Cell Division

Q1.Figure 1 shows a human cheek cell viewed under a light microscope.
Figure 1
© Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
(a) Label the nucleus and cell membrane on Figure 1.

(2)
(b) Cheek cells are a type of body cell.
Body cells grow through cell division.
What is the name of this type of cell division?

Tick one box.
Differentiation
Mitosis
Specialisation
(1)
(c) Ribosomes and mitochondria are not shown in Figure 1.
What type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria?
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) What is the advantage of using the type of microscope you named in part (c)?
Page 2
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Tick one box.
Cheaper
Higher magnification
Lower resolution
(1)
(e) The cheek cell in Figure 2 is magnified 250 times.
The width of the cell is shown by the line D to E.
Figure 2
Calculate the width of the cheek cell in micrometres (µm).
Complete the following steps.
Measure the width of the cell using a ruler .......................................... mm
Use the equation to work out the real width of the cell in mm:
real size = ............................................ mm
Convert mm to µm ............................................. µm
(3)
(f) A red blood cell is 8 µin diameter.
A bacterial cell is 40 times smaller.
Calculate the diameter of the bacterial cell.
Page 3
Tick one box.
0.02 µm
0.2 µm
2.0 µm
20.0 µm
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q2. Diagram 1 shows the nucleus of a body cell as it begins to divide by mitosis.
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Diagram 1
(a) Use a word from the box to label Diagram 1.
alleles chromosomes gametes
(1)
(b) Complete Diagram 2 to show what the nucleus of one of the cells produced by this
mitosis would look like.
Diagram 2
(1)
(c) Stem cells from a recently dead embryo can be grown in special solutions.
Some facts about stem cells are given below.
• Stem cells from an embryo can grow into any type of tissue.
• Stem cells may grow out of control, to form cancers.
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• Large numbers of stem cells can be grown in the laboratory.
• Stem cells may be used in medical research or to treat some human diseases.
• Patients treated with stem cells need to take drugs for the rest of their life to
prevent rejection.
• Collecting and growing stem cells is expensive.
Use only the information above to answer these questions.
(i) Give two advantages of using stem cells.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Give two disadvantages of using stem cells.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3. Some students grew one species of bacterium in a flask.
Page 6
Diagram 1 shows the flask.
The students wanted to find the number of bacteria in 1 cm3 of the culture medium.
The students:
• diluted 1 cm3 of the culture medium from the flask with 999 cm3 of water
• added 1 cm3 of diluted culture to sterilised nutrient agar in a Petri dish
• placed the Petri dish in an incubator at 25 °C.
Diagram 2 shows the Petri dish after 3 days in the incubator.
(a) Each colony of bacteria is formed where one bacterium landed on the agar jelly.
How is each colony formed?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(b) Complete the following calculation to find how many bacteria there were in 1 cm3 of
the undiluted culture.
Number of colonies of bacteria in the Petri dish = ........................................
These colonies were formed from 1 cm3 of the culture diluted × 1000.
Therefore, number of bacteria in 1 cm3 of undiluted culture = .....................

(2)
(c) It is important to sterilise the culture medium and all the apparatus before use.
Explain why.
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(2)
(d) The bacteria would grow faster at 35 °C. In a school laboratory, the Petri dish
should not be incubated at a temperature higher than 25 °C.
Why?
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(1)
(e) The students decided to repeat their investigation.
Why?
........................................................................................................................
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 8
Q4. The diagram shows a strawberry plant.
The parent plant grows side shoots.
New plants grow on the side shoots.
© D.G.
Mackean
The new plants will all have the same inherited characteristics as the original parent plant.
Complete the sentences to explain why.
Use words from the box.

asexual differentiation embryos fertilisation
gametes genes mitosis sexual
(a) The new plant is produced by .....................................................................

reproduction.
(1)
(b) In this type of reproduction, body cells divide by

.............................................................
(1)
(c) The new plant has the same ............................................................. as the parent
plant.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 9
Q5. A woman gives birth to triplets.
Two of the triplets are boys and the third is a girl.
The triplets developed from two egg cells released from the ovary at the same time.
The diagram shows how triplets A, B and C developed.
(a) Which stages on the diagram show gametes?
Draw a ring around your answer.
1 and 2 2 and 3 3 and 7 1 and 7

(1)
(b) Embryo B is male.
Which of the following explains why embryo B is male?
Tick ( ) one box.
Cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has an X chromosome.
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Cell P has a Y chromosome; cell R has an X chromosome.
Cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has a Y chromosome.

