WHAT IS AIR POLLUTON

• Pollution is "change in background concentration"

• "Any into the environment that

of a resource"

• Pollution happens because no process is 100% efficient, each process

produce pollutan
Atmosphere as a Resource
• Atmospheric Composition

1. Nitrogen 78.08%

2. Oxygen 20.95%

3. Argon 0.93%

4. Carbon dioxide 0.04%

• Ecosystem services

1. Blocks UV radiation

2. Moderates the climate

Types and Sources of Air Pollution

• Air Pollution
• Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high
enough concentrations to be harmful

• Two categories
1. Primary Air Pollutant: harmful substance that Miscellaneous
9.0%
Particulates
is emitted directly into the atmosphere
·''el ft '/ ts'e}

6.0%
Volatile

2. Secondary Air Pollutant: harmful substance Organics

Nitrogen 13.6%
Oxides
Sulfur
Oxides
16.4%
l Stationary
Source Fuel

formed in the atmosphere when a primary air 14,8% Combustion

27.3%
pollutant reacts with substances normally Transportation )
Carbon
found in the atmosphere or with other air Monoxide
49.1%
46.2%~

pollutants
·" .
ilJl.,
 Primary Air Pollutant
SOURCES OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS

Roasting, Mining,
Combustion Chemical Nuclear or heating, quarrying,
processes processes atomic refining farming
processe processes

ACCENTUA TED BY HUMANS

Volcanoes Pollens, Fire Blowing Bacteria,
Breaki terpenes dust
ng
seas
Secondary Air Pollutant
HNO, SO,
co co, HNO, H,SO,
SO, NO NO,
H,O, O, PANS
Most hydrocarbons
Most NO, and so;
Most particulates
salts
Major Air Pollutants
Table 20.1 Major Air Pollutants

Primary or
Composition Secondary Characteristics

Dust Variable Primary Solid particles

Lead PL Primary Solid particles
Sulfuric acid H,so, Secondary Liquid droplets
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen dioxide NO, Primary Reddish-brown gas
Sulfur oxides
Sulfur dioxide so, Primary Colorless gas with strong odor
Carbon oxides
Carbon monoxide co Primary Colorless, odorless gas
Carbon dioxide Co, Primary Colorless, odorless gas
Hydrocarbons
Methane CH, Primary Colorless, odorless gas
Benzene CH, Primary Liquid with sweet smell

0, Secondary Pale blue gas with acrid odor

Chlorine C1, Primary Yellow-green gas

• Discussed in Chapter 2I.
Source: Environmental Protection Agency.
Particulate Material (PM)
• Thousands of different solid or liquid
pa rt i cl es suspended i n a i r
Hair cross section
} t-»
• Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos,
sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets
• Dangerous for 2 reasons PM;o
«ion
in dawn«r
0.0g in a.tr Residential Other + i, Alurninur

• May contain materials with toxic or smelters

fl Sa«ch and
wood burinn Sources "
(7.ss) '(2.9%)\ (4.6%) Forest
product
industry
carcinogenic effects (10.6%)

~ Other
industrie
• Extremely small particles can become s (12.7%)

lodged in lungs .....

Transportation
(17.1%)
Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at
high tern peratu re

• Problems:

• Greenhouse gases

• Cause difficulty breathing

• Sulfur Oxides
• Gases produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen

• Causes acid precipitation

Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons
• Carbon Oxides
• Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Greenhouse gases

• Hydrocarbons
• Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex:
CH4-methane)

• Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

Urban Air Pollution
• Photochemical Smog: brownish-orange haze formed by chemical
reactionsinvolving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

Los Angeles Mexico City

Beijing
Formation of Photochemical Smog
ar energy

p
-------------------
-¢£

Photochemical Nitric acid PANS Formaldehyde

(HNO,) (Peroxyacyl nitrates) and other aldehydes
smog

+0 +HC +0
Nitroge Oxygen gas (0,)
Reactions in NO + Oxygen
n
atom (0)
HC + 0(in presence
the atmosphere dioxide of HC and NO,)
(No,)

Nitric oxide Carbon dioxide Hydrocarbons

(NO) (co, (HC)
Source of
pollutants
Effects of Air Pollution
• Low level exposure
• Irritates eyes

