDVLPLODWFX
QXPHOH XQXL ECUEDW GLQ DFHD YUHPH LDU 5$=( 5$=( ]HXO 5$
]HXO6RDUH5R]D5X]D7UDQGDILUDUILSXWXWILXQQXPHGHIHPH
LH HYHQWXDO VR@LH D OXL 52//,6 VC YHGHP vQ@HOHVXO YHUVXULORU
DWXQFLFkQGIDFHPGHVSCU@LUHDvQFXYLQWH
&RORDQDD,,DVDUWUDGXFH·9XOWXUH¨@LQHROLWHUCGLQSRH]LH
GRLQD SHQWUX FD ·7UDQGDILUXO¨ VC GHD URG /D DFHVWD LQHOXO FX
SRH]LDQQYHLSULYLGDUOD·7UDQGDILU¨>LPDLPXOW
&RORDQDD,,,DVDUSXWHDWUDGXFH5ROOLV@LQHPHUHXLQHOXOOD
WLQH(VFULVGH5D]HFXGUDJRVWH/DHOVCSULYH>WLGDUOD5D]H>L
PDLPXOW
,QHOXOVHSDUHFCDIRVWGCUXLWGH5D]H7UDQGDILUXOVR@XOXLHL
5ROOLV 9XOWXUXO FDUH D VWCSkQLW 6F\WKLD 0LQRU 'REURJHD GH
DVWC]L>L0RHVLD
6CQHPDLDPLQWLPFCOD&HOHLvQMXGH@XO2OWvQWUXQPRU
PkQW GH IHPHLH D IRVW JCVLW XQ DOW LQHO GH DXU SH FDUH HUD VFULV
·952 /< 7+5,6 9( ,1'5<1 62< $ 52</21¨¥·)ORDUHD FX
@HSL¨7UDQGDILUXOYDILFXOHDVCQXPDLGH9XOWXU1X>WLXGHFHWUH
EXLH VC FCXWCP GRFXPHQWH vQ FDUH VC VH GRYHGHDVFC IDSWXO FC
PDFHGRQHQLLQXHUDXJUHFL>LFCYRUEHDXROLPECGLIHULWC
3HPDFHGRQHQLYODKLDURPkQLQLPHQLQXLvQWUHDECQLPHQL
QXOHDVFXOWCOLPEDQLPHQLQXYUHDVCLDVFXOWH(LFRQWLQXCVC>L
YRUEHDVFC OLPED YHFKH GH PLL GH DQL FX VFKLPECULOH >L WUDQV
IRUPCULOHSHFDUHRULFHOLPECOHVXIHUCvQGHFXUVXOPLOHQLLORU
6C QX XLWCP FC OLPED YHFKLORU JUHFL D GHYHQLW DSURDSH GH
QHvQ@HOHV SHQWUX JUHFLL GH DVWC]L GDU vQFC v>L PDL SCVWUHD]C
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
262
Alesul zeilor
,DUGDFCGLQGRULQ@HSROLWLFH)LOLSDO,,OHDWDWCOOXL$OH[DQGUX
0DFHGRQ FRQVLGHUDW OD YUHPHD OXL ·FHO PDL PDUH GX>PDQ DO
JUHFLORU¨FkW>L$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQ·FXFHULWRUXODEVROXWDOWXWXURU
JUHFLORU >L GLVWUXJCWRU DO ,PSHULXOXL 3HUVDQ¨ DX DMXQV FD vQ ]LOHOH
QRDVWUHVCOLVHDWULEXLHRULJLQHJUHDFCDFHDVWCHURDUHQXWUHEXLHVC
SHUVLVWH>LWUHEXLHGHQXQ@DWC
)LJ $>DDUCWD)LOLS,,WDWCOOXL$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQGXSCXQPHGDOLRQGHDXUGLQSHUL
RDGDURPDQCFHVHJCVH>WHD]LOD3DULV/LEUCULD1D@LRQDOC7DWCODFHVWXLDDIRVW$P\QWHV,,,
FCVCWRULWFXWUDFD(XU\GLFHFXFDUHDDYXWWUHLECLH@LXQXOGLQWUHDFH>WLDILLQG>L)LOLS,,)LOLS
,,VDFCVCWRULWFX2OLPSLDIDWDUHJHOXLPDFRVLHQLORU1HRSWROHPHXVGLQ(SLUWUDFRLOLUFX
FDUHDDYXWGRLFRSLLSH$OH[DQGUX,,,VXSUDQXPLW>L0DFHGRQ>LSH&OHRSDWUD
0DPDOXL$OH[DQGUX2OLPSLDHUDRIHPHLHIRDUWHIUXPRDVCGDU>LIRDUWHYLROHQWC
'XSC+DPPRQG $OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD3UHVV86
263
'HFHRDUH+HURGRWVFULHFCOXL$OH[DQGUX,ILXOOXL$PLQWDV
UHJHOH0DFHGRQLHLFDUHDWUCLWFXXQVHFROvQDLQWHDOXL+HURGRWL
VDFRQWHVWDWGUHSWXOGHDSDUWLFLSDOD-RFXULOH2OLPSLFHSHQWUXFC
QXHUDJUHF",DU6WUDERVXV@LQHvQ*HRJUDILDVD·vQ0DFHGRQLD>L
vQDOWHSCU@LGLQ7HVVDOLDVHDIOCWUDFLLDUvQ$FDUQDQLD>L(WROLDVH
DIOC(SLURWL"
(SLURWLLHUDXRUDPXUCDLOLULORUFDUHODUkQGXOORUICFHDXSDUWH
WRW GLQ PDUHD IDPLOLH WUDFLFCSHODVJLFC ¿Q DOWC SDUWH WRW 6WUDER
VSXQH ·vQ 0DFHGRQLD SkQC OD UkXO 6WU\PRQ VXQW PDFHGRQHQL >L
SHRQLLOLULQQ'HODUkXO6WU\PRQvQFRORSkQCOD3RQWXO(X[LQ
&RQVWDQ@D>L+HPXV0XQ@LL%DOFDQLVXQWSHVWHWRWQXPDLWUDFL
H[FHSWkQG FRDVWD ORFXLWC GH JUHFL¨ $FHDVWD VSXQH 6WUDER FkQG
(SLUXO>L0DFHGRQLDHUDXSURYLQFLLURPDQHGHGHDQL>LGHFL
QXVHURPDQL]DVHUCD>DFXPOHSODFHXQRUDVCVSXQC0DLPXOWHO
6WUDER DGXFH R LQIRUPD@LH H[WUHP GH SUH@LRDVC UHIHULQGXVH OD
OLPEDPDFHGRQHQLORUFRQWHPSRUDQLFXHOGLQFDUHUHLHVHFCDFHDV
WDQXHUDOLPEDJUHDFC·QRLQXPLP0DFHGRQLDSkQCOD&RUF\UD
DVWD SHQWUX FC RDPHQLL GH DLFL VH WXQG FD PDFHGRQHQLL >L VH
vPEUDFC FX PDQWLL JURDVH GH OkQC FD PDFHGRQHQLL YRUEHVF
DFHHD>LOLPECFXHL¨QXJUHDFDQQ
1LFLODQXPHQXVDXVFKLPEDWSUHDPXOWvQFHLDSURDSH
GHDQLVFXU>LGHOD6WUDERvQFRDFHvQVHQVXOFCGH>LPXO@LPDFHGR
QHQL VXQW D]L ELOLQJYL QX YRU VC UHQXQ@H OD OLPED ORU D>D FXP
SUREDELODUGRULPXO@LJUHFLEXOJDULRULVaUEL
$P DGXV GRDU FkWHYD H[HPSOH GLQ FDUH VC UHLDVC DGHYCUXO
GHVSUH RULJLQHD PDFHGRQHQLORU >L D OLPELL ORU GDU GDFC DYH@L
FXULR]LWDWHD vL SXWH@L vQWkOQL OD HL DFDVC vQ 0DFHGRQLD D]L
vPSCU@LWC vQWUH JUHFL EXOJDUL >L LXJRVODYL YRUELQGX>L OLPED
QH?Q@HOHDVCGHQLPHQLGHFaWGHURPaQL
(LPDFHGRQHQLLQXDXGUHSWXOQLFLODXQQXPHQLFLODR@DUC
DORU>LQLFLODROLPECDORU*UHFLLOHQHDJCRULJLQHD>LH[LVWHQ@D
LDUIUD@LORUGDFRURPaQLQXSUHDOHSDVC
264
Alesul zeilor
Originea Macedonenilor
6
SD@LXO &DUSDWR'XQCUHDQ FRQVLGHUDW OHDJCQXO YHFKLL
(XURSHVSD@LXODU\DQFDUHDGDWQD>WHUHFLYLOL]D@LHLYHGLFH
SHODVJLFH WUDFLFH HVWH ORFXO GH XQGH >LDX vQFHSXW URLUHD
SURWRHXURSHQLL FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLL FDUH YRU FXFHUL OXPHD (L
PDFHGRQHQLL QX VXQW QLPLF DOWFHYD GHFkW XQD GLQWUH UDPXULOH
DFHORUFDUSDWRGDQXELHQL/LPEDPDFHGRQHQLORUQXPLWCDVWC]LGH
FCWUH HL DURPkQD YODFLFC FXP vL PDL VSXQ JUHFLL QX HVWH QLPLF
DOWFHYDGHFkWVRUCFXGDFRURPkQDGHDVWC]L
'HFHRDUHJUHFLL@LQD>DGHPXOWVCPLQWC>LVCLFRQVLGHUHSH
PDFHGRQHQLJUHFL"DWXQFLFkQGHVWHDWkWGHHYLGHQWFCJUH>HVF"
(VWHSCFDWLDUDVWDSRDWHVCQHIDFCVCFUHGHPFCGHIDSWvQWUHDJD
ORU·FXOWXUC¨HVWHSRDWHXQDOWIXUWDVFXQVXQGHYDGHPXOWvQDORU
·LVWRULH¨
(VWHDEVROXWGHQHvQ@HOHVGHFHGHJUHFLFDUHWUCLHVFvQ
5RPkQLD SRW DYHD GUHSWXO OD >FRDOC >L SUHVC vQ OLPED ORU LDU
GH PDFHGRQHQL DURPkQL FH WUCLHVF vQ *UHFLD QX DX
GUHSWXOODUHFLSURFLWDWHvQ·SULHWHQD¨(OODGD"
'HFHPDFHGRQHQLLGLQ$OEDQLD0DFHGRQLD%XOJDULD6HUELD
QXDXGUHSWXOVC>LYRUEHDVFCOLPED"
5RPkQLLWLPRFHQLGLQLPHGLDWDQRDVWUCDSURSLHUHGHSHYDOHD
7LPRFXOXL GH R SDUWH >L DOWD D UkXOXL vQ %XOJDULD >L 6HUELD vQ
QXPCUGHQXPDLSX@LQGHPLOLRDQHICUC>FROLRULSUHVCvQOLPED
URPkQC H[FHSWkQG DQLL FRQWLQXC VC H[LVWH GDU
SHQWUXFkWWLPS"
'XSCFHDPIRVWD>DGH·JHQHUR>L¨VCFHGCP%DQDWXOLXJRVOD
YLORU DVWIHO vQFkW FDSLWDOD ORU %HOJUDG VC QX ILH SH JUDQL@C HL
QHDXvQFKLV>FROLOHURPkQH
&XOPHD EXOJDULL RGDWC FX HOLEHUDUHD GH VXE MXJXO RWRPDQ
PXOWLVHFXODUSHQWUXFDUHOD3OHYQDvQQHDPGDWVkQJHOHvQ
LQLPD@CULLORUvQORFVCQHDUDWHPDLPXOWCSULHWHQLHGDFCQXFKLDU
UHFXQR>WLQ@CD]LQHDJCH[LVWHQ@DPDFHGRQHQLORU
265
'DUVCYHGHPFkQGDXDSCUXWPDFHGRQHQLL
6RVLUHD JUHFLORU vQ 3HQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC vQWUH DQLL >L
?G+GLQHVWXO0CULL&DVSLFHvQSDWUXJUXSXULDKHLLEORQ
]L DOEL FXP vL GHVFULH RUEXO +RPHU GH DQL PDL WkU]LX
GRULHQLLFDUHLYRUVXEMXJDSHSULPLL>LvQVIkU>LWHROLHQLL>LLRQLH
QLLFDUH>LYRUJCVLFDVDPDLPXOWSULQLQVXOHOH0CULL7UDFLFH(JHH
QH YRU JCVL SH QRL SHODVJLL ·RDPHQLL SCPaQWXOXL§ OD QRL DFDVC
$FH>WLDYRUGLVORFDSHSHODVJLLFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLLDUvQ3HQLQVXOD
%DOFDQLFCvLYRUvPSLQJHFCWUHQRUG3ULQDQXO ?G+RSDUWH
GLQWUH FDUSDWRGDQXELHQL SHODVJLL VH YRU XQL vQ MXUXO UHJHOXL
3HUGLFDV,DSDUHQWIRQGDWRUXOVWDWXOXL0DFHGRQHDQ3HUGLFDVILLQG
QXPLW>L$UJHLDGHVGHSH$UJH>
8QXOGLQWUHXUPD>LLOXL$OH[DQGUX,DO0DFHGRQLHLYUkQGVC
SDUWLFLSH OD -RFXULOH 2OLPSLFH D IRVW UHVSLQV SH PRWLY FC HUD
EDUEDUQXJUHF'HIDSWMRFXULOHROLPSLFHGHDWXQFLPDLHUDX>LR
PDUHDWUDF@LHKRPRVH[XDOCPXO@LGLQWUHvQYLQJCWRULDMXQJkQGVCILH
vQYLQ>L>LVXERDOWCIRUPCPDLSX@LQHURLFC>LPDLPXOWHURWLFC
8Q DOW XUPD> DO OXL 3HUGLFDV , D IRVW >L UHJHOH PDFHGRQHDQ
$P\QWDV,,,FDUHVDFCVCWRULWFX(XU\GLFHGLQWULEXOWUDFLORU'LQ
FCVCWRULD ORU DX UH]XOWDW WUHL ECLH@L XQXO GLQWUH HL ILLQG )LOLS ,,
$FHVWD VD FCVCWRULW FX 2OLPSLD IDWD UHJHOXL PDFRVLHQLORU
1HRSWROHPHXV GLQ (SLU WUDFRLOLU GXSC FXP YHGHP QLFL XQXO
GLQWUH HL QHILLQG GH RULJLQH JUHDFC (L YRU DYHD GRL FRSLL SH
$OH[DQGUX,,,VXSUDQXPLW0DFHGRQ>LSH&OHRSDWUD
9CYH@LvQWUHEDGHFHDFHVWQXPH$OH[DQGUXHVWHD>DGHIUHF
YHQWODDFH>WLWUDFRSHODVJLFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLDUJH>HQL
¿Q OHJHQGHOH WUDFRGDFLORU SUHRWHVHOH 'RPQXOXL 1RS@LL GLQ
OHJHQGDUXO .RJDLRQ LDX WCLDW DFHVWXLD FDSXO >L L ODX DUXQFDW vQ
UkXO FH FXUJHD vQ DSURSLHUH /HJHQGHOH HOHQH >L URPDQH VSXQ FC
2UIHXHUDWUDF>LFC0DLQDGHV·GDQVDWRDUHOHVDFUH¨LDXWCLDWDFHV
WXLDFDSXO>LLODXDUXQFDWDSRLvQUkX7RWGHVSUHHOVHVSXQHFC
HUDSULQ@XO.\FRQLORULQWRQLPDSURSLDWGH.RJDLRQ
&HWDWHDQDWXUDOCDOXL2UIHXHUD',RQ·$0DJQLILFXOXL¨3H
XQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLYHFKLWCEOL@HGLQOXWVFULVHFHOHGHOD7CUWCULD
5RPkQLDXQLQL@LDWvQWDLQHOH.RJDLRQXOXLDGHVHQDWRFUXFHvQ
YkUIXO FCUHLD VH DIOC XQ FDS 7CEOL@D SRDUWC XUPDWRUXO WH[W vQ
WUDGXFHUH·RPXOFDUH>WLHWDLQHOHYDPHUJHvQFHUXUL¨FHOSX@LQD>D
VSXQXQLL
266
Alesul zeilor
&DvPSCUDWFHDIRVW'RPQXOXL1RS@LL0DJQLILFXO2UIHXGH
PDL WkU]LX LDX IRVW FRQVDFUDWH MHUWIHOH ULWXDOH GH DQLPDOH FHUE
]LPEUXERXUHWF3HVLJLOLXOSULPHLFDSLWDOHD0ROGRYHL%DLD)LJ
DSDUHXQFHUEFXFDSXOWCLDWDOX]LHODGHFDSLWDUHD·'RPQXOXL
1RS@LL¨ GH FCWUH SUHRWHVH $VWIHO ·'RPQXOXL 1RS@LL¨ OXL ·,RQ
0DJQLILFXO¨LVHPDLVSXQHD>L'URV&HUEXOLDUvQDPLQWLUHDVDFUL
ILFLXOXLVCXDDSCUXWWHULELODWUDGL@LHWUDFRGDFCJHWLFCDWULPLWHULL
XQXLVROFXUDWODFHUXULRELFHLFHVDQXPLW$/(;$1'526·&HO
-HUWILW &HUEXOXL¨ RUL ·3UHFXP &HUEXO¨ $>DGDU QXPHOH GH
$OH[DQGURV$OH[DQGUXHVWHXQQXPHSXUSHODVJLFWUDFRGDF7RW
GH DWXQFL VH SDUH FC D UCPDV OD GDFRURPDQL VWUDQLXO GDQV
&LXOHDQGUD VDX XOHDQGUD SH FDUH vQ YHFKLPH vO vQFHSHDX GRDU
SUHRWHVHOH.RJDLRQXOXLFkQGFHODOHV$OH[DQ'URVHUDWULPLVvQ
VXOL@HUHVSHFWLYODFHUXULFDVCGXFC]HLORUPHVDMXOSCPkQWHDQ
+HURGRW DUH PHULWXO GH D IL GHVFULV SHQWUX SULPD RDUC DFHVW
RELFHLDOEDUEDULORU
$FXPGXSCFHDPWUHFXWvQUHYLVWCOXPHDPDFHGRQLORURULJL
QHD ORU RULJLQHD OXL $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ WDWCO EDUEDU WUDFR
PDFHGRQHDQ PDPD EDUEDUC WUDFRLOLUC VCL YHGHP HYROX@LD vQ
LVWRULH$OH[DQGURVILXDO·EDUEDUXOXL¨PDFHGRQHDQ)LOLSDO,,OHD
>LDOWUDFRLOLUHL2OLPSLDRDOWCEDUEDUCVDDILUPDWvQLVWRULDXQL
YHUVDOCFDRILJXUCSURHPLQHQWCvQSODQRUJDQL]DWRU>LPLOLWDUGDU
>LFDRSHUVRDQCFXJXVWDUWLVWLFUCVSkQGLQGFXOWXUDEDOFDQLFCSH
WUHL FRQWLQHQWH FRQGXFkQGX>L DUPDWD ICUC D FXQRD>WH YUHRGDWC
vQIUaQJHUHD >L FRQVWUXLQG XQ VWDW vQWLQV GH OD 'XQCUH OD GH>HUWXO