(1)
(c) The children that develop from embryos A and C will not be identical.
Explain why.
You may use words from the box in your answer.
egg genes sperm
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(2)
(d) Single cells from an embryo at Stage 7 can be separated and grown in a special
solution.
(i) What term describes cells that are grown in this way?
Draw a ring around your answer.
lleles screened cells stem cells

(1)
(ii) What happens when the cells are placed in the special solution?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
The cells divide
The cells fertilise
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The cells differentiate
The cells separate

(2)
(iii) Give one use of cells grown in this way.
...........................................................................................................................
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(1)
(iv) Some people might object to using cells from embryos in this way.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6. Stem cells can be collected from human embryos and from adult bone marrow.
Stem cells can develop into different types of cell.
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The table gives information about using these two types of stem cell to treat patients.
Stem cells from human embryos Stem cells from adult bone marrow
It costs £5000 to collect a few cells. It costs £1000 to collect many cells.
There are ethical issues in using embryo Adults give permission for their own
stem cells. bone marrow to be collected.
The stem cells can develop into most The stem cells can develop into only a
other types of cell. few types of cell.
Each stem cell divides every 30 Each stem cell divides every four hours.
minutes.
There is a low chance of a patient’s There is a high chance of a patient’s

immune system rejecting the cells. immune system rejecting the cells.
More research is needed into the use of Use of these stem cells is considered to
these stem cells. be a safe procedure.
Scientists are planning a new way of treating a disease, using stem cells.
Use only the information above to answer these questions.
(a) Give three advantages of using stem cells from embryos instead of from adult bone
marrow.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Give three advantages of using stem cells from adult bone marrow instead of from
embryos.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.Human cells and yeast cells have some parts that are the same.
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(a) The diagram shows a yeast cell.
Parts A and B are found in human cells and in yeast cells. On the diagram, label
parts A and B.
(2)
(b) Many types of cell can divide to form new cells.
Some cells in human skin can divide to make new skin cells.
Why do human skin cells need to divide?
........................................................................................................................
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(1)
(c) Human stem cells can develop into many different types of human cell.
(i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
embryos hair nerve cells
Human stem cells may come from
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
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cystic fibrosis paralysis polydactyly
Human stem cells can be used to treat
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 15
M1.(a) nucleus labelled correctly
1
cell membrane labelled correctly

1
(b) mitosis
1
(c) electron (microscope)

1
(d) higher magnification

1
(e) 45 (mm)
1
45 / 250 or 0.18 (mm)

allow ecf
1
180 (µm)
1
allow 180 (µm) with no working shown for 3 marks
(f) 0.2 µm
1
[9]
Page 2
M2. (a) chromosomes
1
(b) diagram showing four separate chromosomes two long and two short
(as in diagram 1)
allow each chromosome shown as two joined chromatids
do not allow if chromosomes touching each other
1
(c) (i) any two from:
• can grow into any type of tissue / named tissue
• used in medical research
• used to treat human diseases
• large numbers can be grown

2
(ii) any two from:
• expensive
• grow out of control / ref cancers
• may be rejected
• need for drugs (for rest of life)

2
[6]
Page 3
M3. (a) cell division / bacterium divides / multiplies / reproduces
allow asexual / mitosis
ignore growth
1
(b) 18
1
18 000 / 18 × 103 / 1.8 × 104

do not accept 1.8 / 1.8 04 / 1.84
allow ecf from wrong count
1
(c) to kill / destroy other microorganisms / named type

or to prevent contamination
ignore germs / viruses
1
to prevent other microorganisms affecting the results

or other microorganisms would be counted
allow to give accurate / reliable results
1
(d) prevent growth of pathogens / disease-causing microorganisms / dangerous

microorganisms
do not accept microorganisms become pathogenic
ignore germs / viruses
ignore general safety / biohazards / harmful products
produced by bacteria
1
(e) to improve the reliability of the investigation / check for anomalies

do not accept accuracy / precision / fairness / validity
ignore averages / repeatability / reproducibility
1
[7]
Page 4
M4. (a) asexual
1
(b) mitosis
1
(c) genes
1
[3]
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M5. (a) 2 and 3
1
(b) cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has a Y chromosome