• Causes inflammation of respiratory tract

• Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

Health Effects of Several Major Air
Pollutants
Effects
Source

cause cancer or other tissue damage

Nitrogen oxides Motor vehicles, industries, heavily Irritate respiratory tract; aggravate respiratory conditions such

at lower levels; mental impairment or death at high levels

Formed in atmosp here (secondary air Irritates eyes; irritates respiratory tract; produces chest
pollutant) discomfort; aggravates respiratory conditions such as
asthma and chronic bronchitis
Acid Deposition
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in
the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or
wet deposition

Dry acid
deposition

i-A'_.a
Acid Deposition and Forest Decline

'
position,
other pollutants
Jwtr,e.-

Increased
susceptibility to Threat to
environmental forest
stressors-drought, ecosystem
extreme cold, insects, health
disease organisms, and
heavy metals, and stability
air ollution

Damage to soil
fungi that aid
in root uptake

Depletion of Cell membrane

soil calcium damage
 Carbon
monoxide
From: faulty
furnace,
• Pollutants can be 5-lOOX greater auto
left running Gasoline
Fromm: auto,
than outdoors lawn
mower

Fungi and bacteria

Fram: dirty heating Methylene
• Most common: and air
conditioning ducts
chloride
From:.paint
strippers and
thinners

• Radon, cigarette smoke, carbon Asbestos

From:
pipe
Tobacco smoke
Fromr.
insulation dgarettes and
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, , vinyM tiles pipes

formaldehyde pesticides, lead, Formmaldehyde

From: fumiture

cleaning solvents, ozone, and and carpeting from

synthetic polymers,
partide board,foam
insulation
asbestos
Air Pollution Control
• Pathway of air pollution system

Pollutant
Sources

• As engineer, we can modify or control the pollutant sources in the limited

values that acceptable by environment (baku mutu lingkungan /
threshold limit values)
• Based on that condition, there are two basic air pollution control:
• Prevention by modification of the industrial
process
• Controlling by introducing of specific treatment
Air Pollution Control

Particulate Gas Clean

'
Flue Gas treatment I treatment L

Air
l
Duct
1
• Scrubber
System • Electrostatic
Precipitator
• Cyclone
• Filtration
Particulate Matters (PM) Control Devices
I
gravitational cyclones electrostatic filtration wet
separation I
precipitator scrubbers
I
2 4-10#¥ ~ c c, c;
typical geometry
.K) -.£
:
~ z:%

'
' n! porous media
liquid

I
separation gravitation centrifugal force, electrostatic particle-filter and interfacial
principle particle-particle force particle-particle forces
interaction interaction, adhesion
I

pressure drop low high low high high I

I mechanic or low low high middle middle

electric energy
consumption I
I

separaton low middle high high middle

to efficiency high
I

applicable particle > 100 m >5m < 100 m& < 100 m& 0.1 to 100

I
size range
I
nanoparticles nanopartioles m
REMOVING of PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
• The basic principal is creating disturbance that can change original low
pattern so that the gas and PM have different direction or/and velocity

• Due to different direction or/and velocity, the separation between gas and
PM occurs significantly

• The disturbance is introduced by several types of forces as follow:

Force PM collector Schedule
Gravity settler W-2
Cyclones W-3
Electrostatic Electrostatic precipitator (EP/ESP) W-4
Combination of inertia Wet scubber W-5
and interception
Combination of diffusion Fabric
filter and interception
Gas separation treatment W-6/7
REMOVING of PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
• Overall efficiency
• Considering the wide range of size of particulates, efficiency will be different for each size.

• The overall efficiency (h) can be calculated on a basis of total number (or mass) of particles

Cleaned ii out
»C,
in
C,T rair
»

- ----------- .100%

----.100%
Clhectei ts.
GRAVITY SETTLER
• Gravity settlers have long been used by
industry for removing solid waste
materials from gaseous streams

• Gravity settlers operate by allowing the

effluent gas to expand into a large
chamber. This reduces the gas velocity and
causes the particles to settle out.
Working principal
• The important factors in settling chamber
designs are the surface area available for
sedimentation, the terminal settling speed
L
of the particles and the gas flow rate. + fluid out
• Gravity settling chambers are used only
for very large particles in the upper end of
the supercoarse size range (approximately
75 micrometers and larger). ,.,
care Intermediate [1nes
particles particles particles
• The very low terminal settling velocities of
most particles encountered in the field of
air pollution limit the usefulness of gravity
settling chambers.
• Efficient for particles with diameter of 10-50 mm (depending on its density)

• Velocity through chamber < 0.3-3 m/s (to prevent reentrainment)

]Dust ell«in hpg

Figure 2
Design consideration
7·..

vt -.. • -.