1XELHL>LGHOD0DUHD$GULDWLFCOD2FHDQXO,QGLDQFDUDFWHUXOOXL
FRQWUDGLFWRULX >L YXOFDQLF vPSOHWLQGXVH FX DFHOD DO XQXL WkQCU
SHODVJPDFHGRQHDQLXELWRUGHYLD@C>LSHWUHFHULGDU>LFXGXULWD
WHDFDUDFWHULVWLFCSHULRDGHLvQFDUHDWUCLW
1CVFXWvQ ?G+OD3HOODFDSLWDODUHJDWXOXL3(/$¥6*,&
DO0DFHGRQLHLFKLDUvQQRDSWHDvQFDUHDOXDWIRFYHVWLWXOWHPSOX
DO]HL@HL$UWHPLVGLQ(IHVHOVHYDFRQIUXQWDFXRVRFLHWDWHFRQGXVC
GHOHJLGHVXSUDYLH@XLUHVLPSOH>LEDUEDUH/DDFHOWLPSUHJLLFDUHvL
FRQVLGHUDXSHPDFHGRQHQL·EDUEDUL¨v>LYHGHDXFHWC@LOHDYDULDWH>L
RFXSDWHGHIRU@DSHQHWUDQWCDDUPDWHORUPDFHGRQHQHDYkQGXOvQ
IUXQWH SH )LOLS DO ,,OHD 3HQWUX SULPD GDWC GH OD VRVLUHD ORU vQ
3HQLQVXOD %DOFDQLFC JUHFLL DX XQ VWCSkQ FDUHL FRWURSH>WH >LL
267
)LJ 3HVLJLOLXOSULPHLFDSLWDOHD0ROGRYHL%DLDDSDUHXQFHUEFXFDSXOWCLDW6CILHDVWD
RDOX]LHODGHFDSLWDUHD'RPQXOXL1RS@LLD0DJQLILFXOXL,RQ"
'XSC $GULDQ%XQHVFX·'DFLDVHFUHWC§S(G$UKHWLS56%XFXUH>WL
268
Alesul zeilor
XQH>WH VXE DL OXL JHQXQFKL VXE VWDWXO PDFHGRQHDQ DO OXL )LOLS
DO,,OHD)LXODFHVWXLD$OH[DQGURVPR>WHQH>WHGHODSCULQ@LLOXLQX
QXPDL VaQJHOH SHODVJRWUDFLF GDU >L FDOLWC@LOH H[FHS@LRQDOH GH
FRQGXFCWRU JkQGLWRU OD FDUH VH DGDXJC WHPSHUDPHQWXO LPSXOVLY
DU\DQFDUSDWRGDQXELDQ
¿QDFHOD>LWLPSVSUHGHRVHELUHGHWDWCOVCXFDUHQXVDDE@LQXW
vQVDWLVIDFHUHDDSHWLWXOXLVH[XDOvQUDSRUWFXUHSUH]HQWDQWHOHVH[X
OXL RSXV $OH[DQGUX D PDQLIHVWDW R RDUHFDUH UH@LQHUH vQ UHOD@LLOH
DYHQWXURDVH DPRURDVH ILLQG FRQVLGHUDW vQ PRG HURQDW RUL WHQ
GHQ@LRVGHXQLLLVWRULFLFDDYkQGWHQGLQ@HVH[XDOHGLIHULWH
'HRDUHFH HUHGLWDWHD VLQJXUC QX SRDWH H[SOLFD vQ vQWUHJLPH
FDUDFWHUXO OXL $OH[DQGUX HVWH ELQH VC DPLQWLP DLFL >L HGXFD@LD
RIHULWCGHSCULQ@LLDFHVWXLD(LLDXDGXVFDHGXFDWRUSH$ULVWRWHO
FDUH OD UkQGXO VCX HUD HOHY DO OXL 3ODWRQ ILX DO GRFWRUXOXL
1LFRPDFKXVGRFWRUXOOXL$P\QWDVDO0DFHGRQLHL
$ULVWRWHOVDQCVFXWOD6WDJLUDWHULWRULXPDFHGRQHDQ>LDIRVW
PDFHGRQHDQGXSCPDPC>LJUHFPDFHGRQHDQGXSCWDWCIOXHQWvQ
OLPEDPDFHGRQHDQCGDU>LvQFHDJUHDFCSHFDUH>LRYDvPEXQCWC@L
OD>FRDODOXL3ODWRQ/D3HOODUHYLQHODYkUVWDGHGHDQLHOILLQG
GHIDSWXQDSURSLDWDOUHJHOXL0DFHGRQLHL)LOLSDO,,OHDYH]L$XOXV
*HOOLFVvQ·1RS@LOH$WWLFH¨
)LOLSDO,,OHDvOYDvQVCUFLQDSH$ULVWRWHOVCOvQYH@HSHWkQCUXO
PDFHGRQHDQ$OH[DQGUXDVWURQRPLDJHRJUDILDERWDQLFD]RRORJLD
PHGLFLQD FkW >L PHWDIL]LFD SRH]LD >L ED]HOH JkQGLULL SROLWLFH D>D
FXPOH>WLDHO$ULVWRWHODWXQFLGHPXOWD>DFXPOHvQYC@DVHGHOD
3ODWRQ 3HQWUX $OH[DQGUX $ULVWRWHO D VFULV ·$UWD GH D IL UHJH¨ R
OXFUDUHFDUHGLQQHIHULFLUHQXDVXSUDYLH@XLWWLPSXOXLYH]L1*/
+DPPRQG 7KH*HQLXVRI$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW S
$VWIHOODYaUVWDGHDQL ?G+$OH[DQGUXvPSUHXQCFX
Fk@LYD WLQHUL GH DFHHD>L YkUVWC YRU VWD vQ VCWXFXO 0LH]R SHQWUX R
SHULRDGCGHDQLDYkQGXOFDSURIHVRUSH$ULVWRWHO$FHVWDYDDYHD
R LQIOXHQ@C SURIXQGC DVXSUD YLLWRUXOXL WkQCUXOXL $OH[DQGURV
$OHVXO]HLORU
¿Q DQXO ?G+ OD YkUVWD GH DQL $OH[DQGUX WUHEXLH VC
SCUCVHDVFCVCWXFXO0LH]RFDVCGHYLQCUHJHQWDO3HOOHLDWXQFLFkQG
WDWCOVCX)LOLSDO,,OHDYDSOHFDvQFDPSDQLDvPSRWULYD%L]DQ@XOXL
/DDQL ?G+)LOLSvLGCFRPDQGDFDYDOHULHLPDFHGRQHQH
269
vQOXSWDGHFLVLYCGHOD&KDHURQHD'DUQXPDLODXQDQGXSCDFHV
WHHYHQLPHQWHEXQDUHOD@LHWDWCILXLDVIkU>LW
¿Q ?G+ OD UHvQWRDUFHUHD GH OD &RQJUHVXO GH OD &RULQW
)LOLSDO,,OHDVHvQGUCJRVWH>WHGHRPDFHGRQHDQFC&OHRSDWUD>LR
DEDQGRQHD]CSH2OLPSLD$OH[DQGUXvQVHPQGHSURWHVWSCUCVH>WH
0DFHGRQLDvPSUHXQCFXPDPDVDGXFkQGXVHODEXQLFLvQ(SLUXV
OD WUDFRLOLUL FXP GHR IL GHYHQLW HD 2OLPSLD ·JUHFRDLFC¨ D]L
GXSCGHDQLQXPDLHL·LVWRULFLL¨JUHFL>WLX
&X DMXWRUXO XQXL RDUHFDUH 'HPDURWXV GLQ &RULQW VH IDFH
UHFRQFLOLHUHD WDWCILX $OH[DQGUX UHvQWRUFkQGXVH OD 3HOOD ¿QWUH
WLPSVRUDOXL$OH[DQGUX&OHRSDWUDHVWHGDWCFDVR@LHXQFKLXOXL
HLUHJHOH$OH[DQGUXDOPRORVLDQLORUGLQ(SLUXOWUDFRLOLULF)LOLS
PHUJkQGODQXQWCICUCDILSC]LWFDGHRELFHLHVWHvQMXQJKLDWGHXQ
WkQCU QRELO PDFHGRQHDQ 3DXVDQLDV PRWLYXO ILLQG R UHYDQ>C
SHUVRQDOC
6IkU>LWXOWUDJLFDOOXL)LOLSDIRVWDWULEXLWGHFCWUHXQLLQHvQ@HOH
JHULLGLQWUHDFHVWD>LVR@LDVD2OLPSLDGDUFRPSOLFLWDWHDHLODRPRU
QXDIRVWGRYHGLWCQLFLRGDWCLDULGHHDFC$OH[DQGUXDUILIRVWLPSOL
FDW vQ DFHO FRPSORW QX SRDWH IL QLPLF DOWFHYD GHFkW R FDORPQLH
$OH[DQGUX>LDLXELW>LUHVSHFWDWWDWCOGRYDGCILLQG>LIDSWXOFCLD
UC]EXQDWPRDUWHD
$OH[DQGUX ·$OHVXO ]HLORU¨ >LD vQFHSXW GRPQLD vQWUXQ PRG
GHVWXO GH VkQJHURV >L GHVSRWLF 3H QRELOXO PDFHGRQHDQ FDUH LD
RPRUkWWDWCOvOYDGDSHPkLQLOHDUPDWHL0DFHGRQLHLFDUHGXSCXQ
WUDWDPHQW·GHRVHELW¨vOYDFUXFLILFD
0DL WkU]LX vQ WLPSXO FHUHPRQLHL IXQHUDUH D OXL )LOLS HO YD
RUGRQD H[HFX@LD D GRL IUD@L GLQ IDPLOLD SULQFLDUC /\QFHVWLDQ SH
$UKDEDHXV>L+HURPHQHVDFX]kQGXLFCDXSURYRFDWRPRUkUHDOXL
)LOLS'DUSHDOWUHLOHDIUDWH$OH[DQGUX/\QFHVWLDQODLHUWDWSHQ
WUX FC GXSC PRDUWHD OXL )LOLS DFHVWD OD VDOXWDW SH $OH[DQGUX
0DFHGRQFDUHJH>LODvQVR@LWSHVWHWRWFXUHVSHFW
¿QDFHOD>LFRQWH[WVCQXXLWCPFC'DULXVDO,,,OHDLDSURSXV
OXL$OH[DQGUX/\QFHVWLDQWURQXO0DFHGRQLHLGDFCDFHVWDvOYDDVLVWD
SHFHOFHDYHDVCUCPkQCvQLVWRULH$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQ¿QFHSHP
VCQHvQFXUFCPvQDFH>WL$OH[DQGUL>LVCvQ@HOHJHPFCSHQWUXQHD
PXO QRVWUX FDUSDWRGDQXELDQ QXPHOH $OH[DQGURV HUD QX QXPDL
IRDUWH IUHFYHQW GDU >L IRDUWH VWLPDW >L QRELO FXP GH DOWIHO HUD >L
270
Alesul zeilor
)LJ 6WDWXLHDRUDWRUXOXL'HPRVWHQHICFXWCGH3RO\HXFWXV
PX]HXO 9DWLFDQ FHO FH GH GRXC RUL LD ULGLFDW SH JUHFL OD
UHYROWC ?PSRWULYD ·EDUEDULORU§ PDFHGRQHQL 3H YUHPHD OXL
FHLPDLPDULGX>PDQLDLJUHFLORUHUDXPDFHGRQHQLFDUH?Q
IUXQWH FX )LOLS ,, >L PDL WaU]LX FX $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ ?L
@LQHDXVXERFXSD@LHOXaQGXOHWLQHULL?QDUPDWC>LIRU@aQGXL
VC PRDUC SHQWUX JORULD 0DFHGRQLHL $]L HVWH IRDUWH JUHX VCL
FRQYLQJL SH JUHFL FC $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ QX OHD IRVW
·SULHWHQ§>LFCPDFHGRQHQLLQXVXQWJUHFL6FKLPEXOGHSRSX
OD@LL ICFXW ?QWUH JUHFL >L WXUFL D IDFLOLWDW OD PLMORFXO DFHVWXL
VHFRODGXFHUHDDVXWHGHPLLGHJUHFLGLQ7XUFLDUHSRSXOaQG
7HVDORQLFXO FX QRLL VRVL@L SRSXOD@LD ORFDOC PDFHGRQHDQC
GHYHQLQGVWUCLQCODHDDFDVCICUCGUHSWXULODOLPEC>LFXOWXUC
$YRUEL?QOLPEDPDFHGRQC?QYODFLFCDURPaQCHVWHXQXOWUD
JLXDGXV*UHFLHL>LSRSRUXOXLFDUHLDFFHSWCVCPDLWUCLDVFC?Q
SURSULDORU@DUC&HLURQLHQHUH]HUYCGHPXOWHRULLVWRULD
271
VDOHvLUHIX]DOXL$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQGUHSWXOGHUHJHGHDILVWCSkQ
SHVWH JUHFL 'HPRVWHQH D IRVW UHFXQRVFXW vQ WLPSXO VCX SHQWUX
SXWHUHDGHFRQYLQJHUHDGLVFXUVXULORUVDOH%DFKLDUPDLPXOWHO
RQRUHD]C SH 3DXVDQLDV XFLJD>XO OXL )LOLS (O 'HPRVWHQH vL
FKHDPCSHWR@LJUHFLLSHWR@LKHOHQLLODXQLWDWH>LOLEHUWDWH(WROLHQLL
GHFLG VCO DVFXOWH >L HL SH 'HPRVWHQH >L vL UHFKHDPC SH WR@L FHL
H[LOD@L GH )LOLS LDU $PEUDFLRWHV L]JRQH>WH JDUQL]RDQD PDFHGR
QHDQC 7HEDQLL v>L HOLEHUHD]C >L HL &DGPHLD 3HVWH WRW vQ
3HORSRQHVH vQ $UJRV (OLV >L $UFDGLD VXQW PL>FCUL vPSRWULYD
FXFHULWRULORUPDFHGRQHQLVSLULWXOOLEHUWC@LLvLFXSULQGHSHWR@LSkQC
vQ$VLDXQGH'HPRVWHQHvOYDFRQWDFWDvQVHFUHWSH3DUPHQLR>LSH
$WWDOXV'HPRVWHQHJUHF>LUHWQXOYDXLWD?QVCQLFLSHUHJHOHSHU
VDQFHUkQGXLDMXWRUXO
'HFHWR@LDFH>WLJUHFLVHXQHVFvPSRWULYDPDFHGRQLORUFHUkQG
DMXWRUFKLDU>LGHODSHU>LGDFCGXSCFXPVXV@LQLVWRULFLLGHDVWC]L
PDFHGRQHQLL HUDX JUHFL" 6C QX XLWCP FC 0DFHGRQLD QX D IRVW
QLFLRGDWC WHULWRULX JUHFHVF GHFkW GXSC SULPXO UC]ERL EDOFDQLF
FkQGVDKRWCUkWVIk>LHUHD0DFHGRQLHL>LvPSCU@LUHDHLODSUCGCWRUL
'DUDWXQFLGHPXOWQRLPDFHGRQHQLLHUDPVWCSkQLLQXQXPDLDL
0DFHGRQLHLGDU>LDL*UHFLHL>LDLXQHLPDULSCU@LGLQ$VLDFXSULQ
]kQG,QGLD3HUVLD>L(JLSWXO8QGHQHDGLVSCUXWD]LPaQGULD"
$X]LQG GH LQFLWDUHD OD UHYROWC D JUHFLORU >L DYkQG SUREOHPH
VHULRDVH ?Q QRUGXO @CULL $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ SRUQH>WH vQ IUXQWHD
DUPDWHLLQWUkQGvQ+HOODVSULQWUXQPDU>IRU@DW>LUDSLGDFHVWWLSGH
DF@LXQHFRQWLQXkQGVCOFDUDFWHUL]H]HGHDOXQJXOWLPSXOXLGHWHU
PLQDUHD UDSLGLWDWHD vQ DF@LXQH vQVHPQkQG VXFFHV $SDUL@LD VD
UDSLGCLDICFXWSHWHVVDOLHQLVCXLWHGHGRULQ@HOHGHOLEHUWDWH>LVCO
SURFODPH VSRQWDQ >L OLQJX>LWRU ·$UFKRQ¨ SURPL@kQGXL DVLVWHQ@D
QHOLPLWDWCvQSHGHSVLUHDDWHQLHQLORU$OH[DQGUXVHUHGHVFRSHUCQLFL
PDL PXOW QLFL PDL SX@LQ GHFkW XUPD> DO SHODVJXOXL $FKLOH (O
$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQVHUHSHGHFDXQIXOJHUvQIUXQWHDWUXSHORUGH
PDFHGRQHQL DVXSUD DHQLDQLORU PDOLDQLORU GRORSLDQLORU
RFXSkQG7HUPRSKLOH>LUCVSkQGLQGVSDLPC>LVXSXQHUHvQID@DWUX
SHORUPDFHGRQHQH¿QWUXQPDU>IRU@DWLQWUCvQ%HR@LDUCVSkQGLQG
WHURDUHDDVXSUDWHEDQLORUFDUHvQVSCLPkQWD@LQXYRUVCPDLDXGC
GH DWHQLHQL >L GH JkQGXUL GH OLEHUWDWH 6SUH VSDLPD DWHQLHQLORU
$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQOHGCXQXOWLPDWXPUC]ERLVDXUHFXQRD>WHUHD
272
)LJ &DPSDQLLOHOXL$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQGLQDQLL?G+
&DPSDQLD QRUGGXQCUHDQC VLQJXUD FDUH QX LD DGXV R YLFWRULH ?Q ?QWUHDJD OXL FDULHUC IUD@LL
JHWRGDFL?QWRUFaQGXLVSDWHOH>LSOHFaQG?QPXQ@LODXOCVDWVLQJXU>L·FXEX]DXPIODWC§
&DPSDQLD FRQWUD JUHFLORU FDUH VDX UCVFXODW ?PSRWULYD MXJXOXL PDFHGRQHDQ DYaQGXO FRQ
GXFCWRUSH'HPRVWHQHVHYDWHUPLQDSULQGLVWUXJHUHDGHSHID@DSCPaQWXOXLD7HEHL>LSRSRUX
OXLWHEDQ'HIDSW$OH[DQGUXOHDSURSXVOD?QFHSXW·LHUWDUH§FHHDFH?QVHPQDVXSXQHUHWRWDOC
>LSUHGDUHDLQVWLJDWRULORUODOLEHUWDWHGHVXEPDFHGRQHQL0DVDFUXOSRSXOD@LHL7HEHLDIRVWICFXW
QXGHWUXSHOHPDFHGRQHOHFLGHJUHFLLGLQ%HR@LD>L)RVFLDFCURUCHOOHDSURPLV·GUHSWXULOHGH
MHIXLWRUL§&XPGHD]LJUHFLL>LODOHJSH$OH[DQGUXGUHSWHURXSHHOXQVWUCLQFDUHLD?QJHQXQ
FKLDWXPLOLWFXFHULW>LMHIXLWHVWHXQPLVWHU8QGHOHRILPaQGULDFLQVWHDKHOHQLFC"
+DUWDGXSC0DFHGRQLD+LVWRU\ 9,SSURI$3DOLRUDV+HOOHQLFQDWLRQDOOLQH$WKHQDV
273
KHJHPRQLHLPDFHGRQHQH$WHQLHQLLDX]LQGGHPDU>XULOHYLFWRULRD
VHDOHWkQCUXOXLUHJHPDFHGRQHDQXLWCODUkQGXOORUGH·VHWHDGH