1
(c) any two from:
• (formed from) different egg / 2 eggs
• (formed from) different sperm / 2 sperm
• have different genes / alleles / chromosomes / DNA

allow genetics
2
(d) (i) stem cells

1
(ii) the cells divide

1
the cells differentiate

1
(iii) (medical) research / named eg growing organs

or
medical / patient treatment

allow (embryo) cloning
do not allow designer babies / more babies
1
(iv) any one from:
• ethical / moral / religious objections

ignore cruel / not natural / playing God
• potential harm to embryo

allow deformed
ignore harm to mother
1
[9]
Page 6
M6. (a) comparisons are not required but should be credited
accept a clear indication of the statement even if incomplete
can develop into most other types of cell

1
each cell divides every 30 minutes

1
low chance of rejection by the patient’s immune system

1
(b) any three from:
• cheaper / only costs £1000

this must be comparative
ignore costs £1000
• can collect many (stem) cells
• adults give permission for their own bone marrow to be collected

comparisons are not required but should be credited
• safe
3
[6]
Page 7
M7. (a) A = nucleus
allow phonetic spelling
1
B = (cell) membrane
1
(b) for repair / growth or to replace cells

ignore new cells / skin
1
(c) (i) embryos

1
(ii) paralysis
1
[5]
Page 8
Q1.Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a disease affecting plants.
The diagram below shows a leaf infected with TMV.
© Nigel Cattlin/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images
(a) All tools should be washed in disinfectant after using them on plants infected with
TMV.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Scientists produced a single plant that contained a TMV-resistant gene.
Suggest how scientists can use this plant to produce many plants with the
TMV-resistant gene.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Some plants produce fruits which contain glucose.
Describe how you would test for the presence of glucose in fruit.
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(2)
(d) TMV can cause plants to produce less chlorophyll.
This causes leaf discoloration.
Explain why plants with TMV have stunted growth.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 3
Q2.(a) In humans there are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
The table below gives statements about cell division.
Tick ( ) one box in each row to show if the statement is true for mitosis only, for
meiosis only, or for both mitosis and meiosis.
The first row has been done for you.
Both mitosis
Statement Mitosis only Meiosis only
and meiosis
How cells are replaced
How gametes are made
How a fertilised egg undergoes cell division
How copies of the genetic information are made
How genetically identical cells are produced

(4)
(b) Stem cells can be taken from human embryos.
In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced that has the same genes as the
patient.
(i) Name one source of human stem cells, other than human embryos.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Stem cells from embryos can be transplanted into patients for medical
treatment.
Give one advantage of using stem cells from embryos, compared with cells
from the source you named in part (i).
(1)
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(Total 6 marks)
Page 4
Q3. The photograph shows some cells in the root of an onion plant.
By UAF Center for Distance Education [CC BY 2.0], via Flickr
(a) Cells X and Y have just been produced by cell division.
(i) Name the type of cell division that produced cells X and Y.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) What happens to the genetic material before the cell divides?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) A gardener wanted to produce a new variety of onion.
Explain why sexual reproduction could produce a new variety of onion.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4. The genetic diagram shows how the chromosomes divide and combine in human
reproduction.
(a) Draw circles around the symbols for the two male gametes.
(2)
(b) State the chance of a child being a girl.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human body cell?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) How many chromosomes are there in a human egg cell?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Chromosomes contain genes. From what substance are genes made?
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 6
(1)
(e) In the process of mitosis, how do the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
compare to that in the original cell?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 7
M1. (a) to kill virus
or
to prevent virus spreading
1
(b) take (stem) cells from meristem

or
tissue culture
allow take cuttings
1
(c) use Benedict’s solution

1
glucoses turns solution blue to orange

1
(d) Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A detailed and coherent explanation is provided. The student makes logical links
between clearly identified, relevant points that explain why plants with TMV have
stunted growth.
Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements are made, but not precisely. The logic is unclear.
0 marks:
No relevant content.
Indicative content
• less photosynthesis because of lack of chlorophyll
• therefore less glucose made
so
• less energy released for growth
• because glucose is needed for respiration
and / or
• therefore less amino acids / proteins / cellulose for growth
• because glucose is needed for making amino acids / proteins / cellulose
4
[8]
Page 2
M2. (a)
Both
Mitosis Meiosis mitosis
only only and
meiosis
How cells are