• Settling chambers are cheap to build and operate but not preferred due to their large
space requirement

• There are two velocity occur in the settling chamber, which are
• Terminal velocity (vt) each particle size that can be calculated by stokes law

• Vertical velocity by system, that can be expressed by: =/ =L/v ()=

( )=-
• The settling velocity can be calculated from stokes law which applies
when the particle size is less than 100 µm:

( )= ( )( - )
18µ
• The velocity is highly depend on particle diameter which can be
expressed by:

v,18
9(» Pa)

where
, = settling velocity in Stokes' law range, meters per second (feet per second)
g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/sec? (32.1 ft/sec2)
d,, = particle diameter, microns
p, = particle density, kilograms per cubic meter (pounds per cubic foot)
p, = gas density, kilograms per cubic meter (pounds per cubic foot)
• The particle in each diameter would be
removed 100% in the gravity settler when
terminal velocity (v,) from stoke law is larger
than vertical velocity by system (v).
()=
( )= ( )( - )
18µ
( )=-

• Therefor the particle diameter would be

changed to
;'
Improvement efficiency

• An extension of the baffle principle, which increases the inertial separation

of particles, is the use of ban ks of small baffles which split the gas flow as
well as changing its direction.

• These baffles, which are normally referred to as louvers or chevrons, are

occasionally used for dust control, but much more commonly to catch large
droplets carried over from cooling towers or wet scrubbers and for demisting duties
generally.

Gas
"
_..,.
in Ga
out
0

Gravity settling
(e) (e) (e) (r
chamber
chamber with baffles
 Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages of settling chambers
include .

c:Low capital cost; Disadvantages

■ Very low energy cost;
■ No moving parts, therefore, few
maintenance requirements and low operating c: Relatively low PM collection efficiencies,
costs; so
particularly for PM less than micrometer in size;
• Excellent reliability; ■ Unable to handle sticky or tacky materials;
c Low pressure drop through device; • Large physical size; and
c Device not subject to abrasion due to low ■ Trays in multiple-tray settling chamber may
gas velocity; warp during high-temperature operations.
■ Provide incidental cooling of gas ■ The most common failure mode of settling chambers
stream;Temperature is plugging of the chamber with collected dust. In
and pressure limitations are only dependent on expansion settling chambers the plugging can result
the materials of construction; and from hopper bridging or hopper discharge seal
• Dry collection and disposal. failure.
c: Multiple-tray settling chambers may experience
plugging of the individual gas passages.
Overviews
• Settling chambers discussed in previous lecture are not
effective in removing small particles

• Therefore, one needs a device that can exert more force

than gravity force on the particles so that they can be
removed from the gas stream

• Cyclone use centrifugal forces for removing the fine

particles. The are also known as centrifugal or inertia
separator

• The greater the centrifugal force, the greater the

spreading efficiency.
• Used mostly in industries

• A cyclone separator consists of a cylindrical shell,

conical base, dust hopper and an inlet where the
dust-laden gas enters tangentially
• The greater the centrifugal force, the greater the
spreading efficiency ids

• It can remove 10 to 50 m particle size

c arse fractio
Working principal
• As with centrifugation, the driving force behind cyclone
separation is centrifugal force and the difference in
specific
gravity between the particle and the carrier gas.

q .M L
Due tu
centrifugal
force

Vortex
Finder

Cyclone
body

Dust
Discharger
Design consideration: Cyclone efficiency and Particle
Size

• Efficiency increases with mass which

increases with particle size
• As pa rt i cl e size is i n creased, a poi n t is o0

react e were oo eparrc.es are .

curve

i
Auui

«
collected. This is the cut size. This size -ti·?
particle has a 50% chance of making it.
3
I Ii h
; D
20 4o 60 0 00 12o wo
f ' ft I_¢t
Cyclone Performance
• Cyclones are basically centrifugal separators. They simply transform the inertia
force of gas particle to a centrifugal force by means of a vortex generated in the
cyclone body.
• Particles are driven to the walls by centrifugal forces:

P,d
l
, 3
?