OLEHUWDWH¨ >L VH SOHDFC LDU vQ MXJXO PDFHGRQHDQ WULPL@kQG R
GHOHJD@LH DYkQGXO FD PHPEUX FKLDU SH ·YLWHD]XO¨ OXSWCWRU JUHF
SHQWUXOLEHUWDWH'HPRVWHQH$FHVWDFRQ>WLHQWGHYLQRYC@LHHYLWC
VCGHDRFKLLFXWkQCUXOUHJHPDFHGRQHDQ$VWIHOvQWRDPQDDQXOXL
?G+WRW 3HORSRQH]XOVHSOHDFCvQMXJXOPDFHGRQHQLORUPDL
SX@LQ6SDUWD$FXPFkQGODVXGGH0DFHGRQLDQXPDLH[LVWDXLQD
PLFLFXXQQXPCUFUHVFXWGHVROGD@LvQWUXSHOHVDOHSULQFRPSOH
WDUHD HIHFWLYHORU FX JUHFL GLQ WHULWRULLOH FXFHULWH D>D FXP >L
URPDQLL R YRU IDFH PDL WaU]LX vQDLQWH GH D SRUQL VSUH $VLD
$OH[DQGUX FDXWC VC>L DVLJXUH VHFXULWDWHD JUDQL@HORU QRUGLFH
SULQWURFDPSDQLHGDQXELDQC
&DPSDQLD'DQXELDQC
'XSCUHvQWRDUFHUHDGLQ&RULQWvQLDUQDDQXOXL ?G+
vQORFVC>LvQFHDSCFDPSDQLDvQ$VLD$OH[DQGUXDGRULWVC>LDVL
JXUHJUDQL@HOHQRUGLFH7ULEDOLLHUDXDSDUHQWFHLFDUHOQHFCMHDXFHO
PDLPXOW>LvPSUHXQCFXDFH>WLD>LWULEXULOHWUDFLFHGLQWUH%DOFDQL>L
'XQCUHFDUHVSUHGHRVHELUHGHJUHFL>WLXVHUCVC>LDSHUHOLEHUWDWHD
'XSC FH WDWCO OXL $OH[DQGUX )LOLS DO ,,OHD D GHVILLQ@DW WHPSRUDU
UHJDWXO2GU\VFXFHULQG>LWRDWC7UDFLDGHPLD]C]LDvQWUHSULQVvQ
DQXO ?G+RH[SHGL@LHvQ@LQXWXULOH'XQCULLGH-RVXQGHUHJH
OHJHW.RWKHODVODvQWkPSLQDWFXGDUXULERJDWH>LLDGDWRSHILLFD
VD0HGDGHVR@LH2DUHFXPRILUHDF@LRQDW2OLPSLDDWXQFLGH
PXOWFXILUHDHLLPSXOVLYC"$FHDFDPSDQLHDOXL)LOLSDO,,OHDD
IRVW IRDUWH QRURFRDVC vQ VSHFLDO GXSC FH PDFHGRQHQLL UHX>LVHUC
VCLvQYLQJC>LSHVFL@LGHODFDUHOXDVHUCXQQXPCUPDUHGHSUL]R
QLHUL >L YLWH /D vQWRDUFHUH WUDYHUVkQG PXQ@LL +HPXV %DOFDQL
RDVWHDPDFHGRQHDQCDIRVWDWDFDWCGHWUDFLLWULEDOLFDUHOHDXOXDW
WRDWCSUDGD>LvQSOXVODXUCQLWJUDYODSLFLRUSHUHJHOH)LOLSDO,,
OHD'XSCSDWUXDQLGHODHYHQLPHQWHOHGHPDLVXVvOSXWHPGHVFR
SHULSH$OH[DQGUXGHPDLWkU]LXYC]kQGFXPv>LSUHSDUCRFDPSD
QLH¿QSULPXOUkQGDWULPLVFRUCELLGHOXSWCGHOD%\]DQWLXPSH
0DUHD*HWLFC0DUHD1HDJUCSkQCSULQ'HOWD'XQCULLSH'XQCUH
274
Alesul zeilor
275
0DFHGRQLD >L *UHFLD $FHDVWC FDPSDQLH GXQCUHDQC D DGXQDW
GH VROGD@L >L GH FDL 'RULQ@D WkQCUXOXL $OH[DQGUX D
IRVWVCL]EXWHDVFCDFRORXQGHWDWCOOXLQXDSXWXW$>DFCDUHX>LWVC
FDOFHGLQFRORGH'XQCUH·SHQWUXR]L§FXGHFDYDOHUL>WL>L
GHLQIDQWHUL>WL
'XSC FXP QH VSXQH >L 1 * / +DPPRQG 7KH *HQLXV RI
$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW S·VXFFHVXO¨VCXvQ%DOFDQLSULQWUHIUD@LL
WUDFLDIRVWGLIHULWGHDFHODDVXSUDJUHFLORU$LFLWULEXULOHWUDFLFHDX
IRVWOCVDWHvQSDFHVCVHJXYHUQH]HVLQJXUHPHQ@LQkQGXVHOHJLOH>L
RELFHLXULOHORFDOH$YkQGDUPDWDSURSULHQXVDXOCVDWJDUQL]RDQH
PDFHGRQHQH FDUH VCL VXSUDYHJKH]H FD SH JUHFL 6D DSUHFLDW FC
SHQWUX WUDFL D IRVW PDL ELQH VCL ODVH VC>L SCVWUH]H RELFHLXULOH
WUDGL@LLOH>LUHVSHFWXOSHUVRQDO
'H FH RDUH $OH[DQGUX QX D IRVW OD IHO GH ·LQGXOJHQW¨ >L FX
JUHFLL" 7DWCO OXL $OH[DQGUX )LOLS D vQILLQ@DW SRWULYLW RELFHLXOXL
PDFHGRQHDQRUD>XO)LOLSRVXQGHSRSXOD@LDWUDFRPDFHGRQHDQC
vPSUHXQC FX QHJXVWRULL JUHFL SURPRYDX LQWHUHVHOH SROLWLFH >L
HFRQRPLFH DOH LPSHULXOXL PDFHGRQHDQ $FHVW RUD> )LOLSRV YD
GHYHQL VXE RFXSD@LD VODYRPRQJRORLGC EXOJDUC ORFDOLWDWHD
3ORYGLY vQ G+ $OH[DQGUX LQWHQ@LRQD VC VH UHvQWRDUFC vQ
0DFHGRQLDSULQ3HRQLDSHOkQJC6NRSMHGHDVWC]LWUHFkQG>LSHOD
XQWULEWUDFLFDO$JULDQLORUOkQJCDFWXDOD6RILD5HJHOHGHDFRORvL
HUDSULHWHQEXQ¿QDFHVWWLPSDDIODWFCUHJHOH,X\ULHL$OEDQLDGH
DVWC]L&OHLWXVVDUHYROWDWvPSRWULYCL$>DFCvQOXQDDXJXVWSHR
YUHPH IRDUWH FCOGXURDVC SRUQH>WH vQWUXQ PDU> IRU@DW vQDLQWkQG
FDPGHNPSH]LVSUH(ULJRQ&HUQDVSUH&HWDWHD3HOLRQICUC
D >WL FC DFHDVWD HUD GHMD ?Q PkLQLOH LQDPLFXOXL /XFUXULOH VDX
vQFXUFDW>LPDLUCXSULQVRVLUHDXQXLUHEHOUHJHOHWDXODQWLORU@LQXW
GLQYHFLQCWDWHD7LUDQHLGHD]L*ODXFLDVHUDKRWCUkWVCODMXWHSH
&OHLWXV vQ OXSWD VD vPSRWULYD PDFHGRQLORU ¿Q SOXV YHFKLL VCL
LQIRUPDWRULODXDQXQ@DWSH$OH[DQGUXFC$XWDULDWLLGLQ%RVQLDGH
D]LYRUSRUQLvQOXQDPDUWLHDDQXOXLYLLWRUvPSRWULYD0DFHGRQLHL
0L>FkQGXVH IRDUWH UHSHGH $OH[DQGUX D VRVLW OD &OHLWXV vQ ]RQD
3HOLRQXOXLvQDLQWHDOXL*ODXFLDV3HGHDOXULOHGLQDSURSLHUH&OHLWXV
DVDFULILFDWWUHLECLH@LWUHLIHWL@H>LWUHLELYROL@HQHJUHSHFDUHOHD
DEDQGRQDW vQ PLMORFXO ULWXDOXOXL JUCELQGXVH VC VH DVFXQGC vQ
FHWDWH FX WUXSHOH VDOH 6RVLUHD OXL *ODXFLDV OD VFCSDW QXPDL
WHPSRUDUGLQPkLQLOHPDFHGRQHQLORU&HWDWHDVDYDILLQFHQGLDWC
LDUFHLGRLUHJLvQYLQ>L
276
Alesul zeilor
$
SDUHQW DWkWD WLPS FkW $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ D IRVW vQ
0DFHGRQLD JUHFLL vQYLQ>L DX VWDW FXPLQ@L 'DU QHOLQL>WHD
LULWDUHD>LvQVSHFLDOGRULQ@DGHOLEHUWDWHLDXICFXWGLQQRXVC
UHGHYLQC GRULWRUL GH OXSWC vPSRWULYD KHJHPRQLHL EDUEDUH
PDFHGRQHQH ¿QWUH WLPS QRXO UHJH DO 3HUVLHL 'DULXV DO ,,,OHD
YHQLWSHWURQvQPDL ?G+FRQ>WLHQWGHLQHYLWDELOLWDWHDXQXL
FRQIOLFW PDFHGRQRSHUVDQ D KRWCUkW VCO SUHYLQC DWUCJkQGXL SH
JUHFL QX QXPDL FX SURPLVLXQLOH VDOH GDU >L FX DXUXO VCX $VWIHO
'DULXV DO ,,,OHD D LQYLWDW VWDWHOH JUHFH>WL OD UHYROWC vPSRWULYD
MXJXOXLPDFHGRQHDQ
'HPRVWHQHDO$WHQHLSHUVRDQCICUCVFUXSXOHDDFFHSWDWLPH
GLDW GH WDODQ@L >L >LD vQFHSXW SURSDJDQGD vQ IDYRDUHD FDX]HL
SHUVDQH*UHFLLLQFLWD@L>LH[FLWD@LGHGRULQ@DGHOLEHUWDWHvQVSHFL
DOvQFXUDMD@LGHDEVHQ@DIRDUWHWkQCUXOXLUHJHPDFHGRQHDQSOHFDW
vQOXSWHOHGLQQRUGv>LvQFHSUC]PHUL@D
'HPRVWHQH DGXFH XQ ECUEDW JUHF UCQLW FDUH VSXQHD FC
OXSWDVHOkQJCWUXSHOHPDFHGRQHQH>LFDUHVXV@LQHDFC$OH[DQGUXD
FC]XWvQOXSWHOHFX·WULEDOLL¨WUDFL(XIRULDIUHQH]LDYLWHMLORUJUHFLOD
DX]XO PRU@LL OXL $OH[DQGUX QX PDL DYHD PDUJLQL SURGXFkQG vQ
VSHFLDO vQ $WHQD R IXULH vQ PDVC vPSRWULYD VWUCLQLORU EDUEDULORU
PDFHGRQHQL
0RDUWHD OXL $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ vQVHPQD DQXODUHD SDFWXOXL
FRULQWLDQ*UHFLDUHFCSCWkQGX>LOLEHUWDWHDGHFDUHVHEXFXUDVHvQD
LQWHGHECWDLDFCSCWDWCOD&HURQH7HEDQLLSHQWUXFDUHJDUQL]RDQD
PDFHGRQHDQC GH OD &DGPHLUD HUD R DGHYDUDWC LQVXOWC DX RPRUkW
277
Fk@LYDRIL@HULPDFHGRQHQL>LVDXEDULFDGDWvQFHWDWHED]kQGXVHSH
DMXWRUXO IUC@HVF DO JUHFLORU DWHQLHQL $UFDGLHQLL VDX ULGLFDW >L HL
vPSRWULYDPDFHGRQLORUGHVIC>XUkQGX>LDUPDWDVSUH,VWDPXVUHIX
]kQGVCRUHWUDJCvQFLXGDPHVDMXOXLSULPLWGHOD$QWLSDWHUJHQH
UDOXO PDFHGRQHDQ GH SH WLPSXO OXL )LOLS DO ,,OHD OCVDW GH
$OH[DQGUX VC DLEC JULMC GH LPSHULX SH SHULRDGD FDPSDQLHL VDOH
GXQCUHQH$XvQFHSXWGHDVHPHQHDPL>FCULGHHOLEHUDUHvQ(WROLD
>L(OLV$FHVWHYH>WLLDXSDUYHQLWWkQCUXOXLPDFHGRQHDQvQYkUVWC
GHGHDQLvQPRPHQWXOECWCOLHLGHOD3HOLRQ
'HFL VCO MXGHFCP vQ FRQWLQXDUH QX QXPDL FD UHJH DO
0DFHGRQLHL>LFXFHULWRUDO*UHFLHLFL>LFDSH·XQWkQCUGHGH
DQL¨ HGXFDW >L DURJDQW PkQGUX >L LQWUDQVLJHQW H[SOR]LY vQ
GHFL]LLOHVDOHXQDGHYCUDWPDFHGRQHDQ
$>DGDU HO UHJHOH PDFHGRQHDQ vQWUXQ PDU> IRU@DW GH GH
NPSH]LvQ]LOHYDILOD2QFKHVWXVvQ%HR@LD7HEDQLLFUH]kQG
FCHVWHGRDU$QWLSDWHUVRVLWGLQ0DFHGRQLDQXVDXSUHDQHOLQL>WLW
LDU FkQG OHD IRVW DQXQ@DW $OH[DQGUX DX FUH]XW FC HUD YRUED GH
$OH[DQGUX /\QFHVWLDQ FDUH DU IL YHQLW OD WURQXO 0DFHGRQLHL GXSC
PRDUWHDOXL$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQ*UH>HDOCIDWDOCSHQWUXHLFDUHR
YRU SOCWL IRDUWH VFXPS vQ ID@D WkQCUXOXL GH GH DQL $FHVWD OD
vQFHSXWGkQGGRYDGCGHPDWXULWDWHSROLWLFCOHDSURSXVWHEDQLORU
VC UHQXQ@H OD OXSWC >L VC UHYLQC VXE FRQGXFHUHD OXL 3RDWH FC
$OH[DQGUX VH JkQGHD >L OD YLH@LOH RVWD>LORU PDFHGRQHQL FH DU IL
SXWXW SLHUL vQ ECWCOLH 'DU WHEDQLL vQFUH]CWRUL vQ VLQH >L vQ IUD@LL
JUHFLODXDWDFDWFXFDYDOHULD
=LXDXUPCWRDUH$OH[DQGUXDvQFRQMXUDWFHWDWHD7HEHLRSULQ
GXVHvQGUHSWXOSRU@LL(OHFWUDXQGHVHWHUPLQD>LGUXPXOGLQVSUH
$WHQDGDUFDUHvQDFHOD>LWLPSvOVLWXDvQSR]L@LDFHDPDLDSURSL
DWCGHJDUQL]RDQDGHPDFHGRQLGHOD&DGPHLUDLvQFCGLQDFHVW
PRPHQW HO EDUEDUXO PDFHGRQHDQ OH SURPLWH vQFC R GDWC LHUWDUH
WHEDQLORUGDFCDFH>WLDUHQXQ@CODOXSWC>LvLSUHGDXSHFRQGXFCWRULL
LQVWLJDWRUL7HEDQLLUCVSXQGFXREUD]QLFLHFHUkQGFDvQWkLVCOHILH
SUHGDW ORU JHQHUDOXO $QWLSDWHU >L FRPDQGDQWXO JDUQL]RDQHL PDFH
GRQHQH GLQ &DGPHLUD $SRL DFHLD>L WHEDQL SURVW LQVSLUD@L DX
DQXQ@DWSULQWUXQFXULHUXUFDWSHFHOPDLvQDOWWXUQDOFHWC@LLFCRUL
FLQHYUHDVCVHDOCWXUHORU>LPDUHOXLUHJH'DULXVDO,,,OHDvQOXSWD
SHQWUX OLEHUWDWHD *UHFLHL vPSRWULYD WLUDQXOXL EDUEDU $OH[DQGUX
278
Alesul zeilor
0DFHGRQHVWHELQHYHQLWLFkQGWHJkQGH>WLFCD]LJUHFLLvOFRQVL
GHUC SH $OH[DQGUX JUHF ,DU SH PDFHGRQL QLFL PDL PXOW QLFL PDL
SX@LQGHFkW·IUD@LJUHFL¨'DFCJUHFLLGHDFXPGHDQLDUDX]L
D>D FHYD OHDU IL UX>LQH GH XUPD>LL ORU FDUH SHQWUX XQ SHWLF GH
SCPkQWRFXSDWGXSCSULPXOUC]ERLEDOFDQLFv>LUHQHDJCLVWRULD¿Q
ORFVCVHPkQGUHDVFCFXHURLLORUFXPDUIL3HULFOHHL>LODOHJFD
HURXSHFHOFDUHLDvQJHQXQFKLDWXQVWUCLQXQEDUEDU8QGHOHR
ILPkQGULDFLQVWHDJUHFHDVFCKHOHQLFC"
'DUVCYHGHPFHOHYDIDFHWkQCUXO·HURXJUHF¨·IUD@LORU¨WHED
QL$OH[DQGUXFKHDPCFRQVLOLXOIHGHUD@LHLVWDWHORUDSDU@LQkQGOLJLL
GHOD&RULQW
¿Q IHOXO DFHVWD XQHD R SDUWH D JUHFLORU vPSRWULYD DOWHL SCU@L
JUHFH>WLFUX@kQGYLH@LOHVROGD@LORUPDFHGRQHQL
(VWHRUX>LQHSHQWUXJUHFLFCDXDFFHSWDWD>DFHYDLDUGHDFHVW
VSHFWDFRO ODPHQWDELO DO OLSVHL GH XQLWDWH D JUHFLORU YD SURILWD
PLFX@XO·EDUEDU¨WUDFPDFHGRQHDQ0DVDFUXOSRSXOD@LHLWHEDQHQX
D IRVW ICFXW GH PDFHGRQHQL FL GH JUHFLL GLQ %HR@LD >L )RFLD $>D
FXP vQ ?G+ FkQG FRODSVD LPSHULXO DWHQLDQ LDU WHEDQLL >L
FRULQWLHQLLFHUHDXGHSXWD@LORUORUGLVWUXJHUHD$WHQHLGLQWHPHOLLOD
IHO VH FHUHD DFXP GLVWUXJHUHD GH SH ID@D SCPkQWXOXL D 7HEHL LDU
DFHVWOXFUXvOICFHDXJUHFLL>LQXPDFHGRQHQLL
6DFHUXW>LVDUHDOL]DWGHDVHPHQHDUHvPSCU@LUHDWHULWRULLORU
DSDU@LQkQG 7HEHL FkW >L YLQGHUHD FD VFODYL D IHPHLORU >L FRSLLORU
JUHFLWHEDQL 7R@L IXJDULL GLQ 7HED DX IRVW GHFODUD@L vQ DIDUD OHJLL
'HVLJXU$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQDUILSXWXWVCLWHPSHUH]HSH·SULHWH
QLL¨JUHFLvQDYkQWXOORUGHD>LDUCWD·GH]JXVWXO¨ID@CGHQHUX>LQD@LL
GHWHEDQLFH>LGRUHDXOLEHUWDWHDGDUQHILLQGLQWHUHVXOOXLLDOCVDW
SHJUHFLVC>LSHGHSVHDVFCHLvQ>L>LIUD@LLGRULWRULGHLQGHSHQGHQ@C
¿QILQDOHOLDODVDWVCGLVWUXJC7HEDSaQCvQWHPHOLL>LDVWIHORUD>XO