replaced
How gametes
are made
How a
fertilised egg
undergoes cell
division
How copies of
the genetic
information
are made
How
genetically
identical cells
are produced
if more than one tick per row then no mark

ignore first row
1
1
1
1
(b) (i) (adult) bone marrow

accept (umbilical) cord blood, skin, amniotic fluid /
membrane
1
(ii) cells will not be rejected by the patient’s body (if they have been
produced by therapeutic cloning)
allow easier to obtain linked to embryo stem cells
or
(embryo stem cells) can develop into many different types of cells
allow doesn’t need an operation linked to bone marrow
or
(embryo stem cells) not yet differentiated / specialised or undifferentiated
accept embryo cells are pluripotent
Page 3
1
[6]
M3. (a) (i) mitosis

correct spelling only
1
(ii) replicates / doubles / is copied / duplicates

accept cloned
ignore multiplied / reproduced
1
(b) fertilisation occurs / fusion (of gametes)

accept converse for asexual, eg none in asexual / just
division in asexual
1
so leading to mixing of genetic information / genes / DNA / chromosomes

genes / DNA / chromosomes / genetic information comes
from 1 parent in asexual
ignore characteristics
1
one copy (of each allele / gene / chromosome) from each parent
or
gametes produced by meiosis
or
meiosis causes variation
meiosis must be spelt correctly
1
[5]
Page 4
M4. (a) circles round right hand X and Y gametes
put two ticks or crosses by the circles
2
(b) 50:50 or 1:1 or 50% or 0.5 or ½ equal or evens

credit even
do not accept 2:1 or 50 / 50
1
(c) (i) 23
1
(ii) 23
credit the same as the one above to be marked
consequential
1
(d) DNA
do not accept nucleic acid
1
(e) same
1
[7]
Page 5
Q1.Figure 1 shows photographs of some animal cells at different stages during the cell cycle.
Figure 1
A © Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
B © Ed Reschke/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
C © Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
(a) Which photograph in Figure 1 shows a cell that is not going through mitosis?
Tick one box.
A B C
Page 2
(1)
(b) Describe what is happening in photograph A.
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(2)
(c) A student wanted to find out more about the cell cycle.
The student made a slide of an onion root tip.
She counted the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle in one field of view.
The table below shows the results.
Stages in the cell cycle
Non-dividing cells Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Total
Number of cell
20 9 4 2 1 36
s
Each stage of the cell cycle takes a different amount of time.
Which stage is the fastest in the cell cycle?
Give a reason for your answer.
Stage ..........................................
Reason ...............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) The cell cycle in an onion root tip cell takes 16 hours.
Page 3
Calculate the length of time Stage 2 lasts in a typical cell.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
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Time in Stage 2 = .................................................. minutes

(3)
(e) Bacteria such as Escherichia coli undergo cell division similar to mitosis.
Figure 2 shows a growth curve for E. coli grown in a nutrient broth.
Figure 2
What type of cell division causes the change in number of E. coli cells at P?
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Page 4
(1)
(f) Suggest why the number of cells levels out at Q.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 5
Q2. The diagram shows two patterns of cell division. Cell division type A is used in
gamete formation. Cell division type B is used in normal growth.
(a) Name the two types of cell division, A and B, shown in the diagram.
Type A ........................................................................................................................
Type B ........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Name the process in which an egg and sperm join together.
.............................................................................................................................
........
(1)
(c) Cell 1 contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will there be in:
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(i) cell 10; ..............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) cell 14?