-
-
-
r
p, particle density, (kg'm)
d, particle diameter, inches (m)
, = particle tangential velocity (m/s)
r= radius of the circular path, (m)

• The main variables describing the cyclone performance are pressure

drop, efficiency and cut diameter
Cyclone Dimensions

4iI i
I
H s!I j
D= Body diameter
-'---1
1 I
I I
4.l H= Height of inlet
f}[ W= width of inlet
L= Length of cone
Lg= Length of body
S= Length of vortex finder
D0= Diameter of exit
'-
_J D,= Diameter of dust outlet

c
_
Cyclone Efficiency
• Based on the previous equations, each particle size will have individual
terminal velocity

• Thus, cyclone efficiency is based on the efficiency removal of each particle size

n =efficiency of removal of particle j

d,, diameter of particle
j

• The overall efficiency of the cyclone is a weighted average of the collection

efficiencies for various size range:
n =overall collection efficiency(0<<I)
m,=mass of particles in tliejllh size mange
M= total mass ofparticles.
Cyclone type

Horizontal
Cyclone Multiple
Separator cyclone
separator
s

Vertical
Cyclone Types
Separators
Advantages
1. Low initial cost

2. Simple in construction and operation

3. Low pressure drop

4. Low maintenance requirement

5. Continuous disposal of solid particulate matter, and

6. Used of any material in their construction that can withstand the

temperature and pressure requirements
Disadvantages
• Low collection efficiency for particle below 5-10m in diameter

• Severe abrasion problems can occur during the striking of the particles on
the wall of the cyclone,

• A decrease in efficiency at low of particulate

ELCTROSTATIC PRINCIPLE
• An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an
device that removes dust particles from a
Fluegas
flowing gas (such as air) using the force of exit

an induced electrostatic attraction (i.e,

like charges repel; unlike charges attract)

• Electrostatic precipitators are highly

efficient filtration devices that allow the
flow of gases through the device, and can
easily remove fine particulate matter such
as dust and smoke from the air stream.
 Electrostatic Precipitators
(Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, pages 447-453 + added material)

ESPs are common

installations on coal-fired
power plants to remove over
99% of ash particles from
million ft? per minute of fumes.
They stand tens of meters tall.
(http://www.opgpower.com)

(http://www. forbesmarshall.com/)
 Alat Pengendali dan Ukuran Partikel yang
, n_,aP_a_it_D_G)n_d_--- a_.,

l _ik_a_., n _1 _

01 0.1 1.0 10 100

I
Tobacco sr oke s e Flue st
s I

I
s Oil smoke ml -- Cement m
-
Pulverized coa r
I
I
Cvclone !

'
Sorav tower
cked
tower
Cvclone [scrubber
Venturi
Working Principle
• The flow chart outlines how an electrostatic precipitator works.

charge. Positivel
y
2. Smoke particles are attracted to the charged

I I
collecting
plate

collecting plates.
3. Collecting plates are knocked to remove
the smoke particles.
<'
Negativel

~■
y charged
metal gnid

c7 'R

I
At the core
of the apparatus
·~ .
grounded

electrodes

negatively charged
plates

collector Plate, h ·
++ +++++ ++
----
. - :

· .« · · •
: : ¢. 6

:
·
:: _
,Ir Ow
►..·.·.·: □ischarg· . e wire
•.
A'rfl ---•-· -1
gas flow e: "
• _ s->_
·-e -«
d ;
"swes
W£

c? -$
 . TT T TT TT TT; 'Plate
Top view

Principle: Electrodes at high voltage create a corona effect

(ionized atmosphere) surrounding them. This charges the passing
particles. Once charged, particles are subject to a transverse
electrostatic force that pulls them toward the collecting plates.
Plates are periodically "rapped" (vibrated) to make the collected
particles fall down into a receiver basket in the bottom of the
apparatus.
Types of Electrostatic Precipitators
• Tubular Precipitators

Cection
electrodes

• Plate Precipitators

i
I
J]
I
% .

I
+