OXL&DGDPXV>L2HGLSRUD>XOOXL(SDPLQRQGDDIRVWUDVGHSHID@D
SCPkQWXOXL
'DU HO ·EDUEDUXO¨ PDFHGRQHDQ YHQHWLFXO VWUCLQXO LD RSULW
SHJUHFLVCGLVWUXJCFDVDOXL3LQGDUFHOPDLPDUHSRHWWHEDQDOWLP
SXULORU DUCWkQGXOH vQFC R GDWC GHRVHELUHD GLQWUH GHPRQL >L
WLUDQ2GDWCWHUPLQDWCDFHDVWCWHULELOCH[HFX@LHDQHVXSX>LORUVD
WUH]LW LDU VSDLPD GH PDFHGRQHQL SHVWH WHULWRULLOH JUHFH>WL 3HQWUX
DWHQLHQL YH>WLOH GHVSUH GLVSDUL@LD GH SH ID@D SCPkQWXOXL D FHWC@LL
279
WHEDQH>LDORFXLWRULORUHLDFC]XWFDXQIXOJHU(LDWHQLHQLLDXWRULL
LQWHOHFWXDOL DL PL>FCULL GH HOLEHUDUH DX]LQG GH FDWDVWURID 7HEHL
>LDXXLWDWSURPLVLXQLOHICFXWHWHEDQLORU>LDXWULPLVLPHGLDWPHVD
JHUL OD $OH[DQGUX VCO IHOLFLWH >L VC>L DUDWH VXSXQHUHD
&RPSRUWDPHQWXO DWHQLHQLORU D IRVW DWkW GH MRVQLF vQFkW >L 8OULFK
:LOFNHQvQ$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW ODSvLFRQGDPQD$WHQLHQLLDX
DUHVWDWHLvQ>L>LSHWR@LFRQGXFCWRULLDQWLPDFHGRQHQLvQIUXQWHFX
'HPRVWHQH SUHGkQGXL ·VWCSkQXOXL EDUEDU¨ 0XOW PDL vQ@HOHSW
WkQCUXO PDFHGRQHDQ GH GH DQL vL LDUWC GLQ QRX SH DWHQLHQL
7RDWH DFHVWH vQWkPSOCUL VDX SHWUHFXW OD GH DQL GXSC FH
FDUSDWRGXQCUHQLL $ULHQL LQYDGDVHUC GHMD OXPHD 3UREDELO
FXQR>WLQ@HOH OXL $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ GHVSUH HL HUDX FDP DFHOHD>L
SH FDUH QRL OH DYHP DVWC]L GHVSUH HYHQLPHQWHOH SHWUHFXWH DFXP
GHDQL'XSC·URLUHD¨DULHQLORUGLQVSD@LXOFDUSDWRGDQXEL
DQDFHOD>LVSD@LXYDGDQD>WHUHPDUHOXLLPSHULXSHODVJLFDLFCUXL
XUPD>LWUDFLLYRUFRQWLQXDWUDGL@LDvQDLQWD>LORUORUvQUCVSkQGLUHD
FXOWXULL >L DSWLWXGLQLORU ORU GH OXSWCWRUL 0DFHGRQHQLL UDPXUC D
DFHVWRUFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLSHODVJLFDSLWDODORUDIRVW3HODWUDFL
DXIRVWFHLFHSHQWUXXQWLPSYRUUHFXFHULYHFKLOHWHULWRULLSHODVJL
FHWUDFLFHGHODJUHFLODIHOFXPFHYDPDLWkU]LXRDOWCUDPXUCD
ORU ODWLQLL R YRU IDFH GLQ QRX 'DFC UCVSkQGLUHD FXOWXULL ORU
vQVHDPQCVCSRUQHDVFCUC]ERDLHVCGLVWUXJCFHWC@L>LSRSRDUHVCOH
VXEMXJH >L VC OH IRU@H]H VC VH vQFKLQH OD DFHLD>L ]HL DWXQFL
$OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ D IRVW XQ DGHYCUDW ·UCVSkQGLWRU GH FXOWXUC¨
FXPODIHOYRUILFHYDPDLWaU]LXURPDQLLWXUFLLPXVXOPDQL>LDO@LL
SHFDUHQXLPHQ@LRQH]SHQWUXDQXLQWUDvQSROHPLFDUHOLJLLORU'DU
VCO YHGHP vQ FRQWLQXDUH SH ·PLFX@XO¨ SHODVJ $OH[DQGUX FXP YD
FXFHULOXPHDDQWLFC
$VLDPLFC>L$QDWROLD
6LULD/LEDQXO3DOHVWLQD>L(JLSWXO
,QGLD
3DNLVWDQ,UDQ>L,UDN
¿QFHOHGLQXUPCvLYD·FXOWLYD¨HOSHDFH>WLD
280
Alesul zeilor
/
D YaUVWD GH GH DQL $OH[DQGUX D GHYHQLW UHJHOH
0DFHGRQLHL >L DO WHULWRULLORU JUHFH>WL FXFHULWH GH WDWCO VCX
)LOLSDO,,OHD
/DGHDQLDSRUQLWvQ&DPSDQLD'XQCUHDQCFXUH]XOWDWHOH
GHVFULVH PDL vQDLQWH 6H SDUH vQVC FC JXVWXO GH DYHQWXUC OD XQ
WaQCU GH YaUVWD OXL vQFRQMXUDW GH WLQHUL RIL@HUL PDFHGRQHQL ELQH
HGXFD@LFDUH>WLDXVCFCOCUHDVFCVCYaQH]HVCSDUWLFLSHODWRWIHOXO
GHMRFXULVSRUWLYH>LVCEHDIRDUWHPXOWYLQQXVHSXWHDRSULQXPDL
ODFXFHULUHD*UHFLHL
&XQRVFCWRUDO,OLDGHLDYaQGFKLDURFRSLHDDFHVWHLDSULPLWC
vQGDUGHODSURIHVRUXOVCX$ULVWRWHOSHFDUHROXDFXHOSHVWHWRW
D>D FXP YD IDFH >L + 6FKOLHPDQQ GXSC GH DQL SRUQLW vQ
GHVFRSHULUHD 7URLHL vQFC VXE LQIOXHQ@D SRYHVWLULORU GHVSUH
UC]ERLXOWURLDQXQGHWUDFLLWURLHQLDXIRVWvQYLQ>LGHJUHFLLDKHL(O
$OH[DQGUX GHFLGH VC H[SORUH]H OXPHD DQWLFC vQ IUXQWHD DUPDWHL
VDOH VSRULWC FD QXPCU SULQ DEVRUELUHD XQXL PDUH JUXS GH VROGD@L
JUHFLGHSHWHULWRULLOHFXFHULWHGHHOD>DFXPPDLWaU]LXRYRUIDFH
URPDQLL >L WXUFLL 6C QX XLWCP FC DFHVWH WHULWRULL HUDX GH IDSW
SHODVJLFHWUDFLFHODRULJLQHHOHILLQGRFXSDWHGHJUHFLSULQVRVLUHD
DFHVWRUD vQ ?G+ GLQ HVWXO 0CULL &DVSLFH $>D FC vQ
SULPDYDUD DQXOXL ?G+ OD YaUVWD GH GH DQL HO SHODVJXO
$OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ SRUQH>WH vQ IUXQWHD DUPDWHL VDOH VSUH
+HOHVSRQW'DUGDQHOHVWUaPWRDUHFHGHVSDUWH(XURSDGH$VLD(O
HVWH vQVR@LW GH LQJLQHUL FRQVWUXFWRUL GH SRGXUL >L WXUQXUL GH DVDOW
PRELOHDUXQFCWRDUHGHSLHWUHSOXVXQPDUHQXPCUGHRDPHQLGH
>WLLQ@C ERWDQL>WL DVWURQRPL ILOR]RIL LVWRULFL >L SURSDJDQGL>WL
&DOLVWHQHVQHSRWXOOXL$ULVWRWHODIRVWXQXOGLQWUHSURSDJDQGL>WL
>L FDUH vQ ILQDO YD GLVWUXJH UHOD@LD EXQC GLQWUH $OH[DQGUX >L
$ULVWRWHO&XPPHGLFLQDQXSXWHDILQHJOLMDWC$OH[DQGUXLDFXHO
XQQXPHURVFRUSPHGLFDOSOXVWRQHGHPHGLFDPHQWH>LPDWHULDOH
PHGLFDOH
281
$UPDWD OXL QXPCUaQG GH VROGD@L SOXV VROGD@L GH
DYDQJDUGCFDUHWUHFXVHUCGHMDFXXQDQvQXUPC'DUGDQHOHOHHUDJDWD
GHOXSWC3UREDELOHUDXQDGLQFHOHPDLGHHOLWCDUPDWHSHFDUHOHDDYXW
DQWLFKLWDWHD R DUPDWC LQYLQFLELOC /D HD VH PDL DGDXJC HOLWD
DULVWRFUD@LHLPHFHGRQHQHFDYDOHULDSOXVDUPDWDGHKHOHQLDGXQD@LGLQ
WHULWRULLOH RFXSDWH GLQ VXGXO *UHFLHL GLQ VROGD@LL OXL DX[LOLDULL
PDLVXVDPLQWL@LWRWDOL]aQGGXSC+DPPRQGGHRDPHQL
(UD R GLPLQHD@C IUXPRDVC D>D WUHEXLH VC IL IRVW SX@LQ
UCFRURDVC D OXQLL PDL DQXO ?G+ 8Q YaQW UCFRURV VXIOD SHVWH
6WUaPWRDUHD +HOHVSRQWXXL 'DUGDQHOH vPSLQJaQG YDVHOH
PDFHGRQHDQXOXLVSUH$VLDSHRDSCDOEDOEDVWUCUHIOHFWaQGFRUCELLOH
SOLQH FX WLQHUL vQIOCFCUD@L GH DYHQWXUD QHFXQRVFXWXOXL 3H YDVXO GLQ
IUXQWH XQ WaQCU QX SUHD vQDOW P VODE FX R ECUELH PDL
SURQXQ@DWC >L FX XQ QDV DFYLOLQ FD DO WDWCOXL VCX OCVD YaQWXO VCL
ULGLFHSCUXOOXQJDUCPLX2FKLLQHJUL>LSX@LQEXOEXFD@LVWUCOXFHDXGH
GRULQ@HvQFCQHvPSOLQLWHYURLD7URLDYURLD$VLD3HUVLD,QGLDYURLD
/80($
¿PEUCFDW vQWUR DUPXUC ICFXWC GLQ SOCFL PLFL PHWDOLFH
VWUCOXFLWRDUHvPELQDWHFXFXUHOX>HGHSLHOHSHSLHSWDYaQGFDSXO
vQILRUCWRUDOXQHLGLYLQLWC@LXLWDWHVFUXWD]DUHDvQWLPSFHSUHR@LL
MHUWIHDX XQ ERX QHJUX DO FCUXL VaQJH vO DUXQFDX vQ PDUH SHQWUX
vPEXQDUHD]HLORU$MXQJaQGOD@CUPXO$VLHLHOYDVCULSULPXOGLQ
FRUDELHSXQaQGSLFLRUXOSHDFHVWSCPaQWFDXQVWCSaQ
9DPHUJHvQJROIXO%HVLNDXQGHYDYL]LWDPRUPaQWXOOXL$FKLOH
EHDWGHIHULFLUH>LYLQYDGDQVDJROICUCKDLQHDYaQGXOvQSUHDMPC
SHSULHWHQXO>LLXELWXOOXL+HIDLVWLRQ$OH[DQGUXDSXVDSRLRFRURDQC
GHIORULSHPRUPaQWXOOXL$FKLOHLDU+HIDLVWLRQDOWDSHPRUPaQWXO
OXL3DWURFOHFHLGRLHURLOXSWCWRUL>L·LXEL@L¨DLUC]ERLQLFXOXLWURLDQ
6CQXOMXGHFCPvQVCGXSCOHJLOHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWGHD]LDFXPPDL
PXOWGHGHDQLHOHQXVHDSOLFDX
¿QWUXQ YHFKL WHPSOX vQFKLQDW ]HL@HL $WHQD XQ JKLG LD DUCWDW
DUPHOCQFLVFXWXULFDUHDUILDSDU@LQXWOXL$FKLOH$OH[DQGUXDOXDW
VFXWXOOXL$FKLOHSXQaQGXOvQORFSHDOVCX$FHVWVFXWvLYDVDOYDYLD@D
SHPHOHDJXULOHGHOD3XQMDEvQGUXPXOVCXVSUHFXFHULUHD,QGLHL
¿Q FRQWLQXDUH GUXPXO OXL YD IL YLMHOLRV >L ICUC vQWRDUFHUH
,QYD]LD/80,,vQFHSHD0DUHDECWCOLHSHQWUXFXFHULUHD$VLHLVHYD
GDSHUaXO*UDQLFXVFXQRVFXWD]LvQ7XUFLDFD.RFDEDV&D\
282
)LJ +DUWDFXFHULULLOXPLLDOXL$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQ3HDFHDYUHPHWUDFLLGRPLQDX3HQLQVXOD%DOFDQLFCJHWRGDFLLLOLULLYODKLLGDU
GDQLSHWHULWRULXO.RVRYRXOXLGHD]LWULEDOLLHWF0DLWUHEXLDXVCWUHDFCVHFROHSaQCODVRVLUHDVODYLORU?QVXGXO'XQCULL
-D
$UDO [D
UWH
6HD V
0$&('21,$ %ODFN 6H
D
3HOOD %\]DWLQXV
&
DV
2
7URY
&$33$'2&,$
SLD
[X
*UDQLFXV
V
Q
*RUGLRQ $QF\UD
$OH[DQGULDWKH)DUWKHUPRVW
6HD
%XFKDUD
$WKHQV
0DFDUDQGD
62*',$1$
+DOLFDUQDVVRV $50(1,$
6LGH
Cilician Gates
$OH[DQGULD0DUJLDQD0HUY sh
,VVXV Ku
0
= D QW
%DFWUD Khawak Pass
RX
RV
JU
0DVKDG
0 *DXJDPHOD
DL
HG $UEHOD QV u
LWH U nd $RUQRV
UDQHDQ 6HD 0(62327$0,$ +HFDWRPS\ORV Hi
7D[LOD
7\UH 'DPDVFXV Eu (FEDWDQD *UHDW 6DOW 'HVHU $OH[DQGULDLQ$UHLD
ph W
6,5,$ ra
tes 7L
JU
Caspian
Gates -HOXP
LV
*D]D %DE\ORQ )DUD
$OH[DQGULD
%$%</21,$ 6XVD 3(56,$
6LZD $OH[DQGULD
* 0HPSKLV
UH Persian LQ$UDFKRVLD
DW Gates
6DQ 3DVDUJDGDH
G 6HD $OH[DQGULD $OH[DQGULD
LQWKH&RQIOXHQFH
(*<37 3HUVHSROLV
s
du
In
3H
UV
7KHEHV LD
Q
* 0DNUDQ 'HVHUW
3DWDOD
XO
$5$%,$ I
3DVQL .DUDFKL
5HG6
OH
1L
HD
$OH[DQGHU
VURXWH%& Indian Ocean
/DQGXQGHUPHWHUV
PHWHUV
/DQGRYHUPHWHUV
)LJ +DUWDFXFHULULLOXPLLGHFCWUH·$OHVXO]HLORU§?G+
'XSC§,QWKHIRRWVWHSVRI$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW§GH0LFKDHO:RRG 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
285
)LJ 1RXDWHKQLFCPLOLWDUCIRORVLWCGH$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQVHFRPSXQHDSULQWUHDOWHOHGLQWXUQXULGHDVDOWIRDUWHVRILV
WLFDWFRQVWUXLWHFaW>LEHUEHFHGHSHQHWUDUHD]LGXULORU>LSRU@LORUFHWC@LORU
'XSC§0DFHGRQLD+LVWRU\§3URI$3DOLRXUDV +HOHQLF1DWLRQDO/LQH$WKHQDV
3HUVDQLL UHSUH]HQWDX XQ LPSHULX IRUPLGDELO GH PDUH >L GH
SXWHUQLFFDSDELOLVCULGLFHDUPDWHGHPLL>LPLLGHVROGD@LICUCDIL
R SUREOHPC GDU H[LVWC XQ PRPHQW SVLKRORJLF GHVWLQ FCUXLD
QLPHQLQXLVHSRDWHvPSRWULYL/XL$OH[DQGUXLVDvQWaPSODWFHHD
FH L VH YD vQWDPSOD OXL &RUWH] vQ OXSWD vPSRWULYD OXL 0HQWH]XPV
GHDQLPDLWaU]LX>LDQXPH·vLYDVXUaGHQRURFXO¨
'XSC FH D IRVW FDSDELO VC WUDYHUVH]H 'DUGDQHOHOH ICUC D IL
LQWHUFHSWDWGHPDUHDIORWCGHUC]ERLSHUVDQCFDUH·VHSOLPEDRDUEC
>LVXUGC¨SULQ0DUHD7UDFLFC(JHH$OH[DQGUXFXRPLFCDUPDWC
vLYDvQIUXQWDSHLPSHULDOLLOXL'DULXVDO,,,OHD$FH>WLDDYHDX>LXQ
JUXS GH PHUFHQDUL JUHFL vQ IUXQWH FX 0HPQRQ GLQ 5RGKRV FHO
FRQVLGHUD SH $OH[DQGUX XQ EDUEDU PDQLDF WaQCU >L DURJDQW GDU
SHULFXORV SULQ GLVSUH@XO VCX vQ ID@D PRU@LL WLSLF QHDPXOXL QRVWUX
WUDFRGDF 0HPQRQ GLQ 5RGKRV vL VICWXLH>WH SH SHUVDQL VC QX VH
DQJDMH]HvQOXSWCGLUHFWCFXPDFHGRQHDQXOFLVCOKCU@XLDVFCGRDU
VCL WDLH OHJCWXULOH GH DSURYL]LRQDUH VC GXFC WDFWLFD SCPaQWXOXL
SaUMROLW'DUFRQGXFCWRULORUSHUVDQLVIDWXOOXLOLVDSCUXWRLQVXOWC
>LSDUDIUD]aQGXOSH0LKDL(PLQHVFXVSXQHDX
·&XP"&aQGOXPHDPLHGHVFKLVCDSULYLJaQGH>WLVCWDF
LDUPDWDPHDSHUVDQCVCVHvPSLHGLFHGHXQWUDF"¨
(UDXQDPXUJGHPDLVRDUHOHVHFRERUDOHQH>ODRUL]RQWFaQG
DUPDWDPDFHGRQHDQCVRVH>WHODPDOXOUaXOXL*UDQLFXV'HFHDODOWC
SDUWHvLD>WHSWDXSHUVDQLL¥GHFDYDOHUL>WLGHHOLWCDGXQD@LGH
SHVWHWRDWC$VLDGHOD%DFWULD>LFKLDUGLQQRUGXO$IJDQLVWDQXOXL
$OCWXUL GH DFH>WLD HUDX >L GH PHUFHQDUL JUHFL vQ FDUH XUD
FORFRWHD vPSRWULYD PDFHGRQLORU FXFHULWRUL DL *UHFLHL WUXSH GH