.............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 7
Q3. The diagram shows how an immature egg could be used either to produce cells to
treat some human diseases or to produce a baby.
Scientists may be allowed to use this technique to produce cells to treat some human
diseases, but not to produce babies.
Using information from the diagram, suggest an explanation for this.
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(Total 4 marks)
Page 8
Q4. Meiosis and mitosis are different types of division in human cells. Compare the two
processes by referring to where each takes place and the kind of products that are made.
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(Total 6 marks)
Page 9
Q5. The table shows the number of chromosomes found in each body cell of some
different organisms.
Animals Plants
Species Number of chromosomes in Species Number of chromosomes in

each body cell each body cell
Fruit fly 8 Tomato 24
Goat 60 Potato 44
Human 46 Rice 24
(a) Nearly every organism on earth has an even number of chromosomes in its body
cells.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Chromosomes contain DNA molecules.
Describe the function of DNA.
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(2)
(c) Gametes are made in the testes by meiosis.
(i) Look at the diagrams.
Page 10
Which diagram, A, B, C or D, represents how cell division by meiosis
produces
gametes in the testes?
(1)
(ii) How many chromosomes will each goat gamete contain?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Body cells divide by mitosis.
(i) Why is the ability of body cells to divide important?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 11
(ii) When a body cell of a potato plant divides, how many chromosomes will each
of the new cells contain?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 12
Q6. Read the information about stem cells.
Stem cells are used to treat some human diseases.
Stem cells can be collected from early embryos. These stem cells have not begun to
differentiate, so they could be used to produce any kind of cell, tissue or organ. The
use of embryonic stem cells to treat human diseases is new and, for some diseases,
trials on patients are happening now.
Stem cells can also be collected from adult bone marrow. The operation is simple but
may be painful. Stem cells in bone marrow mainly differentiate to form blood cells.
These stem cells have been used successfully for many years to treat some kinds of
blood disease. Recently there have been trials of other types of stem cell from bone
marrow. These stem cells are used to treat diseases such as heart disease.
Evaluate the use of stem cells from embryos or from adult bone marrow for treating
human diseases.
You should give a conclusion to your evaluation.
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(5)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 13
Q7.The photographs show the flowers of two closely-related species of plant.
Species A Species B
Images: © iStock/Thinkstock
The drawings show chromosomes from one cell in the root of each plant during cell
division.
Species A Species B
One One
chromosome chromosome
(a) The drawings show that each chromosome has two strands of genetic material.
(i) How does a chromosome become two strands?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain why each chromosome must become two strands before the cell
divides.
...............................................................................................................
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Page 14
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...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) For sexual reproduction, the plants produce gametes.
(i) Name the type of cell division that produces gametes.

.....................................................
(1)
(ii) How many chromosomes would there be in a gamete from each of these two
plant species?
Species A Species B
(1)
(iii) It is possible for gametes from Species A to combine with gametes from
Species B to produce healthy offspring plants.
How many chromosomes would there be in each cell of one of the offspring
plants?
(1)
(c) (i) Look back at the information at the start of the question and the information
from part (b).
What evidence from these two pieces of information supports the belief that
Species A and Species B evolved from a common ancestor?
...............................................................................................................
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(2)
Page 15
(ii) For successful gamete production to take place, chromosomes that contain
the same genes must pair up.
The drawings showing the chromosomes of Species A and of Species B are

repeated below.
Species A Species B
The offspring plants cannot reproduce sexually.
Suggest an explanation for this.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 16
Q8.CADASIL is an inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele.
CADASIL leads to weakening of blood vessels in the brain.
The diagram shows the inheritance of CADASIL in one family.
(a) CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele.
(i) What is a dominant allele?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) What is the evidence in the diagram that CADASIL is caused by a dominant
allele?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Person 7 has CADASIL.
Is person 7 homozygous or heterozygous for the CADASIL allele?
Give evidence for your answer from the diagram.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 17
(b) Persons 7 and 8 are planning to have another baby.
Use a genetic diagram to find the probability that the new baby will develop into a
person with CADASIL.
Use the following symbols to represent alleles.
D = allele for CADASIL

d = allele for not having CADASIL
Probability = ........................................................................
(4)
(c) Scientists are trying to develop a treatment for CADASIL using stem cells.
Specially treated stem cells would be injected into the damaged part of the brain.
(i) Why do the scientists use stem cells?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Embryonic stem cells can be obtained by removing a few cells from a human
embryo. In 2006, scientists in Japan discovered how to change adult skin cells
into stem cells. Suggest one advantage of using stem cells from adult skin
cells.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 18
M1. (a) C
1
(b) cytoplasm and cell membrane dividing

