G07 | 01 | Mixture

Component of mixture
The substances which take part to form a mixture are called the components of mixture.

Mixture:
When two or more substances physically mixed in any proportion then the resulting substance is known
as mixture.
Based on the nature of component, there are two types of mixture. They are:
A. Homogeneous mixture.
B. Heterogeneous mixture.

Homogeneous Mixture
Mixtures having a uniform composition all through the substance are called Homogeneous Mixtures.
The mixing components are not seen by our naked eyes. For instance – a mixture of salt and water, a
mixture of sugar and water, air, lemonade, soft drink water, and so on.
Properties
• All solutions are the examples of homogeneous
mixture. &
• The particles of a homogeneous mixture are less than
one nanometer.
• A homogenous mixture is uniform throughout the
mixture
• The constituent particles of homogenous mixture
cannot be separated easily
• Alloys are the examples of solution.

.
Heterogeneous Mixture
Mixtures that are not uniform all through are called Heterogeneous Mixture. Here the mixing
components can be seen by our naked eyes and can be separated easily. For example, sand and water.
rice and pebbles etc.
Properties
1. Most of the mixtures are heterogeneous aside from solutions and alloys.
2 The constituent particles are not present uniformly here.
3. The components can be distinguished effectively.
4. The size of the particles here is in the range of one nanometer to one micrometer.

Based on the particle size of the components or substances, mixtures are further classified into
solution, a colloid, and a suspension.

Solution
A solution has tiny particles that have a particle size of less than 1 nanometer in measurement.
Components of a solution can't be isolated by centrifugation or decantation of the mixture. A case
of this is air.

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G07 | 01 | Mixture

Colloids
A colloid mixture looks homogeneous without magnification, however when it is seen under a
microscope; the component of mixture is not uniformly mixed. Molecule sizes of colloids are from 1
nanometer to 1 micrometer. The different substances in a colloid can be disconnected by a centrifuge. A
case of a colloid is hair spray where the fluid is an airborne that consolidates with a gas.

Suspension
A suspension has bigger particles than the above two mixtures. On occasion, the mixture seems
heterogeneous. Suspensions have stabilizing agents to keep the particles from isolating normally from
one another. Both decantation and centrifugation can isolate the components of suspensions.

Solute and Solvent

When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed. A solution is a homogeneous mixture
consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent.
The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium.
Solutions can be formed with many different types and forms of solutes and solvents.

Concentrated and dilute solution

A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively large amount of dissolved solute.
A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of dissolved solute.

Differences between dilute and concentrated solution.

Concentrated solution Dilute solution

A liquid with a high solute concentration is A liquid with a less solute concentration is called a
called a concentrated solution. dilute solution.

The solution becomes more concentrated as The dissolved salt from a well in the drinking water
more solute is applied to a solution is a dilute solution.

There is a significant amount of water in a By adding more water, the concentration of a

concentrated solution. solution can be further decreased and diluted

Saturated unsaturated and supersaturated solution:

Unsaturated solution: Such type of solution which has capacity to dissolve some more solute at the
given temperature is known as unsaturated solution.

Saturated solution: Such type of solution which has no capacity to dissolve solute at the given
temperature is known as saturated solution.

Supersaturated solution: Saturate solution prepared at high temperature excess out solute in the form
of crystal when the temperature is lowered down, this is known as supersaturated solution.

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G07 | 01 | Mixture

Separation of mixture: The process of separating the different components form the mixture is known
as separation of mixture.

We use different methods of separation of mixture:

a. Evaporation. In this process the liquid is separated from the mixture by heating so that the liquid
gets evaporated leaving behind the solid as residue.

This method is applicable when the components are miscible, and the desired substance is not
evaporated. For e.g., salt and water, sugar, and water etc.

b. Sublimation: The process in which solid directly converts to vapour on heating is called the
sublimation.

This method is applicable to separate volatile and nonvolatile substances form mixture. The substances
like iodine, sand, camphor etc. get directly convert to vapour on heating. Their vapour is cooled to get
solid again hence they are separated from the mixture.

c. Distillation: The process in which the evaporation is followed by condensation is known as

distillation.

This method is suitable to separate to miscible liquid of having different boiling point. Here the liquid
having lower boiling point evaporates first and then is condensed in the condenser and finally collected
to the vessel in liquid form. In this way the liquids are separated from the mixture.

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G07 | 01 | Mixture

d. Crystallization:
Crystallization can be defined as the process through which the atoms/molecules of a substance arrange
themselves in a well-defined geometrical pattern and consequently, minimize the overall energy of the system.

On adding a solid substance in a liquid and stirring it, the solid dissolves in the fluid. But when added more and
more solid to the liquid, a point comes after which no more solid dissolves in the liquid. This point is called a
saturation point and the fluid is called a saturation solution.

Application of Crystallization:
1.Purification of seawater
2.Separation of alum crystals from impure samples
3.It is also used in separation of chemical and drugs in pharmaceutical.

!
. Mixture is the combination of two or more substances physically in any fixed ratio.
• There are two types of mixture on the basis of composition: homogeneous and heterogeneous
• Solution is a homogenous mixture, i.e., Solution= solute + solvent
• Dilute and concentrated solution are the two types of solution.
• There are three types of solution on the basis of composition. Saturated, Unsaturated, and unsaturated.
• The process of separating the respective components form the mixture is known as separation of
mixture.
• Evaporation, sublimation distillation and crystallizations are used to separate the mixture.