LQIDQWHULH HUDX UCVSaQGLWH SH IODQFXUL %CWUaQXO JHQHUDO
PDFHGRQHDQ 3DUPHQLR vO VICWXLH>WH SH WaQCUXO GH GH DQL
$OH[DQGUXVCDPaQHOXSWDSaQCvQ]RULDVWIHODUPDWDVHYDRGLKQL
>LYDSXWHDOXSWDFXPDLPXOWVXFFHV'DUFLQHOSXWHDFRQYLQJHSH
HOSHODVJXO$OH[DQGUXDOHVXO]HLORU"
5DSRUWXO GH IRU@H HUD GH DGLFC XQXL VROGDW GLQ RDVWHD
PDFHGRQHDQCvLFRUHVSXQGHDXSHUVDQL¿QWUROLQL>WHSHUIHFWCvQ
FDUH SDUFC >L QDWXUD VD RSULW vQ ORF DX UCVXQDW EUXVF WURPSHWHOH
PDFHGRQHQH >L OXSWD D vQFHSXW ¿QWUXQ LQWHUYDO IRDUWH VFXUW
$OH[DQGUXWUHFHUaXOvQIUXQWHDDUPDWHL>LvQVWULJCWHOHGHOXSWCDOH
YHFKLORU]HLPDFHGRQHQLDLUC]ERLXOXLGXSC0:RRG,QWKHIRRW
286
Alesul zeilor
VWHSV RI $OH[DQGHU WKH *UHDW S VRVH>WH FX QXPDL GH
FDYDOHUL>WL >L GH LQIDQWHUL>WL SHVWH UaX ¿Q SUDIXO ULGLFDW >L vQ
FRQIX]LD FUHDWC HL PDFHGRQHQLL vL vQYLQJ SH SHUVDQL FDUH
vQPCUPXUL@L QX VXQW vQ VWDUH VC VH vPSRWULYHDVFC -XPCWDWH GLQ
JUHFLLPHUFHQDULFDUHHUDXGHSDUWHDSHUVDQLORUDXIRVWPDFHOCUL@L
LDU VXSUDYLH@XLWRULL JUHFL DX IRVW WULPL>L vQ ODQ@XUL vQ PLQHOH GH
DUJLQWGLQ7UDFLD0HVDMXOWULPLVDVWIHOSHUVDQLORUDIRVW>RFDQW(L
QX SXWHDX vQ@HOHJH FXP R DUPDWC D>D GH PLFC LD SXWXW vQIUaQJH
9LFWRULD GH OD UaXO *UDQLFXV D GHVFKLV SHQWUX $OH[DQGUX FRDVWD
,RQLFC $VLD 0LFC PLFLOH FHWC@L >L RUD>HOH D>H]DWH vQ DFHOH ORFXUL
(OHVHVXSXQHDXXQHOHGXSCDOWHOHICUCOXSWCSDUFCKLSQRWL]DWHGH
IDLPD SHODVJXOXL PDFHGRQHDQ 'RDU FaWHYD FHWC@L JUHFH>WL L VDX
vPSRWULYLWXQDGLQDFHVWHDILLQG>L0LOHWXO¿QYLQ>LHLDXEHQHILFLDW
vQVCGHPLODOXL$OH[DQGUX6CQXXLWCPFCMXPCWDWHGLQDUPDWDVD
HUD IRUPDWC GLQ JUHFL 'LILFXOWC@LOH GH FRPXQLFDUH GLQWUH RIL@HUL
VROGD@LGDWRULWCOLPELORUGLIHULWHPDFHGRQHDQDYHUVXVJUHFHDVFDOD
vQFHSXWQXDXDYXWQLFLRvQVHPQCWDWHGDUQX>LGXSCPRDUWHDOXL
$OH[DQGUX
2 DOWC YLFWRULH PLFC GXSC XQLL GDU FDUH OD DMXWDW SH
$OH[DQGUXVCQXILH@LQXWSHORFvQ$QDWROLDDIRVWFHDGHOD&DULD
XQGH DFHOD>L JUHF 0HPQRQ GLQ 5RGKRV GXSC FH >LD WULPLV VR@LD
SHUVDQCFDUHPDLWaU]LXYDGHYHQLLXELWDOXL$OH[DQGUX%DUVLQH
FX FRSLLL OD 'DULXV SHQWUX D IL vQ VLJXUDQ@C YD UHQXQ@D OD OXSWC
IXJLQGSHPDUHFUH]aQGFCvQIHOXODFHVWDVHYDGHVFXUFDPDLX>RU
¿QDLQWHGHSOHFDUHHOSXQHIRFFHWC@LL'LQQRXWaQCUXO$OH[DQGUX
VH GRYHGH>WH XQ WLUDQ FXOW VDOYaQG GLQ IOCFCUL XQD GLQ FHOH
PLQXQL DOH /XPLL DQWLFH PRUPaQWXO UHJHOXL 0DXVROXV
·0DXVROHXP¨'DFC0HPQRQDUILFRQWLQXDWVCUH]LVWH$OH[DQGUX
SUREDELOQLFLRGDWCQXDUILSXWXWSCUCVL$QDWROLD3RDWH'DULXVDU
ILIRVWVDOYDWLDU,QGLD>L(JLSWXOGHDVHPHQHD'XSCFXFHULUHDD
SHVWHGHRUD>HQXPDLvQ/\FLD$OH[DQGUXv>LvQGUHDSWCWUXSHOH
ODGHJUDGHVSUH1RUGDMXQJaQGSaQCODORFDOLWDWHD*RUGLRQ
*RUGLRQDIRVWRUD>XOOXL0LGDVDOFCUXLWDWC*RUGLXVDIRVW
XQHPLJUDQWWUDFGLQ0DFHGRQLDVRVLWDFRORvQWURFCUX@CGHOHPQ
SHFDUHDOCVDWRFDSHXQPRQXPHQWSHQWUXSRVWHULWDWHOHJDWCGH
XQ @CUX> FX XQ QRG IRDUWH FRPSOLFDW /HJHQGD VSXQHD FC FLQH YD
GH]QRGD DFHO QRG YD IL ·'RPQXO $VLHL¨ $OH[DQGUX GXSC XQ
287
PRPHQW GH JaQGLUH >L WCFHUH YD VFRDWH VDELD >L YD ·WCLD QRGXO
*RUGLDQ¨,VWRULFXO$UULDQQXDIRVWVLJXUGDFCSRYHVWHDHUDFKLDU
DGHYCUDWCGDFCVDvQWaPSODWRULQXVDvQWaPSODWD>DFHUWHVWHFC
QRGXODIRVW·GH]QRGDW¨
$OH[DQGUX v>L FRQWLQXC vQDLQWDUHD OD vQFHSXW HVWLFC VSUH
$QF\UD$QFDUDGHD]LDSRLWUHFaQGSHVWHUaXO1HO\SCWUXQGHvQ
&DSD'DFLD&DSD'RFLDORFXULFXFHULWHGHVWUCPR>LLVCLFDUSDWR
GDQXELHQL FX FaWHYD PLL GH DQL vQDLQWHD OXL ¿QWUH WLPS XQXO GLQ
PDULL OXL GX>PDQL JUHFXO 0HPQRQ FDUH GLVWUXVHVH SH PDUH IORWD
PDFHGRQHDQCVDvPEROQCYLW>LDPXULW¿Q%DELORQODGHNP
GHSCUWDUHGHPDUHUHJHOHSHUVDQ'DULXVDO,,,OHDODDIODUHDYH>WLL
PRU@LL JHQHUDOXOXL VCX 0HPQRQ QX DVFXOWC GH VIDWXULOH XQXL DOW
FRPDQGDQWJUHFPHUFHQDUXO&DULGHPRVGHDFXPSCUDFXDXUSH
JUHFLL QHPXO@XPL@L >L VCL SRUQHDVFC SH DFH>WLD vPSRWULYD
PDFHGRQLORU>LQXQXPDLFC'DULXVQXODDVFXOWDWGDUvQWLPSXO
XQHL GLVFX@LL SOLQH GH LQVXOWH JUDYH D RUGRQDW H[HFXWDUHD OXL
&DULGHPRV $FHDVWC GHFL]LH HO R YD UHJUHWD PDL WaU]LX vQVC QX >L
$OH[DQGUXFCUXLDQRURFXOvLVXUaGHGHGRXCRUL)CUCXQJHQHUDOFX
H[SHULHQ@C 'DULXV YD IL IRU@DW VC LD FRQGXFHUHD OXSWHL vPSRWULYD
PDFHGRQHDQXOXL>LYDILSLHUGXWvQXUPDECWCOLHLGHOD,VVXV.LQHW
+X\XN GLQ QRLHPEULH ?G+ &H VD vQWaPSODW FX IDPLOLD VD
FRQVWLWXLH XQ vQWUHJ DUDQMDPHQW GH SRYH>WL IDSWXO FC JUHFLL vO
GHVFULX SH $OH[DQGUX FD XQ¨JHURQWRILO¨ vQGUCJRVWLW GH PDPD OXL
'DULXV IHPHLH SHVWH GH DQL (X SHUVRQDO QX vL FUHG 2GDWC
?QYLQJCWRU SH WHULWRULXO $QDWROLHL $OH[DQGUX v>L vQGUHSWC DUPDWD
?G+VSUHWHULWRULLOH6LULHL/LEDQXOXL>L(JLSWXOXLGHD]L
&8&(5,5($7(5,725,,/256,5,(,
/,%$18/8,,65$(/8/8,
,(*,378/8,'($67n=,
/DGHDQL?G+$OH[DQGUXYDvQFHSHFXFHULUHD
DFHVWRU WHULWRULL )RORVHVF QXPHOH ORFXULORU D>D FXP VXQW HOH D]L
FXQRVFXWH SHQWUX D X>XUD vQ@HOHJHUHD FLWLWRULORU PDL SX@LQ
VSHFLDOL>WLvQQXPHGHORFDOLWC@L>LWHULWRULLQHFXQRVFXWHSLHUGXWHvQ
WLPS>LvQJURDSDQHLHUWCWRDUHDLVWRULHL·XLWDUHD¨
288
)LJ $OH[DQGUXDIRVWGHFODUDW)DUDRQ)LXDOXL$PPRQILLQGLXELWGH=HXO5D'HVFRSHULUH
KLHURJOLILFC?Q?QRD]DGHOD%DKDU\D
'XSC©ª,QWKHIRRWVWHSVRI$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW§ 0LFKDHO:RRG¥8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
289
3H WHULWRULLOH PHQ@LRQDWH PDL VXV VDX SHULQGDW WULEXUL >L
SRSRDUH (OH DX VFKLPEDW GRDU QXPHOH ORFDOLWC@LORU GDU QX >L
JHRJUDILD&LQH>WLHFLQHYDGRPLQDDFHVWHORFXULvQDQXO>LFH
QXPHYRUPDLDYHDHOH"'DUVCUHYHQLPODWaQCUXOQRVWUXWUDF>LOD
FRQVHFLQ@HOHFHYRUILGHFODQ>DWHGHDF@LXQLOHOXL'XSCECWCOLDGH
OD ,VVXV $OH[DQGUX OD WULPLV SH ECWUaQXO JHQHUDO 3DUPHQLD OD
'DPDVFSHQWUXFDSWXUDUHDXQRUUCPC>L@HSHUVDQHGDUVXUSUL]CHO
RYDOXDFDSUL]RQLHUCSH%DUVLQHIDWCDXQXLQRELOSHUVDQ(DDYHD
RHGXFD@LHJUHFHDVFC>LIXVHVHPCULWDWCSaQCDFXPGHGRXCRULR
GDWC FX FCSLWDQXO GH PHUFHQDUL JUHFL 0HQWRU GLQ 5RGRV D GRXD
RDUC FX FHO PDL vQYHU>XQDW DGYHUVDU DO OXL $OH[DQGUX JHQHUDOXO
0HPQRQ3OXWDUKVSXQHDFCHDDUILvQWUH@LQXWUHOD@LLLQWLPH>LFX
$OH[DQGUX DYaQG XQ ECLDW QXPLW +HUDFOHV &H VD vQWaPSODW FX
DFHVWFRSLODOOXL$OH[DQGUXQXVHPDL>WLH¿QWUHWLPSDUPDWDOXL
$OH[DQGUXVHPRELOL]HD]CvQMRVSHFRDVWD)HQLFLHL6LULD>L/LEDQXO
GHD]LXQGHWRDWHRUD>HOH>LFHWC@LOHvOUHFXQR>WHDXSH$OH[DQGUX
GUHSWXUPD>XOOXL'DULXVDO,,,OHD
6LQJXUD FHWDWH FDUH D vQFHUFDW SROLWLFD QHXWUDOLWC@LL D IRVW
7\UXO(LLDXWULPLVOXL$OH[DQGUXGDUXUL>LFKLDURFRURDQCGHDXU
GDUQXODXOCVDWVCSCWUXQGCvQFHWDWH1XDIRVWROXSWCX>RDUC
SHQWUXDUPDWDOXL$OH[DQGUXGHRDUHFH7\UXOHUDRLQVXOCFX]LGXUL
SXWHUQLFH>LFXXQSRUWFXSHVWHGHFRUCELLvQHO'XSCFHDUPDWD
OXL $OH[DQGUX QX D IRVW vQ VWDUH VC FXFHUHDVFC VLQJXUC FHWDWHD
7\UXOXLGLQQRXLQYLGLD>LJHOR]LD·IUD@LORU¨JUHFLYHFLQLDL7\UXOXL
YRUILIRORVLWHGHHO&XDMXWRUXOXQRUFRUCELLIHQLFLHQHDOIORWHLGLQ
5RGRV >L vQ VSHFLDO DO FHORU GH FRUCELL DOH UHJHOXL &LSUXOXL
UH]LVWHQ@D SRSXOD@LHL 7\UXOXL YD IL vQIUaQWC RUL PDL FRUHFW VSXV
PCFHOCULWC VDX WULPLVC vQ VFODYLH &RQGXFCWRULL 7\UXOXL DX IRVW
H[HFXWD@L vPSUHXQC FX DO@L FDUH DX IRVW FUXFLILFD@L 'XSC R
UH]LVWHQ@CGHOXQL7\UXOYDGLVSDUHGHSHID@DSCPaQWXOXL$FHDVWD
HVWH DF@LXQHD ·FLYLOL]DWRDUH¨ D PDFHGRQHQLORU QX QXPDL DVXSUD
JUHFLORU SHUVDQLORU LQGLHQLORU FL >L DVXSUD WXWXURU FHORU FXFHUL@L
VXEMXJD@L GH HL 2DUH QHDP VFKLPEDW QRL GXSC GH DQL"
)HURFLWDWHD QRDVWUC VD VFKLPEDW HD" $]L PDFHGRQHQLL WUCLHVF
VXSX>L VXE JUHFL EXOJDUL LXJRVODYL >L DOEDQH]L 1XPDL vQ SDWULD
PDPC 'DFLD5RPDQC HL VXQW D]L OLEHUL FX GUHSWXO GH D VFULH
SXEOLFD>LFRPXQLFDvQOLPEDORUPDFHGRQHDQCDURPaQC
290
Alesul zeilor
291
3WRORPHXFDUHVHSDUHFCODvQVR@LWSH$OH[DQGUXvQGUXPXOVSUH
6LZD$OH[DQGUXDDOHVDOWGUXPGHvQWRDUFHUH'HIDSWDFHOGUXP
QXSUHDDIRVWFXQRVFXWGHDQLPDLWaU]LXPDLSUHFLVvQYDUD
DQXOXL JHQHUDOXO JHUPDQ 5RPPHO v>L YD SXQH vQWUHEDUHD
·&DUH D IRVW GUXPXO VXGLF GH UHvQWRDUFHUH D OXL $OH[DQGUX"¨
*HQHUDOXO YRLD VC JCVHDVFC DFHO GUXP SHQWUX DL SXWHD RFROL SH
HQJOH]L vQ GUXPXO VCX VSUH (JLSW 6H SDUH FC >L HO SUHFXP
$OH[DQGUX VD GXV OD 2UDFRO FX R VLQJXUC vQWUHEDUH FDUH D IRVW
DFHHD>LFDUHDIRVWUCVSXQVXORUDFROXOXLQLPHQLQX>WLH
$OH[DQGUX DX]LVH GH OD +HURGRW GHVSUH OHJHQGDUXO 6LZD >L
vQFHUFDUHDOXL&DPE\VHVILXOOXL&\UXVUHJHOH3HUVLHLGHDFXFHUL
>L GLVWUXJH 6LZD OXaQG XQ GUXP VXGLF GDU vQWUHDJD DUPDWC D OXL
&DPE\VHV D IRVW vQJKL@LWC GH QLVLS D GLVSCUXW SRDWH VWXGLL
DUKHRORJLFHYLLWRDUHYRUUHGHVFRSHULDFHDDUPDWCvQFCDVFXQVCVXE
QLVLS&LQHDHOXFLGDWSDU@LDOPLVWHULRVXOGUXPGHvQWRDUFHUHDOOXL
$OH[DQGUX D IRVW XQ DUKHRORJ HJLSWHDQ FDUH vQ DQXO D
GHVFRSHULW OD RD]D %DKDUL\D XQ WHPSOX QHFXQRVFXW DFRSHULW GH
QLVLS¿QOCWXUaQGQLVLSXOGLQMXUXOSHUH@LORUGHVFRSHUCDOWHFDUWX>H
GH KLHURJOLIH PHQ@LRQaQG FC WHPSOXO HUD vQFKLQDW IDUDRQXOXL
$OH[DQGUX>LSDWURQDWGHGRL]HL+RUXV>L,VLV
&aQGDDYXWWLPS$OH[DQGUXvQVFXUWDVDYLD@CVCGCUaPH>LVC
UHFXFHUHDVFCLPSHULLFaQGDDYXWWLPSVCFRQVWUXLDVFCRUD>HFHWC@L
>LWHPSOH"&HRILVLP@LWDFHOECLDWGHGHDQLYHQLWGHGHSDUWH
GLQ %DOFDQL FD VC>L FRQVWUXLDVFC XQ WHPSOX DFROR vQ SXVWLX vQ
RD]D%DKDUL\D"
3HDFHDVWCUXWCSUREDELOVDvQWRUVHOGHOD6LZDSHDFHDVWC
UXWCSUREDELOJHQHUDOXOVCX3WRORPHXFDUHPDLWaU]LXYDFRQGXFH
(JLSWXO LD PDUFDW GUXPXO FX DFHVW WHPSOX" 3RDWH $OH[DQGUX D
RUGRQDW FRQVWUXF@LD WHPSOXOXL DFHVWD PXO@XPLQG DVWIHO ]HLORU
SHQWUXQRURFRDVDvQWRDUFHUHGHOD6LZD
/D VIaU>LWXO OXQLL LDQXDULH ?G+ $OH[DQGUX GHFLGH
FRQVWUXF@LD SULPXOXL VCX RUD> $OH[DQGULD SUHFXP DO VCX WDWC D
FRQVWUXLW)LOLSRSROLV3ORYGLYXOGHD]L$FHVWDYDILSULPXOGLQFHOH
GHRUD>HFDUHLYRUSXUWDQXPHOHSHVWHWRWvQOXPHDFXFHULWCGHHO
$OH[DQGULD WUHEXLD VC ILH XQ FHQWUX GH FXOWXUC DFROR SH FRDVWD
0HGLWHUDQHL >L D>D D >L IRVW $OH[DQGULD D GHYHQLW XQ (O'RUDGR
FXOWXUDO>LDVWDWD>DDSURDSHGHDQLSaQCODVRVLUHD,VODPXOXL
292
Alesul zeilor
&8&(5,5($=21(,,5$.8/8,
,,5$18/8,
oQ SULPCYDUD DQXOXL ?G+ OD YkUVWD GH GH DQL
$OH[DQGUXv>LFRQWLQXDPDU>XOvQFXFHULUHD/XPLL$QWLFHDOHUJkQG
GXSCDFHOD>L'DULXV