accept cytokinesis for 1 mark
1
to form two identical daughter cells

1
(c) stage 4
1
only one cell seen in this stage

1
(d) (4 / 36) × 16 × 60
1
107 / 106.7
1
110 (minutes)
allow 110 (minutes) with no working shown for 3 marks
1
(e) binary fission

do not accept mitosis
1
Page 2
(f) shortage of nutrients / oxygen
1
so cells die
or
death rate = rate of cell division
1
[11]
Page 3
M2. (a) A = meiosis
accept ‘mieosis’
do not accept ‘miosis’
1
B = mitosis
do not accept ‘meitosis’ etc
1
(b) fertilisation allow conception

1
(c) (i) 23
1
(ii) 46
1
[5]
Page 4
M3. any four from:
• cells used to treat diseases do not go on to produce a baby
• produces identical cells for research
• cells would not be rejected
• allow cells can form different types of cells
• (immature) egg contains only genetic information / DNA /

genes / chromosomes from mother or there is only one parent
• asexual / no mixing of genetic material / no sperm involved /

no fertilisation or chemical causes development
• baby is a clone
• reference to ethical / moral / religious issues

allow ethically wrong
NB cloning is illegal gains 2 marks
ignore unnatural
• risk of damage to the baby

in correct context
[4]
Page 5
M4. one mark for each of the following
comparisons to a maximum of 6
candidates must make a clear comparison
meiosis mitosis
sexual asexual
gametes growth
ovary or testes all other cells

or gonads
half number same number

of chromsomes of chromosomes
haploid or diploid or
23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes
reassortment or no reassortment
variation possible or no variation
or not identical or identical
4 cells produced 2 cells produced
2 divisions 1 division
[6]
Page 6
M5. (a) any one from
• chromosomes in pairs
• inherited one of each pair from each parent
• one of each pair in egg and one of each pair in sperm
• so sex cells / gametes can have half the number

allow need to pair during cell division / meiosis
1
(b) any two from:
• code
• combination / sequence of amino acids
• forming specific / particular proteins / examples

If no other mark gained allow reference to controlling
characteristics / appearance for 1 mark
2
(c) (i) C
1
(ii) 30
1
(d) (i) for growth / repair / replacement / asexual reproduction

do not accept incorrect qualification, eg growth of cells or
repair of cells
they equals cells therefore do not accept they grow etc
1
(ii) 44 or 22 pairs
1
[7]
Page 7
M6. Marks should not be awarded for simply copying the information provided
A mark may be awarded for a comparison between treatments if the answer only involves
copied information
any four from:

For all 4 marks to be awarded, there must be at least 1 pro
and 1 con
embryo stem cells – examples of
pros
• can treat a wide variety / lots of diseases / problems
• many available / plentiful
• using them better than wasting them
• painless
cons
• (possible) harm / death to embryo
• (relatively) untested / unreliable / may not work

allow long term effects not known
or may be more risky
• embryo can’t be ‘asked’ / ‘embryo rights’ idea
adult bone marrow stem cells – examples of
pros
• no ethical issues (in collection) or permission given
• quick recovery
• (relatively) safe
allow does not kill (donor) / low risk
• well tried / tested / know they work
cons
• operation hazards eg infection
• few types of cell / tissue produced or few diseases / problems treated
• painful so may deter donors

4
Page 8
Conclusion to evaluation:
A reasoned conclusion from the evidence

1
[5]
Page 9
M7. (a) (i) DNA replication / copies of genetic material were made
’it’ = a chromosome
allow chromosomes replicate / duplicate / are copied
ignore chromosomes divide / split / double
1
(ii) one copy of each (chromosome / chromatid / strand) to each offspring

cell
ignore ref. to gametes and fertilisation
1
each offspring cell receives a complete set of / the same genetic

material
allow ‘so offspring (cells) are identical’
1
(b) (i) meiosis

allow mieosis as the only alternative spelling
1
(ii) Species A = 4 and Species B = 8