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G07 | 02 | Metals and nonmetals

Metals
Metals are the elements which conduct heat and electricity.
Most metals are lustrous, strong, malleable, and ductile. Metals are solids under normal conditions
except mercury which is found in liquid state.
For Example, Gold, Silver, copper etc.

Properties of metals

1. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

2. It is opaque but a good reflector of light when polished.
3. The metals are malleable and ductile.
4. Metals produce a sonorous sound when struck.
5. Metals have high density.
6. Most of the metals are hard and strong in nature.
7. They have high melting and boiling point.
8. Metals loose electrons during chemical reaction.

Uses of metals
1. They are used in making jewelry since they are hard and shiny in appearance.
2. They are used to make cooking utensils since they have high melting points, and they are good
conductor of heat.
3. They are used in making wires since the metals are ductile and good conductor of electricity.
4. Metals are highly used in construction such as roads bridges building, palaces, and tower etc.
5. Metals are used in making weapons tools and vehicles.
6. Small fraction of metals are also used in medicines. Such as iron, zinc, magnesium etc.
7. Metals are used in making alloys.

Nonmetals
Nonmetals are the elements which cannot conduct heat and electricity. They are nonmalleable and non-
ductile. They are found in all states. For example: hydrogen, Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
sulphur, iodine etc.
Properties of Nonmetals

1. They are nonmalleable and non-ductile.

2. They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
3. They are found in all states– solids, liquids, and gas.
4. Nonmetals are non-lustrous (except graphite and iodine are
exceptions).
5. Nonmetals are brittle in nature.
6. Nonmetals are light and soft compared to metals.
Fig: Iodine
7. Except graphite they possess low melting and boiling point.
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Uses of nonmetals:
1. Nonmetals are used to make different compound in industries.
2. They are used to manufacture of pesticides and medicines.
3. They are used in fertilizers to enhance the growths.
4. They are used in crackers.
5. They are used in water purification process.
6. They are used to make natural rubber more durable which is called vulcanization of rubber.
7. Nonmetals like oxygen is used to support the life of all the living beings.

Some Nonmetals and their uses.

a. Iodine

It was discovered by a French Chemist Bernard

Courtois in 1811.
Its symbol is I and its atomic number is 53. Iodine is
nonmetallic sublimate which is found abundantly in
seawater. Pure iodine is never found in nature. It is
found in combined with other elements.

The main sources of iodine in food are fish,

seaweeds milk and eggs. Small amount of iodine can
be found in vegetables and fruits.
We obtain salt from the io-salt that is distributed in
our country.

Uses of Iodine:
Iodine is used in following ways:
1. Tincture of iodine is commonly used to kill germs on cuts and scrapes.
2. Iodine is used by most of the plants for growth.
3. Iodine is necessary in humans for metabolism.
4. It is used to test fingerprints.
5. Iodine is used in combination with cleansing agents in common sanitizers.
6. It is also used in sterilizing the drinking water.

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G07 | 02 | Metals and nonmetals

b. Sulphur
It is a chemical element with atomic number 16. It is represented by symbol S. It is an abundant element.
Element Sulphur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at a room temperature.
The uses of sulphur are:
1. It is used in making fertilizers for plants.
2. It is used in making gun powder, firecrackers, matches etc.
3. It is also used in industries to make other chemicals like
sulphuric acid.
4. It is used in making medicines to cure skin diseases.
5. It is widely used in biochemical processes i.e... to for vitamins
proteins enzymes etc.

Metalloids
Elements that show the properties of both metals and nonmetals are called the metalloid. They can be
shiny or dull and their shapes is easily changed. For example, silicon carbon germanium etc.

Properties of metalloid.

1. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

2. They possess metallic luster.
3. They form alloys.
4. They are neither malleable nor ductile.
5. They are solid at room temperature.
6. They have low melting points and boiling points.
7. They are brittle but some of them have metallic luster.

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 G07 | 02 | Metals and nonmetals

Uses of metalloids.
1 They are used in making electric circuit since they have semiconducting property.
2.They are used to make alloys.
3. They are used in making chips transistors etc.

Comparison of Metals nonmetals and metalloids.

Alloy

An alloy
is a

homogeneous mixture or solid solution of two or more metals. For example, Brass,
bronze etc.

Brass: It is an alloy of copper (65%) and Zinc (35%). The proportions of copper and
zinc can be varied to create a range of brass.

Uses of Brass:
1. It is highly used for decorations.
2. It is used in making locks gears, bearing, doorknobs,
ammunitions, and valves since it has low friction.
3. It is used in making musical instruments such as bells.
4. It is used in in making zipper since it is softer than other
metals in general use.
5. It is used to make ship bottom.

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 G07 | 02 | Metals and nonmetals

Bronze: It is an alloy consisting of 90% Copper and 10 % tin. It is hard and brittle. It
was widely used in ancient time so that the Bronze age was names after the metal.

Uses of Bronze:
1. It is highly used for making medals.
2. It is used in sculpture.
3. It is used in making bearing, clips, springs, electrical
connectors.
4. It is used to join two pieces of metals.
5. Silicon bronze is used to make piston and rings of
machine

!
• Metals are hard, shiny, and good conductor of heat and electricity
• Nonmetals are soft and bad conductor of heat and electricity
• Metalloids possess the properties of both metal and nonmetals.
• An alloy is the homogeneous mixture of two or more metals
• Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin while the brass is made up of copper and zinc.
• Iodine is a nonmetal which is found abundantly in seawater and some minerals on the earth.
• Sulphur is a nonmetal found in bright yellow crystal at normal temperature.

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