$FHVWD YD vQFHUFD VCO FXPSHUH SH WkQCUXO PDFHGRQHDQ RIH
ULQGXLODvQFHSXWUHFXQRD>WHUHDXQXLLPSHULXFXOLPLWDvQFHQWUXO
$QDWROLHLSkQCODUkXO+DO\V$SRLv>LH[WLQGHRIHUWDGHDVWCGDWC
OLPLWD QRXOXL LPSHULX RIHULW DFHVWXL WkQCU GH GH DQL ILLQG QLFL
PDL PXOW QLFL PDL SX@LQ GHFkW IOXYLXO (XIUDW >L vQ SOXV IDEXORDVD
VXPCGHGHWDODQ@LvPSUHXQCFXXQDGLQILLFHOHVDOH6CUDFXO
JHQHUDO3DUPHQLDVSXQHD·HXD>DFFHSWDDFHDVWCRIHUWC¨GDUQX>L
WkQCUXO QRVWUX WUDFPDFHGRQHDQ OD FDUH GRULQ@D GH DYHQWXUC >L
OXSWCHUDSULPRUGLDOC>LQXDFHHDGHDVHD>H]DFXPLQWHODORFXOOXL
>LVC>LFOCGHDVFCRIDPLOLHvQOLQL>WH>LSDFH(OvLYDUCVSXQGHOXL
'DULXV ·FKHDPCPC ·0DUHOH 5HJH¨ >L WH YRL OCVD VC WUCLH>WL SH
OkQJC PLQH FD YLFHUHJH RUL RSUH>WHWH GLQ IXJC >L YLQR VC QH
OXSWCP¨
(VWH LPSRVLELO GH vQ@HOHV LQFRPSHWHQ@D OXL 'DULXV FDUH GH>L
DYHDVXEPaQDOXLRXULD>CDUPDWCvLHUDIULFCGHXQJUXSGHVROGD@L
PDFHGRQHQL$OH[DQGUXvOYDVICUkPDGLQQRXvQOXSWDGHOD$UEHOD
*DXJDPHOD XQGH YD VRVL FX GH LQIDQWHUL>WL >L GH
FDYDOHUL>WL'DULXVvOYDvQWkPSLQDFXSHVWHGHLQIDQWHUL>WL
GXSC DO@LL FKLDU >L PDL PXOW GH GH FCOCUH@L
$VWIHO OD VIkU>LWXO YHULL DQXOXL ?G+ PDL SUHFLV SH RFWRP
EULHSHRYUHPHFCOGXURDVC>LSOLQCGHSUDI>LGHXQYkQWILHUELQWH
DOHUJkQG SULQWUH GHDOXULOH .XUGLVWDQXOXL FHL GRL 'DULXV >L
$OH[DQGUXVHYRUJCVLGLQQRXID@CvQID@C)LJ
%HVVXO>HIXOFDYDOHULHLGLQQRUGXO$IJDQLVWDQXOXLODQVHD]CXQ
DWDFDVXSUDDULSLLGUHSWHPDFHGRQHQHGDUVSUHJKLQLRQXOOXLvQORF
VC VH RSUHDVFC OD JUHFLL SH FDUHL VICUaPDVH v>L FRQWLQXC DWDFXO
QLPHULQGvQID@DIDODQJHORUPDFHGRQHQHWUXSHVSHFLDOL]DWHvQDVW
IHOGHOXSWHFDUHvQWUXQQRUGHSUDIGLVWUXJFDYDOHULDSHUVDQC
$OH[DQGUXDOHDUJCGXSC'DULXVFDUHVFDSCGLQQRX%CWCOLDGH
OD $UEHOD *DXJDPHOD D IRVW SRDWH XQD GLQWUH FHOH PDL GHFLVLYH
293
294
)LJ $OH[DQGUX>L'DULXV?QOXSWDGHOD,VVXGXSCXQPR]DLFOD3RPSHL
Alesul zeilor
QXPCUXO PRU@LORU vQ DUPDWD OXL 'DULXV VD ULGLFDW GXSC XQLL OD
GDUDGHYCUDWXOQXPCUDODFHVWRUDQXVHYD>WLSUREDELOQLFL
RGDWC ,VWRULD H VFULVC vQWRWGHDXQD GH vQYLQJCWRU 7kQCUXO
$OH[DQGUXv>LYDFRQWLQXDGUXPXOKCUC]LWGHGHVWLQYDSCWUXQGHvQ
%DELORQ XQGH VH YD RGLKQL DSRL YD FRQWLQXD LQYD]LD ]RQHL
,UDQXOXLGHD]LYDDUGHRUD>XO·FHOPDLXUkWGLQOXPH¨YDGLVWUXJH
3HUVHSROLVvQID@DDUPDWHLSHUVDQHSDUDOL]DWCGHIULFC$OH[DQGUXYD
JCVLFRPRDUDUHJLORUSHUVDQLFRPSXVCGLQSHVWHWDODQ@LGH
DXU$UPDWHLOXLRERVLWHGDUYLFWRULRDVHvLRIHUCRUD>XOVSUHMHIXL
UH¥IUXPRDVCUHFRPSHQVC&HYRUILVLP@LWSHUVDQLLGHVSUHDFHDVWD
HVWHX>RUGHLPDJLQDW>LD]LHLvOFRQVLGHUCSH$OH[DQGUXGUHSWXQ
PCFHODURICSWXUCGLDEROLFCFDUHOHDGCUkPDWWHPSOHOH>LOHDXFLV
SUHR@LL OHD GLVWUXV FHD PDL SUH@LRDVC FDUWH UHOLJLRDVC ·$YHVWD¨
VFULVCFXDXUSHGHSLHLGHDQLPDOH
9DXUPDIXJDGXSC'DULXVFDUHVHDVFXQVHVHOD(FEDWDQD
NPQRUGGH3HUVHSROLVDYkQGXLDOCWXULGHHOSHPHUFHQDULLJUHFL
FUHGLQFLR>L OXL FkW >L SH VDWUDSXO %HVVXV FRQGXFCWRUXO FDYDOHULHL
GHOD$UEHODoQILHUELQWHDOXQCLXOLHDDQXOXL?G+$OH[DQGUX
DIOD FC 'DULXV D SCUCVLW (FEDWDQD vQGUHSWDQGXVH VSUH ]RQD
$IJDQLVWDQXOXLGHD]LoQ]LOHGHPDU>IRU@DWPDFHGRQHQLLDMXQJ
OD5D\YHFKLXO7HKHUDQRERVL@LvQVHWD@LDSURDSHWkUkQGXVHSULQ
PDUHDGHQLVLS&LXGDWCHVWH>LIULFDOXL'DULXVDYkQGRDUPDWCGH
]HFLGHRULPDLPDUH>LPDLSXWHUQLFCIXJHDGHXQJUXSQHEXQGH
PDFHGRQLFDUHQXLGRUHDXQLPLFDOWFHYDGHFkWVCOIDFCVCGLVSDUC
oQWUHWLPSvQWDECUDOXL'DULXVVHSURSXQHDXVFKLPECULSURSXQH
UHD GH vQORFXLUH WHPSRUDUC D OXL 'DULXV FX %HVVXV VDWUDSXO
%HWULHLYD IL UHVSLQVC GH 'DULXV FDUH YD PXUL ILLQG XFLV FKLDU GH
·FUHGLQFLR>LL¨ VCL FDUHO YRU SCUCVL vQMXQJKLDW vQWUR FCUX@C 'H
DLFLLVWRULFLLvQYLQJCWRULLYRUVFULHLDULVWRULDORUDFk>WLJCWRULORU(L
YRU GHVFULH FXP XQ VROGDW GLQ DUPDWD OXL $OH[DQGUX vO YD JCVL SH
'DULXV vQFC vQ YLD@C vL YD DGXFH DSC vQWUXQ FRLI LDU vQDLQWH VC
PRDUCPDUHOHUHJHDO,PSHULXOXLSHUVDQvOYDvQWkOQLSH$OH[DQGUX
>LvLYDPXO@XPLSHQWUXIHOXOvQFDUHvLWUDWDVHIDPLOLD%DFKLDUPDL
PXOW FX OLPED GH PRDUWH vO YD QXPL VXFFHVRUXO VCX OD WURQXO
0DUHOXL ,PSHULX 3HUVDQ ,VWRULFL LVWRULFL LVWRULFL >L DWXQFL FD >L
DFXP VFULDX R LVWRULH SCUWLQLWRDUH R LVWRULH D vQYLQJCWRUXOXL ICUC
VFUXSXOH>LUX>LQHvQID@DSRVWHULWC@LL
295
$GHYCUXO HVWH FC 'DULXV HUD GHMD PRUW OD VRVLUHD OXL
$OH[DQGUXLDUFRUSXOVCXDIRVWWULPLVvQDSRLOD3HUVHSROLVQXD>D
GHPXOWGLQUHVSHFWFkWSHQWUXDDUCWDIDPLOLHLDFHVWXLD>LOXPLLSHU
VDQHFRUSXOQHvQVXIOH@LWDOPDUHOXL'DULXV&HDXUPDWGXSCDFHHD
QX VH GHRVHEH>WH GH FH XUPDVH FX Fk@LYD DQL vQ XUPC vQ UHJDWXO
0DFHGRQLHLGXSCPRDUWHDOXL)LOLSDO,,OHD
'HDVWCGDWCWR@LFRSLLLOXL'DULXVDXIRVWILH·vQGHSCUWD@L¨SHQ
WUXWRWGHDXQDGLQDFHDVWCOXPHILHFCVCWRUL@LFXPDFHGRQHQLvQ
IHOXO DFHVWD QHOCVkQGXVH QLFL XQ XUPD> GHPQ GH DO FRQWLQXD vQ
YLLWRUSHIRVWXOUHJHDOUHJLORUSH'DULXV
$FXPGXSCFHDXFXFHULW3HUVLDVHYRUvQWRDUFHDFDVCDFH>WL
PDFHGRQHQL"1X$OH[DQGUXOHYDYRUELGH]LOHOHvQFDUHHLDUWUH
EXL VCO LQYLQJC SH %HVVXV FDUH vQWUH WLPS VH GHFODUDVH UHJH (O
$OH[DQGUXvLYDSXUWDVSUH·VIkU>LWXO¨SCPkQWXOXLSHDFHOHD>LGUX
PXULDOHLVWRULHLSHFDUHYRUSC>L*LQJLV+DQ*HQJKLV.KDQRUL
0DUFR3ROR'HODYkUVWDGHGHDQLSkQCODHOvLYDSXUWDGH
SHvQWLQGHULOH$IJDQLVWDQXOXL8]EHNLVWDQXOXL>L7DGMLNLVWDQXOXLGH
D]L SkQC OD 6DPDUNDQG 6H YD FCVCWRUL FX 5R[DQD FHD PDL IUX
PRDVCIDWCGLQ$VLDQXvQDLQWHGHDORPRUvvQWURFUL]CGHSHUVR
QDOLWDWHSHYHFKLXOVCXSULHWHQ>LWRYDUC>GHDUPH&OHLWXV&HOD
ICFXW SH WkQCUXO $OH[DQGUX VC UHQXQ@H OD IDUPHFHOH (XQXFXOXL
%DJRDV OD WkQCUXO (X[HQLSSRV VDX OD YHFKLXO ·SULHWHQ¨
+HSKDLVWLRQ>LVCVHvQGUCJRVWHDVFCGHWkQCUD>LIUXPRDVD5R[DQD
QLPHQLQX>WLH&HUWHVWHFCvQXUPDXQXLEDQFKHW·VSOHQGLG¨EDU
EDULFFXPXOWFRQVXPGHDOFRROHD5R[DQDDIRVWDGXVCVCGDQ
VH]H vQ FRPSDQLD DOWRU IHWH FD VC DWHUL]H]H vQ ·LQLPD¨ OXL
$OH[DQGUX 'DU ILUHD WRWDOLWDUC >L GHVSRWLFC D WkQCUXOXL ·]HX¨ YD
H[SORGDLDUC>LFkQGXQJUXSGHSDMLWR@LWLQHULVXEGHDQLVCWXL
GHDOHUJCWXULDXSOCQXLWDVDVLQDUHDOXL$FH>WLDYRUILGHVFRSHUL@L>L
WRUWXUD@LICUCPLOCSkQCODPRDUWH¿QILQDO$OH[DQGUXvOYDDFX]D
SHQHSRWXOOXL$ULVWRWHOSH&DOLVWKHQHVGHDILRUJDQL]DWFRPSOR
WXOLVWRULFXORPXOFDUHLDFRQVWUXLWPLWXOSHJUHFXOFDUHDFUHDW>L
UHDOL]DWSULQOLQJX>LWRULLOHOXL·PRQVWUXO¨$OH[DQGUX&DOLVWKHQHvQ
SOXVDPDLDYXW·WXSHXO¨VCOFRPSDUHFX3DWURFOH3DWURFOXVGLQ
,OLDGDSULHWHQXO>LLXELWXOOXL$FKLOH&XPDGLFC(/$OH[DQGUXVC
QX ILH FRPSDUDW FHO SX@LQ FX $FKLOH &D XUPDUH $OH[DQGUX QX
QXPDLFCODWRUWXUDWGDUOD>LFUXFLILFDW
296
Alesul zeilor
&8&(5,5($=21(,3$.,67$18/8,
,,1',(,?G+
&+(0$5($ 675n%81,/25
/DYaUVWDGHGHDQLFaQGDO@LWLQHULQX>WLXvQFCGHFHVCVH
DSXFH vQ YLD@C (/ $OH[DQGUX VH YHGHD XQ ·]HX¨ &XFHULVH
DSURDSHWRDWCOXPHD>WLXWCSaQCODHOGDUQXWRDWC
(O YURLD WRWXO D>D FC vQ SULPCYDUD DQXOXL ?G+ vO YRP
JCVL SH SDQWHOH PXQWRDVH DOH +LQGX.XVKXOXL XQGHYD vQWUH
3DNLVWDQXO >L $IJDQLVWDQXO 1XULVWDQ SOLQ GH HQHUJLH PaQDW GH R
GRULQ@C GHPRQLFC GH D VWCSaQL WRDWC OXPHD $>D FXP vO vQYC@DVH
$ULVWRWHOHOYRLDVCYDGCGLQYaUIXODFHVWRUPXQ@LVIaU>LWXOOLPLWD
SCPaQWXOXL &H R IL VLP@LW HO RDUH FaQG D GHVFRSHULW FC
·HPLQHQWXO¨ OXL vQYC@CWRU D FDOFXODW JUH>LW" 3UREDELO vQ DFHO
PRPHQWGRULQ@DGHFXQRD>WHUH>LPDLSX@LQFHDGHFXFHULUHvOSXUWD
WRW PDL GHSDUWH VDX SRDWH QX HUD DOWFHYD GHFaW R FKHPDUH D
VWUCEXQLORUFDUHFXPDLSX@LQGHGHDQLvQDLQWHDOXLFDUSDWR
GDQXELHQLL YHGLFLL DULHQLL RUL FXP YUH@L VC QH QXPL@L vQ XUPD
PCFHOXOXLGHOD+DUUDSDSCWUXQGHDXvQ,QGLDSHFXUVXOVXSHULRUDO
,QGXVXOXL
(LFDUSDWRGDQXELHQLLDULHQLDXFXFHULW,QGLDQXQXPDLPLOL
WDUFLvQVSHFLDOVSLULWXDO
'HVSUH ,QGLD $OH[DQGUX QX >WLD SUHD PXOW VH SDUH FC
·VHUYLFLXOOXLVHFUHW¨¥IRUPDWvQPDMRULWDWHGLQQHJX@CWRULLJUHFL¥
QX SCWUXQVHVH vQ DFHDVWC ]RQC &XQR>WLQ@HOH OXL VH OLPLWDX OD
IURQWLHUDQRUGYHVWLFCD3XQMDEXOXL
7kQCUDEX]LYFCUXLDvLSOCFHDXEH@LLOHRULFHVHSRDWHVSXQH
UCX GHVSUH WaQCUXO $OH[DQGUX GDU QX L VH SRDWH FRQWHVWD
VHULR]LWDWHD>LPHWLFXOR]LWDWHDvQSUHJCWLUHDXQHLLQYD]LLODIHO>LGH
DVWC GDWC GXSC FH YD VWXGLD FX DWHQ@LH WRDWH LQIRUPD@LLOH SULPLWH
GHVSUH,QGLD(/v>LYDvPSCU@LDUPDWDvQGRXCJURVXOHLvOYD
SXQHVXEFRQGXFHUHD·LXELWXOXL¨OXLSULHWHQ+HIDLVWLRQLDURPLFC
SDUWH R YD FRQGXFH (/ vQVX>L >L YD DYHD XQ FDUDFWHU PDL
FXUaQGGHH[SORDWDUHD,QGLHL
(L YRU PHUJH vPSUHXQC GH OD .DQGDKDU SaQC OD .DEXO >L GH
DFROR SaQC OD %DFWUD %DONK 6H YRU UHvQWRDUFH OD .DEXO >L GH
297
DFRORGUXPXOORUVHYDGHVSCU@L+HIDLVWLRQv>LYDFRQGXFHDUPDWD
OD VXGXO UaXOXL .DEXO VSUH 7D[LOD DO FCUHL UHJH YD IL GH SDUWHD
PDFHGRQLORU QX OD IHO YD IDFH XQ DOW UHJH GLQ SDUWHD YHVWLFC D
IOXYLXOXL,QGXVFDUHOD&KDUVDGGDYDILvQYLQVGH+HIDLVWLRQ>LFKLDU
RPRUaW
$OH[DQGUX VH vQGUHDSWC FX PLFD OXL WUXSC vQ QRUG VSUH
+LPDODLDWUHFaQGSULQYDOHD.XQDUXOXLDMXQJaQGSaQCOD3LU6DU
'RUQRVXQGHYDSHODSRDOHOHDFHVWRUPXQ@LGLQHVWXO$IJDQLVWD
QXOXLGHD]LSaQCODIURQWLHUDQRUGYHVWLFCD3DNLVWDQXOXL
&HO PaQD SH WaQCUXO UHJH PDFHGRQHDQ HUXGLW SH DFHVWH
PHOHDJXUL DWXQFL vQ DQWLFKLWDWH DWXQFL ?Q XUPC FX PDL ELQH GH
GHDQL"3RDWHDFHDFKHPDUHDVWUCEXQLORU
8QGHYD vQ YCLOH .XQDUXOXL vQWUH $IJDQLVWDQXO GH D]L >L
3DNLVWDQDDYXWORFXQLQFLGHQWH[WUDRUGLQDUvQPLFXORUC>HO1\VD
ORFDOQLFLL DX YHQLW OD DUPDWD PDFHGRQHDQC FHUaQGXOH SURWHF@LD
VSXQaQGXOH FC HL VXQW QLPLF DOWFHYD GHFaW GHVFHQGHQ@L DL ]HXOXL
%DFKXV ]HX WUDFLF SUHOXDW PDL WaU]LX GH JUHFL >L GH URPDQL
%DFKXV]HXDOEH@LHLYLQXOXLH[WD]LHLSURYRFDWHGHDPHVWHFDUHD
vQ YLQ D XQHL YL@H VCOEDWLFH LQWR[LFD@LH FDUH SURYRFD DF@LXQL
LPSUHGLFWLELOHODFHLFHVH·GURJDX¨FXDFHDVWD&C$OH[DQGUX>LDL
OXLPDFHGRQHQLHUDXDOFRROLFLHVWHJUHXGHVSXVGDU>LGHFRQWHVWDW
3H DWXQFL RDPHQLL ·DOH>L¨ QX DYHDX SUHD PXOWH GH ICFXW FD VC VH
GLVWUH]HvQSOXVPDFHGRQHQLLFD>LPHUFHQDULLJUHFLFDUHLvQVR@HDX
HUDX RDPHQLL WLPSXULORU ORU FUHGXOL VXSHUVWL@LRVL UHOLJLR>L
SRVHGD@LGHGHPRQLRULGH]HL
'HIDSWQLFLD]LGXSCGHDQLRDPHQLLQXVDXVFKLPEDW
SUHDPXOW>LFKLDUFaQGWULPLWUDFKHWHSHDOWHSODQHWHFCOCWRUHVFSH
/XQC VDX VLPSOX ·vQ VSD@LX¨ FRQWLQXC VC ILH VXSHUVWL@LR>L RUL VC