1
(iii) sum of A + B from (b)(ii) e.g. 12

1
(c) (i) similarities between chromosomesorsimilarities between flowers

described
e.g. shape of petals / pattern on petals / colour / stamens
1
can breed / can sexually reproduce

allow can reproduce with each other / they can produce
offspring
1
Page 10
(ii) any two from:
• offspring contain 3 copies of each gene / of each chromosome /

odd number of each of the chromosomes
• some chromosomes unable to pair (in meiosis)
• (viable) gametes not formed / some gametes with extra / too many
genes / chromosomes
orsome gametes with missing genes / chromosomes

2
[10]
Page 11
M8. (a) (i) allele expressed even when other allele present or expressed if just one copy
of allele is present or expressed if heterozygous
if present other allele not expressed
1
(ii) 2 affected parents have unaffected child or 1 and 2 → 5 / 6
or if recessive all of 1 and 2’s children would have CADASIL

1
(iii) heterozygous – has unaffected children or because if homozygous all

children would have CADASIL
1
(b) genetic diagram including:

accept alternative symbols, if defined
1
correct gametes:
D and d
and d (and d)
ignore 7 / 8 or male / female
1
derivation of offspring genotypes:
Dd Dd dd dd
allow just Dd dd if ½-diagram
allow ecf if correct for student’s gametes
1
identification of Dd as CADASILor dd as unaffected

allow ecf if correct for student’s gametes
1
correct probability: 0.5 / ½ / 1 in 2 / 50% / 1 : 1

1
Page 12
(c) (i) stem cells can differentiate or are undifferentiated / unspecialised
1
can form blood vessel cells / brain cells
or
stem cells can divide

1
(ii) ethical argument - eg no risk of damage to embryo or adult can give

consent for removal of cells or adult can re-grow skin
more ethical qualified
ignore religion unqualified
orif from a relative then less chance of rejection or if from self then no
chance of rejectionorskin cells more accessible
1
[10]
Page 13

Cell Division

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Q1.Figure 1 shows a human cheek cell viewed under a light microscope.

(a) Label the nucleus and cell membrane on Figure 1.

(b) Cheek cells are a type of body cell.

Body cells grow through cell division.

What is the name of this type of cell division?

(c) Ribosomes and mitochondria are not shown in Figure 1.

What type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria?

(e) The cheek cell in Figure 2 is magnified 250 times.

The width of the cell is shown by the line D to E.

Calculate the width of the cheek cell in micrometres (µm).

Complete the following steps.

Measure the width of the cell using a ruler .......................................... mm

real size = ............................................ mm

(f) A red blood cell is 8 µin diameter.

A bacterial cell is 40 times smaller.

Calculate the diameter of the bacterial cell.

(a) Use a word from the box to label Diagram 1.

alleles chromosomes gametes

Some facts about stem cells are given below.

• Stem cells may grow out of control, to form cancers.

• Collecting and growing stem cells is expensive.

Use only the information above to answer these questions.

(i) Give two advantages of using stem cells.

(ii) Give two disadvantages of using stem cells.

Q3. Some students grew one species of bacterium in a flask.

• added 1 cm3 of diluted culture to sterilised nutrient agar in a Petri dish

• placed the Petri dish in an incubator at 25 °C.

Diagram 2 shows the Petri dish after 3 days in the incubator.

How is each colony formed?

Number of colonies of bacteria in the Petri dish = ........................................

Therefore, number of bacteria in 1 cm3 of undiluted culture = .....................

(e) The students decided to repeat their investigation.

The parent plant grows side shoots.

New plants grow on the side shoots.

Complete the sentences to explain why.

Use words from the box.

gametes genes mitosis sexual

(a) The new plant is produced by .....................................................................

(b) In this type of reproduction, body cells divide by

The diagram shows how triplets A, B and C developed.

(a) Which stages on the diagram show gametes?

Draw a ring around your answer.

1 and 2 2 and 3 3 and 7 1 and 7

(b) Embryo B is male.

Which of the following explains why embryo B is male?

Tick ( ) one box.

Cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has an X chromosome.

Cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has a Y chromosome.

You may use words from the box in your answer.

egg genes sperm

Draw a ring around your answer.

lleles screened cells stem cells

Tick ( ) two boxes.

The cells divide

The cells fertilise

The cells separate

(iii) Give one use of cells grown in this way.

Give one reason why.

There is a low chance of a patient’s There is a high chance of a patient’s

Use only the information above to answer these questions.