FUHDGCvQILLQ@HVXSUDQDWXUDOHODFDUHVHvQFKLQCFXHYODYLHGHFLFH
OHSXWHPFHUHDFHORURDPHQLGHDFXPGHDQL3RYHVWHDDFHORU
·VWUCEXQL¨QXDICFXWGHFaWVCLFRQILUPHOXL$OH[DQGUXGUHSWXOGH
DILDFROR>LVCLFUHDVFC>LPDLPXOWLQWHUHVXOvQH[SORDWDUHDDFHOHL
OXPL6CQXXLWCPFCSHQWUXWLPSXOVCXHOHUDXQRPGHRVHELWGH
HGXFDW HUXGLW FXOW 'XSC SDVDMXO SULQ YDOHD VWUCPR>LORU HO YD
DMXQJH OD 0DVVDJD vQ YDOHD UaXOXL 6ZDW XQGH D vQWaPSLQDW
UH]LVWHQ@C SaQC FaQG FRQGXFCWRUXO DUPDWHL LQDPLFH D IRVW XFLV
$WXQFL UHJLQD ORFDOC R IHPHLH IRDUWH IUXPRDVC vL YD GHVFKLGH
298
SRU@LOHFHWC@LL>LQXQXPDLSHDFHVWHDVHSDUHFCHDLDDGXVSHOXPH
>LXQFRSLO$OH[DQGUXOHDSURPLVVROGD@LORULQGLHQLFDUHOXSWDVHUC
vPSRWULYD VD OLEHUWDWHD GDU vQ WLPSXO QRS@LL LD PCFHOCULW (O QX
DYHDQHYRLHGHVROGD@LLQDPLFLvQVSDWHOHVCX
&RPSRUWDPHQWXO OXL SDUH GH PXOWH RUL FHO DO XQXL MXFCWRU
PRGHUQGH>DK
$OH[DQGUX v>L FRQWLQXC FDPSDQLD VSUH FHQWUXO ,QGLHL FX
GH VROGD@L DQLPDOH FDUH >L WXUQXUL GH OXSWC HOHIDQ@L SOXV
RDPHQL GH >WLLQ@C ERWDQL>WL LVWRULFL >L WRSRJUDIL FDUH PCVXUDX
FRQWLQXXGLVWDQ@D0DFHGRQLD¥FDSCWXOOXPLL(OWUDYHUVHD]CUaXUL
>LIOXYLLYCLGHDOXUL>LPXQ@LGH>HUWXUL>LPCULVSUHD>LvQGHSOLQL
GHVWLQXO (O vO YD vQWaOQL SH UDPDQXO 5DMDK 3RUXV vPSCUDW DO
,QGLHLFDUHvLYDVWDvQID@CFXGHVROGD@L>LRFDYDOHULHGH
GH RDPHQL DOCWXUL GH FDUH PDL DYHD >L XQ ·UHJLPHQW¨ GH
·WDQFXULDOHDQWLFKLWC@LL¨UHVSHFWLYGHHOHIDQ@L$VWIHOvQMXUXO
]LOHLGHPDLDDQXOXL?G+vQWUR]LvQVRULWCSHUaXO-KHOXP
+\GDVSHV XPIODW GH DSD WRSLWC D ]CSH]LL FaW >L D JKH@DULORU GLQ
PXQ@LL +\PDODLD $OH[DQGUX v>L YD FRQVWUXL XQ SRG GH YDVH
VXUSULQ]aQGXOSHILXOOXL3RUXVFDUHFUHGHDFCFXRFDYDOHULHGH
GHRDPHQL>LGHFDULRWHFCUX@HGHOXSWCvOYDVSHULDSH
PDFHGRQHDQ 'DU HO VD vQ>HODW >L QX QXPDL DWaW GDU D >L IRVW
RPRUaW ¿Q DFHOH WLPSXUL QX WH SXWHDL MXFD FX XQ PDFHGRQHDQ
5DPDQXO 3RUXV SUREDELO XQ XUPD> DO DFHORU VWUCPR>L FDUSDWR
GDQXELHQLvQDOWGHPXQDGHYCUDWJLJDQWSHQWUXDFHDYUHPH
vO YD vQWaOQL vQ OXSWC SH PDFHGRQHDQ /D vQFHSXW ·GLYL]LD¨ GH
HOHIDQ@L YD IDFH UDYDJLL SULQWUH PDFHGRQHQL >L DOH ORU IDODQJH GDU
QLFL DVWD QX YD GXUD SUHD PXOW RFKLL HOHIDQ@LORU ILLQG SULQFLSDOD
@LQWCDVXOL@HORUOXQJLIDODQJLVWHGDU>LWURPSHOHORUWCLDWHGHVCELLOH
PDFHGRQHQH,VWRULFXO$ULDQvLGHVFULHSHDFH>WLHOHIDQ@LDUCWaQGOD
VIaU>LW FD QL>WH FRUCELL UCVWXUQDWH SH PDUH 7RW DFHOD>L LVWRULF
$ULDQQHVSXQHFCQXPCUXOPRU@LORUvQWDECUDOXL3RUXVDIRVWGH
'LRGRUXVYRUEH>WHGHGHPRU@LGHSUL]RQLHUL
>LGHHOHIDQ@LPRU@L'DFCGXSCPCFHOXOGHOD+DUUDSD ICFXWGH
FDUSDWRGDQXELHQLYHGLFL OD ?G+ DFH>WLD DX SCWUXQV SH
YDOHD,QGXVXOXLDFXPGXSCFFDGHDQL?G+XQDOW
PCFHO D DYXW ORF 3RUXV D VFCSDW PDVDFUXOXL (O vO YD vQWaOQL SH
$OH[DQGUX FHUaQGXL SULQWUXQ LQWHUSUHW VCO ·WUDWH]H FD SH XQ
299
UHJH¨$OH[DQGUXRYDIDFH>LFKLDUPDLPXOWvLYDPCULLPSHULXO
DGCXJaQGXL >L WHULWRULLOH RFXSDWH GH OD LQDPLFLL DFHVWXLD 3HQWUX
PDFHGRQHDQHUDPDLELQHVCDLECXQSULHWHQGHFaWXQGX>PDQ
2 PRQHGC GLQ DFHOH WLPSXUL ICFXWC vQ %DELORQ QLO
vQIC@L>HD]C SH $OH[DQGUX FCODUH SH %XFHIDO DWDFaQGXO SH 3RUXV
FDUH VH JCVHD SH VSDWHOH XQXL HOHIDQW 3H FHDODOWC ID@C D PRQHGHL
DYHP SRUWUHWXO OXL $OH[DQGUX FDUH DVHPCQCWRU ]HXOXL VXSUHP DO
WUDFRGDFLORU *HEHOHL]LV DUH vQ PaQD GUHDSWC XQ IXOJHU LDU FX
VWaQJDVHVSULMLQCvQWURVXOL@C%CWCOLDGHOD-KHOXPGH>LFa>WLJDWC
vO YD PaKQL SURIXQG SH WaQCUXO GH GH DQL HO vO YD SLHUGH SH
%XFHIDOFDOXOOXLGUDJFDUHPRDUHUCQLWvQOXSWCVDXGXSCDO@LLGH
ECWUaQH@H%XFHIDODIRVWDQLPDOXOFUHGLQFLRVFDUHWLPSGHGH
DQLODvQVR@LWSHVWHWRW8QPRQXPHQWYDILULGLFDWvQFLQVWHDFDLORU
GHOXSWCGHIDSWvQFLQVWHDFUHGLQFLRVXOXLOXLFDO%XFHIDO/RFXO
PRQXPHQWXOXL D IRVW LGHQWLILFDW OD -DODSXU ORF SH FDUH FKLQH]LL
EXGL>WLvOYRUQXPLPXOWPDLWaU]LX·RUD>XOIDLPRVXOXLFDO¨
'XSC R OXQC GH UHSDXV SH PDOXULOH UaXOXL -KHOXP FaQG DX
DYXWORFVSHFWDFROHPX]LFDOH>LFRPSHWL@LLDWOHWLFH$OH[DQGUXv>LYD
ULGLFD LDU DUPDWD GXFaQGR PDL GHSDUWH ·vQ LQLPD ,QGLHL¨ /D IHO
FXP PDL WaU]LX 0DJHODQ >L &ULVWRIRU &ROXPE YRU H[SORUD PCULOH
SHQWUXDGHVFRSHULVIaU>LWXOORUHO$OH[DQGUXYRLDVCIDFCDFHOD>L
OXFUXSHXVFDWYRLDVCYDGCXQGHVHVIaU>HDSCPaQWXO%RWDQL>WLL
FDUHO vQVR@HDX HUDX vQFaQWD@L GH QRXD IORUC GHVFRSHULWC GH
EXPEDFXO FDUH ICFHD SRVLELOC RE@LQHUHD GH KDLQH GLQ DVWIHO GH
SODQWH0XVRQXOHUDREVHUYDW>LFRPHQWDWGH7KHRSKDVXVDFCUXL
OXFUDUH SLHUGXWC D IRVW UHJCVLWC WUDGXVC vQ OLPED SHUVDQC vQWUR
ELEOLRWHFC GLQ QRUGXO ,QGLHL $OH[DQGUX v>L vPSLQJH DUPDWD vQWaL
VSUH (VW SaQC OD UaXO %HDV +\IDVWLV FHO PDL GHSCUWDW ORF >WLXW
SaQC DWXQFL GXSC LVWRULFXO $UULDQ (O DX]LVH FC GLQFROR GH DFHVW
UaX DU H[LVWD XQ UHJDW SH *DQJH FX FDSLWDOD OD 3DWQD RUD> FH
ULYDOL]DFX%DELORQXOFXRSRSXOD@LHGHGHORFXLWRUL
GH WXUQXUL GH DSCUDUH >L GH SRU@L &LQHL SXWHD RSUL VHWHD GH
DYHQWXUC GH FXFHULUH D DFHOHL vPSCUC@LL" &LQH" 'DU DUPDWD HUD
RERVLWC GH SORLOH GLQ WLPSXO SHULRDGHL PXVRQLFH vPEROQCYLWC GH
PDODULHFKLQLQDVHSDUHFCDXFXQRVFXWRDWXQFLGHODLQGLHQLGH
GL]HQWHULHVSHULDWC>LGHFLPDWCGH>HUSLLYHQLQR>LVROGD@LLRERVL@L
>L X]L QX PDL YLVDX FD vQ XUPC FX DQL FaQG WUDYHUVDVHUC
'DUGDQHOHOHvQ$VLDODDYHQWXUL>LERJC@LL
300
Alesul zeilor
&RHQXVXQXOGLQFHLPDLGHYRWD@LFRPDQGDQ@LGHIDODQJCvLYD
VSXQH FC GLQ DUPDWD RULJLQDOC DX UCPDV IRDUWH SX@LQL ¨XQLL DX
PXULW vQ ECWCOLL DO@LL VXQW LQYDOL]L PXO@L DX IRVW OCVD@L vQ GLIHULWH
SCU@L DOH $VLHL GDU FHL PDL PXO@L DX PXULW EROQDYL GH WRW IHOXO GH
EROLSX@LQLLVXSUDYLH@XLWRULYRUVCYDGCGDFCSCULQ@LLOHPDLVXQWvQ
YLD@CYRUVC>LYDGCVR@LLOH>LFRSLLLYRUVC>LYDGCORFXULOHQDWDOH¨
1HPXO@XPLW$OH[DQGUXOHVSXQHFCYDPHUJHVLQJXUvQDLQWHQXPDL
FXYROXQWDULFHLODO@LVHSRWvQWRDUFHDFDVCvQ0DFHGRQLDVCVSXQC
FC>LDXvQWRUVVSDWHOHODHO>LODXOCVDWVLQJXUSULQWUHLQDPLFL'DU
QLFLDFHVWHIUD]HQXDXFRQYLQVSHQLPHQLD>DvQFaWVHYRUvQWRDUFH
VSUH-DODSXU'DUGDFCDUPDWDDDFFHSWDWDSDUHQWvQDPHUJHPDL
GHSDUWH VSUH (VW $OH[DQGUX YD vQFHUFD VCL DGXFC ·DFDVC¨
PHUJaQGVSUHVXGXO,QGLHLFRQWLQXaQGVCWUDYHUVH]HORFXULQRLVC
OH H[SORUH]H ¿QWUH WLPS &RHQXV YD PXUL 5R[DQD VR@LD OXL
$OH[DQGUXvLYDDGXFHSHOXPHXQILXFDUHYDPXULvQVCvQWRDPQD
DQXOXLXUPCWRU$OH[DQGUXv>LYDSUHJCWLRIORWCGHSHVWHGH
YDVHSHFDUHRYDFRPDQGDFXLQWHQ@LDGHDDWLQJH2FHDQXO,QGLDQ
3ULHWHQXOVCX+HIDLVWLRQVHYDD>H]DvQIUXQWHDDUPDWHLGHGH
HOHIDQ@L >L vO YD XUPD GHD OXQJXO IOXYLXOXL ,QGXV ,QIDQWHULD >L
FDYDOHULD DYaQGXO FRPDQGDQW SH &UDWHUXV YD PCU>COXL >L HD
GHD OXQJXO PDOXULORU IOXYLXOXL 7UHEXLH VC IL IRVW XQ VSHFWDFRO
IDQWDVWLF JUDQGLRV VC YH]L PRELOL]aQGXVH DFHOH WUXSH FUXFLDGD
vPSRWULYD ,PSHULXOXL 3HUVDQ WUDQVIRUPaQGXVH vQWUXQD
vPSRWULYD ORFXLWRULORU $VLHL 6ROGD@LL PDFHGRQHQL YaQDX
SHGHSVHDXGLVWUXJHDXRULFHvPSRWULYLUH¿QFHSXVHWHURDUHDFRQWUD
RULFCUHL vPSRWULYLUL 0DFHGRQHQLORU OL VD vPSRWULYLW R SRSXOD@LH
ORFDOCvQRUD>XO0XOWDQ6ROGD@LLRERVL@L>LEROQDYLQXSUHDPDL
DYHDXFKHIVCPDLFXFHUHDVFCXQRUD>$OH[DQGUXVHYDFC@CUDSH
XQD GLQ VFCULOH GH DVDOW FDUH VH YD UXSH 9C]aQG ·UR>X¨ vQ ID@D
RFKLORUWaQCUXOPDFHGRQHDQXLWCFLQHHVWHVHDJD@CFXPaLQLOHGH
]LGXO GX>PDQ VCULQG vQCXQWUX FX DO@L WUHL vQVR@LWRUL %XFXULD
DSCUCWRULORUFHWC@LLFDUHDXWCECUaWSHHLFXPLF>LPDUHEDFKLDU
RVCJHDWCvLYDVWUCSXQJHSLHSWXOvQSDUWHDGUHDSWC&XDFHOVFXWDO
OXL$FKLOHOXDWGLQ7URLDFHLWUHLWRYDUC>LvOYRUDFRSHULvQFHUFaQG
VCO VFDSH GH IXULD DSCUCWRULORU 6ROGD@LL PDFHGRQHQL GLQ DIDUD
]LGXULORU vQ@HOHJaQG GH]DVWUXO YRU OXSWD QHEXQH>WH >LL YRU
PDVDFUD SH OXSWCWRULL LQDPLFL SaQC OD XQXO (L FUHGHDX FC
$OH[DQGUX DO ORU HUD PRUW GDU HO D IRVW DGXV DSURDSH PRUW vQ
WDECUDXQGHGRFWRULLVHvQWUHEDXGDFCVCvQFHUFHVDXQXVCLVFRDWC
301
VCJHDWDGLQSLHSW¿QWUXQPRPHQWGHOXFLGLWDWH$OH[DQGUXGHVFKLGH
RFKLL>LOHFHUHVCRIDFC'RFWRUXO&ULWREXORVRYDIDFHVaQJH>LDHU
D @a>QLW GXSC VFRDWHUHD VCJH@LL GLQ UDQC GLQ SOCPaQXO GUHSW DO
·=HXOXL0DFHGRQHDQ¨'DUVCQCWDWHDGHILHUFaW>LWLQHUH@HDVDYRU
vQYLQJH >L HO YD VXSUDYLH@XL 7RWX>L ORFDOQLFLL GLQ ]RQD 0XOWDQ >L
8FKFU VSXQ D]L FC GH IDSW ·$OH[DQGUX D PXULW DWXQFL >L D IRVW
vQPRUPaQWDW XQGHYD SH DFROR &RPDQGDQ@LL OXL QX DX YUXW VC
GHVFXUDMH]HDUPDWD>LDXGHFODUDWFCHVWHvQFCvQYLD@C¨$GHYCUXOHVWH
FC$OH[DQGUXv>LYDFRQWLQXDGUXPXOSHDSCvQFCOXQLvQWLPSXO
DFHODHLDXYHQLWvQFRQWDFWFXILORVRILD9HGLFDFHVHSUDFWLFCvQ,QGLD
GHSHVWHGHDQLDGXVCGHFDUSDWRGXQCUHQL$OH[DQGUXYDIL
LQWULJDW GH ILORVRILD VFHSWLFC UD@LRQDOC >L PDWHULDOLVWC YHGLFC >L GH
DVHPCQDUHDHLFXFHVHSUDFWLFDvQDFHDYUHPHvQ*UHFLDYH]LS
·7RWKHHQGVRIWKH(DUWK¨ GH0LFKDHO:RRG?QVSHFLDOvQFHHDFH
SULYHD OHJLOH QDWXUDOH DOH 8QLYHUVXOXL (VWH GLILFLO SHQWUX QRL VC
VSHFXOCPD]LGDFCHO>WLDVDXQXFCRULJLQHDDFHORUILORVRILLYHGLFHv>L
DYHDHUDvQVSD@LXO&DUSDWR'XQCUHDQFD>LFHDJUHFHDVFCGHDOWIHO
1X QXPDL LQGLHQLL GDU >L JUHFLL VH DGCSDVHUC OD DFHOD>L L]YRU DO
FXQRD>WHULLDPaQGRXCFLYLOL]D@LLOHFRQVWUXLQGX>LILOR]RILLOHSHED]D
FHOHL SHODVJLFH DULHQH FDUSDWRGDQXELHQH SH FHD D VWUCPR>LORU
QR>WUL 'HD OXQJXO ,QGXVXOXL WUXSHOH OXL $OH[DQGUX YRU vQWaOQL SH
FHOH DOH UHJHOXL ,QGLDQ 0XVLFDQXV FDUH SUHICFaQGXVH SULHWHQ OD
vQFHSXWPDLWaU]LXvOYDDWDFDGDUYDVIaU>LFUXFLILFDW3HVWH
GLQVROGD@LLOXLILLQGXFL>LGHWUXSHOHPDFHGRQHQH¿QYDUDDQXOXL
?G+ $OH[DQGUX D DMXQV OD 3DWDOD +\GHUDEDG IRORVLQG QRWHOH
DPLUDOXOXLOXL1HDUFKXVLVWRULFXO$UULDQYDSXEOLFDRFDUWHVHSDUDWC
LQWLWXODWC ·,QGLD¨ $MXQJaQG OD DFHVW SXQFW WHUPLQXV $OH[DQGUX D
GHFLV·vQWRDUFHUHDDFDVC¨
302
Alesul zeilor
\ntoarcerea acas`
?G+
/
D YaUVWD GH GH DQL $OH[DQGUX GHFLGH VC VH vQWRDUFC DFDVC
$VWIHO vO JCVLP vQ WRDPQD DQXOXL ?G+ XQGHYD SH OaQJC
.DUDFL vQGUHSWaQGXVH VSUH %DELORQ FDUH GHYHQLVH vQWUH WLPS
FHQWUXOOXPLLVDOHFHQWUXOLPSHULXOXLVCX$UPDWD>LDvPSCU@LWRvQWUHL
JUXSXUL
8QXO VXE FRQGXFHUHD OXL &UDWHUXV DYaQG EULJC]L GH IDODQJH FX
SHVWHGHYHWHUDQLFDUHGHDVWCGDWCVHvQWRUFHDXDFDVCSHQWUX
DILHOLEHUD@LGLQDUPDWCDOCWXULGHDFH>WLDPDLHUDXGHVROGD@L
FXGHHOHIDQ@LFDUHGLQYDOHD,QGXOXLYRUPHUJHvQ,UDQXOGHD]L
WUHFaQGSULQ%RODQ3DVVvQJHQHUDOXQGUXPICUCGLILFXOWC@L
1HDUFKXVvQIUXQWHDIORWLOHLYDFRERUvGHSHIOXYLXO,QGXVvQ0DUHD
$UDELHLPHUJaQGSHOaQJC@CUPWUHFaQGSULQVWUaPWRDUHD+RUPX]vQ
*ROIXO 3HUVLF SaQC OD &KUD[ $OH[DQGULD GH DVHPHQHD ICUC VC
vQWaPSLQH GLILFXOWC@L H[FHSWaQG IDSWXO FC QX OD SXWXW vQWaOQL SH
$OH[DQGUXOD*ZDGDU
¿QVIaU>LWHO$OH[DQGUXYDDOHJHXQGUXPIRDUWHFLXGDWGHvQWRDUFHUH
DFDVC(OYDVWUCEDWHGH>HUWXOQHRVSLWDOLHUDO0DNUDQXOXLGHDOXQJXO
FRDVWHL 0CULL $UDELFH XQGHYD vQWUH ,UDQXO >L 3DNLVWDQXO GH D]L
DYaQGFXHOFDPGHLQIDQWHUL>WL>LGHFDYDOHUL>WL
'HOD.DUDFKLOD%DPSXUVXQWSHVWHGHNPGH@LQXWDULG>L
RVWLOOLSVLWGHYHJHWD@LH>LvQVSHFLDOGHDSCFaQGDLQHYRLHGHHD$VWD
QX vQVHDPQC FC DWXQFL FaQG QDWXUD YUHD DSD SORLOH WRUHQ@LL
LQXQGD@LLOH QX SRW VC DSDUC D>D VD vQWaPSODW >L FX DUPDWD OXL
$OH[DQGUXFDUHvQYDOHD.HFKXOXLYDILL]ELWCSULQVXUSULQGHUHGHXQ
DVWIHOGHIHQRPHQQDWXUDOSRWRSXOGLVWUXJaQGXLRSDUWHGLQDUPDWC
DUPHHFKLSDPHQW$MXQJaQGvQRD]DIHUWLOCD7XUEDWXOXL$OH[DQGUX
v>L YD RGLKQL DUPDWD RIHULQGXL QX QXPDL DSC EXQC >L KUDQC GDU >L
GLVWUDF@LL 'H OD 7XUEDW OD 3DVQL VXQW FDP NP GDU WUDVHXO HVWH
IRDUWHGLILFLO$SDUHQW$OH[DQGUXDYUXWVCDMXQJCODPDUHSHQWUXDO
vQWaOQLSH1HDUFKXVFXYDVHOHVDOH1RURFXOvQVCQXLPDLVXUaGHFD
SHYUHPXULDUPDWDVDRERVLWCFKLQXLWCGHEROLQHPaQFDWCOLSVLWCGH
DSCVHYDWUDQVIRUPDvQWURKRDUGCGLVSHUDWCWaUaQGXVHSULQGH>HUWXO
QHPLORV 3RDWH FC $OH[DQGUX D YUXW VC>L SHGHSVHDVFC DVWIHO DUPDWD
QHFUHGLQFLRDVCFDUHUHIX]DVHVCOXUPH]HGLQFRORGHUaXO%HDV(Lv>L
303
)LJ &XUWHDOXL$OH[DQGUX0DFHGRQSULQOX[XOHLODUILSXWXWIDFHJHORV>LSH/XGRYLF;9
?QSLFWXUDGHID@C$OH[DQGUXEROQDYHVWH?QFRQMXUDWGHGRFWRUL>LSULHWHQLLVCL
'XSC ·$OH[DQGHU WKH *UHDW 0DQ RI $FWLRQ 0DQ RI 6SLULW§ ¥ 3LHUUH %ULDQW +DUU\ 1 $EUDPV ,QF
3XEOLVKHUV¥1HZ<RUN
304
Alesul zeilor
YRU FRQWLQXD GUXPXO GHD OXQJXO 0CULL $UDELFH SaQC OD %DQGDUH
$EEDVXQGH$OH[DQGUXvOYDvQWaOQLSH1HDUFKXVvQWaOQLUHGHVFULVCGH
LVWRULFXO$UULDQFDIRDUWHODFULPRJHQC$UPDWDOXL$OH[DQGUXDUVCGH
VRDUHECUERDVCFXSOHWHOXQJL>LQHVSCODWHSURVWKUCQLWCRvQWaOQH>WH
SHFHDFRQGXVCSHDSCGH1HDUFKXVVCQCWRDVCD>D]LV·QH]JaULDWC¨
3OXWDUFK vL GHVFULH SH RIL@HULL PDFHGRQHQL QX JUHFL FD DYaQG R
FRQVWLWX@LHVROLGCFXXQDSHWLWQHVWCSaQLWSHQWUXEH@LLVH[>LYLROHQ@C
vPEUCFD@LvQFRVWXPHHOHJDQWHXPEOaQGSDUDOL]D@LGHECXWXUC>LJDWD
GHFHDUWC(O$OH[DQGUXYDDMXQJHOD3HUVHSROLVSULQOXQDLDQXDULHD
DQXOXL?G+XQGHSUREDELOYDUHJUHWDIDSWXOFCDGLVWUXVRUD>XO
¿Q IHEUXDULH YD IL OD 6XVD (O v>L YD VFKLPED FDSLWDOD LPSHULXOXL OD
%DELORQ¿QWUHWLPSLXELWXOVCXSULHWHQ+HIDLVWLRQFCVCWRULW>LHOFXR
IDWCDOXL'DULXVYDPXULvQFRQGL@LLFLXGDWHGXSCXQLL$OH[DQGUXYD
IRU@D DSURDSH SH WR@L RDPHQLL OXL VC VH FCVCWRUHDVFC FX IHPHL ORFDOH
FUHaQGDVWIHORQRXCSRSXOD@LHXQQRXSRSRU3HFHLPDLvQFCSC@aQD@L
vLYDSOCWL>LvLYDWULPLWHDFDVCvQDLQWHGHYUHPHFDYHWHUDQL
3HUVRQDO$OH[DQGUXR@LQHDGLQEH@LHvQEH@LHGDFCQHOXCPGXSC
IUDJPHQWHOHVFULVHGHVHFUHWDUXOVCX(XPHQHVGLQ&DUGLDGDWDWHGLQ
RFWRPEULH?G+(O$OH[DQGUXHUDXQH[HPSOXFODVLFGHDOFRROLF
1LFL3OXWDUFKQXOYDLHUWD>LOYDGHVFULHWRWFDSHXQDOFRROLFDFHDVWD
H[SOLFaQG FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VCX GLQ DFHD SHULRDGC PHJDORPDQLF
VXVSLFLRVPDQLDFGHSUHVLYDEX]LY'DFCODQDOL]CPD]LGLQSXQFWGH
YHGHUH PHGLFDO FRQVLGHUaQG FD DGHYCUDW IDSWXO FC HUD XQ DOFRROLF
SXWHP VSXQH /D DOFRROLFL OLSVD GH YLWDPLQD % WKLDPLQ VH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]C SULQ WXOEXUCUL PHQWDOH PHUJaQG SaQC OD VWCUL
FRQIX]LRQDOHFDUHVHSRWWUDQVIRUPDvQWURVWDUHDSDWLFCFXQRVFXWCFD
HQFHIDORSDWLD :HUQLFNH FDUH VH SRDWH DVRFLD FX XQ PHUV VSHFLILF
DWD[LF>LFXSDUDOL]LDQHUYXOXLFUDQLDO$VXIHULWHO$OH[DQGUXGHD>D
FHYD" 7RW OD DOFRROLFL SXWHP vQWaOQL D>D]LVXO VLQGURP .RUVDNRII R
FRQGL@LHD>D]LVFURQLFCGHDOFRROLVPFDUHSRDWHFRQGXFHODFRQIX]LH
>LFRQIDEXOD@LH$IHFWDUHDILFDWXOXLKHSDWLWDDOFRROLFCVHPDQLIHVWCFX
YCUVCWXULIHEUCJCOEHQHDOCLFWHU7RWODDOFRROLFLSXWHPvQWaOQLGLQ
FDX]D OLSVHL GH IRVIDW ¥ SUREOHPH FDUGLDFH DVRFLDWH FX RERVHDOD
PXVFXODUCRULSULQOLSVDGHPDJQH]LXPWHWDQLD>LVCQXOXLWCPSH
FHO PDL FXQRVFXW HIHFW DO FRQVXPXOXL FURQLF GH DOFRRO GHOLULXP
WUHPHQVDQ[LHWDWHWUHPXUCWXULDOHH[WUHPLWC@LORUFRQIX]LHPHQWDOC>L
KDOXFLQD@LL3HUVRQDOFRQVLGHUFCHOVXIHUHDGHMDGHSVLKR]D.RUVDNRII
FRPELQDWC FX OLSVD GH 7KLDPLQC YLWDPLQD % WLSLFC OD DOFRROLFL
:HUQLFNHFDUHGXFHODSUREOHPHPHQWDOHGHSUHVLHOH]LXQLFHUHEUDOH
HQFHIDORSDWLH>LvQILQDOODPRDUWH(O$OH[DQGUXYDPXULSHLXQLH
?G+ODDSURDSHGHDQLGXSCFHD]CFXWODSDWFXIHEUCPDL
305
PXOW GH R OXQC DSDWLH VOCELFLXQH PXVFXODUC >L VWDUH GH FRQIX]LH
DSURDSHSHUPDQHQWC8QLLvLYRUDFX]DSHJUHFLFCODXRWUCYLW3OXWDUFK
VSXQH FC ·QLPHQL QX D DYXW QLFL R VXVSLFLXQH FC D IRVW RWUCYLW
2OLPSLD PDPD OXL DU IL IRVW LQYROYDWD vQ DFHVW RPRU RUL ,RODV ILXO
ECWUaQXOXLJHQHUDO$QWLSDUWHUFDUHLDUILDGPLQLVWUDWRWUDYD'XSCDO@L
VFULLWRUL $ULVWRWHO OD VICWXLW SH $QWLSDUWHU VC DUDQMH]H PRDUWHD OXL
$OH[DQGUX¨¿QLXQLHvQ1HZ(QJODQG-RXUQDORI0HGLFLQH
GRFWRUXO 'DYLG :2OGDFK GH OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ 0DU\ODQG 68$
VSHFLDOLVWvQEROLLQIHF@LRDVHFUHGHFC$OH[DQGUXDPXULWvQXUPDXQHL
IHEUH WLIRLGH FDUH LD SURGXV R SDUDOL]LH DVFHQGHQWC SURYRFaQGXL R
PRDUWH DSDUHQWC GH OXQJC GXUDWC vQFHUFaQG DVWIHO VC H[SOLFH GH FH
FRUSXOOXL$OH[DQGUXDVXIHULWXQSURFHVGHGHVFRPSXQHUHIRDUWHOHQWC
0DUHOH RUDWRU DO $WHQHL 'HPRVWHQH D SURSXV SXEOLF VC VH
PXO@XPHDVFC OXL ,RODV SHQWUX RWUCYLUHD OXL $OH[DQGUX >L VFCSDUHD
JUHFLORUGHVXERFXSD@LDEDUEDULORUPDFHGRQHQL)DSWXOFC$OH[DQGUX
>LSULHWHQXOVCX+HIDLVWLRQDXPXULWvQFRQGL@LLDSURDSHVLPLODUH>LOD
VFXUWLQWHUYDOXQXOGHDOWXOVLJXUFCDUSXWHD?QWCULDFHDVWCVXVSLFLXQH
%RWDQLVWXO 7KHRIUDVWXV SULHWHQXO OXL $ULVWRWHO DYHD FXQR>WLQ@H
WHPHLQLFH GHVSUH VWULFQLQC GDU WRWRGDWC SXWHP FRQVLGHUD >L R
FRPELQD@LHDOFRROLVP>LRWUCYLUH6CQXXLWCPvQVCFCDFHLRDPHQLDX
VWUCECWXW OXPHD DQWLFC vQGXUaQG IRDPH >L PL]HULL EROL FD PDODULD
GLIWHULD GL]HQWHULD DX IRVW UCQL@L >L vQJULML@L vQ FRQGL@LLOH YLWUHJH GH
DWXQFL ¿Q SOXV H[FHVXO GH DOFRRO QX LD vQWCULW FL GLPSRWULYC
'LRGRUXV R VXWC GH DQL PDL WaU]LX YD VSXQH ·SHQWUX PDFHGRQHQL
$OH[DQGUXDUHDOL]DWFHQLFLXQDOWUHJHQXDPDLICFXWR>LQXRYDPDL
IDFHYUHRGDWC¨FCDPXULWFDXQDOFRROLFRULFDXQRWUCYLWvQILQDOD
FRQWDWPDLSX@LQPDLPXOWDFRQWDWvQVCFLQHODXUPDWODFRQGXFHUHD
LPSHULXOXL $SDUHQW FX OLPEC GH PRDUWH DYaQGXL vPSUHMXU SH
JHQHUDOLLVCLGHED]C3WRORPHX6HOHXFXV1HDUFKXV>LDO@LLHODVSXV
VCOXUPH]H&(/0$,387(51,&
$>D FC vO YRP JCVL SH 3WRORPHX UHJH DO (JLSWXOXL FUHaQG R
GLQDVWLH PDFHGRQHDQC FDUH VH YD VIaU>L FX DUKLFXQRVFXWD &OHRSDWUD
6HOHXFXVFXQHYDVWDOXL$SDPDGLQ%DFWULDQYDUHIDFH%DELORQXO>LO
YDFRQGXFHFXVXFFHVRULLVCL$VWIHO·FRQFKLVWDGRULLPDFHGRQHQL§DX
GHYHQLWQLFLPDLPXOWQLFLPDLSX@LQGHFaWUHJL
'HVSUHQHYHVWHOHOXL$OH[DQGUXVH>WLHFC5R[DQDRYDRPRUvSH
6WDWHLUDIDWDOXL'DULXV/DUaQGXOHLYDIL>LHDXFLVCvPSUHXQCFXILXO
HLOD?G+'HVSUH%DUVLQH>LILXOHL+HUDFOHVQXVHYD>WLFHVD
vQWaPSODW2OLPSLDPDPDOXL$OH[DQGUXYDGLVSDUH>LHDvQUC]ERLXO
FLYLOFHYDICUaPL@D0DFHGRQLD
306
Alesul zeilor
'
DFC JUHFLL FXFHUL@L GH PDFHGRQHQL vQJHQXQFKLD@L WULPL>L vQ
DUPDWDPDFHGRQHDQCVCPRDUCSHQWUXVODYDOXL$OH[DQGUXOD
vQFHSXWDXDYXWQXPDLGHSLHUGXWHLYRUILFa>WLJCWRULLGHPDL
WaU]LX (L YRU VWUCEDWH (JLSWXO ,QGLD >L YRU UCVSaQGL HOHQLVPXO SH
GUXPXULOHVWUCECWXWHvQDLQWHVXEFCOFaLXORIL@HULORUPDFHGRQHQL$VLD
,QGLD(JLSWXOYRUILFDWDOL]DWHGHFXOWXUDJUHFHDVFC
¿Q(JLSW$OH[DQGULDYDGHYHQLFHQWUXDOFLYLOL]D@LHL,QVFULS@LLvQ
OLPEDJUHFHDVFCVHYRUJCVLSHVWHWRDWC$VLD,QGLD>L3DNLVWDQ$>DFC
JUHFLLGLQFXFHUL@LDXGHYHQLWFXFHULWRUL&HVDvQWDPSODWFXFRUSXO
VLFULXOOXL$OH[DQGUXQLPHQLQX>WLHSUHFLV¿QGUXPVSUH0DFHGRQLD
HODIRVWIXUDWGH3WRORPHX>LGXVvQ(JLSWOD0HPSKLV'HDFROROD
6HPDXQGHPLL>L]HFLGHPLLGHSHOHJULQLDXYHQLWVCOYDGC8QGHD
IRVWGXVGXSCDFHHDQLPHQLQXPDL>WLH,QWHUHVDQWPLVDSCUXWFHD
VSXV 0LFKDHO :RRG GHVSUH FH VDU IL vQWaPSODW vQ OXPH GDFC
$OH[DQGUXQXDUILPXULWFDUHHUDXSODQXULOHOXLGHYLLWRU
&RQVWUXF@LDXQHLSLUDPLGHPDLPDULFDFHDGHOD*L]DSHQWUX
WDWCOVDX)LOLS
&RQVWUXF@LDXQHLIORWHPLOLWDUHGHSHVWHGHYDVHFXFDUH
VCFXFHUHDVFCWRWED]LQXO0CULL0HGLWHUDQH
&RQVWUXF@LDXQXLGUXPFDUHVCOHJHQRUGXO$IULFLLGH*LEUDOWDU
FXSRUWXUL>LED]HPLOLWDUH
&RQVWUXF@LD D WHPSOH FRORVDOH vQ PHPRULD SULHWHQXOXL
+HIDLVWLRQ PLQXQL DOH OXPLL DPSODVDWH SH WHULWRULXO 0DFHGRQLHL >L
*UHFLHL
'DFC D]L vO GHVFRSHULP SH $OH[DQGUX 0DFHGRQ VFKLPEDW vQ
$OH[DQGUXFHO0DUHGHYHQLWQLFLPDLPXOWQLFLPDLSX@LQHURXEXOJDU
DOEDQH]VDXFXOPHDJUHFHVFvQVHDPQCFCOXPHDvQFCDGPLUCFXUDMXO
WaQCUXOXL PDFHGRQHDQ FDUH DFXP PDL PXOW GH GH DQL D
SRUQLWRSHXUPHOHVWUCPR>LORUFDUSDWRGXQCUHQLDULHQLSHODVJLRUL
FXPYUH@LVCQHQXPL@LKRWCUaWVC>LDGMXGHFH/80($
'DUXQGHHVWH(OD]L?QPDQXDOHOHGHLVWRULHDOHGDFRURPaQLORU"
8QGH HVWH (O D]L ?Q LQLPD >L PHPRULD DURPaQLORU ¥ DGHYCUD@LL OXL
XUPD>L
307
%LEOLRJUDILH
%RVZRUWK$% )URP$UULDQWR$OH[DQGHU2[IRUG
%XUQ$5 $OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDWDQGWKH+HOOHQLVWLF:RUOG1HZ<RUN
*UHHQ3 $OH[DQGHURI0DFHGRQ/RQGRQ
+DPPRQG 1 * / 7KH *HQLXV RI $OH[DQGHU WKH *UHDW 8 6 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1& 3UHVV
6Q\GHU-RKQ: $OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW1HZ<RUN
:LOFNHQ 8OULFK $OH[DQGHU WKH *UHDW : : 1RUWRQ &R ,QF 1HZ <RUN /RQGRQ
:RRG 0LFKDHO ,Q WKH )RRWVWHSV RI $OH[DQGHU WKH *UHDW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV
%HUNHO\/RV$QJHOHV
3LHUUH%ULDQW $OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDWPDQRIDFWLRQPDQRIVSLULW'LVFRYHULHV
$WDQDVLRV3DOLRXUDV 0DFHGRQLD$UFKDHRORJL&LYLOLVDWLRQ +HOOHQLF1DWLRQDO/LQH$WKHQV
'3DQGHUPDOLV 0DFHGRQLD7KHVVDORQLNL
308